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Journal articles on the topic 'Medial Rectus'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Khalifa, Yasser Mohamed. "Augmented Medial Rectus Recession, Medial Rectus Recession plus Faden, and Slanted Medial Rectus Recession for Convergence Excess Esotropia." European Journal of Ophthalmology 21, no. 2 (2011): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ejo.2010.5225.

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2

Chen, Ming-Hao. "Diffusion tensor imaging of horizontal extraocular muscles in patients with concomitant and paralytic esotropia." International Journal of Ophthalmology 16, no. 8 (2023): 1350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2023.08.22.

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AIM: To assess metrics of diffusion tensor imagining (DTI) in evaluating microstructural abnormalities of horizontal extraocular muscles (EOM) in esotropia. METHODS: Six adult concomitant esotropia patients, 5 unilateral abducent paralysis patients and 2 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DTI were performed on all subjects using 3T MR scanner. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) of medial and lateral rectus muscles were measured and compared between patients group and control gro

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3

Abdallah, Mohamed E. I., Elsayed M. Eltoukhi, Ahmed R. Awadein, and Rasha H. Zedan. "Superior Rectus Transposition With Medial Rectus Recession Versus Medial Rectus Recession in Esotropic Duane Retraction Syndrome." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 57, no. 5 (2020): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20200506-02.

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4

Park, Shin Hae, Hyun Kyung Kim, Youn Hea Jung, and Sun Young Shin. "Unilateral lateral rectus advancement with medial rectus recession vs bilateral medial rectus recession for consecutive esotropia." Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 251, no. 5 (2012): 1399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-012-2229-8.

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5

Burke, Miles J., Monte Del Monte, and Patrick DeRespinis. "Medial Rectus Muscle Laceration." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 38, no. 2 (2001): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-20010301-11.

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6

Shafi, Fariha, Syed Zaidi, Purnima Mehta, Harpreet Singh Ahluwalia, and Shahzada K. Ahmed. "Endoscopic Medial Rectus Sling." Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 32, no. 3 (2016): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iop.0000000000000670.

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7

Tawfik, Hatem A., and Jonathan J. Dutton. "Levator-Medial Rectus Synkinesis." Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 35, no. 6 (2019): e161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/iop.0000000000001373.

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8

XU, Chang-song, Qi WAN, and Feng XIAO. "Isolated medial rectus palsy." Chinese Medical Journal 126, no. 18 (2013): 3432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131598.

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9

Yu, Young Suk, and Dong Gyu Choi. "Medial transposition of the lateral rectus muscle in experimentally induced medial rectus paralysis." Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 5, no. 1 (1991): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/kjo.1991.5.1.9.

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10

Tsai, Chong-Bin, Chien-Liang Fang, and Ming-Shan Chen. "Temporal transposition of the split medial rectus muscle when the medial rectus is the sole functioning rectus muscle." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 24, no. 1 (2020): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2019.10.003.

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11

Elkamshoushy, Amr, and Michael A. Langue. "Outcomes of bilateral lateral rectus recession in treatment of recurrent exotropia after bilateral medial rectus resection." European Journal of Ophthalmology 29, no. 4 (2018): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1120672118795066.

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Purpose: To report the results of bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession for recurrent exotropia in cases where the primary surgery was a bilateral medial rectus resection. Methods: Retrospective chart review of 15 subjects who completed 6 months of follow-up. Data collected included patients’ demographics and pre- and post-operative measurements of ocular alignment and motility. Surgical nomogram used was the same nomogram we use for primary cases of exotropia. Results: At 6-month follow-up, 73.3% of cases had a successful surgical outcome (defined as 8 PD of esotropia to 10 PD of exotropi

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12

Murthy, Ramesh. "Congenital dystrophic medial rectus muscles." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 65, no. 1 (2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_537_15.

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13

Romano, Paul E. "Bilateral Medial Rectus Muscle Recession." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 36, no. 6 (1999): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-19991101-03.

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14

Pang, M. P., P. H. Zweifach, and J. Goodwin. "Inherited Levator-Medial Rectus Synkinesis." Archives of Ophthalmology 104, no. 10 (1986): 1489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1986.01050220083032.

