Relevant bibliographies by topics / Median cost

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Median cost'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Median cost"

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Bligh, Roger P., Dusty R. Arrington, Nauman M. Sheikh, Rory Meza, and Chiara Silvestri. "Low-Cost Median Barrier Gate." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2309, no. 1 (2012): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2309-11.

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Median barriers are commonly used to separate opposing lanes of traffic on divided highways and to separate managed lanes from general purpose lanes. Concrete median barriers (CMBs) are often preferred on urban freeways with narrow medians because of their minimal deflection and low maintenance. However, long, continuous runs of CMBs limit access of emergency and maintenance vehicles to the other side of a roadway or a managed lane. Implementation of crashworthy median barrier gates at these locations can maintain the desired level of median protection for motorists while offering improved cross-median access for emergency and maintenance vehicles. A new median barrier gate was developed and crash tested. The gate spans a 30-ft opening in a CMB and consists of two vertically stacked 12- x 12- x ¼-in. steel tubes connected to steel end brackets with 2¼-in. diameter steel pins. The gate is economical to fabricate and install. It can be manually operated by a single person and is designed to accommodate reversible traffic flow on both sides of the median and be operable in both directions on each end. The median barrier gate satisfies the criteria for impact performance of Test Level 3 of the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware and is considered suitable for implementation on divided highways at locations where cross-median access is desired.
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Bang, Heejung, and Anastasios A. Tsiatis. "Median Regression with Censored Cost Data." Biometrics 58, no. 3 (2002): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341x.2002.00643.x.

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Cain, Michael. "Median Predictive Cost of Error with an Asymmetric Cost Function." Journal of the Operational Research Society 40, no. 8 (1989): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2583680.

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Cain, Michael. "Median Predictive Cost of Error with an Asymmetric Cost Function." Journal of the Operational Research Society 40, no. 8 (1989): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jors.1989.125.

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Bang, Heejung, and Hongwei Zhao. "Median-Based Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER)." Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice 6, no. 3 (2012): 428–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15598608.2012.695571.

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Chen, Wei-Ting, Pei-Yin Chen, Yu-Che Hsiao, and Shih-Hsiang Lin. "A Low-Cost Design of 2D Median Filter." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 150623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2948020.

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Trudelle, Ryan, Edward D. White, Dan Ritschel, Clay Koschnick, and Brandon Lucas. "Modeling median will-cost estimates for defense acquisition programs." Journal of Defense Analytics and Logistics 1, no. 1 (2017): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jdal-04-2017-0004.

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Purpose The introduction of “should cost” in 2011 required all Major Defense Acquisition Programs (MDAP) to create efficiencies and improvements to reduce a program’s “will-cost” estimate. Realistic “will-cost” estimates are a necessary condition for the “should cost” analysis to be effectively implemented. Owing to the inherent difficulties in establishing a program’s will-cost estimate, this paper aims to propose a new model to infuse realism into this estimate. Design/methodology/approach Using historical data from 73 Departments of Defense programs as recorded in the selected acquisition reports (SARs), the analysis uses mixed stepwise regression to predict a program’s cost from Milestone B (MS B) to initial operational capability (IOC). Findings The presented model explains 83 per cent of the variation in the program acquisition cost. Significant predictor variables include: projected duration (months from MS B to IOC); the amount of research development test and evaluation (RDT&E) funding spent at the start of MS B; whether the program is considered a fixed-wing aircraft; whether a program is considered an electronic system program; whether a program is considered ACAT I at MS B; and the program size relative to the total program’s projected acquisition costs at MS B. Originality/value The model supports the “will-cost and should-cost” requirement levied in 2011 by providing an objective and defensible cost for what a program should actually cost based on what has been achieved in the past. A quality will-cost estimate provides a starting point for program managers to examine processes and find efficiencies that lead to reduced program costs.
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Tadei, Roberto, Nicoletta Ricciardi, and Guido Perboli. "The stochastic -median problem with unknown cost probability distribution." Operations Research Letters 37, no. 2 (2009): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orl.2009.01.005.

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Bang, Heejung, and Hongwei Zhao. "Median-based incremental cost-effectiveness ratios with censored data." Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics 26, no. 3 (2015): 552–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10543406.2015.1052482.

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K, Affan. "Cost of Illness of Malaria in Coastal Karnataka, India." Journal of Communicable Diseases 53, no. 02 (2021): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/0019.5138.202122.

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Background: Malaria is one of the major health issues in developing and underdeveloped countries. It is considered to be one of the main reasons for morbidity and mortality. This study intends to estimate the cost of illness of malaria at the household level and health service utilisation pattern for malaria treatment in coastal Karnataka. Materials and Methods: It was a secondary data-based cross-sectional study comprising people suffering from malaria during the period from September to December 2016. Result: The median gross total cost of illness (a single episode of malaria) was 4,000 INR, the median direct medical cost was zero, and the median direct non-medical cost was 100 INR. The majority of individuals (92.2%) took treatment from public healthcare sectors. Conclusion: The effective implementation of anti-malarial interventions by the District Health Authority, District Vector Borne Disease Control Office, and treatment from public health sectors resulted in negligible direct medical cost which made a remarkable reduction in the cost of illness of malaria.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Median cost"

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Elf, Stefan. "Application semantics for cost-effective media distribution." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Datavetenskap, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-25711.

