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Books on the topic 'MED 560'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Nelsson, Bertil. Från Brunkeberg till Nordanvind: 500 år med svenskt infanteri. Stockholm: Probus, 1993.

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2

Ahačič, Kozma, 1976- editor of compilation, Testen, Petra, editor of compilation, and Truber Primus 1508-1586 honouree, eds. Jeziki, identitete, pripadnosti med središči in obrobji: V počastitev 500. obletnice rojstva Primoža Trubarja. Ljubljana: Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU, 2011.

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3

Eisenman, R. N., ed. The Myc/Max/Mad Transcription Factor Network. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32952-8.

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4

Ødegård, Anne Mette, and Line Eldring. Nordiske arbeidstilsyn med utenlandsk arbeidskraft i bygg og transport. Nordic Council of Ministers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2016-530.

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5

Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Management of the Febrile Neutropenic Patient. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0120.

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•Fever: Single oral temperature of ≥38.3°C (101°F) or a temperature of ≥38.0°C (100.4°F) for ≥1 hour•Neutropenia: A neutrophil count of <500 cells/mm3 or one that is expected to fall below 500/mm3 over the next 48 hours• Bacteria• Enterobacteriaceae (eg, ...
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6

Cosmo's 500 secrets about men. New York: Hearst Books, 2012.

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7

Coffman, Elesha J. Margaret Mead. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834939.001.0001.

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For 50 years, Margaret Mead told Americans how cultures worked, and Americans listened. While serving as a curator at the American Museum of Natural History and as a professor of anthropology at Columbia University, she published dozens of books and hundreds of articles, scholarly and popular, on topics ranging from adolescence to atomic energy, Polynesian kinship networks to kindergarten, national morale to marijuana. At her death in 1978, she was the most famous anthropologist in the world and one of the best-known women in America. She had amply achieved her goal, as she described it to an interviewer in 1975, “To have lived long enough to be of some use.” As befits her prominence, Mead has had many biographers, but there is a curious hole at the center of these accounts: Mead’s faith. Margaret Mead: A Twentieth-Century Faith introduces a side of its famous subject that few people know. It re-narrates her life and reinterprets her work, highlighting religious concerns. Following Mead’s lead, it ranges across areas that are often kept academically distinct: anthropology, gender studies, intellectual history, church history, and theology. It is a portrait of a mind at work, pursuing a unique vision of the good of the world.
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8

Warwick, David, Roderick Dunn, Erman Melikyan, and Jane Vadher. Children. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199227235.003.0016.

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General considerations 522Embryology 524Ossification 526Functional hand development 527IFSSH classification of congenital limb malformation 528Radial dysplasia (radial club hand) 530Ulnar dysplasia (ulnar club hand) 536Cleft hand 540Symbrachydactyly 544Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) 546Poland syndrome 548Syndactyly 550...
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9

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Paediatric liver transplantation. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0065.

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• Indications and contraindications 496• Timing of transplantation 497• Pre-transplant assessment 498• Types of liver transplantation 500• Immediately after transplantation 501• Complications 502Liver transplantation is now a standard treatment for: • Acute liver failure• Chronic liver failure•...
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10

Wiffen, Philip, Marc Mitchell, Melanie Snelling, and Nicola Stoner. Therapy-related issues: nutrition and blood. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199603640.003.0024.

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Administration sets 498Intravenous (IV) administration pumps and other devices 500Management of magnesium imbalance 504Management of phosphate imbalance 506Management of hypokalaemia 508Guidelines for the treatment of hypocalcaemia 512Prescribing IV fluids 514Nutritional support in adults 519Normal nutritional requirements 520...
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11

Glasper, Edward Alan, Gillian McEwing, and Jim Richardson, eds. Sensory problems. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569572.003.0016.