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15

Lee, Dong Cheol, Se Youp Lee, and Jong Hwa Jun. "Alterations of lower- and higher-order aberrations after unilateral horizontal rectus muscle surgery in children with intermittent exotropia: A retrospective cross-sectional study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0264037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264037.

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Background This retrospective, cross-sectional study investigated changes in corneal lower- and higher-order aberrations that cause visual disturbance after lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection in children. Methods Eighty-five eyes of 85 patients (44 boys; 8.64±2.88 years) who underwent lateral rectus recession and medial rectus resection to correct intermittent exotropia were assessed. The Galilei G4 Dual Scheimpflug Analyzer was used for wavefront analysis. Risk factors (age, sex, amount of surgery, preoperative axial length, preoperative intraocular pressure) were determined

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16

Holzmer, Stephanie, Erin O'Rorke, Mark Martin, and Subhas Gupta. "Navigating the Rare Medial Rectus Entrapment in Orbital Fractures." Annals of Plastic Surgery 94, no. 5S (2025): S446—S451. https://doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000004205.

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Background Inferior rectus muscle entrapment associated with orbital floor fractures is commonly described in the literature. Less commonly described, however, is the phenomenon of medial rectus entrapment found in association with medial orbital wall fractures. This study primarily aims to bring further attention to this rare occurrence through the presentation of three medial rectus entrapments encountered at a single institution. Additionally presented are a systematic review of the literature and a discussion of the authors' preferred surgical technique for management of acute medial rectu

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17

Wang, Zhifei, Shunlan Li, and Xue Lin. "Isolated medial rectus paralysis caused by oculomotor dorsolateral nucleus infarction." Neurology Asia 27, no. 4 (2022): 1031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54029/2022utv.

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Isolated internal rectus palsy secondary to midbrain infarction is extremely rare and mainly involves the internal rectus subnucleus of the oculomotor nerve. The subnucleus rectus motor neurons of the oculomotor nerve are composed of two independent regions, the dorsolateral nucleus and the ventral nucleus ventral. In the present case, a 44-year-old man developed isolated medial rectus palsy due to an oculomotor dorsolateral nucleus infarction. The presenting symptom was simple diplopia without other stroke manifestations. A 30-day follow-up visit was conducted, the symptom was alleviated comp

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18

Amorim, Carlos Roberto, Fábio Xerfan Nahas, Virgínio Cândido Tosta de Souza, et al. "Tensile strength of the posterior and anterior layer of the rectus abdominis muscle sheath in cadavers." Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 22, no. 4 (2007): 255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-86502007000400005.

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PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to assess, in cadavers, the resistance to medial traction of the posterior and anterior layer of the rectus abdominis muscle sheath. METHODS: An anatomical, prospective, self-controlled study was carried out in 20 male cadavers. An evaluation of the tension of the posterior and anterior layers of the rectus abdominis muscle sheath was performed following anatomical dissection of these structures. The traction necessary to advance the tissue ten millimeters was assessed using an analogic dynamometer. RESULTS: There was no significant statistical differe

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19

Eraslan, Muhsin, Eren Cerman, Sumru Onal, and Mehdi Suha Ogut. "Superior Oblique Anterior Transposition with Horizontal Recti Recession-Resection for Total Third-Nerve Palsy." Journal of Ophthalmology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/780139.

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Aims. To report the results of lateral rectus muscle recession, medial rectus muscle resection, and superior oblique muscle transposition in the restoration and maintenance of ocular alignment in primary position for patients with total third-nerve palsy.Methods. The medical records of patients who underwent surgery between March 2007 and September 2011 for total third-nerve palsy were reviewed. All patients underwent a preoperative assessment, including a detailed ophthalmologic examination.Results. A total of 6 patients (age range, 14–45 years) were included. The median preoperative horizont

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20

Stepanets, Ivan R., Aleksei N. Kulikov, Sergey A. Koskin, and Irina S. Kovalevskaya. "Intermittent exotropia with convergence insufficiency — diagnostics, methods of invasive treatment." Ophthalmology Journal 15, no. 4 (2023): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ov112480.

