Journal articles: 'Medetomidin'

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Betz, Daniela Simon. "Intranasale Applikation von Medetomidin bei Hunden." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 48, no. 01 (February 2020): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1079-3270.

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Jafarbeglou M, Marjani M. Comparison of the sedative effects of medetomidine administered intranasally, by atomization or drops, and intramuscular injection in dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2019; 46: 815–819 Die intranasale Gabe stellt eine nicht invasive und praktische Form der Medikamentenapplikation dar. Die hochvaskularisierte Mukosa der Nasenhöhle ermöglicht eine schnelle Absorption und ein direkter Nasen-Hirn-Transport kann unter Umgehung der Blut-Hirn-Schranke über die Nn. olfactorii und trigemini sowie die Zerebrospinalflüssigkeit effektive Wirkstoffkonzentrationen im Zentralnervensystem bewirken. Ziel dieser Studie war, die sedative Effektivität von intranasal – per Zerstäuber oder in Tropfenform – appliziertem Medetomidin im Vergleich zur intramuskulären Gabe zu untersuchen.

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Erhardt, W., N. Kilic, and Julia Henke. "Die Ketamin-Medetomidin-Anästhesie beim Hamster: ein klinischer Vergleich zwischen subkutaner und intraperitonealer Applikation." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 32, no. 06 (2004): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1622438.

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Zusammenfassung Gegenstand: Es wurden zwei verschiedene Applikationsweisen der Kombination von Ketamin und Medetomidin zur Anästhesie beim Hamster hinsichtlich ihrer Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen untersucht. Material und Methoden: Die Hamster wurden randomisiert zwei Gruppen zugeordnet und erhielten 200 mg/kg KM Ketamin sowie 0,25 mg/kg KM Medetomidin in einer Mischspritze entweder intraperitoneal (Gruppe i.p., n = 10) oder die gleiche Dosis subkutan (Gruppe s.c., n = 8). Zur Auswertung kamen folgende klinische Parameter: Atemfrequenz, Pulsfrequenz, periphere Sauerstoffsättigung, Körperkerntemperatur und Reflexstatus. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung: Die klinischen Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die intraperitoneale Applikation beim Hamster wegen des schnelleren und zuverlässigeren Erreichens der chirurgischen Toleranz und des rascheren Erwachens geeigneter ist als die subkutane, bei der auch eine bedeutende Hypothermie auftritt. Als auffälligste Nebenwirkung beider Applikationswege erwies sich eine ausgeprägte Atemdepression.

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Kienzle, B., N. Brugger, Ch Otzdorff, and J. Braun. "Spermagewinnung beim Kater – eine Literaturübersicht und eigene Erfahrungen." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 36, no. 03 (2008): 210–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1622680.

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Zusammenfassung:Gegenstand und Ziel: Nach einem Überblick über die Möglichkeiten der Spermagewinnung beim Kater wird über klinische Erfahrungen mit einer Methode zur medikamentösen Stimulation der Samenabgabe berichtet. Literaturübersicht: Die Spermagewinnung beim Kater ist von Bedeutung im Rahmen der Zuchttauglichkeitsuntersuchung, der künstlichen Besamung und bei Untersuchungen zur assistierten Reproduktion bei Hausund Wildtierkatzen. Neben der Gewinnung mithilfe einer künstlichen Scheide, die meistens eine Konditionierung der Kater notwendig macht, ist seit langem eine Spermagewinnung am narkotisierten Tier mittels Elektroejakulation bekannt. Inzwischen ist auch belegt, dass die Einleitung einer Allgemeinanästhesie mit dem α-Adrenozeptor-Agonisten Medetomidin zu einer Abgabe von Ejakulat in die Harnröhre führt, das durch Katheterisierung gewonnen werden kann. Material, Methoden und Ergebnisse: In der vorliegenden Studie wurde bei sieben Katern Sperma mittels Katheterisierung nach Einleitung einer Allgemeinanästhesie mit dem α-Adrenozeptor-Agonisten Medetomidin gewonnnen und von drei Tieren zusätzlich nach der Kastration Nebenhodensperma untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass mit der medikamentösen Auslösung der Ejakulation weitgehend repräsentative Samenproben gewonnen werden können. Schlussfolgerung: Vorteil dieser Methode ist, dass sie sich einfach und ohne großen instrumentellen Aufwand durchführen lässt und Patientenbesitzer sie als weniger invasiv und belastend für ihr Tier empfinden als die Elektroejakulation.

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Nuh; ERKUT, KILlÇ. "Die Anasthesie beim Hund mit Medetomidin, Ketamin und Diazepam." Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 49, no. 3 (2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/vetfak_0000001672.

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Tungga Dewi, Tri Isyani, Gunanti Gunanti, and Deni Noviana. "Ekhokardiografi Kinerja Jantung Kelinci pada Anastesi Ketamin yang Dikombinasikan dengan Xylazin, Medetomidin, atau Acepromazin (HEART RABBIT PERFORMANCE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN KETAMINE ANESTHESIA COMBINED WITH XYLAZINE, MEDETOMIDINE, OR ACEPROMAZINE)." Jurnal Veteriner 19, no. 2 (September 7, 2018): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2018.19.2.276.

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Ketamine is anesthesia that commonly used in the rabbit’s surgery as animal model often combined with transquilizer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the rabbit’s cardiac performance after administration of ketamine anesthesia combined with transquilizer. A total of 24 rabbits of New Zealand White strain were divided into four treatment groups, namely ketamine 40 mg/kg BW, combination of ketamine 10 mg/ kg BW and xylazin 3 mg/kg BW, ketamine 10 mg/kg BW and medetomidin 0.125 mg/kg BW and ketamine 10 mg/kg BW and acepromazin 1 mg/kg BW group. Evaluation were performed at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after administration of anesthesia. Evaluation of cardiac performance using echocardiography on heart rate, stroke volume, ejection fraction, fractional shortening and cardiac output. The results showed that the heart rate in all treatment groups decreased along with observation time, except the ketamine group increased after 45 minutes. The stroke volume, cardiac output and fractional shortening in all treatment groups was stable, and the value was not significantly different among time observation (P> 0.05). The ejection fraction of the ketamine combined with transquilizer showed had the same pattern, decreasing at the 30 minutes observation followed by increasing at 45 and 60 minutes observation, while the ketamine group increased at 45 minutes but decreased again at minute 60. The lowest ejection fraction score was seen in the ketamine group. The research suggest that administration of ketamine with combined transquilizer medetomidin showed the most stable cardiac performance during observation.

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Radisic, B., M. Sindicic, D. Huber, J. Kusak, T. Gomercic, D. Vnuk, D. Maticic, and A. Slavica. "Ovariectomy of a brown bear (Ursus arctos): a case report." Veterinární Medicína 55, No. 7 (August 17, 2010): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2965-vetmed.

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Reproductive control is regularly implemented in bear facilities to prevent crowding of enclosures and surplus animals. Ovariectomy may represent an efficient method of sterilizing bears yet has not been reported in the literature. A 73 kg female brown bear, age two years and three months, was anesthetized for ovariectomy with tiletamin and zolazepam (Zoletil®, Virbac S.A., Carros Cedex, France) and medetomidin hydrochloride (Domitor®, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, USA). A 25 cm midline incision that extended from the umbilicus to the pubic brim was made. The suspensory ligament was stretched and blunt dissected so that ovaries in bursa were exposed on the surgical field. A "Figure 8" ligature was placed between two forcepses and a circumferential ligature was placed around proximal forceps at the ovarian pedicle. Another "Figure 8" ligature was placed between two forcepses and a circumferential ligature was placed around distal forceps at the cranial tip of the uterine horn. No surgical complications occurred, and no complications have transpired during the 12 month post-operative period.