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Public use of the Internet increases as wideband connections become pervasive and applications suitable for media distribution grow popular. Group collaboration applications have attracted interest during recent years. Wireless connectivity and business applications also furthers a need for reliable communication protocols. Multicast is a driving force for new applications involving one-to-many as well as many-to-many user scenarios like lecturing, discussions, and collaborative work. In some applications guaranteed delivery of every packet is not crucial, while in other this is a requirement. Error handling in reliable protocols can present a substantial challenge already in a homogeneous environment. Including a plethora of end-user terminal types with widely varying resources it becomes even more challenging. Protocols and applications must therefore be able to handle receiver and network link heterogeneity. The thesis addresses some of the challenges facing the applications in this field, related to multicast and unicast alike. Although the obstacles each of them must overcome may differ, there are similarities with regards to possible solutions with respect to error handling or resource allocation. Error handling protocols are proactive or reactive. Proactive protocols transmit redundant information along with the original information, enabling the receivers to repair lost packets without feedback to the sender. Reactive protocols rely either on positive or negative feedback from the receivers in order to establish reliability. According to a definition of semantic reliability the reliability concept can be interpreted in terms of application semantics. It is proposed to view reliable multicast as a special case of semantically reliable multicast and to implement a dynamically configurable transport layer with an error-handling rule set that can be configured from the application or even from the sender in- session. It is also proposed to make use of the application's knowledge of specific semantics to improve on the recovery of lost packets, congestion handling, or resource allocation. The thesis also presents a bandwidth-sharing scheme for video in group collaboration using application semantics in the form of user hints. The presence of such events is made available to all senders via message passing between session members. As information relating to a user's interest in another user is conveyed, the sender may increase its use of resources on the expense of other senders. A scheme is proposed and a prototype implementation and experimental results are presented.<br><p>Godkänd; 2003; 20060918 (ysko)</p>
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Olson, William Mathew. "Effectiveness and cost benefit review of multi-media training." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2005. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2005/2005olsonw.pdf.

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Nguyen, Dang Nam Chi. "Scalable and cost-effective framework for continuous media-on-demand." University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Information Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/392.

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This dissertation was motivated by the exponential growth in bandwidth capacity of the Internet, coupled with the immense growth of broadband adoption by the public. This has led to the development of a wide variety of new online services. Chief amongst the emerging applications is the delivery of multimedia contents to the end users via the network on-demand. It is the “on-demand” aspect that has led to problems which, despite the advances in hardware technology and network capacity, have hampered wide scale adoption of multimedia delivery. The focus of this dissertation was to address these problems, namely: scalability, cost-effectiveness, and network quality of service for timely presentation of multimedia contents. We proposed an architecture, which we referred to as “Delayed-Multicast”, to address the scalability problem. The new architecture introduced buffers within the network to reduce demands on core network bandwidth and server load. A feasibility study of the architecture was conducted through the use of a prototype. It was found that such a system is within reach by demonstrating the prototype using cheap, common-of-the-shelf (COTS) components, and with help of freely available system software such Linux with real-time support. The introduction of buffers within the network led to the requirement of how to minimize buffer space. We developed an optimal algorithm for allocating buffer space in a single level caching layout (i.e. only one buffer in the transmission path from the server to the end user). For the case of multi-levels network caching, we thoroughly examined different optimization problems from an algorithmic perspective. These problems included how to minimize total system memory, and minimize the maximum memory used per node. We proved that determining the optimal buffer allocation in many of these iv v cases is an NP-complete problem. Consequently, we developed heuristics to handle multi-level caching and showed through simulations that the heuristics greatly help in minimizing buffer space and network bandwidth requirement. An important aspect of the heuristics was how to handle the case when the arrival times of client requests were not known a priori. For these “online” problems we also proposed heuristics that can significantly reduce overall system resource requirements. If the cost of buffer space was also taken into account along with the cost of network bandwidth, a different optimization problem was how to minimize the total system cost. Here, we also proposed heuristics, which in simulations show that the total system cost can be significantly reduced. Besides the problems associated with resource allocation, in terms of buffer space and bandwidth, we also examined the problem of how to provision the necessary network quality of service on-demand. Most current networks rely on best-effort delivery which is ill suited for the delivery of multimedia traffic. We proposed a solution which relied on the use of a programmable network plane, that is present in many current routers, to dynamically alter the priority of flows within the network in real-time. We also demonstrated the effectiveness of the flow prioritization on an actual Nortel router. Finally, we examined the problem of how to admit and achieve fair bandwidth allocation for the end-users within a Differentiated Service (DiffServ) network. Diff- Serv is an IETF standard that aims to provide a “better than best-effort” network in a scalable manner, and is used widely, especially within the same autonomous domain for prioritization different classes of traffic. However, there are open problems on how to provide fair bandwidth allocation amongst competing flows. We proposed an edge-aware resource discovery loop, which as the name suggests, sent packets to gather information about the internal states of the core network. With this information, we proposed a price-based admission control algorithm for use within the DiffServ network that would allow fair admission, effective congestion control, and fair bandwidth allocation amongst different traffic flows.
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Šilhavý, Miroslav. "Sledování paprsku pomocí k-D tree." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-237163.