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The review analyzes most common injection and surgical methods of treatment of intermittent exotropia of convergence insufficiency: injections of botulinum toxin type A, injections of bupivacaine, bilateral recession of lateral rectus muscles with imposition of fixation sutures or without it (including hemi-hang-back, no-noose technique), recession of lateral rectus muscles according to Stellard, unilateral or bilateral resection of medial rectus muscle, a combination of resection with recession in one eye, the formation of a duplication of medial rectus muscle. The results before and after tr

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21

Demer, Joseph L., and Robert A. Clark. "Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrates compartmental muscle mechanisms of human vertical fusional vergence." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 7 (2015): 2150–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00871.2014.

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Vertical fusional vergence (VFV) normally compensates for slight vertical heterophorias. We employed magnetic resonance imaging to clarify extraocular muscle contributions to VFV induced by monocular two-prism diopter (1.15°) base-up prism in 14 normal adults. Fusion during prism viewing requires monocular infraduction. Scans were repeated without prism, and with prism shifted contralaterally. Contractility indicated by morphometric indexes was separately analyzed in medial and lateral vertical rectus and superior oblique (SO) putative compartments, and superior and inferior horizontal rectus

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22

Clendaniel, R. A., and L. E. Mays. "Characteristics of antidromically identified oculomotor internuclear neurons during vergence and versional eye movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 3 (1994): 1111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.3.1111.

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1. Previous studies have shown that midbrain near response cells that increase their activity during convergent eye movements project to medial rectus motoneurons, which also increase their activity during convergence. Most neurons in the abducens nucleus decrease their firing rate during convergence, and the source of this vergence signal is unknown. Oculomotor internuclear neurons (OINs) in monkeys project primarily from the medial rectus subdivisions of the oculomotor nucleus to the contralateral abducens nucleus, although there is a smaller ipsilateral projection as well. Because of these

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23

Saxena, Rohit, Medha Sharma, Digvijay Singh, and Pradeep Sharma. "Full tendon medial transposition of lateral rectus with augmentation sutures in cases of complete third nerve palsy." British Journal of Ophthalmology 102, no. 6 (2018): 715–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311376.

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Management options in third nerve palsy are limited as four of the six extraocular muscles are involved. Surgery has to be tailored on a case-to-case basis. Aim of this retrospective case series is to report 1-year outcomes of a modified surgical technique entailing full tendon transposition of lateral rectus to medial rectus augmented with posterior fixation sutures in four patients with complete third nerve palsy. All four cases showed significant improvement of vertical and horizontal deviation with long-term stability of correction. Choice of route of full tendon augmented transposition of

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24

Lee, Dong-Wook, Sam Lee, and Min Ahn. "Congenital Bilateral Medial Rectus Muscle Aplasia." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 50, no. 3 (2013): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/01913913-20130416-01.

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25

Stack, Rebecca R., Celeste D. Burley, Antony Bedggood, and Mark J. Elder. "Unilateral versus bilateral medial rectus recession." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 7, no. 4 (2003): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1091-8531(03)00117-4.

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26

Metz, Henry S. "Medial Rectus Injury After Pterygium Excision." Archives of Ophthalmology 107, no. 10 (1989): 1428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1989.01070020502018.

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27

Umfress, Allison C., Alexis M. Flowers, Yuhan Liu, Yuxi Zheng, Qingxia Chen, and Sean P. Donahue. "Medial Rectus Advancement for Secondary Exotropia." American Journal of Ophthalmology 221 (January 2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.029.

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28

Widayanto, Fredy, and Rozalina Loebis. "Comprehensive Surgical Approaches for Paralytic Esotropia." Vision Science and Eye Health Journal 4, no. 2 (2025): 60–66. https://doi.org/10.20473/vsehj.v4i2.2025.60-66.

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Introduction: Paralytic esotropia occurs due to paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle due to sixth nerve paralysis. One of the etiologies of sixth nerve palsy is trauma. Examination and holistic management should be done in patients with sixth nerve palsy, as this condition will have a psychosocial impact on the patient. In this case series, the authors will report on the different approaches to comprehensive management in paralytic esotropia cases. Case Presentation: The first patient had 30Δ paralytic esotropia in the right eye for ten months after an accident, experiencing diplopia in the

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29

Wipf, Monika, Siegfried Priglinger, and Anja Palmowski-Wolfe. "Y-Split Recession of the Medial Rectus Muscle as a Secondary and/or Unilateral Procedure in the Treatment of Esotropia with Distance/Near Disparity." Journal of Ophthalmology 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6472690.

