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Journal articles on the topic 'Median Lethal Dose (LD50)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Shadrin, P. V., T. A. Batuashvili, L. V. Simutenko, and N. P. Neugodova. "Calculation of the Median Lethal Dose and Low Lethal Dose Using the CombiStats Biometric Software." Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products 11, no. 2 (2021): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2021-11-2-135-142.

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The median lethal dose (LD50) and low lethal dose (LD10) are calculated in acute toxicity studies, as well as during specific activity assessment of some medicines. The aim of the study was to develop a procedure for using CombiStats to calculate LD50 and LD10. The authors proposed a step-by-step algorithm for processing bioassay results using the CombiStats biometric software (median effective dose determination model, probit analysis) with conversion of doses to simple fractions (fractions of the maximum dose) to calculate LD50 and LD10. They compared LD50 and LD10 calculation results obtain

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Brijender, Bhushan, and Narain Saxena Prabhu. "Estimation of Median Lethal Dose of Cypermethrin and Betacyfluthrin." International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 9, no. 3 (2017): 194–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12697965.

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Present study was aimed to evaluate the median lethal dose (LD50) of two broadly used, type II pyrethroid pesticides Cypermethrin and <em>Beta-cyfluthrin</em> against Wistar albino rats. The albino rats corresponding to experimental sets were orally administrated different doses of selected pyrethroids for estimation of median lethal dose. LD50 has been calculated by Log-dose/probit regression line method, and came out to be 416.98 and 354.8 mg/Kg b.wt. for Cypermethrin and <em>Beta-cyfluthrin</em> respectively. Difference in the median lethal of these compounds may be a consequ

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Li, Yao, Yingnan Wang, Chenglong Qian, et al. "Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Fluxametamide on Rice-Boring Pest, Rice Stem Borer Chilo suppressalis." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (2022): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102429.

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(1) Background: Fluxametamide is a novel isoxazoline insecticide. Rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker) is a destructive Lepidoptera pest of rice in China, and novel effective insecticides are required to be developed for controlling it due to its increasing resistance levels. (2) Results: In the lethal assay, the insecticidal activity of fluxametamide with median lethal dose (LD50) value of 1.308 mg/kg to the fourth-instar larvae of C. suppressalis was higher than that of chlorantraniliprole (LD50, 3.112 mg/kg) and lower than that of emamectin benzoate (LD50, 0.006 mg/kg). In the sublet

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Shadrin, P. V. "Evaluation of the Possibility of Calculating LD50 and LD10 Using a Modified Script in the R Environment." Regulatory Research and Medicine Evaluation 15, no. 2 (2025): 213–21. https://doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2025-15-2-213-221.

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INTRODUCTION. The median lethal dose (LD50) and the low lethal dose (LD10) are critical parameters for the safety of medicinal products. Sometimes, the pharmacopoeial probit method (PM) fails to calculate the LD10 value, and the calculation result is obviously lower than the true value. In such cases, the use of other computational techniques is warranted.AIM. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of a script in the R environment as a tool for calculating the LD50 and LD10 of medicines.MATERIALS AND METHODS. This study compared the results of determining LD50 and LD10 using the spreadshee

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Hyellavala, Joseph Fomnya. "Phytochemical Analysis and Acute Toxicity Studies on the Methanol Extract of Securidaca longepedunculata (Fresen) Root Bark in Mice." Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences 3, no. 1 (2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/jvbs/1202.30.0160.

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The methanol extract of Securidaca longepedunculata root bark was screened phytochemically and its intraperitoneal acute toxicity evaluated in mice. The phytochemical screening was carried out based on standard methods. The Median Lethal Dose (LD50 ) was determined using Lorke’s method while the Maximum Tolerated Dose (LD0 ) was determined by the method described by Mosser and Padilla. The root bark extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins and flavonoids. The extract produced intraperitoneal LD0 and LD50 values of 6.92 mg/kg and 6.0 mg/kg, respec

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Dearden, John C., and Mark Hewitt. "Prediction of Human Lethal Doses and Concentrations of MEIC Chemicals from Rodent LD50 Values: An Attempt to Make Some Reparation." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 49, no. 1-2 (2021): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261192921994754.