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Anatomy and physiology of the ear 524Anatomy and physiology of the nose 526Anatomy and physiology of the throat 528The main structures of the eye 530Acute otitis media 532Chronic otitis media 534Grommet insertion 536Tonsillitis and tonsillectomy 538Adenoidectomy 540...
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12

Warwick, David, Roderick Dunn, Erman Melikyan, and Jane Vadher. Tumours. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199227235.003.0017.

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Types of tumour 574Benign tumours of bone and cartilage 575Ganglia 578Benign tumours of soft tissue 582Malignant tumours 584Malignant tumours of bone and cartilage 585Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) 586Metastatic tumours 590• Osteoid osteoma• Osteoblastoma• Chondroma (enchondroma, periosteal chondroma = ecchondroma)...
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13

Firth, Helen V., Jane A. Hurst, and Judith G. Hall. Pregnancy and fertility. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780192628961.003.0203.

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Anterior abdominal wall defects 566Assisted reproductive technology: in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) 568Bowed limbs 572Club-foot (talipes) 574Congenital cystic lung lesions, Currarino syndrome, and sacrococcygeal teratoma 576Congenital diaphragmatic hernia 578Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 580...
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14

Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Travel Medicine/Prophylaxis. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0166.

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• Insect bite precautions are essential.•DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) or picaridin-containing insect repellents• Concentration: A DEET concentration of 20–50% is safe for both adults and children >2 months of age. A DEET concentration of >50% is NOT recommended because it affords no additional benefit....
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15

Rossor, Martin. Coma. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0749.

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Many pathological processes can be responsible for stupor or coma, for example, head injury, tumour, vascular and inflammatory lesions, and most commonly toxic and metabolic states which usually lead to unconsciousness primarily through their effect upon the brainstem. In the series of Plum and Posner (1980) of 500 cases of stupor or coma, initially of unknown aetiology, 101 proved to be due to supratentorial lesions probably producing their effects by indirect action upon the brainstem, 65 to subtentorial lesions, and 326 to diffuse or metabolic brain.
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16

Famous Men of the Middle Ages. Memoria Press, 2005.

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17

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Cyclical vomiting syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0027.

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Clinical features 200Diagnostic criteria 200Triggers 200Investigation 201Management 201Prophylaxis 202Cyclical vomiting was first described by Samuel Gee in 1882. It refers to intense periods of vomiting with symptom-free intervals. The incidence is unknown. It occurs principally in pre-school or early school age children. Epilepsy is a risk factor. Other risk factors include a history of recurrent headache, migraine (50%), travel sickness, and irritable bowel syndrome (50%) in children and their families....
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18

Schreuder, Michiel F. Anatomical types of congenital anomalies. Edited by Adrian Woolf. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0345.

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Antenatal hydronephrosis is the most common abnormality detected during antenatal ultrasound screening (1 in 100–500 pregnancies). Depending on the degree of dilatation, postnatal evaluation with ultrasound and/or renography is indicated to detect urinary tract obstruction. Obstruction can be found at various levels of the urinary tract such as the pyeloureteric junction, vesicoureteric junction (resulting in a megaureter), and lower urinary tract (most commonly posterior urethral valves). The decision to surgically correct obstruction can be challenging to make, and additional markers (both radiological as urinary) are needed but are not yet available in daily practice.
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19

Capone, George T. Down Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0056.

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People with Down syndrome (trisomy 21) are distinguished by having an extra copy of chromosome 21. Chromosome 21 contains an estimated 562 genes, including 161 known to code for functional proteins, and at least 396 considered novel. Gene dosage imbalance is the primary mechanism, which results in the molecular, cellular, histological, and anatomical features characteristic of the condition. Throughout brain development, major neurobiological events go awry, resulting in a differently organized brain and characteristic developmental delays noted during infancy and the preschool years. The consequences of gene dosage imbalance continue to have repercussions on neurobiological function throughout childhood and adult life.
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20

Young, Benjamin. Classes of Antiretrovirals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0019.