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Kiefer, I., K. Becker, G. Oechtering, and M. Alef. "Der Einfluss etablierter Anästhesieprotokolle auf die Sauerstoff-versorgung des Hirngewebes beim Hund." Tierärztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere / Heimtiere 36, no. 03 (2008): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1622672.

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Zusammenfassung:Gegenstand und Ziel: Die Nah-infrarot-Spektroskopie (NIRS) überwacht kontinuierlich die zerebrale Sauerstoffund Blutversorgung und so die Grundlagen einer ungestörten neurologischen Funktion. Ziel der Studie ist die Darstellung der Auswirkungen verschiedener Anästhesieprotokolle auf die zerebrale Sauerstoffversorgung beim Hund. Material und Methoden: In einer experimentellen Studie wurden die Veränderungen der zerebralen Oxygenierung und des Redoxzustandes von Cytochrom a/a3 nach verschiedenen zur intravenösen Narkoseeinleitung etablierten Protokollen (Acepromazin & l-Methadon [AM], Diazepam & l-Methadon [DM], Medetomidin & l-Methadon [MM], Propofol [P]) untersucht und der Zusammenhang mit pulmonalem Gaswechsel und Herz-Kreislauf-Funktion betrachtet. Ergebnisse: Die Methode ist geeignet, die durch eine Narkoseeinleitung beim Hund verursachten Veränderungen der zerebralen Oxygenierung aufzuzeigen. Ausgehend von einer regionalen zerebralen Sauerstoffsättigung von etwa 65% (n = 109, STD 7%) am wachen Hund bestehen eine Minute nach Einleitung signifikante Gruppenunterschiede. In der Propofol-Gruppe steigt die regionale zerebrale Sauerstoffsättigung um etwa 8%. In allen anderen Gruppen fällt sie, nach AM um 5%, nach DM um bis zu 10%, nach MM um maximal 20%. Der zerebrale Gesamthämoglobingehalt zeigt keine Gruppenunterschiede. Die Narkoseeinleitung hat keinen Effekt auf den Redoxzustand von Cytochrom a/a3. Korrelationen der zerebralen Oxygenierung mit arteriellem Sauerstoffstatus und Kohlendioxidpartialdruck bestehen. Schlussfolgerungen: Die NIRS eröffnet erstmals die Möglichkeit, die Auswirkungen von in der klinischen Routine eingeführten Verfahren auf die zerebrale Oxygenierung darzustellen. Eine Abnahme der regionalen zerebralen Sauerstoffsättigung um etwa 20% (MM) über die gesamte Messdauer scheint von klinischer Relevanz und wird als Indiz einer kritischen zerebralen Sauerstoffversorgung beurteilt. Die anästhetikabedingte Atemdepression hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf den vaskulären zerebralen Sauerstoffstatus. Klinische Relevanz: Atemdepressive Narkoseprotokolle können beim spontan atmenden Hund zu einer kritischen zerebralen Sauerstoffversorgung führen.

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Kint, Leila T., Bhedita J. Seewoo, Timothy H. Hyndman, Michael W. Clarke, Scott H. Edwards, Jennifer Rodger, Kirk W. Feindel, and Gabrielle C. Musk. "The Pharmacokinetics of Medetomidine Administered Subcutaneously during Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Sprague-Dawley Rats." Animals 10, no. 6 (June 18, 2020): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10061050.

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Anaesthetic protocols involving the combined use of a sedative agent, medetomidine, and an anaesthetic agent, isoflurane, are increasingly being used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of the rodent brain. Despite the popularity of this combination, a standardised protocol for the combined use of medetomidine and isoflurane has not been established, resulting in inconsistencies in the reported use of these drugs. This study investigated the pharmacokinetic detail required to standardise the use of medetomidine and isoflurane in rat brain fMRI studies. Using mass spectrometry, serum concentrations of medetomidine were determined in Sprague-Dawley rats during medetomidine and isoflurane anaesthesia. The serum concentration of medetomidine for administration with 0.5% (vapouriser setting) isoflurane was found to be 14.4 ng/mL (±3.0 ng/mL). The data suggests that a steady state serum concentration of medetomidine when administered with 0.5% (vapouriser setting) isoflurane can be achieved with an initial subcutaneous (SC) dose of 0.12 mg/kg of medetomidine followed by a 0.08 mg/kg/h SC infusion of medetomidine. Consideration of these results for future studies will facilitate standardisation of medetomidine and isoflurane anaesthetic protocols during fMRI data acquisition.

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Kälin, Isabel, Inken S. Henze, Simone K. Ringer, Paul R. Torgerson, and Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger. "Comparison of Recovery Quality Following Medetomidine versus Xylazine Balanced Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Horses: A Retrospective Analysis." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082440.

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Medetomidine partial intravenous anaesthesia (PIVA) has not been compared to xylazine PIVA regarding quality of recovery. This clinical retrospective study compared recoveries following isoflurane anaesthesia balanced with medetomidine or xylazine. The following standard protocol was used: sedation with 7 µg·kg−1 medetomidine or 1.1 mg·kg−1 xylazine, anaesthesia induction with ketamine/diazepam, maintenance with isoflurane and 3.5 µg·kg−1·h−1 medetomidine or 0.7 mg·kg−1·h−1 xylazine, and sedation after anaesthesia with 2 µg·kg−1 medetomidine or 0.3 mg·kg−1 xylazine. Recovery was timed and, using video recordings, numerically scored by two blinded observers. Influence of demographics, procedure, peri-anaesthetic drugs, and intraoperative complications (hypotension, hypoxemia, and tachycardia) on recovery were analysed using regression analysis (p < 0.05). A total of 470 recoveries (medetomidine 279, xylazine 191) were finally included. Following medetomidine, recoveries were significantly longer (median (interquartile range): 57 (43–71) min) than xylazine (43 (32–59) min) (p < 0.001). However, the number of attempts to stand was similar (medetomidine and xylazine: 2 (1–3)). Poorer scores were seen with increased pre-anaesthetic dose of xylazine, intraoperative tetrastarch, or salbutamol. However, use of medetomidine or xylazine did not influence recovery score, concluding that, following medetomidine–isoflurane PIVA, recovery is longer, but of similar quality compared to xylazine.

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Ko, JC, TG Heaton-Jones, and CF Nicklin. "Evaluation of the sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-butorphanol, medetomidine-ketamine, and medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine in ferrets." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 33, no. 5 (September 1, 1997): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-33-5-438.

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Ten ferrets were used in a crossover study to determine the anesthetic effects of intramuscular (I.M.) medetomidine (80 microg/kg body weight), medetomidine (80 microg/kg body weight)-butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg body weight), medetomidine (80 microg/kg body weight)-ketamine (5 mg/kg body weight), and medetomidine (80 microg/kg body weight)-butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg body weight)-ketamine (5 mg/kg body weight). All ferrets assumed lateral recumbency within four minutes and remained dorsally recumbent for 100 minutes, until atipamezole (400 microg/kg body weight, I.M.) administration. All four anesthetic combinations were effective for chemical restraint, with the most respiratory depression occurring in the medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine group. The addition of butorphanol or ketamine to medetomidine significantly increased the duration of analgesia. The addition of ketamine to medetomidine-butorphanol expedited endotracheal intubation.

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Romagnoli, Noemi, Carlotta Lambertini, Daniele Zambelli, Marco Cunto, Giulia Ballotta, and Andrea Barbarossa. "Plasma Concentration Rise after the Intramuscular Administration of High Dose Medetomidine (0.13 mg/kg) for Semen Collection in Cats." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 3, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7010017.