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Introduction. In esotropia with larger angles > near than at distance, splitting of the medial rectus muscle has been suggested as a treatment option. Previous reports of bilateral medial rectus Y-splitting as a first intervention showed a reduction of the distance/near disparity with fewer side effects compared to posterior fixation surgery. We address whether a medial rectus Y-splitting as a secondary and/or a unilateral procedure also reduce distance/near disparity.Materials and Methods. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of four patients undergoing Y-split recession as a second and/

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30

Agarwal, Andrea B., Austin J. Christensen, Cheng-Yuan Feng, Dan Wen, L. Alan Johnson, and Christopher S. von Bartheld. "Expression of schizophrenia biomarkers in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus: an explanation for the link between exotropia and schizophrenia?" PeerJ 5 (December 22, 2017): e4214. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4214.

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Recent studies have implicated exotropia as a risk factor for schizophrenia. We determined whether schizophrenia biomarkers have abnormal levels of expression in extraocular muscles from patients with strabismus and explored whether differences in gene expression between medial and lateral rectus muscles may explain the specific association of schizophrenia with exotropia but not esotropia. Samples from horizontal extraocular muscles were obtained during strabismus surgery and compared with age- and muscle type-matched normal muscles from organ donors. We used PCR arrays to identify difference

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31

Labh, Rajan Kumar, TD Ghose, and S. Ganesh. "Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging- a sensitive tool in managing consecutive exotropia." Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology 7, no. 2 (2016): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v7i2.14991.

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Background: Proper evaluation and accurate diagnosis are crucial in managing a case of strabismus. Objective: Report a case of prolonged large angle complicated consecutive exotropia where dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging helped us to diagnose and simplify the management plan. Case: A 19-year-old male presented with outward deviation of both eyes for last 16 years with right face turn, without diplopia and trauma. However, he had history of two consecutive squint surgeries, a month apart, at the age of 3 years. Observation: Visual acuity (best corrected) in the right and left eye was 6/36 an

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Anilkumar, Sasikala E., Priya Sakthivel, Sandra Ganesh, Kalpana Narendran, and Amrutha Sindhu. "Surgical Outcomes of Consecutive Exotropia – A Retrospective Analysis from a Tertiary Eye Hospital." TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research 61, no. 4 (2023): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_92_23.

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Purpose: To determine the surgical outcomes of medial rectus advancement alone or in combination with lateral rectus recession in the management of patients with consecutive exotropia. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 20 patients who underwent surgical correction for consecutive exotropia (XT) between January 2019 and June 2022 was conducted. Patients underwent either medial rectus advancement (Group 1) or combined medial rectus advancement and lateral rectus recession (Group 2). Patients were followed up for a minimum period of 1 month postoperatively, and the correction obt

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33

Mull, Aaron B., Michael C. Nicoson, Amy M. Moore, Dan A. Hunter, and Thomas H. Tung. "Rectus Abdominis Motor Nerves as Donor Option for Free Functional Muscle Transfer: A Cadaver Study and Case Series." HAND 13, no. 2 (2017): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944717702467.

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Background: Current management of brachial plexus injuries includes nerve grafts and nerve transfers. However, in cases of late presentation or pan plexus injuries, free functional muscle transfers are an option to restore function. The purpose of our study was to describe and evaluate the rectus abdominis motor nerves histomorphologically and functionally as a donor nerve option for free functional muscle transfer for the reconstruction of brachial plexus injuries. Methods: High intercostal, rectus abdominis, thoracodorsal, and medial pectoral nerves were harvested for histomorphometric analy

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34

Zieliński, Grzegorz, Anna Matysik-Woźniak, Anna Pankowska, Radosław Pietura, Robert Rejdak, and Kamil Jonak. "High Myopia and Thickness of Extraocular and Masticatory Muscles—7T MRI, Preliminary Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 12 (2023): 4166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12124166.