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Results of the randomized, international INSIGHT START clinical trial provide definitive proof of the benefit of antiretroviral therapy initiation in asymptomatic individuals with CD4+ counts greater than 500 cells/mm3. There are six different classes of antiretroviral agents: two types of reverse transcriptase inhibitors, two types of entry inhibitors, one class of inhibitors of HIV protease, and one class of inhibitors of HIV integrase. Combination antiretroviral therapy is recommended for all people living with HIV. The primary goal of combination antiretroviral therapy is to achieve viral suppression. Each antiretroviral class targets a unique step in the replication cycle of HIV-1.
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21

Harber, Mark. Urinary tract infection in a patient with a kidney transplant. Edited by Neil Sheerin. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0179.

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Urinary tract infection is the commonest bacterial infection and cause of septicaemia post kidney transplant, accounting for 40–50% of all infectious post-transplant complications. The risk of a urinary tract infection post transplant is very high with most studies recording at least 50%, and rates as high as 86% have been reported. Clinically overt urinary tract infections are a major cause of morbidity post transplant and are associated with worse graft outcome and increased mortality. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, aetiology, pathology, clinical presentation, investigations, consequences, treatment, and prophylaxis of post-transplant urinary tract infections.
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22

Hui, David, Akhila Reddy, and Eduardo Bruera. 50 Studies Every Palliative Care Doctor Should Know. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190658618.001.0001.

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50 Palliative Care Studies Every Doctor Should Know provides a succinct summary and critical appraisal of 50 landmark studies that have defined the practice of palliative care. Carefully handpicked by the editors based on their scientific impact, these studies provide important insights into the evolution of this rapidly growing discipline. These articles cover a wide range of domains across interdisciplinary palliative care, such as pain and symptom management, psychosocial issues, spiritual care, caregiver distress, communication, advance care planning, prognostication, decision making, and end-of-life care. The principles of palliative care discussed in this book may be applicable throughout the trajectory of multiple life-limiting diseases.
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23

Perkins, Michelle. 500 Poses for Photographing Men: A Visual Sourcebook for Digital Portrait Photographers. Amherst Media, Incorporated, 2012.

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24

Perkins, Michelle. 500 Poses for Photographing Men: A Visual Sourcebook for Digital Portrait Photographers. Amherst Media, 2011.

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25

Hamdy, Freddie C., and Ian Eardley, eds. Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.001.0001.

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Offering a comprehensive guide to both practising clinicians and students, the Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery is a practical resource mapped to the curriculum for urological training as approved by the General Medical Council (GMC). Bringing together the expertise of over 100 specialists’ contributors in the field, this evidence-based volume covers all major areas, including functional urology, stone disease, infection, andrology, nephrology, transplantation, uroradiology, and paediatric urology. Presented in a clear and accessible way, this highly illustrated full colour textbook includes over 500 photographs, radiographs, and line drawings. The Oxford Textbook of Urological Surgery is a highly valuable source of information, and will become the standard reference text for all who study urological disease and its treatment.
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26

Lopez-Beltran, Antonio, Rodolfo Montironi, and Liang Cheng. Pathology of renal cancer and other tumours affecting the kidney. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0085.

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In the past 50 years, classification systems for renal neoplasms have become increasingly complex as distinctive morphologic patterns in renal neoplasms have been recognized and correlated with clinical findings. In addition to classic histopatology, more sophisticated diagnostic tools, including electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics, and molecular diagnostic techniques have greatly influenced distinctions between various types of renal neoplasms. The current World Health Organization classification of renal neoplasms encompasses nearly 50 distinctive renal neoplasms categorized as malignant or benign tumours. These categories have been expanded during recent years to incorporate newer histotypes, thus suggesting that the next revision of this classification will incorporate some recently recognized entities. In this chapter, we examine clinicopathologic and genetic features of the renal tumours most often seen in clinical practice.
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27

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0022.