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The prediction of human toxicities from animal toxicity tests is often poor, and is now discouraged and in some cases banned, especially those involving the LD50 test. However, there is a vast number of historical LD50 data in both public and in-house repositories that are being put to little use. This study examined the correlations between human lethality (doses and concentrations) of 36 MEIC chemicals and the median values of a large number of mouse and rat LD50 values obtained for four different routes of administration. The best correlations were found with mouse and rat intraperitoneal L

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Kasim Mohammad, Fouad. "Calculation of 95% confidence interval of the median lethal dose determined by the up-and-down procedure: a letter to editor." Journal of Ideas in Health 5, no. 3 (2022): 725–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47108/jidhealth.vol5.iss3.233.

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Acute toxicity of chemicals can be determined by the up-and-down procedure (UDP) to measure the median lethal dose (LD50) in laboratory animals. An improved UPD was introduced to calculate the 95% confidence intervals (CI) for LD50 values: 95% confidence interval = LD50 + the standard error (SE) SE = SD x √2/N (SD= standard deviation of all dosages in N trials in animals). However, not all studies using the UDP report the 95% CI. Using the above mentioned equations, it is possible to calculate the 95% CI of LD50 determined by using the table of Dixon for UDP- section of the standard error 0.61

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Yusuf, P. O., S. Dahiru, M. P. Ameh, et al. "Embryonated eggs as an alternative to animals in the determination of median lethal dose (LD50) in bitis venom." Sokoto Journal of Veterinary Sciences 21, no. 1 (2023): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sokjvs.v21i1.5.

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Determination of median lethal dose (LD50) is a vital tool adopted by the World Health Organization for pre-clinical assessment of products for use in the management of snakebite envenoming, a condition which is now included among the list of Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2017. The current trend in the determination of LD50 involves the use of laboratory animals, tens or even hundreds of animals are sacrificed to achieve this goal. This study aimed to find reliable alternatives to this sacrificing of laboratory animals for research purposes. This study investigated the comparative similaritie

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Nawaz, Md Sarfaraz, Asif Iqbal, and Md Equbal Ahmad. "Median lethal dose (LD50) estimation of Cypermethrin and Profenofos in Swiss Albino mice (Mus musculus)." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 9, no. 3 (2024): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2024.v09.i03.002.

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Present study was undertaken to determine the Oral median lethal dose (LD50) of Cypermethrin, a pyrethroid and Profenofos, an organophosphate pesticide in male and female Swiss albino mice. The selected doses of Cypermethrin based on the pilot study were 200, 225, 250, 275 and 300 mg/kg B.W. for male and 350, 375, 400, 425 and 450 mg/kg B.W for female animals. Corresponding doses of Profenofos based on the pilot study was found to be 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mg/kg B.W for male and 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40mg/kg B.W for female. Pesticide was dissolved in corn oil and administered orally to different g

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Danladi, Suleiman, Musa Aliyu Muhammad, and Abdullahi Hamza Yaro. "Central nervous system depressant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii (Engler) (Loranthaceae) growing on Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae)." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, no. 1 (2020): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.49s.

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This study was carried out to determine phytochemical constituents, median lethal dose (LD50) and central nervous system depressant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii using laboratory animal models. The intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) of ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii was determined in mice according to the method described by Lorke, 1983. The CNS depressant activity of Globimetula braunii leaf extract was determined using diazepam induced sleep, hole board test and beam walk assay. The ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii revealed the presenc

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Zainab Muhsan, Alnaji, and Ali Ali Khalaf. "Histological Study for Median lethal Dose (LD50) of Eucalyptus Oil Administrated Orally in ( Mice mus musculus)." Bionatura 7, no. 2 (2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.49.