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(1) Background: Myopia is one of the most common refractive errors in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the transverse dimensions of selected masticatory muscles (temporalis muscle and masseter muscle) versus the transverse dimensions of selected extraocular muscles (superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus and lateral rectus) in emmetropic and high myopic subjects. (2) Methods: Twenty-seven individuals were included in the analysis, resulting in 24 eyeballs of patients with high myopia and 30 eyeballs of emmetropic subjects. A 7 Tesla resonance was used to analyze the de

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35

Seo, Hye-Jung, Sun-Kyung Kim, and Jung-Sun Hong. "The Analysis of Activity of Lower Extremity Muscle and Pelvic Tilt during Standing in Children with Spastic Diplegia." Journal of Clinical Movement Science in Human 9, no. 1 (2004): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.17817/2004.9.1.1.

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This study analyzed lower extremity muscle activity and pelvic tilt in children with spastic diplegia in standing. The subjects of this study were 8 normal children and 8 children with spastic diplegia who have been treated in Bobath hospital. The groups of children were evaluated with inclinometer and EMG. The EMG activities of the gluteus maximus, rectus abdominis, medial hamstring and rectus femoris were recorded by surface electrodes while standing. The findings of this study were as follows. First, significant differences of pelvic tilting were found between children with spastic diplegia

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36

Gallogly, James A., Farhoud Faraji, Mejd H. Jumaily, John S. Schneider, and Joseph D. Brunworth. "Diagnostic dilemmas of mechanical restriction of the medial rectus: A case report." Allergy & Rhinology 9 (January 2018): 215265671876423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2152656718764231.

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Background Due to the proximity of the maxillary sinus and ethmoid sinuses to the orbit, inflammatory processes that originate in the sinonasal region have the potential to extend into the orbit. Objective We presented a case of ptosis and restrictive strabismus of the medial rectus muscle. Methods A case report with a literature review of possible diagnoses. Results Biopsy, imaging, and laboratory evaluation by otolaryngology, ophthalmology, and rheumatology services were unable to identify the cause of the fibrosis after 22 months of follow-up. A response to oral steroids indicated an inflam

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37

Yan, Minli, Jiayi Liu, and Zhengxiang Zhang. "Isolated Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus Midbrain Infarction Mimicking Medial Rectus Paralysis." Neurologist 26, no. 2 (2021): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nrl.0000000000000302.

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38

Penne, R. B. "Isolated Medial Orbital Wall Fractures With Medial Rectus Muscle Incarceration." Yearbook of Ophthalmology 2007 (January 2007): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-392x(08)70130-8.

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39

Brannan, Paul A., Robert C. Kersten, and Dwight R. Kulwin. "Isolated Medial Orbital Wall Fractures With Medial Rectus Muscle Incarceration." Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery 22, no. 3 (2006): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.iop.0000217565.69261.4f.

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40

Merle, Harold, Max Gerard, and Myriam Raynaud. "Isolated medial orbital blow-out fracture with medial rectus entrapment." Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica 76, no. 3 (1998): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0420.1998.760328.x.

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41

Cumberworth, VL, PWM Valentine, J. McEwan, and RS Dawkins. "MEDIAL ORBITAL WALL BLOWOUT FRACTURE WITH MEDIAL RECTUS MUSCLE ENTRAPMENT." International Journal of Clinical Practice 51, no. 7 (1997): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-1241.1997.tb11522.x.

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42

Mostafa, Amr H. E., Elsayed S. Arafa, Ahmed L. Ali, and Heba M. Shafik. "Effects of strabismus surgery on cornea." Tanta Medical Journal 53, no. 1 (2025): 13–20. https://doi.org/10.4103/tmj.tmj_66_24.

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Background Strabismus is a common disorder that is mostly treated surgically. Extraocular muscle surgery may induce refractive and corneal topographic changes. Aim To study the effect of horizontal strabismus surgery on corneal topography Patients and methods This prospective interventional randomized study was carried out on 20 patients aged from 5 to 30 years old diagnosed with horizontal strabismus who did not undergo any ocular surgery before. They were divided into four groups. We did lateral rectus recession in the first group, lateral rectus resection in the second group, medial rectus

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Hakimeh, Christine, Kourosh Shahraki, Luc Courtois, and Donny W. Suh. "Surgical management of chronic sixth cranial nerve palsy: case report and literature review." Medical hypothesis discovery and innovation in ophthalmology 13, no. 1 (2024): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.51329/mehdiophthal1494.