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This thesis deals with ray tracing methods and their acceleration. It gives partial study and review of algorithms from classical ray shooting algorithm to recursive approach up to distributed ray tracing algorithm. Significant part of this thesis is devoted to BSP tree structure and its subclass of k-D tree, it shows simple algorithm for its construction and traversal. The rest of thesis is dealing with k-D tree construction techniques, which are based on the right choice of the splitting plane inside the every cell of k-D tree. The techniques upon the thesis is based on are space median, object median and relatively new cost model technique named SAH, otherwise as surface area heuristic. All three techniques are put into testing and performance comparison. In the conclusion the results of tests are reviewed, from where SAH is coming out as a winner.
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Chow, Brian 1978. "Photoelectromechanical synthesis of low-cost DNA microarrays." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42405.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>Recent advances in de novo gene synthesis, library construction, and genomic selection for target sequencing using DNA from custom microarrays have demonstrated that microarrays can effectively be used as the world's cheapest sources of complex oligonucleotide pools. Unfortunately, commercial custom microarrays are expensive and not easily accessible to academic researchers, and technical challenges still exist for dealing with the small amount of DNA synthesized on a chip. Genomic research would certainly benefit from the creation of cheaper custom microarrays with larger oligonucleotide concentrations per spot. This thesis presents the development of a novel DNA microarray synthesis platform based on semiconductor photoelectrochemistry (PEC) designed with these needs in mind. An amorphous silicon photoconductor is activated by an optical projection system to create "virtual electrodes" that electrochemically generate protons in a site-selective manner, thereby cleaving acid-labile dimethoxytrityl protecting groups with the spatial selectivity that is required for in-situ DNA synthesis. This platform has the potential to be particularly low-cost since it employs standard phosphoramidite reagents, visible wavelength optics, and a cheaply microfabricated and reusable substrate. By incorporating a porous thin-film glass that dramatically increases the DNA quantity produced by over an order of magnitude per chip, this platform may also simplify the handling of DNA cleaved from chip and drive down the cost per base synthesized. The hybridization detection of single-base errors was successfully demonstrated on PEC synthesized microarrays. This thesis also reports a suite of new surface chemistries and high-resolution techniques for patterning biological molecules.<br>by Brian Yichiun Chow.<br>Ph.D.
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Fletcher, Richard R. (Richard Ribon). "Low-cost electromagnetic tagging : design and implementation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17615.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2002.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-222).<br>Several implementations of chipless RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags are presented and discussed as low-cost alternatives to chip-based RFID tags and sensors. An overview of present-day near-field electromagnetic tagging is presented, including both chip-based and chipless technologies with associated costs. As a candidate for low-cost ID tags, a design theory and implementation is presented for multiply-resonant planar metal structures. This theory includes a circuit model, a phenomenological model, and a framework for predicting the resonant frequencies as a function of geometrical and material properties. A novel physical geometry, a tree-like spiral structure, is proposed as a design that increases the number of resonances per unit area in a planar structure relative to the present day state-of-the-art. In addition to identification, it is shown how several chipless tags can also be designed to function as sensors. Several examples are discussed in detail, including: 1) a family of thermal sensor tags employing magnetic materials and 2) a family of sensor tags (to sense pressure, humidity, and pH) based on planar resonator structures. The latter section of the dissertation describes the evolution of my work in developing the necessary (and low-cost) instrumentation to support these new varieties of tag technologies, ranging from a $500 frequency-agile reader to a $5 reader for toy applications.<br>by Richard Ribon Fletcher.<br>Ph.D.
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Alhawari, Omar Ibrahim Salem. "Global Supply Chain Design Under Stochastic Demand Considering Manufacturing Operations and the Impact of Tariffs." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1565388377821285.

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Shilbayeh, S. A. "Cost sensitive meta-learning." Thesis, University of Salford, 2015. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/36278/.