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High dose medetomidine 0.13 mg/kg can be used for semen collection in cats with variable results in terms of quantity and quality. Therefore, a variation in terms of distribution and elimination among patients has been hypothesised. The aim of the study was to characterise the pharmacokinetics of medetomidine (0.13 mg/kg) administered intramuscularly (IM) in healthy male cats. Eighteen male cats undergoing castration were included, and medetomidine (0.13 mg/kg) was administered IM. Venous blood samples were collected at 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75 and 90 minutes after medetomidine administration. Before orchiectomy, at T20, sperm collection was attempted. Plasma medetomidine concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Semen collection was successful in 15/18 cats. The medetomidine plasma concentration following the IM administration of a bolus was best described using a non-compartment model. Time of maximum concentration was observed at 40 minutes (range 20–90); maximum concentration was 32.8 ng/mL (range 26.8–51.2). The median apparent clearance was 11.9 mL/kg/minute (range 0.7–43.8). In conclusion, medetomidine administered IM at 0.13 mg/kg reached its peak plasma concentration slowly and with variability among patients. In addition, it was characterised by low total body clearance probably due to the cardiovascular alterations associated with medetomidine administration.

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Kanda, Teppei, Yuka Mizoguchi, Kayo Furumoto, Yuki Shimizu, Noritaka Maeta, and Toshinori Furukawa. "Effect of Intramuscular Medetomidine Administration on Tear Flow in Rats." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 2 (April 13, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7020042.

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Medetomidine has been reported to decrease tear flow significantly in dogs, cats, and pigs when used as a sedative or analgesic; however, there are no such reports when it comes to rats. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of medetomidine on tear flow in rats. Medetomidine in doses of 50, 100, or 200 µg/kg or a physiological saline solution as the control, were administered intramuscularly to male Slc:Wistar/ST rats. After the administration of medetomidine, tear flow in both eyes was measured using a phenol red thread tear test. The area under the curve (AUC) of phenol red thread test values from baseline to 8 h was calculated. Data were plotted against the dose of medetomidine and simple linear regression analysis was performed. The effect of the drug on phenol red thread test values was considered dose-related when linear analysis yielded a significant relationship. In all medetomidine-treated groups, tear flow decreased significantly in both eyes after administration, while no significant changes were observed in either eye in the control group. The AUC values from baseline to 8 h after administration in groups treated with 100 and 200 µg/kg of medetomidine were significantly lower in both the left and right eyes compared to the control group. The linear regression of the AUC values was significant for both eyes. Our results indicated that the intramuscular administration of medetomidine in rats decreased tear flow significantly in a dose-dependent manner.

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&NA;. "Medetomidine." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 803 (September 1991): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199108030-00015.

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Troya-Portillo, Lucas, Javier López-Sanromán, María Villalba-Orero, and Isabel Santiago-Llorente. "Cardiorespiratory, Sedative and Antinociceptive Effects of a Medetomidine Constant Rate Infusion with Morphine, Ketamine or Both." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072081.

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Standing surgery under sedation reduces anesthetic-related mortality in horses. Medetomidine, alone and combined with morphine in a constant rate infusion (CRI), has been described for standing surgery but their cardiorespiratory, sedative and antinociceptive effects have never been compared. The addition of ketamine could improve analgesia in these procedures with minimal cardiorespiratory consequences. The objectives were to compare the cardiorespiratory effects, quality of sedation, antinociception and ataxia produced by administration of a medetomidine-based CRI with morphine, ketamine or both, in standing horses. A prospective, blind, randomized crossover, experimental design with six healthy adult horses was performed, in which four treatments were administered to all horses with at least two weeks of washout period: medetomidine (M); medetomidine and ketamine (MK); medetomidine and morphine (MMo); and medetomidine, morphine and ketamine (MMoK). Dosages were the same in all treatment groups: medetomidine at 5 µg/kg bwt followed by 5 µg/kg bwt/h, ketamine at 0.4 mg/kg/h and morphine at 50 µg/kg bwt, followed by morphine 30 µg/kg bwt/h. Drug infusions were maintained for 120 min. Cardiorespiratory variables, sedation degree and antinociceptive effects were evaluated during the procedure. All combinations produced similar sedation and antinociceptive effects and no clinically relevant alterations in cardiorespiratory variables occurred. Medetomidine CRI combined with morphine, ketamine or both are suitable and safe protocols for standing sedation in horses and the addition of morphine and/or ketamine did not cause any negative effect but no improving effect on sedation and antinociception was detected.

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Kanda, Teppei, Manami Gotoh, Ayumi Makino, Kayo Furumoto, Yuki Shimizu, Takamasa Itoi, Noritaka Maeta, and Toshinori Furukawa. "Effect of Different Doses of Atipamezole on Reversal of Medetomidine-Induced Tear-Flow Decrease in Rats." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 4 (December 3, 2020): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7040197.

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It has been reported that α2-adrenoceptor agonists such as medetomidine decrease tear flow in many species, including rats. Few studies have investigated the involvement of α2-adrenoceptor in decreased tear flow; the issue has not been illustrated sufficiently. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of atipamezole on the reversal of medetomidine-induced tear-flow decrease to reveal the specific involvement of α2-adrenoceptor. Treatment with 400, 800, or 1600 µg/kg atipamezole (or saline as the control) was intramuscularly administered to rats 15 min following intramuscular administration of 200 µg/kg medetomidine. After medetomidine administration, tear flow was measured using a phenol red thread test (PRTT). PRTT values decreased significantly after 200 µg/kg medetomidine administration. The PRTT values after 800 (optimal dose to reverse) and 1600 µg/kg atipamezole administration reached baseline, but never exceeded it significantly. Treatment with 400 µg/kg atipamezole also reversed the decrease in PRTT value but the PRTT remained lower than baseline. The optimal dose and the higher dose of atipamezole fully reversed the medetomidine-induced decrease in tear flow to the baseline level in rats, while the lower dose of atipamezole partially recovered tear flow.

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ITAMOTO, K., Y. TAURA, N. WADA, T. TAKUMA, S. UNE, M. NAKAICHI, and Y. HIKASA. "Quantitative Electroencephalography of Medetomidine, Medetomidine-Midazolam and Medetomidine-Midazolam-Butorphanol in Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 49, no. 4 (May 2002): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.00425.x.

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HAYASHI, Kei, Ryohei NISHIMURA, Akira YAMAKI, Hwi-yool KIM, Satoru MATSUNAGA, Nobuo SASAKI, and Akira TAKEUCHI. "Cardiopulmonary Effects of Medetomidine, Medetomidine-Midazolam and Medetomidine-Midazolam-Atipamezole in Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 57, no. 1 (1995): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.57.99.

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Guzel, O., D. A. Kaya, K. Altunatmaz, G. Sevim, D. Sezer, and D. O. Erdikmen. "Evaluation of the cardiorespiratory effects of the alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine in dogs." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 12 (December 3, 2018): 546–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/92/2018-vetmed.

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In this study, we compared the effects of xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine on heart rate, respiratory rate, blood gas values, temperature and sedation scores. A total of 30 dogs were evaluated. The dogs were randomly allocated into three anaesthesia groups, each of which included ten dogs. The first group, denoted the xylazine/ketamine group, intravenously received xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) for premedication and ketamine (5 mg/kg) for induction. The second group, the medetomidine/ketamine group, intravenously received medetomidine (10 µg/kg) followed by ketamine (5 mg/kg). The third group received the dexmedetomidine/ketamine combination. This group intravenously received dexmedetomidine (3 µg/kg) for premedication and ketamine (5 mg/kg). Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, blood gas parameters and temperature were recorded for all patients immediately before sedation onset (T0), five minutes after sedation onset (T1) and five minutes after endotracheal intubation following ketamine injection (T2). The end tidal carbon dioxide level was recorded at T2. A significant decrease in heart rate occurred following premedication in all groups. However, the decrease was most marked in the medetomidine/ketamine group. An increase was observed in venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide values at T2 in the xylazine/ketamine group compared to the medetomidine/ketamine and dexmedetomidine/ketamine groups. The end tidal carbon dioxide levels were higher in the medetomidine/ketamine group than in the other two groups, and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin levels in the same group were found to be lower than in the others. It was determined that none of α2-agonists, namely xylazine, medetomidine or dexmedetomidine, had superior properties over the others. If medetomidine is used, special care should be taken because of the rapid decrease in heart rate.