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Eucalyptus oil is used in a wide range of medicinal and other uses, and the current study aims to estimate the median lethal dose LD50 of eucalyptus oil of Eucalyptus camaldulensis and estimate the pathological effect of eucalyptus oil in mice. Eucalyptus oil was obtained in the study by extracting the leaves of the plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis using hydrodistillation. Toxicity testing was performed by dividing mice into groups that you treated with different doses of eucalyptus oil 1200, 1600, 2000, and 2400 mg/kg. The current study showed that the average lethal dose, the LD50, was 1820 mg

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12

Swami, Devyani, Hitendra N. Karade, Jyotiranjan Acharya, and Pravin Kumar. "In vivo protection studies of bis-quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)-N-(pyridin-3-yl) acetamide derivatives against sarin poisoning in mice." Human & Experimental Toxicology 36, no. 1 (2016): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327116637109.

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In vivo antidotal efficacy of new bis- quaternary 2-(hydroxyimino)- N-(pyridin-3yl) acetamide derivatives (HNK series), to counter multiples of lethal doses of nerve agent sarin (GB) and reactivation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was evaluated in Swiss albino mice. [Protection index PI; median lethal dose (LD50) of sarin with treatment/LD50 of sarin] was estimated, using 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 LD50 as treatment doses of all the oximes with atropine against sarin poisoning. Dose-dependent time course study was conducted at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 LD50 dose of sarin for estimating maximum AChE inhibiti

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13

Pillai, Sadasivan, Katsumi Kobayashi, Mathews Michael, Thomson Mathai, Bhavana Sivakumar, and Parvathy Sadasivan. "John William Trevan’s concept of Median Lethal Dose (LD50/LC50) – more misused than used." Journal of Pre-Clinical and Clinical Research 15, no. 3 (2021): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26444/jpccr/139588.

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Avdachenok, V. D., and О. А. Tuminets. "TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE VETERINARY DRUG TERBINAZOLE." Transactions of the educational establishment “Vitebsk the Order of “the Badge of Honor” State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 59, no. 4 (2023): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.52368/2078-0109-2023-59-4-4-8.

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The article provides data on the toxicological assessment of the fungicidal veterinary drug Terbinazole on white laboratory mice. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the drug for white laboratory mice was 12393.87±1258,57 mg/kg b.w., LD16 – 7800 mg/kg b.w., LD84 – 17400 mg/kg b.w. According to studies, Terbinazole does not have a toxic effect on the body of animals and does not have cumulative properties.

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15

Peng, Xiaowei, Chengfeng Lei, and Xiulian Sun. "Comparison of Lethal Doses Calculated Using Logit/Probit–Log(Dose) Regressions With Arbitrary Slopes Using R." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 3 (2021): 1345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab044.

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Abstract The median lethal dose (LD50) is commonly used to indicate acute toxicity of an insecticide to an insect species. Approximate confidence intervals for LD50s are often calculated using the Fieller and delta methods. It is often necessary to compare the relative potencies of several insecticides with a population or of one insecticide with different populations. Comparing the LD50s using probit/logit–log(dose) regressions with parallel slopes can be implemented in many software packages, but for the cases with arbitrary slopes are not generally available. We used the glm function in R t

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Lavrentyeva, G. V., E. E. Cherkasova, B. I. Synzynys, and O. A. Mirzeabasov. "Experimental substantiation of the method for estimating the median lethal radiation dose for the terrestrial mollusk Fruticicola fruticum M." "Radiation and Risk" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry 33, no. 3 (2024): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2024-33-3-98-107.

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There are currently no recommendations in international guidelines (in particular, in ICRP publications) regarding the determination of the medial lethal radiation dose for representatives of “non-human biota”. The use of different methods (algorithms) for calculating an indicator with the same input parameters gives results that differ from each other, sometimes by orders of magnitude. Based on this, the purpose of the study is to calculate the median lethal dose of gamma irradiation of the terrestrial mollusk Fruticicola fruticum M. of two age groups using different tools to justify the most

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17

Apolinário, Raul, Jeane Nogueira, Meiriellem G. da Silveira Costa, et al. "Insecticidal activity of Pilocarpus spicatus Saint-Hilaire (Rutaceae) essential oil against the crop pest Dysdercus peruvianus (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) and Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas, 1852)." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (2020): e90091110489. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.10489.