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Pathophysiology 162Clinical features 162Diagnosis 163Management 164Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from mutations in the gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) (see Chapter 21). CFTR functions as a transmembrane chloride channel in the apical membrane of most secretory epithelia and the disease thus affects lungs, pancreas, exocrine glands, gut, and liver. In CF-associated liver disease the biliary tract is most commonly involved in a spectrum from asymptomatic to biliary cirrhosis. The liver disease runs from mild and subclinical to severe cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Clinical disease is seen in 4–6% of cases, but there are biochemical abnormalities in 20–50%. At autopsy, fibrosis is present in 20% and steatosis in 50%....
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28

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Neonatal jaundice. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0047.

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Epidemiology 340Unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia 340Specific conditions 342Conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia 343Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis 347• 30–50% of normal term newborns are jaundiced after birth.• Physiological and breast milk jaundice account for the majority of cases.• 1 in 2500 infants has conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia....
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29

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Hepatic disorders. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0021.

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Jaundice 348Acute liver failure 350Hepatic encephalopathy 352Chronic liver failure 354Abnormal liver function tests 356Jaundice (icterus) is the accumulation of bile pigments in serum and tissues including sclerae and skin. Jaundice is usually clinically detectable once serum bilirubin exceeds 50...
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30

Krywawych, Steve. Metabolic Acidosis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0081.

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Hydrogen ion turnover in resting adults exceeds 500 mole/24 hours and maintenance of hydrogen ion balance is an essential requirement for normal cellular, organ and body function. A variety of mechanisms co-operate to ensure that the hydrogen concentration in plasma can be tightly controlled between 35 to 46 nano moles per litre and any deviation being rapidly compensated. Inherited metabolic diseases can to a variable degree impact to disturb this equilibrium. The underlying causes responsible for this outcome are disease dependent and may occur due to generation of overwhelming quantities of hydrogen per se, or at the level of renal reabsorption or generation of bicarbonate or due to tissue hypoxia resulting from either poor pulmonary or cardiac function.
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31

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Acute abdominal pain. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0036.

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Introduction 252Appendicitis 253Intussusception 253Miscellaneous conditions 254The commonest surgical diagnosis in children who present to hospital with acute abdominal pain is appendicitis. The differential diagnosis is wide, however (see box below), and in >50% of admissions no specific cause is found....
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32

Speed, Cathy, and Bill Ribbans. Injuries to the lower leg. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0030.

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The lower leg is one of the most common sites of injury in sport, particularly involving acute and chronic injuries to muscle and bone. For example, almost 50% of stress fractures are seen in the tibia, and over 6% affect the fibula (Matheson et al...
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33

Holdt, Lesca M., and Daniel Teupser. Genetic background of atherosclerosis and its risk factors. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0002.

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This chapter is concerned with how atherosclerosis risk is modulated by a complex interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors. The contribution of genetics to the variability of atherosclerosis risk is estimated as 50%. Recent genome-wide association studies have led to the identification of over 50 gene variants which modulate atherogenesis. Risk factors for atherosclerosis are also partly genetically determined and some of the variants which play a role in atherogenesis overlap with those modulating its risk factors. However, the current relevance of these findings for clinical practice is limited, mainly due to the small effect sizes of identified risk variants with insufficient discriminatory power, and a large portion of the genetic contribution to atherosclerosis is still unknown. The major promise therefore lies in understanding the pathophysiology of newly identified genes with the perspective of novel therapeutic approaches.
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34

Turner, Martin R., Matthew C. Kiernan, and Kevin Talbot. Technical advances in neuroscience. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199658602.003.0001.