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Lynch, Michael, and Roger Martin. "Capture of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) by remote injection of tiletamine - zolazapam (Zoletil®) and medetomidine." Wildlife Research 30, no. 3 (2003): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02022.

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A combination of tiletamine–zolazapam (Zoletil®) and medetomidine delivered by remote injection was used to capture free-ranging Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus victor). The trial established that dose rates in the order of 3.5 mg kg–1 Zoletil and 55 μg kg–1 medetomidine were appropriate to capture animals in this way. Of 17 animals receiving the combination by dart and left for at least 10 min before intervention, 13 fell or could be easily pushed from the tree. The other four animals did not become sufficiently anaesthetised and were captured manually. Two animals displayed mild bradycardia and another two animals had mild respiratory depression, which were attributed to the medetomidine component of the combination. All animals recovered uneventfully with the aid of atipamezole, a specific antagonist for medetomidine.

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Ko, Jeff C. H., Steven M. Fox, and Ronald E. Mandsager. "Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-butorphanol, and medetomidine-ketamine in dogs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 216, no. 10 (May 2000): 1578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.216.1578.

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Kutara, Kenji, Teppei Kanda, Noritaka Maeta, Yohei Mochizuki, Yoshiki Itoh, Fumiko Ono, and Taketoshi Asanuma. "Effects of Sedation by Intramuscular Administration of Medetomidine on Canine Abdominal Vascular System and Hepatic Parenchyma Imaging Using Enhancement Dynamic Computed Tomography." Veterinary Sciences 7, no. 3 (July 13, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci7030091.

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This prospective crossover study compared the effects of intramuscular administration of medetomidine for sedation on parameters of the abdominal vascular system, measured by enhancement computed tomography (CT), to those of propofol-induced sevoflurane maintenance anesthesia, as a control, in five clinically healthy adult male beagle dogs (11.4–12.8 kg). Each animal underwent both protocols at a 1-week interval. The enhancement (HU) and time to peak enhancement on CT were measured for the aorta (AO), caudal vena cava (CVC), portal vein (PV), and hepatic parenchyma (HP). The contrast effects in the AO, PV, and HP were significantly delayed under medetomidine sedation compared to the control anesthesia protocol. Particularly, the contrast effect in the PV and HP was significantly delayed under sedation, appearing approximately 1 min after contrast medium injection. This delay likely reflects the peripheral vasoconstrictive effect of medetomidine. We noted a generally early high contrast enhancement of the CVC under medetomidine sedation, likely contributed by the induced bradycardia. Therefore, findings obtained on contrast enhancement CT under medetomidine sedation may be different from those obtained under propofol-induced sevoflurane maintenance anesthesia. These differences are important to consider when using the findings to inform diagnosis.

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Cruz, J. I., J. M. Loste, and O. H. Burzaco. "Observations on the use of medetomidine/ketamine and its reversal with atipamezole for chemical restraint in the mouse." Laboratory Animals 32, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367798780559383.

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Ketamine and medetomidine produced chemical restraint for minor procedures in mice. Male mice required 50 mg/kg ketamine, 10 mg/kg medetomidine intraperitoneally (i.p.), and females a higher dose of ketamine (75 mg/kg i.p.). The onset of restraint effects, judged by loss of righting reflex, was more rapid in males than females. The effects were reversed using atipamezole (1–2.5 mg/kg). Recovery following administration of atipamezole was more rapid in males than females. We conclude that ketamine/medetomidine, followed by reversal with atipamezole, is an effective technique for chemical restraint in the mouse.

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23

Hedenqvist, P., J. V. Roughan, and P. A. Flecknell. "Effects of repeated anaesthesia with ketamine/medetomidine and of pre-anaesthetic administration of buprenorphine in rats." Laboratory Animals 34, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367700780457536.

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Two groups of rats were anaesthetized at weekly intervals for 6 weeks with either ketamine/medetomidine alone (60 mg/0.4 mg/kg i.p.) or ketamine/medetomidine (45 mg/0.3 mg/kg i.p.) one hour following buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg s.c.). Animals that received buprenorphine had longer periods of surgical anaesthesia ( P = 0.04) and a greater depression of both mean pedal withdrawal score ( P < 0.01) and mean respiratory rate ( P = 0.014). Mean total duration of anaesthesia was also greater in the buprenorphine group on day 1. Sleep times reduced with successive doses of anaesthetic in the buprenorphine group ( P = 0.024). Two animals in the buprenorphine group died. Repeated anaesthesia with ketamine/medetomidine alone was not associated with anaesthetic mortality. These results indicate that although buprenorphine has a clear anaesthetic-sparing effect, its use with ketamine/medetomidine may be associated with an increased risk of anaesthetic-related mortality.

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Vainio, Outi, and Merja Ojala. "Medetomidine, an α2-agonist, alleviates post-thoracotomy pain in dogs." Laboratory Animals 28, no. 4 (October 1, 1994): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367794780745173.

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Twelve laboratory beagles underwent a routine left thoracotomy to insert permanent instrumentation. Every second dog was given 10 μg/kg of medetomidine, an α2-agonist sedative. The rest of the animals were treated with 20 μg/kg of buprenorphine, an opioid agonist-antagonist, which is regularly used to treat postoperative pain in laboratory animals. The drugs were given at the end of operation (0) and 4, 8, 20, and 24 h postoperatively. Blood samples for catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) and blood gases (pCO2 and pO2) and pH were drawn immediately before any drug administration, and 30 min later. At the same time points, the pain level was subjectively evaluated using a pain score, and heart rate and rectal temperature were measured. Adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were lower in the medetomidine group than in the buprenorphine group. Accordingly, it was concluded that medetomidine had better analgesic effect than buprenorphine in the treated animals. This result was supported by subjective evaluation of the severity of pain, even though subjective evaluation is not considered very reliable in the present kind of open studies. pO2 was lower in the buprenorphine group than in the medetomidine group after the first injection of the analgesics. pCO2 and pH were similar in both of the groups. Medetomidine decreased heart rate after every injection, this fall and subsequent rise might be avoided by a lower dose regime. Buprenorphine did not effect heart rate. Rectal temperature did not differ in either group. It was concluded that medetomidine, and other α2-agonists, possess some potential in postoperative pain alleviation.

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HAYASHI, Kei, Ryohei NISHIMURA, Akira YAMAKI, Hwi-yool KIM, Satoru MATSUNAGA, Nobuo SASAKI, and Akira TAKEUCHI. "Comparison of Sedative Effects Induced by Medetomidine, Medetomidine-Midazolam and Medetomidine-Butorphanol in Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 56, no. 5 (1994): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.56.951.

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Hellebrekers, Ludo J., Evert-Jan W. de Boer, Michiel A. van Zuylen, and Hans Vosmeer. "A comparison between medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-propofol anaesthesia in rabbits." Laboratory Animals 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367797780600215.