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Classification is one of the primary tasks of data mining and aims to assign a class label to unseen examples by using a model learned from a training dataset. Most of the accepted classifiers are designed to minimize the error rate but in practice data mining involves costs such as the cost of getting the data, and cost of making an error. Hence the following question arises: Among all the available classification algorithms, and in considering a specific type of data and cost, which is the best algorithm for my problem? It is well known to the machine learning community that there is no single algorithm that performs best for all domains. This observation motivates the need to develop an “algorithm selector” which is the work of automating the process of choosing between different algorithms given a specific domain of application. Thus, this research develops a new meta-learning system for recommending cost-sensitive classification methods. The system is based on the idea of applying machine learning to discover knowledge about the performance of different data mining algorithms. It includes components that repeatedly apply different classification methods on data sets and measuring their performance. The characteristics of the data sets, combined with the algorithm and the performance provide the training examples. A decision tree algorithm is applied on the training examples to induce the knowledge which can then be applied to recommend algorithms for new data sets, and then active learning is used to automate the ability to choose the most informative data set that should enter the learning process. This thesis makes contributions to both the fields of meta-learning, and cost sensitive learning in that it develops a new meta-learning approach for recommending cost-sensitive methods. Although, meta-learning is not new, the task of accelerating the learning process remains an open problem, and the thesis develops a novel active learning strategy based on clustering that gives the learner the ability to choose which data to learn from and accordingly, speed up the meta-learning process. Both the meta-learning system and use of active learning are implemented in the WEKA system and evaluated by applying them on different datasets and comparing the results with existing studies available in the literature. The results show that the meta-learning system developed produces better results than METAL, a well-known meta-learning system and that the use of clustering and active learning has a positive effect on accelerating the meta-learning process, where all tested datasets show a decrement of error rate prediction by 75 %.
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Xia, Charlene. "A low-cost modular underwater acoustic communication system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/130598.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, September, 2020<br>Cataloged from the official PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 99-102).<br>This thesis describes the design of a novel modular acoustic communication device for underwater wireless communication. The ocean plays a vital role in the global climate system and biosphere, providing a wealth of biodiversity and resources. Human exploitation, pollutants, and contaminants have already impacted the deepest trenches of the ocean. Yet most of this impact remains invisible - the depth and breadth of the ocean, the opacity of water to light, and the lack of mass-deployable ocean instrumentation, mean that current observations are wildly under sampled in space and time. Even given suitable instruments, a major challenge remains: how to get the data home. Given the opacity of sea water to radio, and the complexity and expense of underwater cabling, audio communication is in may ways the low hanging fruit. Unfortunately, most commercial audio communication systems are both extremely expensive and more powerful than needed for many, if not most, monitoring requirements.<br>They are also proprietary, a frustrating barrier to development of novel devices. As a result, these off-the-shelf systems are ill-suited to the global multi-scale instrumentation challenges of the future. In what follows we document the design, development, and testing of a low-cost, high-efficiency, modular, and fully open-sourced acoustic communication system. This system is specifically intended for mass deployment, with particular emphasis on standardized hardware and software interfaces. Crucially, this design prioritizes cost and simplicity over performance - as such, this system does not aim to replace the current crop of commercially available systems, but rather to provide a new kind of tool specifically for scalable deployments of low-cost instruments.<br>Functionally, the system is composed of three core modules: a power management unit; a central processing unit; and a family of interchangeable acoustic transceiver units operating across a spectrum of transmission frequencies. The resulting design should be of valuable use to the scientific community, environmental agencies, citizen scientists, and anyone who needs to transport low-bandwidth data through the ocean at extremely low cost.<br>by Charlene Xia.<br>S.M.<br>S.M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences
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Svernlöv, Oscar. "Media in transition : The cost of increased freedom of expression in Ethiopia." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, JMK, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-183178.

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This thesis aims to portray the professional challenges for journalists in the private Ethiopian media sphere during a time of historical political change. Several liberal reforms have been enacted since the inauguration of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed in 2018. Journalists have been released from prison, numerous websites have been unblocked and government intervention of independent media actors has declined. However, these changes are not without new challenges. The study uses qualitative, in-depth interviews with several key actors in the private media sector as the method of data collection and numerous findings that describe the new situation for journalists surfaced. While the interviewees commonly perceived an increase in media freedom and decrease in government threats, other challenges remain, and new ones have appeared. The data indicate that there are still considerable difficulties in accessing government information, as well as a significant uncertainty as to whether the transition will occur, as new media laws have yet to be put in place. The most prevalent finding was, however, the distinct and unanimous shift in perceived threats towards journalists. As government intervention has declined, public unrest and intimidations have increased to the point where several of the respondents no longer felt safe reporting from to certain geographical areas in the country. The investigation concludes that there is a need for further research into the often profound impact that political developments have on journalistic practice in sub-Saharan countries, as well as the impact of sudden increases in freedom of expression in countries with a history of heavily censored authoritarian leadership.
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Books on the topic "Median cost"

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Bryden, James E. Development of an economic model to compare median barrier costs. Engineering Research and Development Bureau, New York State Dept. of Transportation, 1987.

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Vassall, Anna. Costs and cost-effectiveness of tuberculosis. Amsterdam University Press, 2009.

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Meltzer, David. Accounting for future costs in medical cost-effectiveness analysis. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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M, De Ferranti David, ed. The cost disease: Why computers get cheaper and health care doesn't. Yale University Press, 2012.

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Health, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on. Out-of-pocket costs for physician services under Medicare part B: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, June 10, 1985. U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Health, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on. Out-of-pocket costs for physician services under Medicare part B: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, June 10, 1985. U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Health, United States Congress House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on. Out-of-pocket costs for physician services under Medicare part B: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Health of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, second session, June 10, 1985. U.S. G.P.O., 1986.