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This chapter highlights key technological advances in neuroimaging, the understanding of impulse transmission, and the molecular biology of the nervous system that have underpinned our modern understanding of the brain, mind, and nervous system. Neuroimaging spans the sub-cellular and systems levels of neuroscience, beginning with electron microscopy and then, 50 years later, magnetic resonance imaging and increasingly sophisticated mathematical modelling of brain function. These developments have been interleaved with the improved understanding of neurotransmission, starting with the seminal observations made from giant squid axon recordings, which were translated into clinically useable tools through the application of electric current, and later with magnetic stimulation. It is during the last 50 years that a molecular framework for these concepts emerged, with the cloning of genes that began in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, paving the way for the wider human genome project.
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35

Champigneulle, Benoit, and Frédéric Pène. Pathophysiology and management of neutropenia in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0274.

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Neutropenia is defined by an absolute neutrophil count <500 per mm3. Chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression represents the main mechanism accounting for neutropenia, although various bone marrow disorders might also result in impaired granulopoiesis. Neutropenia, especially when profound and prolonged, is a major risk factor for severe bacterial and fungal infections. Early initiation of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy represents the cornerstone of the treatment of febrile neutropenia. A number of infected neutropenic patients may exhibit organ failures, such as acute respiratory failures and/or severe sepsis requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. This chapter discusses the particularities in the management of neutropenic patients in the ICU, including outcome and criteria for ICU admission, management of antimicrobials with respect to the current epidemiological trends, and other measures specific to this subgroup of patients.
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36

500 Great Comicbook Action Heroes. Chrysalis Impact, 2002.

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37

Timperley, Jonathan, and Sandeep Hothi. Murmur. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0015.

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Murmurs arise from turbulent flow in the heart or great vessels. This may occur because of a structural abnormality of the heart, or increased flow across normal cardiac structures (e.g. innocent flow murmur in pregnancy; the tricuspid flow murmur which may be heard in atrial septal defects with a large left-to-right shunt). Turbulence occurs when laminar blood flow is disrupted. Murmurs are classified by their timing in relation to the cardiac cycle as systolic, diastolic, or continuous. Systolic murmurs are heard in up to 50% of adults. More than 90% of young adults and around 50% of older adults with a systolic murmur have a structurally normal heart on echocardiography (i.e. an innocent murmur). Diastolic or continuous murmurs always indicate structural disease. Anaemia, pregnancy, and thyrotoxicosis may result in a high-output state with a functional (flow) murmur. This chapter describes the clinical approach to the patient with a murmur.
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38

Theologis, Tim. Management of the child with total body involvement. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.013006.

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♦ The most common musculoskeletal problems in TBI are scoliosis and hip dislocation♦ Hip screening is necessary in young non-ambulant children♦ The role of soft tissue surgery to prevent hip displacement is unclear♦ Bony surgery offers more predictable results but complications are frequent♦ Spinal stabilization should be considered for curves exceeding 50 degrees.
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39

Archer, Nick, and Nicky Manning. Cardiac function. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199230709.003.0014.

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Assessment 202Treatment 218Cardiac function, if severely compromised, will cause general markers of ill health such as: • Pericardial effusion larger than physiological ( see Table 5.1, p.56).• Hydrops.• Reduced movement.The purpose of the assessments discussed here is to identify the stressed or failing fetal heart at an earlier stage and to provide ways of monitoring changes objectively....
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40

Gotman, Jean, and Nathan E. Crone. High-Frequency EEG Activity. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0033.

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Activities with frequencies between 60 and 80 Hz and approximately 500 Hz are labeled here as high-frequency activities. They were largely ignored until the beginning of the millennium, but their importance is now well recognized. They can be divided into activities occurring in the healthy brain in relation to sensory, motor, and cognitive or memory activity and activities occurring in the epileptic brain in the form of brief events (high-frequency oscillations), which appear to be an important marker of the brain regions that are able to generate seizures of focal origin. In humans, most of the work related to these activities has been done in intracerebral electrodes, where they are relatively frequent and easy to identify. They have been recorded in scalp electroencephalograms in some circumstances, however. This chapter reviews the recording methods, the circumstances in which they occur, their mechanism of generation, and their clinical significance.
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41

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Iron in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0020.