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We investigated the effects of combinations of the α2-agonist medetomidine with either ketamine or propofol for their overall quality of anaesthesia, including the possible concomitant changes in respiratory and circulatory function in New Zealand White rabbits. Medetomidine was administered at 0.35 mg/kg, intramuscularly. Following sedation, ketamine (5 mg/kg) or propofol (2 and 3 mg/kg) were administered intravenously via the ear vein. Data on reflexes (palpebral, corneal, ear-pinch and toe-pinch), jaw muscle tone and physiologic parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, body temperature) were recorded before and after administration of drugs. Intermittent arterial blood sampling was performed at predetermined intervals before and after anaesthesia. The results show that the ear-pinch and toe-pinch reflexes and the jaw muscle tone are reliable indices to determine surgical anaesthetic depth. A surgical level of anaesthesia could be obtained reliably with the combination medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-propofol (3 mg/kg) with a duration of 19 min (variation 10 to 40 min, n=6) and 11 min (variation 5 to 15 min, n=6), respectively. Propofol administered at 2 mg/kg did not produce an adequate anaesthetic level. The data from this study demonstrate a high degree of predictability in achieving a fast induction and adequate anaesthetic depth together with a low incidence of untoward side-effects and a zero mortality with the combinations investigated. The data from the medetomidine-ketamine group show that, although adequate anaesthetic depth of medium duration is achieved, the arterial oxygen tension is reduced to hypoxemic levels. With the use of this combination, the supplemental administration of oxygen is advised. With the combination of medetomidine-propofol (3 mg/kg) a short duration anaesthesia of adequate depth was achieved, whereby physiological variables all remained within acceptable ranges. The use of medetomidine-propofol, in combination with the α2-antagonist atipamezole to shorten recovery time, will provide reliable and very versatile anaesthesia in rabbits.

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Ko, JC, SM Fox, and RE Mandsager. "Anesthetic effects of ketamine or isoflurane induction prior to isoflurane anesthesia in medetomidine-premedicated dogs." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 37, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-37-5-411.

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Dogs were given medetomidine (10 microg/kg body weight, intramuscularly) followed in 10 minutes by either ketamine (4 mg/kg body weight, intravenously) or isoflurane mask induction and maintained on isoflurane for 30 minutes. Medetomidine induced lateral recumbency in all dogs. Endotracheal intubation was faster and smoother when dogs were given ketamine than when induced with isoflurane. Analgesia was excellent in all groups. Respiratory depression was more profound when dogs were given ketamine. Recovery quality was smooth and similar among all groups. Medetomidine-premedicated dogs could be induced with either ketamine or isoflurane and maintained on 1.3% isoflurane to achieve good analgesia with smooth recovery from anesthesia.

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Ko, Jeff C. H., Mark E. Payton, Alison G. White, David S. Galloway, and Tomohito Inoue. "Effects of Intravenous Diazepam or Microdose Medetomidine on Propofol-Induced Sedation in Dogs." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/0420018.

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This crossover study tested the hypothesis that both diazepam and microdose medetomidine would comparably reduce the amount of propofol required to induce sedation. Four different medications, namely high-dose diazepam (0.4 mg/kg intravenously [IV]), low-dose diazepam (0.2 mg/kg IV), medetomidine (1 μg/kg IV), and placebo (0.5 mL physiological saline IV) were followed by propofol (8 mg/kg IV) titrated to a point where intubation could be performed. The effects of medetomidine were comparable to the effects of high-dose diazepam and significantly better than the effects of low-dose diazepam or placebo. Dogs in all treatment groups had transient hypoxemia, and induction and recovery qualities were similar.

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Kuo, Wei-Chen, and Robert D. Keegan. "Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs." American Journal of Veterinary Research 65, no. 7 (July 2004): 931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.931.

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Kuo, WC, and RD Keegan. "Comparative cardiovascular, analgesic, and sedative effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-hydromorphone, and medetomidine-butorphanol in dogs." Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia 30, no. 2 (April 2003): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2995.2003.00133_2.x.

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Nishimura, R., M. Sakaguchi, N. Sasakix, H. Tamura, and A. Takeuchi. "MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE AND MEDETOMIDINE-BUTORPHANOL-KETAMINE ANAESTHESIA IN PIGS." Journal of Veterinary Anaesthesia 18 (August 1991): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.1991.tb00540.x.

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32

Zabek, Magdalena A., John Wright, David M. Berman, Jordan O. Hampton, and Christina W. Collins. "Assessing the efficacy of medetomidine and tiletamine–zolazepam for remote immobilisation of feral horses (Equus caballus)." Wildlife Research 41, no. 7 (2014): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14108.

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Context The study of any wild animal’s home range requires the collection of spatiotemporal data, obtained independently of climatic conditions or time of day. This can be achieved by the attachment of global positioning system (GPS) data loggers, which, in large species, is best achieved by remote immobilisation. Feral horses (Equus caballus) usually occupy remote areas of Australia; however, a considerable population increase has been observed in a close proximity to metropolitan areas of the Australian east coast, creating increasing conflict with human interests. Aim The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of remote chemical immobilisation of feral horses with medetomidine combined with tiletamine–zolazepam to facilitate placement of satellite GPS collars. Methods Nine feral horses were darted from the ground with 60 mg (i.m.) medetomidine and 1500 mg (i.m.) tiletamine–zolazepam. The effects of medetomidine were reversed with 50–100 mg (i.m. or i.v.) atipamezole 30–40 min after induction (IV/IM). Physiological variables monitored during anaesthesia were heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature and oxygen haemoglobin saturation (Spo2). Key results All horses were successfully immobilised with between one and three darts (n = 9). The mean (± s.e.m.) dose of medetomidine was 0.15 ± 0.01 mg kg–1, whereas that of tiletamine–zolazepam was 3.61 ± 0.16 mg kg–1. Mean time from darting to lateral recumbency was 13.3 ± 2.7 min and mean recumbency time was 54 ± 13 min. Vital signs for all anaesthetised animals remained within the normal range during anaesthesia, with the exception of one animal exhibiting a transient drop in Spo2. There were no deaths. Key conclusions The combination of medetomidine and tiletamine–zolazepam provided adequate anaesthesia in feral horses in the field for application of GPS collars. Implications Although a limited number of horses was immobilised, the present study shows that the combination of medetomidine and tiletamine–zolazepam provides effective short-term anaesthesia for feral horses, affording a practical and field-accessible capture technique. This method could also be applied to other management actions requiring the safe and humane capture of feral horses.

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Jones, P., and C. Hoare. "Medetomidine in horses." Veterinary Record 129, no. 21 (November 23, 1991): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.129.21.476.

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Nicolás-Barceló, Paloma, Martina Facchin, Fernando Martínez-Taboada, Rafael Barrera, José Ignacio Cristóbal, Mario Alberto González, Ángela Durán-Galea, Beatriz Macías-García, and Francisco Javier Duque. "Effects of Sedation with Medetomidine and Dexmedetomidine on Doppler Measurements of Ovarian Artery Blood Flow in Bitches." Animals 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020538.

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The aim was to evaluate if medetomidine and dexmedetomidine affected arterial ovarian blood flow in dogs. The dogs were randomly assigned to two different groups. In Group 1, medetomidine (10 µg/kg) was administered intramuscularly and, in Group 2, dexmedetomidine (5 µg/kg) was used. After a preliminary exam, arterial blood pressure (BP) was measured and a duplex Doppler ultrasonographic examination of both ovarian arteries was performed. Twenty minutes after the administration of medetomidine or dexmedetomidine, BP and ovarian Doppler ultrasonography were repeated. High quality tracings of ovarian artery flow velocity were obtained in all dogs and Doppler parameters: Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV), End Diastolic Velocity (EDV) and Resistive Index (RI) were measured before and after drug administration in the left (LO) and right (RO) ovaries. PSV and EDV values decreased significantly after drug administration (p < 0.05) compared to the non-sedated values, but no differences were found between the LO and RO (p > 0.05). The RI was not affected by drugs administration in neither of the groups studied (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the administration of medetomidine or dexmedetomidine causes a decrease in blood flow velocity in the ovarian artery and may be a good choice to avoid excessive bleeding prior surgeries in which ovariectomy.