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Canadian Institute for Health Information. Drug expenditure in Canada, 1985-2003. Canadian Institute for Health Information, 2004.

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Nolan, Brian. Charging for public health services in Ireland: Why and how? Economic and Social Research Institute, 1993.

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United States. Government Accountability Office. Medicare Integrity Program: Agency approach for allocating funds should be revised : report to the Chairman, Committee on Finance, U.S. Senate. GAO, 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Median cost"

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Martínez-Hinarejos, Carlos D., Alfonso Juan, Francisco Casacuberta, and Ramón Mollineda. "Reducing the Computational Cost of Computing Approximated Median Strings." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-70659-3_4.

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Baek, Seulkee, Mario Carneiro, and Marijn J. H. Heule. "A Flexible Proof Format for SAT Solver-Elaborator Communication." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72016-2_4.

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AbstractWe introduce , a new proof format for unsatisfiable SAT problems, and its associated toolchain. Compared to , the format allows solvers to include more information in proofs to reduce the computational cost of subsequent elaboration to . The format is easy to parse forward and backward, and it is extensible to future proof methods. The provision of optional proof steps allows SAT solver developers to balance implementation effort against elaboration time, with little to no overhead on solver time. We benchmark our toolchain against a comparable toolchain and confirm &gt;84% median reduction in elaboration time and &gt;94% median decrease in peak memory usage.
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Dzator, Michael, and Janet Dzator. "The p-Median Problem and Health Facilities: Cost Saving and Improvement in Healthcare Delivery Through Facility Location." In Lecture Notes in Management and Industrial Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55914-8_27.

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Gattiker, Urs E. "Cost Analysis: Identifying Direct and Indirect Social Media Costs." In Social Media Audit. Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3603-4_2.

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Konjevod, Goran, Sven O. Krumke, and Madhav Marathe. "Budget Constrained Minimum Cost Connected Medians." In Graph-Theoretic Concepts in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-40064-8_25.

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Schlett, Christopher L. "Cardiac CT: Comparative Cost-Effectiveness." In Contemporary Medical Imaging. Humana Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-237-7_52.

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Peter, Helga, and Thomas Penzel. "COMT-Hemmer." In Springer Reference Medizin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54672-3_407-1.

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Anderson, Eric. "Consumer Revolt and the Rising Cost of Defection." In Social Media Marketing. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13299-5_4.

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Hu, Guangyu. "Cost of Chinese Ideological Evolution and Modern Media System Construction." In The Cost of Development in China. Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4175-4_20.

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O’Donnell, Ronald R., Nicholas A. Cummings, and Janet L. Cummings. "Balancing Value and Cost." In Handbook of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09817-3_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Median cost"

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Perez, Jesus M., Pablo Sanchez, and Marcos Martinez. "Low-cost Bayer to RGB bilinear interpolation with hardware-aware median filter." In 2009 16th IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecs.2009.5410826.

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Ottavi, Marco. "Introducing MEDIAN: A new COST Action on manufacturable and dependable multicore architectures at nanoscale." In 2012 17th IEEE European Test Symposium (ETS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ets.2012.6233054.

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Golowich, Noah, Harikrishna Narasimhan, and David C. Parkes. "Deep Learning for Multi-Facility Location Mechanism Design." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/36.

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Moulin [1980] characterizes the single-facility, deterministic strategy-proof mechanisms for social choice with single-peaked preferences as the set of generalized median rules. In contrast, we have only a limited understanding of multi-facility strategy-proof mechanisms, and recent work has shown negative worst case results for social cost. Our goal is to design strategy-proof, multi-facility mechanisms that minimize expected social cost. We first give a PAC learnability result for the class of multi-facility generalized median rules, and utilize neural networks to learn mechanisms from this class. Even in the absence of characterization results, we develop a computational procedure for learning almost strategy-proof mechanisms that are as good as or better than benchmarks from the literature, such as the best percentile and dictatorial rules.
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Toosi, Kevin K., and Michael L. Boninger. "Wrist Kinematics and Ultrasound Measures of the Median Nerve During Computer Keyboarding." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53296.

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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common, costly problem in the general population and particularly in manual workers [1–3], with as many as 3 million individuals experiencing its symptoms and signs, including pain, tingling, numbness, fatigue and weakness in the hands and fingers [4]. Treatment of CTS is estimated to cost over one billion dollars a year [5]. The most prevalent theory for the pathogenesis of CTS is compression of median nerve in the carpal tunnel [6]. Although this theory is widely accepted, the cause of the compression in the carpal tunnel is not fully understood. Epidemiological research has identified several occupational risk factors associated with the development of CTS in general industry including: force, repetition, awkward/static postures, localized mechanical compression, and vibration [7]. Several studies have found greater prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in workers with highly repetitive manual jobs [8]. Keyboarding is a highly repetitive daily task, and its association with musculoskeletal disorders of the upper extremity has been a public health concern since the 1980s [1]. However, there are controversial results regarding the association between computer keyboarding and CTS which indicate that we have an insufficient understanding of an association between keyboarding and upper limb neuropathy. Using ultrasonographic techniques, our laboratory was able to explore acute changes in the median nerve following a one-hour keyboarding task [9].
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Sadineni, Suresh B., Srikanth Madala, and Robert F. Boehm. "A Cost Effective Solar Tracker and Performance Monitoring System for Utility Scale Photovoltaic Installations." In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91533.