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Iron requirements increase approximately 2.5-fold by the end of pregnancy, representing the largest relative increase in nutrient requirements for pregnant women. The total additional iron requirement in the third trimester is 9#amp;#x2013;12 mg/day above pre-pregnancy needs, and even with this additional intake, women need to enter pregnancy with iron stores of approximately 500 mg to be able to fully meet the demands of pregnancy. The prevalence of iron deficiency and anaemia is therefore very high among pregnant women and can result in cognitive and motor deficits in the infant that may be irreversible. Prevention of deficiency is therefore critical. Building sufficient iron stores prior to conception is preferable, as it is difficult to obtain adequate iron from diet alone to meet late pregnancy requirements. Iron supplementation of 30 mg/day should be considered, particularly if dietary intake of meat is low.
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42

Hochman, Michael E. 50 Imaging Studies Every Doctor Should Know. Edited by Christoph I. Lee. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.001.0001.

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This book, 50 Imaging Studies Every Doctor Should Know, provides succinct synopses of the 50 most important medical imaging studies that every doctor should know. For almost every physician specialty, imaging examinations play a central role in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment management of diseases. The appropriate use of medical imaging requires a baseline understanding of the literature we use to decide whether or not a specific imaging study would be helpful in a specific clinical scenario. These summaries therefore cover the evidence-based practice of radiology by outlining the vital clinical questions, study designs and methods, results, and clinical implications that every physician ordering and interpreting imaging examinations should be able to reference. Each chapter summarizes the most salient features of key studies, provides a clinical scenario to provide relevant context, and a relevant imaging example. Topics covered include imaging examinations for headache, back pain, chest pain, musculoskeletal and joint pain, abdominal and pelvic pain, and cancer screening and management, as well as issues of patient radiation exposure.
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43

Erickson, Stephen B., Hatem Amer, and Timothy S. Larson. Urolithiasis, Kidney Transplantation, and Pregnancy and Kidney Disease. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199755691.003.0475.

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It was previously assumed that all kidney stones crystallized as urine passed through the renal tubules and were retained by means of crystal-tubular cell interactions. Recently uroscopy with papillary biopsies has shown 2 different pathways for stone formation, both mediated by calcium phosphate crystals. Kidney transplant has become the preferred treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease. Those benefiting from transplant included patients who would be deemed "high risk," such as those with diabetes mellitus and those older than 70 years. Anatomical changes associated with pregnancy are renal enlargement and dilatation of the calyces, renal pelvis, and ureters. Physiologic changes include a 30% to 50% increase in glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow; a mean decrease of 0.5 mg/dL in the creatinine level and a mean decrease of 18 mg/dL in the serum urea nitrogen level; intermittent glycosuria independent of plasma glucose; proteinuria; aminoaciduria; increased uric acid excretion; increased total body water, with osmostat resetting; 50% increase in plasma volume and cardiac output; and increased ureteral peristalsis.
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44

Frise, Matthew C., and Jonathan B. Salmon. Disorders of potassium in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0251.

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Plasma potassium levels are maintained in health between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L, and reflect total body potassium only in stable states at normal pH. Most true hyperkalaemia results from renal insufficiency. The goals of therapy are myocardial protection and return of plasma potassium to a safe level. Measures are commonly initiated above 5.5 mmol/L; above 6.5 mmol/L, aggressive measures should be adopted and calcium salts given if there are cardiac dysrhythmias or QRS-broadening. Glucose-insulin infusions and beta-2-agonists promote potassium shifts into cells. Diuretics and sodium bicarbonate may be helpful, but persistent hyperkalaemia is an indication for renal replacement therapy. Hypokalaemia may lead to dangerous arrhythmias, skeletal muscle weakness, ileus, and reduced vascular smooth muscle contractility. Rapid replacement should only be undertaken for severe hypokalaemia or in the context of arrhythmias. Once the extracellular deficit is corrected, there will usually be a continuing need for potassium supplementation to replenish intracellular stores.
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45

Esen, Figen. Disorders of magnesium in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0252.