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Millspaugh, Joshua J., Brian E. Washburn, Tamara M. Meyer, Jeff Beringer, and Lonnie P. Hansen. "Immobilization of Clover-trapped White-tailed Deer, Odocoileus virginianus, with Medetomidine and Ketamine, and Antagonism with Atipamezole." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v118i2.911.

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We evaluated the effectiveness of immobilizing Clover-trapped White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginanus) with medetomidine hydrochloride (HCl) and ketamine HCl during winter and summer by monitoring immobilization intervals and vital signs. In winter, we captured deer in Clover traps in 1 4-ha research enclosure for relocation to another on-site enclosure (n = 5). In summer, we captured free-ranging deer in Clover traps to attach radio-collars (n = 4). We administered an estimated 0.055 mg/kg medetomidine HCl and 2.5 mg/kg ketamine HCl to adult (> 1.5 years of age) deer and 0.06 mg/kg medetomidine HCl and 2.5 mg/kg ketamine HCl to subadult (< 1.5 years of age) deer. We used an intramuscular injection of atipamezole HCl as the antagonist at a rate of 0.275 mg/kg for adults and 0.3 mg/kg for subadults > 30 minutes post-induction. Mean induction time in winter was 11.2 minutes (SE = 2.5, range = 5.4 - 24.2) and 6.5 minutes (SE = 0.8, range = 6.2 - 7.5) in summer. After atipamezole HCl injection, the mean time to walking was 17.1 minutes (SE = 3.5, range = 7.5 - 41.5 minutes) in winter and 11.3 minutes (SE = 3.8, range = 4.7 - 13.5) in summer. Rectal temperature was relatively constant throughout immobilization; however rectal temperatures of 5 deer (n = 3 in winter; n = 2 in summer) exceeded 40oC, a sign of hyperthermia. Respiration rate and pulse rate peaked at about 20 minutes post-medetomidine HCl and ketamine HCl injection, then generally declined thereafter. No mortalities were observed in our study. Medetomidine HCl and ketamine HCl doses for Clover-trapped White-tailed Deer provided satisfactory induction times, sufficient level of anesthesia for short-distance relocation or radio-collar attachment, and were effectively reversed with an IM injection of atipamezole HCl.

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Kanda, Teppei, Yuki Shimizu, Chisa Hanazono, Saya Maki, Noritaka Maeta, Takamasa Itoi, Kayo Furumoto, Yasuhiko Okamura, Yoshiki Itoh, and Toshinori Furukawa. "Effect of intramuscular administration of medetomidine and xylazine on tear flow measured by the Schirmer tear test I in healthy cats." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 21, no. 8 (August 31, 2018): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x18795723.

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Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of intramuscular medetomidine and xylazine on tear flow in healthy cats. Methods Five cats each received medetomidine 10, 20, 40 and 80 µg/kg IM; xylazine 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/kg IM; and physiological saline (2.0 ml IM) in a randomised order separated by intervals of at least 1 week. The Schirmer tear test (STT) I was performed in both eyes before and 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 24 h after each dose. Results The STT I value decreased significantly at 0.5 and 1.0 h and at 0.75 and 1.0 h in both eyes after administration of medetomidine at 10 or 40 µg/kg. After administration of medetomidine 80 µg/kg, there was a significant decrease in the STT I reading at 0.75, 2 and 3 h in the left eye and 0.75, 1, 2 and 3 h in the right eye. The STT I value decreased significantly at: 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 2 h in the left eye and 0.75 h in the right eye after administration of xylazine 1.0 mg/kg; 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 2 h in the left eye and 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 3 h in the right eye after administration of xylazine 2.0 mg/kg; 0.5, 0.75, 1 and 2 h in both eyes after administration of xylazine 4.0 mg/kg; and 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2 and 3 h in the left eye and 0.75, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h in the right eye after administration of xylazine 8.0 mg/kg. Conclusions and relevance Both medetomidine and xylazine significantly decreased feline tear flow measured by STT I. Therefore, the ocular surface should be monitored carefully and protected appropriately in cats treated with these sedatives.

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Griffiths, David, Erik W. Born, and Mario Acquarone. "Prolonged chemical restraint of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) with etorphine supplemented with medetomidine." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 9 (December 15, 2014): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.3015.

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Physiological studies involving the use of isotopic water required chemical restraint of free-ranging walruses (Odobenus rosmarus) for several hours. In August 2000, six male walrus (total body mass: 1050–1550 kg) were immobilized in East Greenland by remote delivery of 8.0–9.8 mg of etorphine and subsequently restrained for up to 6.75 h by administration of medetomidine. The effects of etorphine were reversed with 10–24 mg diprenorphine. After termination of the etorphine-induced apnoea, lasting an average of 15.8 min (SD = 9.7, range = 9.5–35.2 min, n = 6), the animals were initially given 10–20 mg medetomidine intramuscularly. The initial dose was further augmented by 5 mg at intervals of 5 min. In two cases, when medetomidine was administered through a catheter inserted in the extradural vein, the animal became instantly apnoeic and regained respiratory function only after intravenous injection of the prescribed dose of the antagonist atipamezole and of the respiratory stimulant doxapram. After an average of 3.5 hours of immobilisation, rectal temperature began to increase and it is conceivable that this is the factor that will ultimately limit the duration of immobilisation. The animals became conscious and fully mobile shortly after an intravenous injection of a dose of atipamezole approximately twice the mass of the total dose of medetomidine given during the procedure followed by 400 mg of doxapram. It is concluded that medetomidine appears to be a suitable drug for chemical restraint of walruses for time-consuming procedures following initial immobilisation by etorphine. With animals of total body mass around 1,000–1,500 kg, the drug should be given intramuscularly in 10–20 mg increments (total mass 10–60 mg) until the breathing rate falls to approximately 1 min-1. At this level, breathing is maintained and animals do not respond to touch or injection.

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Marija, Lipar, Turner Rajka, Radišić Berislav, Grgurević Lovorka, Erjavec Igor, Brajenović Nataša, Brčić Karačonji Irena, Samardžija Marko, and Vnuk Dražen. "Influence of Epinephrine and Medetomidine on Systemic Absorption of Lidocaine Applied Epidurally in Anesthetized Swine." Acta Veterinaria 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 456–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acve-2014-0043.

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Abstract Epinephrine and alpha 2 agonist drugs are often used with epidural anesthesia to minimize local anesthetic systemic absorption, as well as to prolong the duration of the block. The aim of the current study was to determine by which extent epinephrine and medetomidine influenced lidocaine systemic absorption rate following epidural application. This was achieved by monitoring the serum lidocaine concentration in a porcine model. During general anesthesia, the first group received epidurally plane lidocaine, the second received lidocaine containing epinephrine (1 : 80.000), and the third lidocaine with medetomidine (15 μg/kg). Venous blood samples were taken before and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes following epidural administration of the anesthetic. The effects of epinephrine and medetomidine were comparable. They both failed to cause a significant decrease in serum lidocaine concentration (p>0.05). In these settings we were unable to demonstrate a greater capacity of these two adrenergic agonists for reducing lidocaine systemic uptake and, accordingly, its systemic toxicity potential.

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CEPIEL, ALICJA, AGNIESZKA NOSZCZYK-NOWAK, ADRIAN JANISZEWSKI, ROBERT PASŁAWSKI, and URSZULA PASŁAWSKA. "Effect of xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine on cardiac conduction in pigs." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6057–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6057.