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A prototype of an integrated tracking and monitoring system is developed and experimentally tested in the environmental conditions of the desert south-west. This system hardware design incorporates both the tracker control and performance monitoring mechanism. A wireless communication protocol coupled with internet transmits the PV panel performance information collected by the electronic sensors to a remote user who can monitor the system performance. The initial experimental results of this newly developed system performance are presented. Finally, an economic analysis is conducted to evaluate the applicability of the current system to a utility scale installation. The preliminary results suggest that there would be a 25% average increase in solar insolation received by a single-axis tracking surface over a fixed (tilt equal to local latitude) surface during the winter months. Although, limited amount of data is available for typical summer days, results from September days suggest an increase in solar insolation as high as 38%. Also, such an integrated tracking and monitoring system will yield in better monitoring resolution due to monitoring at the string level as opposed to central inverter level in the central inverter type PV power plant topology. The monitoring sub-system design incorporates cutting edge electronic sensors. The measurements using these sensors were compared against the measurement through a programmable D.C load. The difference between both the power measurements is well within a median of 5–12% suggesting a good agreement between both the measurements.
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Brehm, Samuel, Hunter Adams, and Aneel Damaraju. "IV Cutoff Mechanism for Low Resource Settings." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24537.

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Abstract Intravenous (IV) fluid regulation is necessary in developing nations to prevent IV-overhydration in the pediatric patients of low-resource hospitals. Traditionally, regulation is achieved by calculating the total fluid outflow from an IV bag and restricting flow before the patient is injected with dangerous levels of fluid. However, standard fluid regulation devices include infusion pumps and burettes, which are costly and often ill-suited for low-resource environments. This research proposes a low-cost, easy to use device that regulates the volume of intravenous (IV) fluid delivered to a patient in a low-resource clinical setting. Laboratory accuracy tests (N = 32) over a range of clinically-relevant fluid volumes yielded a median and max error of 4 and 8mL respectively, falling within specific error thresholds (p &amp;lt; le-5). Non-clinical usability tests (N = 25) showed median and max device setup times to be 40 and 55 seconds respectively (p &amp;lt; le-5). Additionally, all participants found the device “easy to use” and were able to set up and use the device with less than 20 minutes of training.
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Thakur, Bharat, and Robello Samuel. "Deep Learning for Downhole Data Prediction: A Cost-Effective Data Telemetry Through Data Analytics." In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200870-ms.

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Abstract Accurate real-time downhole data collection provides a better understanding of downhole dynamics and formation characteristics, which can improve wellbore placement and increase drilling efficiency by improving the rate of penetration (ROP) and reducing downtime caused by tool failure. High-speed telemetry through wired drill string has enabled real-time data acquisition, but there are significant additional costs associated with the technology. Data-driven techniques using recursive neural networks (RNN) have proven very efficient and accurate in time-series forecasting problems. In this study, we propose deep learning as a cost-effective method to predict downhole data using surface data. Downhole drilling data is a function of surface drilling parameters and downhole conditions. The downhole data acquired using relatively inexpensive methods usually have a considerable lag time depending on the signal travel length. So, the first step in the proposed method is syncing the downhole data and surface data. After the data are synced, they are then fed into an RNN-based long-term short memory (LSTM) network, which learns the relationship between the surface parameters and downhole data. LSTM networks can learn long-term relationships in the data, thus making them ideal for time-series forecasting applications. The trained model is then used to make predictions for downhole data using the given surface data. The median error for the prediction of downhole data using surface data was as low as 3% in this study. The study suggests that the developed model can accurately predict downhole data in real-time. The model is also very robust to the amount of noise or outliers present in the data and can predict downhole conditions 50–60 ft ahead with reasonable accuracy. It was observed that the prediction accuracy varied from well to well and drilling depths. The results demonstrate how deep learning can be cost-effectively employed for downhole data prediction. This paper presents a novel method for using surface data to predict downhole data by employing deep learning. The method can be deployed in real-time to aid in wellbore placement and improve drilling performance.
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Cader, T., B. Tolman, C. Tilton, and M. C. Harris. "An Investigation of Spray Cooling Thermal Management for Semiconductor Burn-In." In ASME 2003 International Electronic Packaging Technical Conference and Exhibition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2003-35137.