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Background: Esotropia resulting from sixth cranial nerve palsy can substantially impact an individual’s visual acuity and overall quality of life. If the condition does not resolve in 6–10 months, surgical intervention may be necessary. Various muscle surgeries may be considered, with vertical rectus muscle transposition emerging as the primary option for treatment of complete palsy. However, this technique carries the risk of anterior segment ischemia and post-surgery deviations. Herein, we present a successful treatment of chronic complete sixth nerve palsy using a modified Nishida procedure

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44

Demer, Joseph L., and Robert A. Clark. "Functional anatomy of human extraocular muscles during fusional divergence." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 5 (2018): 2571–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00485.2018.

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We employed magnetic resonance imaging to quantify human extraocular muscle contractility during centered target fusion and fusional divergence repeated with each eye viewing monocularly at 20 cm through 8Δ and at 400 cm through 4Δ base in prism. Contractility, indicated by posterior partial volume (PPV) change, was analyzed in transverse rectus and in medial and lateral superior oblique (SO) muscle compartments and by cross-sectional area change in the inferior oblique (IO). At 20 cm, 3.1 ± 0.5° (SE) diverging eye abduction in 10 subjects was associated with 4.2 ± 1.5% whole lateral rectus (L

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45

Pineles, Stacy L., Ramesh Kekunnaya, and Federico G. Velez. "Medial rectus recession following vertical rectus transposition in esotropic Duane's retraction syndrome." Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 15, no. 1 (2011): e27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.01.104.

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46

Kim, Young-Eun, and Haeng-Jin Lee. "Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes after Augmented Medial Rectus Muscle Recession in Patients with Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia." Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 64, no. 11 (2023): 1078–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3341/jkos.2023.64.11.1078.

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Purpose: To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with acute acquired comitant esotropia, evaluate the outcomes of augmented medial rectus muscle recession, and propose indicators for determining the appropriate surgical dosage.Methods: Data of patients with acute acquired esotropia who underwent medial rectus recession between 2016 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The amount of medial rectus muscle recession was 1-2 mm greater than for other types of esotropia. Surgical success was assessed by reference to the angle of deviation and diplopia status 6 months after surgery. We

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47

Shetty, Shashikant B., Priyarthi Pradhan, Akilavardhini Anandavadivelu, and Marushka Aguiar. "Modified Nishida procedure in managing medial rectus injury following endoscopic sinus surgery." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology - Case Reports 4, no. 3 (2024): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijo.ijo_759_23.

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To report a case of large-angle exotropia with adduction limitation that resulted from medial rectus injury following functional endoscopic sinus surgery and was successfully managed by transposing both vertical recti nasally using modified Nishida procedure combined with lateral rectus recession.

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Gamlin, P. D., J. W. Gnadt, and L. E. Mays. "Abducens internuclear neurons carry an inappropriate signal for ocular convergence." Journal of Neurophysiology 62, no. 1 (1989): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.62.1.70.

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1. Single-unit recording studies in alert Rhesus monkeys characterized the vergence signal carried by abducens internuclear neurons. These cells were identified by antidromic activation and the collision of spontaneous with antidromic action potentials. The behavior of abducens internuclear neurons during vergence was compared with that of horizontal burst-tonic fibers in the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) and to that of a large sample of unidentified abducens cells (presumably both motoneurons and internuclear neurons). 2. The results indicate that abducens internuclear neurons and late

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Pensiero, Stefano, Maurizio Madonia, Fulvio Parentin, and Dario Catalano. "Medial Rectus Muscle Advancement in Consecutive Exotropia." Open Journal of Ophthalmology 03, no. 02 (2013): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojoph.2013.32010.

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Biedner, B., Y. Yassur, and R. David. "Medial Rectus Re-Recession in Undercorrected Esotropia." Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 29, no. 2 (1992): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-19920301-07.

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