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Studies were carried out to evaluate the insecticidal activity of Pilocarpus spicatus Saint-Hilaire (Rutaceae) essential oil (EO) on the development of the Hemiptera Dysdercus peruvianus (Guérin-Méneville, 1831) and Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas, 1852). Gas Chromatography/Mass spectrometry analysis revealed a chemical composition with sabinene (32.27%) and sylvestrene (27.26%) as major constituents. Topical and continuous treatment with the pure EO induced 100% of mortality while serial dilutions of the EO induced different levels of lethality in a dose response manner. Median lethal dose (LD50

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18

Kubilienė, Asta, Rūta Marksienė, Saulius Kazlauskas, Ilona Sadauskienė, Almantas Ražukas, and Leonid Ivanov. "Acute toxicity of ibogaine and noribogaine." Medicina 44, no. 12 (2008): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina44120123.

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Objective. To evaluate acute toxic effect of ibogaine and noribogaine on the survival of mice and determine median lethal doses of the substances mentioned. Material and methods. White laboratory mice were used for the experiments. Ibogaine and noribogaine were administered intragastrically to mice via a stomach tube. Control animals received the same volume of saline. The median lethal dose was calculated with the help of a standard formula. Results. To determine the median lethal dose of ibogaine, the doses of 100, 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg were administered intragastrically to mice. The survi

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P. Hanley, Brian, and Gustavo Gross. "Extraordinary variance in meta-analysis of venom toxicity of 160 most lethal ophidians and guidelines for estimating human lethal dose range." Journal of Biological Methods 11, no. 3 (2024): e99010029. http://dx.doi.org/10.14440/jbm.2024.0037.

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Background: This is the first meta-analysis to characterize intra-ophidian-species variation in whole venom. Being the largest possible meta-analysis at this time, it encompasses all known records of animal lethality studies over the past 100 years. These results were not artifacts of resistant test-animal species and showed orders of magnitude beyond the 1.6 logs (40-fold change) range of lethal dose documented in the literature between amphibians, lizards, and mice. Methods: A total of 1003 lethal dose study results for 160 of the most lethal venomous ophidian species in the world were analy

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Barbosa, Marcílio de Souza, Ricardo Toshio Fujihara, and Luiz Carlos Forti. "Topical toxicity of four active ingredients on Atta sexdens workers." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 5 (2022): e13311527901. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i5.27901.

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Leaf-cutting ants are economically important pest insects in the Neotropical region. They forage on fresh leaves and flowers that serve as substrates for the cultivation of their mutualistic fungus, which they feed upon. The main active ingredient for their control is sulfluramid, but the restriction of its use is under discussion. In this study, the topical toxicity of four active ingredients on Atta sexdens workers was evaluated, determining the median lethal dose (LD50), median lethal time (LT50), and control efficiency, with the prospect of identifying them as potential contact formicides.

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21

Saganuwan, Saganuwan Alhaji. "Arithmetic method of rough estimation of median lethal dose (LD50) using up-and-down procedure." Toxicology Letters 229 (September 2014): S127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.454.

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Moss, David, Ajit Basak, and Claire Naylor. "The most poisonous substances known: What makes some bacterial toxins so dangerous?" Biochemist 32, no. 4 (2010): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03204004.