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Semiconductor logic burn-in is a process during which potentially large quantities of devices are subjected to elevated temperatures and voltages in order to accelerate latent reliability defects and processing problems to failure prior to customer delivery. During burn-in, there is typically a large variation in the device power levels as well as a product-specific maximum burn-in temperature. Such variations result in a wide device temperature distribution (i.e., device temperature spread), which lowers the median allowable device temperature for the lot. Burn-in time is directly related to the median device temperature, in the sense that the lower the median temperature, the longer the required burn-in time. An optimum thermal management solution is one that is reliable, low-cost, enables a high median device temperature, and maximizes device throughput. Current thermal solutions include forced convection air-cooling, single-phase liquid-cooled heat sinks, and thermoelectric coolers. Some of the solutions employ thermal interface materials, as well as an active thermal control scheme for minimization of device temperature spread. All current solutions also employ an engage mechanism that places the thermal solution in contact with the device under test (DUT). The thermal solution at each DUT is typically gimbaled in an effort to ensure uniform contact pressure between the cooling head and device. The present study deals with the application of direct spray cooling of semiconductor devices undergoing burn-in: this approach negates the need for an actuation mechanism and thermal interface material, is capable of reduced junction temperature spread via active thermal control, and results in reduced across device temperature “gradients”. A spray cooled burn-in slot level prototype was built to accommodate single burn-in boards for bare DUTs as well as small and large lidded DUTs. The solution was investigated primarily for thermal capability and device-to-device junction temperature spread, but results were also obtained for on-DUT thermal “gradients”. For the specific test conditions selected, the heat flux removal capability demonstrated was 146W/cm2 for the bare DUT, 136W/cm2 for the small lidded DUT, and 63W/cm2 for the large lidded DUT. For each DUT investigated, and through the use of active flow control, the device temperature spread between two devices running at a 50% difference in power levels was shown to be less than 1°C.
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Giat, Yahel, and Amichai Mitelman. "The Wisdom of the Crowds and Cost Overruns in Construction Project Tenders [Abstract]." In InSITE 2021: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences. Informing Science Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4783.

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Aim/Purpose: This study’s objective is to demonstrate the wisdom of the crowds phenomenon in construction project tenders and relate it to cost overruns in these projects. Background: The wisdom of the crowd’s phenomenon is an age-old idea that argues that collective opinion is better than any single (even expert) opinion. The first data-based evidence for it is from the beginning of the twentieth century when statistician Francis Galton attended an exhibition in which attendants were asked to estimate the weight of a large ox. He found that while individual estimates varied considerably, the median estimate was within less than one percent from the true weight. The existence of the wisdom of the crowds has a particularly important implication in tenders. Consider a tender for a contract in which the winner is the bidder that agrees to take the contract for the lowest cost. If the collective bid, i.e., the mean bid, is the most accurate in assessing the true value of the contract, then the winning bid is overestimating the contract and is therefore expected to end up with a loss. Indeed, this winner’s curse, was first observed in tenders in the petroleum industry and has been since found in many other fields. Methodology: All the construction projects that were tendered and completed between January 2017 and July 2020 under the management of the department of engineering and construction, a government agency in Israel, were analyzed. After data cleansing, the data comprised 148 tenders with 1295 bids and total value of 229 million US dollars. For each project we determined the valid bids, average (valid) bid, the winning bid, the original project estimated cost, and the actual payments to the winning contractor (actual project cost). Contribution: Construction projects in the public sector are typically granted through a bidding process in which the lowest bidder is granted the contract. It is therefore of interest to examine whether the wisdom of the crowds and the winner’s curse phenomena are manifested in this type of tenders. The results could help understand the reasons for cost overruns in public construction projects. Findings: 1. Wisdom of the crowds: For each project we computed the ratio of the average bid and the project’s estimated cost. The mean ratio (for the 148 projects) was 1.01 suggesting that, on average, the bids are within 1 percent from the true project value. 2. Winner’s curse: On average the winning bid was 7.9% less than the estimated cost and 8.1% less than the average bid. 3. Cost overruns: On average, the payments to the contractor were 16.3% higher than the estimated cost, and 18.8% higher than the average bid. 4. In total these results demonstrate how contractors are able to overcome the winner’s curse. On average, payments to the contractor were 30.7% higher than their bid. Recommendations for Practitioners: Tender issuing public agencies should take into account that the winning bid is based on unrealistic optimism and when the winning contractor is tested by the real costs, they will be hard pressed to avoid these losses and therefore will drive the project into cost overruns. Recommendations for Researchers: It is important to model the strategic game between contractors and project managers that represent the tender-issuing agency. This may explain why the construction industry is beleaguered by cost overruns. Impact on Society: In the current state, the public is paying more than needed for construction projects since winning contractors are struggling to spin their losses into gains. Future Research: Develop game theory models that are based on our empirical findings and that can help to reduce cost overruns in construction projects.
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Wondergem, Ashley M., and Monika Ivantysynova. "The Impact of the Surface Shape of the Piston on Power Losses." In 8th FPNI Ph.D Symposium on Fluid Power. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpni2014-7843.