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Plasma potassium levels are maintained in health between 3.5 and 5.0 mmol/L, and reflect total body potassium only in stable states at normal pH. Most true hyperkalaemia results from renal insufficiency. The goals of therapy are myocardial protection and return of plasma potassium to a safe level. Measures are commonly initiated above 5.5 mmol/L; above 6.5 mmol/L, aggressive measures should be adopted and calcium salts given if there are cardiac dysrhythmias or QRS-broadening. Glucose-insulin infusions and beta-2-agonists promote potassium shifts into cells. Diuretics and sodium bicarbonate may be helpful, but persistent hyperkalaemia is an indication for renal replacement therapy. Hypokalaemia may lead to dangerous arrhythmias, skeletal muscle weakness, ileus, and reduced vascular smooth muscle contractility. Rapid replacement should only be undertaken for severe hypokalaemia or in the context of arrhythmias. Once the extracellular deficit is corrected, there will usually be a continuing need for potassium supplementation to replenish intracellular stores.
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46

Waldmann, Carl, Neil Soni, and Andrew Rhodes. Haematological drugs. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199229581.003.0014.

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Anticoagulants and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia 220Thrombolysis 224Antifibrinolytics 226For >50 years, the options for therapeutic anticoagulation were limited to unfractionated heparin (UFH) and oral vitamin K antagonists. While highly effective, both drugs have major safety problems. Both have narrow therapeutic ranges, substantial interindividual dose variability, major side effects and require regular therapeutic drug monitoring, with a narrow therapeutic window and high incidence of bleeding complications....
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47

Beattie, R. Mark, Anil Dhawan, and John W.L. Puntis. Nutritional problems in the child with neurological handicap. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569862.003.0019.

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Assessment 135Suggestions for optimizing oral intake 135Tube feeding 136Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) 137Gastrostomy placement and subsequent care 137Neurological handicap is common, with around 15 000–20 000 children in the United Kingdom having cerebral palsy. Of these, 50% are reported to have feeding problems, rising to 85% in more severely affected children (e.g. those with spastic quadriplegia). In an Oxford-based community study of feeding and nutritional problems in children with neurological impairment: ...
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48

Paylor, Richard, Alexia M. Thomas, Surabi Veeraragavan, and Corinne M. Spencer. Putting Into Perspective the Use of the Fmr1 Knockout Mouse as a Model for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199744312.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 is concerned with the presence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in individuals with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). It is estimated that 21–50% of individuals with FXS meet the criteria for autism or autism with pervasive developmental delay not otherwise specified. Importantly, recent findings indicate that approximately 2–6% of individuals with ASDs have a mutation in the FMR1 gene, making it one of the most significant single genes associated with the presence of ASD.
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49

Rankin, Lorna. Tracheoesophageal Fistula Repair. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0053.

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Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) and esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital malformation occurring in 1:3,000 to 4,500 births. The condition presents specific challenges to the anesthesiologist in the perioperative period. The presence of a fistula means that infants born with TEF/EA are at risk of aspiration and positive-pressure ventilation may be hazardous. These babies often have coexistent problems associated with prematurity and low birth weight, and 50% have associated abnormalities, most commonly congenital cardiac malformations.
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Schofield, Pat. Assessment and management of pain in older adults. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689644.003.0012.

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Key points• Chronic persistent pain affects at least 50% of community-dwelling older adults.• Physiological changes that occur as a result of the ageing process need to be considered when dealing with pain in the older adult.• Assessment of pain can be complicated when the older adult is unable to articulate their pain; for example, in the presence of cognitive impairment.• Much of the research into pain management has been carried out among the younger population and simply translated across.
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