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The majority of anaesthetics used in studies regarding heart arrhythmias may affect the cardiac conduction system, thus influencing the results. In veterinary medicine, xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine are commonly used for premedication in laboratory and companion animals. To date, there have been no studies assessing the effect of these substances on the cardiac conduction system. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine on the parameters of the cardiac conduction system in pigs. The study was carried out on 18 Great White Polish male pigs weighing from 21 to 40 kg. The animals were divided into three equal groups. The animals from the first group received xylazine at a dose of 2 mg/kg i.v.; those from the second group received medetomidine at 40 mcg/kg i.v.; and those from the third group received dexmedetomidine at 10 mcg/kg i.v. The electrophysiological activity of the heart was analysed using an invasive electrophysiological study (EPS). During the EPS, a decrease in the heart rate after substance administration was observed in all animals, but there were no statistically significant differences in the cardiac conduction parameters. A pro-arrhythmic effect of xylazine was observed, but no statistically significant changes in the EPS parameters were noted. Our results indicate that medetomidine and dexmedetomidine may be used as standard premedication drugs in electrophysiological studies in pigs. Their use may facilitate animal preparation procedures without affecting study results..

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Thiago Cavalheri Luczinski, Gediendson Ribeiro de Araújo, Matheus Folgearini Silveira, Murillo Daparé Kirnew, Roberto Andres Navarrete, Jorge Aparecido Salomão-Jr, Letícia Alecho Requena, et al. "Medetomidine may cause heart murmur in Cougars and Jaguars: case report." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 14 (October 26, 2020): 17000–17002. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6098.12.14.17000-17002.

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We report heart murmur in Jaguars and Cougars found during reproductive procedures for semen and oocyte collection. Two male Cougars (n=2) and three female Jaguars (n=3) were examined. Anesthesia was performed with ketamine and medetomidine in males. Females also received propofol and were maintained with isoflurane. The animals were evaluated during anesthetic monitoring with multiparameter monitor alongside clinical examination, ambulatory electrocardiogram and echocardiogram. All animals presented mitral valve regurgitation under anesthesia, but without morphological changes in the cardiac structure or hemodynamic changes. Medetomidine may cause transitory heart murmur in healthy Jaguars and Cougars.

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MOHAMMAD, F. K., I. K. ZANGANA, and A. R. ABDUL-LATIF. "Medetomidine Sedation in Sheep." Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A 40, no. 1-10 (February 12, 1993): 328–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0442.1993.tb00635.x.

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NISHIMURA, Ryohei, Hwi-yool KIM, Satoru MATSUNAGA, Kei HAYASHI, Hiroshi TAMURA, Nobuo SASAKI, and Akira TAKEUCHI. "Cardiopulmonary Effects of Medetomidine-Midazolam and Medetomidine-Midazolam-Atipamezole in Laboratory Pigs." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 56, no. 2 (1994): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.56.359.

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Suh, Sang-Il, Tae-Jun Kim, Eun-Chan Lee, and Changbaig Hyun. "Effect of Medetomidine and Combination of Medetomidine/tiletamine/zolazepam and Medetomidine/tiletamine/zolazepam/tramadol on Echocardiographic Cardiac Contractility in Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Clinics 32, no. 5 (October 31, 2015): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.17555/jvc.2015.10.32.5.422.

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Samimi, A., E. Sakhaee, and F. Iranmanesh. "Comparative evaluation of electrocardiographic effects of different doses of medetomidine and xylazine in calf-camels (Camelus dromedarius)." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 23, no. 1 (2020): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2187.

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This experimental, prospective, randomised, and blinded study aimed to perform comparative evaluation of electrocardiographic (ECG) effects of different doses xylazine and medetomidine in dromedary calves after intravenous (IV) administration. A total of twenty five clinically and paraclinically healthy male dromedary calves aged 15±2 weeks and weighing 95±5.5 kg were assigned randomly to five different groups (four experimental and one control). Groups XL and XH received a low (0.2 mg kg-1) and high (0.4 mg kg-1) dose of xylazine hydrochloride and groups ML and MH received a low (10 µg kg-1) and high (20 µg kg-1) dose of medetomidine hydrochloride once, IV. Finally, the control group (C) received normal saline in the same manner. ECG indices were evaluated on post treatment 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min, and 24 h. There was no significant difference in heart rate (HR) in all experimental groups at T90. HR was significantly lower after high doses than after low doses of medetomidine and xylazine at T120. HR was significantly lower in XH than in other groups of study at T24. At T90 QRS amplitude in XH was statistically lower than in control and XL groups. Analysis of P wave duration revealed that in MH and XH it was significantly longer than in ML, XL and control at T5. Duration of P wave in control group was significantly shorter than in all experimental groups from T10 to T90. RR interval duration was significantly shorter at T5 and T10 in control group compared to experimental groups. At T120, RR interval duration in MH and XH was considerably longer than that in ML, XL, and control. Compared with control group, cardiac arrhythmia scores were significantly lower than in all experimental groups from T5 to T60. At T90 and T120 in MH and XH, cardiac arrhythmia scores were significantly higher than those of XL, ML, and control. According to our findings, using low dose of medetomidine (10 µg kg-1) and xylazine (0.2 mg kg-1) was suggested in comparison with high dose of medetomidine (20 µg kg-1) and xylazine (0.4 mg kg-1) in dromedary calves with cardiac diseases in the field.

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Mrazova, M., P. Rauser, J. Burova, M. Georgiou, and T. Fichtel. "Influence of medetomidine, acepromazine, fentanyl and butorphanol on intraocular pressure and pupil size in healthy dogs." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 9 (September 18, 2018): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/51/2018-vetmed.

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The aim of this study was to assess the effects of four different drugs used for anaesthesia premedication on intraocular pressure and pupil size in dogs. A prospective, randomised, double-blind clinical study was carried out. The subjects were forty client-owned healthy dogs (20 males and 20 females), aged 8.0 ± 2.9 years, with body weights of 11.8 ± 8.5 kg (mean ± SD) and without ocular abnormalities that were scheduled for periodontal treatment. Animals were randomly allocated into four groups and received intravenously either medetomidine 0.01 mg/kg, acepromazine 0.02 mg/kg, fentanyl 0.01 mg/kg or butorphanol 0.2 mg/kg. Intraocular pressure, pupil size, heart rate, respiratory frequency and systolic and diastolic arterial pressures were measured prior to (baseline) and at five and 10 minutes after premedication (T5, T10). Data were analysed by Anderson-Darling, Bartlett’s, ANOVA and Dunnett’s tests (P < 0.05). Significant increases of intraocular pressure were observed at T5 and T10 in the fentanyl group. Significant decreases of pupil size at T5 and T10 were detected in the fentanyl, butorphanol and medetomidine groups. In the fentanyl group, heart rate dropped significantly at T10, while respiratory frequency was elevated at T5 and T10. In the medetomidine group, heart rate and respiratory frequency were decreased at T5 and T10. In the butorphanol group, systolic arterial pressure was decreased at T5 and diastolic arterial pressure was decreased at T5 and T10. In the acepromazine group, systolic arterial pressure was decreased at T10. Within ten minutes after intravenous administration in healthy dogs, fentanyl significantly increased intraocular pressure and fentanyl, butorphanol and medetomidine decreased pupil size.

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Silva, Fernando do Carmo, Eduardo Hatschbach, Alfredo Feio da Maia Lima, Yuri Karaccas de Carvalho, and Flavio Massone. "Continuous infusion in adult females dogs submitted to ovariohysterectomy with midazolam-xylazine and/or medetomidine pre-treated with methotrimeprazine and buprenorphine." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 22, no. 4 (August 2007): 272–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502007000400008.