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Axial piston machines are widely used in industry thus new cost-effective and highly efficient designs are needed. One way to increase efficiency and decrease cost is by altering the geometry along with the configuration of the piston/cylinder interface influencing the fluid film generation and in turn the energy dissipation and load carrying capacity while still having a design that is cost effective and easy to manufacture. This paper presents a study on a reduction of energy dissipation between the piston and cylinder over a wide range of operating conditions at both full and partial displacements based on the surface shape of the piston along with the minimum clearance. First, it is necessary to measure a base design and then compare those results to simulations in order to verify the simulation results. Once a baseline is established, various piston surface shapes and minimum clearances are then also simulated and compared back to the simulated baseline. Not only is energy dissipation important to compare, but also the minimum gap height over one revolution. The minimum gap height is in direct correlation to friction loss and wear. Therefore, this paper also includes an understanding of how the gap height affects the total losses thus leading to the importance of finding a relative clearance that satisfies a median between torque losses and leakage along with the importance of reducing the occurrence of critical gap heights to reduce the need for wear in in the machine.
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Reports on the topic "Median cost"

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Iyer, Ananth V., Samuel Labi, Steven Dunlop, Thomas Brady Jr., and Eki Amijaya. Cost and Benefit Analysis of Installing Fiber Optics on INDOT Projects. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317131.

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The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) is tasked with the stewardship of billions of dollars’ worth of public invested highway infrastructure. Not only does INDOT continually seek design and operational policies that foster cost effective project delivery and procurement, they also seek opportunities for revenue generation. Due to population growth and the increased demand for online connectivity and global information transmission, the fiber-optic cable industry has experienced rapid growth over the past few years. Information and communication technology (ICT) companies have long sought to achieve higher economic productivity by installing fiber-optic cables in the right of way (ROW) of access-controlled highways. Based on these developments, an experiment was conducted to measure the economic impact in Indiana. To determine this impact, a database was developed by compartmentalizing the analysis into (1) GDP per county per industry type, (2) the natural growth of GDP as a factor, and (3) the extent of contribution of broadband in the growth of GDP. A general formula was developed to incorporate the adjusted median income on both the industry and county levels, along with a broadband contribution factor. This formula was employed to determine policies that can produce optimum economic outcome by leveraging the Pareto method.
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Montoya, Ana María, Eric Parrado, Alex Solís, and Raimundo Undurraga. Research Insights: Do Bank Officers Favor Male over Female Loan Applicants? Inter-American Development Bank, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003022.

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A randomized study in Chile found that otherwise equivalent loan requests from women are 18.3 percent less likely to be approved than those from men, largely due to gender-biased officers, particularly males. Median forgone profits associated with applications rejected due to gender discrimination amount to US$1,785 or 23 percent of the median loan size. Considering only discriminated applications from applicants aged 25 to 35 years for amounts between US$1,500 and US$13,500, the forgone profits at the industry level amount to US$5.8 million per year, which is equivalent to 4 percent of the annual labor cost for all loan officers in the Chilean banking system.
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Meltzer, David. Accounting for Future Costs in Medical Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5946.

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Harmon, Jennifer. Bacterial Cellulose Yarns: Standard Versus Cost Efficient Media. Iowa State University. Library, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa.8788.

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Wagner, Shawn A. A Cost Analysis of Emergency Medical Services at William Beaumont Army Medical Center. Defense Technical Information Center, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada372227.

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Candrilli, Sean D., and Samantha Kurosky. The Response to and Cost of Meningococcal Disease Outbreaks in University Campus Settings: A Case Study in Oregon, United States. RTI Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2019.rr.0034.1910.

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Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is a contagious bacterial infection that can occur sporadically in healthy individuals. Symptoms are typically similar to other common diseases, which can result in delayed diagnosis and treatment until patients are critically ill. In the United States, IMD outbreaks are rare and unpredictable. During an outbreak, rapidly marshalling the personnel and monetary resources to respond is paramount to controlling disease spread. If a community lacks necessary resources for a quick and efficient outbreak response, the resulting economic cost can be overwhelming. We developed a conceptual framework of activities implemented by universities, health departments, and community partners when responding to university-based IMD outbreaks. Next, cost data collected from public sources and interviews were applied to the conceptual framework to estimate the economic cost, both direct and indirect, of a university-based IMD outbreak. We used data from two recent university outbreaks in Oregon as case studies. Findings indicate a university-based IMD outbreak response relies on coordination between health care providers/insurers, university staff, media, government, and volunteers, along with many other community members. The estimated economic cost was $12.3 million, inclusive of the cost of vaccines ($7.35 million). Much of the total cost was attributable to wrongful death and indirect costs (e.g., productivity loss resulting from death). Understanding the breadth of activities and the economic cost of such a response may inform budgeting for future outbreak preparedness and development of alternative strategies to prevent and/or control IMD.
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McGaha, James F. Medical Readiness Training, Retention, and Cost Efficiency: The Future Of DOD's Graduate Medical Education Program. Defense Technical Information Center, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada326579.

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Richards, Jonathan E. Cost Analysis of Dental Services at Wilford Hall Medical Center. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada432041.

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Maldonado, Stefan L. Leiva, and Mark D. Bowman. Life-Cycle Cost Analysis for Short- and Medium-Span Bridges. Purdue University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316919.

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Vijayagopal, R., D. Nieto Prada, and A. Rousseau. Fuel Economy and Cost Estimates for Medium and Heavy Duty Trucks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1767122.

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