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PURPOSE: To compare, by continuous infusion of ketamine or medetomidine combined to methotrimeprazine and buprenorphine, ketamine and midazolam, the degree of hypnosis, myorelaxation, anesthetic quality and surgical feasibility through evaluation of possible parametric alterations and recovery quality. METHODS: 20 healthy adult females dogs, aged 3 to 5 years, body weight between 7 and 15 kg, were assigned randomly and homogenously to 2 groups of 10 animals each (n=10), group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2), respectively. Animals of G1 were subjected to a pre-treatment with intravenous 1.0 mg/kg methotrimeprazine and or 3ì/kg. After 15 minutes, a 5.0 mg/kg ketamine and 0.2 mg/kg midazolam were intravenously injected. Immediately after induction, an anesthetic combination of 0.4 mg/kg/h midazolam, 20 mg/kg/h ketamine and 1.0 mg/kg/h xylazine, was continuously and intravenously administered for 30 minutes. The same techniques were used in G2 except for the substitution of xylazine for 30ìg/kg/h medetomidine. RESULTS: In G1 there was a 1st and 2nd degree atrioventricular heart block, a longer recovery period and lower quality. In G2 a 1st degree atrioventricular heart block occurred but isolated and ephemeral. CONCLUSIONS: The continuous infusion method, besides reducing drugs utilization, prevented collateral effects allowing a more tranquil recovery with no excitations, both protocols permitted the surgical procedure (ovary-hysterectomy) bringing about a reduction in hypnosis and an accentuated myorelaxation. Xylazine and medetomidine showed a similar pharmacodynamic behavior but with different clinical aspects. The electrocardiographic alterations observed in G2 and in a lower degree in G1 must be well studied. Describers: dogs, ketamine, methotrimeprazine, medetomidine, midazolam and xylazine.

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Mahdmina, Alaleh, Abigail Evans, David Yates, and Kate L. White. "Comparison of the effects of buprenorphine and methadone in combination with medetomidine followed by intramuscular alfaxalone for anaesthesia of cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 22, no. 2 (February 5, 2019): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x19826357.

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Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the quality of anaesthesia and analgesia between methadone and buprenorphine in combination with medetomidine after induction with intramuscular (IM) alfaxalone in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Methods Fifty-one female cats (American Society of Anesthesiologists status I–II), with a median age of 12 months (range 2–60 months), weighing a mean ± SD of 2.5 ± 0.5 kg, were recruited to the study. Cats were randomly allocated to receive medetomidine (600 µg/m2) and buprenorphine (180 µg/m2) (group MB) or medetomidine (500 µg/m2) and methadone (5 mg/m2) (group MM) IM. Anaesthesia was induced 15 mins later using alfaxalone (3 mg/kg) IM. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. All cats received meloxicam preoperatively. Quality of premedication and induction and intraoperative physiological parameters were recorded. Atipamezole (50% of medetomidine dose) was administered at the end of surgery. Cats were assessed postoperatively by the same blinded observer using a simple descriptive scale, numeric rating scale, dynamic interactive visual analogue scale (DIVAS) and UNESP-Botucatu multidimensional composite pain scales, at 10, 20 and 30 mins post-extubation. Parametric and non-parametric data were compared using Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U-tests, respectively. Results Forty-one cats completed the study. No significant differences were detected between groups before or during anaesthesia. No cats required rescue analgesia. DIVAS scores at 10 mins were significantly less in the MM group compared with the MB. No differences between groups at any other time points were detected using the four metrology instruments. Conclusions and relevance Both protocols provided good anaesthesia conditions for ovariohysterectomy in the cat.

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Arnemo, Jon M., and Birgit Ranheim. "Effects of medetomidine and atipamezole on serum glucose and cortisol levels in captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)." Rangifer 19, no. 2 (April 1, 1999): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.19.2.284.

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Serum concentrations of glucose and Cortisol were measured in five adult captive reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) at 24 h and 10 min before, and at 0.5, 1,2,4, 8, 12 and 24 h after, treatment with 60 p.g/kg of medetomidine i.v. followed by 300 jig/kg of atipamezole i.v. 60 min later. The experiments were performed in January and repeated in July-August. The animals were used as their own controls and treated with saline in July-August. The wash-out period between experiments in summer was 2 weeks or more. No obvious seasonal differences were observed. Mederomidine induced a 2.5-fold increase in glucose (mean ± standard error of the mean being 15.4 ± 0.6 mmol/1 at 1 h) and a 3.5-fold increase Cortisol (349 ± 28 nmol/1 at 0.5 h). Serum glucose reached control levels within 12 h, and Cortisol declined to baseline levels within 4 h after injection og medetomidine. The use of blood concentrations of glucose and Cortisol to assess nutritonal status, body condition and stress may be significantly biased in animals chemically immobilized with medetomidine or other alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists.

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Cunneen, Alexandra, Shaun Pratt, Nigel Perkins, Margaret McEwen, Geoffrey Truchetti, Joanne Rainger, Trish Farry, Lisa Kidd, and Wendy Goodwin. "Total Intravenous Anaesthesia with Ketamine, Medetomidine and Midazolam as Part of a Balanced Anaesthesia Technique in Horses Undergoing Castration." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 8 (July 26, 2021): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8080142.

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To evaluate the use of ketamine-medetomidine-midazolam total intravenous infusion as part of a balanced anaesthetic technique for surgical castration in horses. Five healthy Standardbred cross colts were premedicated with IV acepromazine (0.01–0.02 mg/kg), medetomidine (7 µg/kg) and methadone (0.1 mg/kg) and anaesthesia induced with IV ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.06 mg/kg). Horses were anaesthetised for 40 min with an IV infusion of ketamine (3 mg/kg/h), medetomidine (5 µg/kg/h) and midazolam (0.1 mg/kg/h) while routine surgical castration was performed. Cardiorespiratory variables, arterial blood gases, and anaesthetic depth were assessed at 5 to 10 min intervals. Post-anaesthesia recovery times were recorded, and the quality of the recovery period was assessed. The anaesthetic period and surgical conditions were acceptable with good muscle relaxation and no additional anaesthetic required. The median (range) time from cessation of the infusion to endotracheal tube extubation, head lift and sternal recumbency were 17.2 (7–35) min, 25 (18.9–53) min and 28.1 (23–54) min, respectively. The quality of anaesthetic recovery was good, with horses standing 31.9 (28–61) min after the infusion was ceased. During anaesthesia, physiological variables, presented as a range of median values for each time point were: heart rate 37–44 beats/min, mean arterial pressure 107–119 mmHg, respiratory rate 6–13 breaths/min, arterial partial pressure of oxygen 88–126 mmHg, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide 52–57 mmHg and pH 7.36–7.39. In conclusion, the co-administration of midazolam, ketamine and medetomidine as in IV infusion, when used as part of a balanced anaesthetic technique, was suitable for short term anaesthesia in horses undergoing castration.

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Kallio, Antero, Markku Koulu, Harry Scheinin, Jorma Viikari, and Mika Scheinin. "Acute effects of medetomidine, a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist, on anterior pituitary hormone and cortisol secretion in man." Acta Endocrinologica 119, no. 1 (September 1988): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1190011.

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Abstract. Single iv doses (25, 50 and 100 μg) of medetomidine, a selective α2-adrenoceptor agonist of the imidazole type, were administered to 8 healthy male volunteers in a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled study. The concentration of hGH in plasma was powerfully and dose-dependently increased. The plasma level of cortisol was dose-dependently decreased, whereas TSH showed a slight but statistically significant increase. Plasma levels of PRL, FSH and LH were unaffected by the drug. Medetomidine appears to resemble other α2-adrenoceptor agonists, notably clonidine, in its endocrine effects. Its high selectivity and short duration of action make it a suitable tool for studies of the physiology and pharmacology of α2-adrenoceptors in man.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Medetomidin'

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