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We are used to thinking of proteins as beneficial, so it is surprising to realize that the most toxic substances known to man are also protein molecules. These are the bacterial exotoxins, proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria. Toxicity is measured by the median lethal dose (LD50). An LD50 value is defined as the mass of toxin per kg of body weight required to wipe out half of an animal population. Whereas classic poisons, such as potassium cyanide or arsenic trioxide, have LD50 values in the range 5–15 mg/ kg, the causative agent of botulism, botulinum toxin, has an LD50 in the range 1–3 n

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23

Shehu, Aishatu, Bishio Anyip, and Mohammed Garba Magaji. "Antidepressant effect of methanol root bark extract of Acacia seyal Del. (Fabaceae): Possible involvement of the inflammatory pathway." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 19, no. 7 (2020): 1459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v19i7.18.

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Purpose: To study the involvement of inflammatory pathways in the antidepressant activity of Acacia seyal in mice.Methods: The median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract Acacia seyal (AS) was determined using OECD guideline 425. The antidepressant activity of AS was assessed against BCG (0.2 mg/kg, ip)-induced depression in mice using Tail suspension test (TST) and open field test (OFT) at 4, 24 and 48 hours post BCG administration.Results: The median lethal dose (LD50) for the extract was > 5000 mg/kg orally. The extract AS at all tested doses (250 – 1000 mg/kg) significantly (p ≤ 0.001) dec

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Stallard, N., A. Whitehead, and P. Ridgway. "Statistical evaluation of the revised fixed-dose procedure." Human & Experimental Toxicology 21, no. 4 (2002): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327102ht239oa.

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The fixed-dose procedure (FDP) was introduced as OECD Test Guideline 420 in 1992, as an alternative to the conventional median lethal dose (LD50) test for the assessment of acute oral toxicity (OECD Test Guideline 401). The FDP uses fewer animals and causes less suffering than the conventional test, while providing information on the acute toxicity to allow substances to be ranked according to the EU hazard classification system. Recently the FDP has been revised, with the aim of providing further reductions and refinements, and classification according to the criteria of the Globally Harmoniz

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25

Sani, Ibrahim, Angela Nnenna Ukwuani-Kwaja, and Timothy Eromosele Ehebha. "Isolation, Partial Purification and Median Lethal Dose of Antipyretic Agent from Khaya senegalensis Leaf Extracts." Journal La Lifesci 2, no. 3 (2021): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37899/journallalifesci.v2i3.416.

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This research was designed to evaluate the antipyretic activity of K. senegalensis leaf extract with the view of isolating and identifying the active components. The K. senegalensis leaf was extracted using 90% methanol and further fractionated with hexane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and distilled water.The qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods.The crude extract and the fractions were screened for antipyretic activity using 15%w/v brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia on Albino rats. The components of the most active fraction were further separated using column and t

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Yunusa, S., I. D. Bidazun, S. Y. Magaji, and F. H. Ashemi. "Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Tamarindus indica Exhibited Antidepressant Activity in Mice." Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 16, no. 2 (2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpr.v16i2.5s.

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Background: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric disorders affecting nearly 17% of the world population and the existing antidepressant drugs used in clinical settings are largely associated with serious side effects. Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae) is a plant that has been used ethno-medicinally as a remedy for depression.Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the antidepressant activity of methanol stem bark extract of Tamarindus indica using mice, also to determine the LD50 and phytoconstituents of same extract.Methods: Fresh leaves of Tamarindus indica were colle

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Asiedu-Gyekye, Isaac Julius, Seidu Abdulai Mahmood, Charles Awortwe, and Alexander Kwadwo Nyarko. "A Preliminary Safety Evaluation of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Hydrochloride." International Journal of Toxicology 33, no. 6 (2014): 523–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091581814553036.

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Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHMGH) is used worldwide as an antimicrobial agent with broad spectra of activity and also for treating pool water. This non-GLP preliminary study aims at investigating in a subchronic toxicity study possible effects at supra-optimal doses of this biocide. Both acute and subchronic toxicity studies were conducted. LD50 for PHMGH was estimated to be 600 mg/kg (ie LC50 2 ml of 7.5% solution) when administered as a single dose by gavage via a stomach tube in accordance with the expected route of administration. The acute studies showed that the median le

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Fathi, Behrooz, Fatemeh Younesi, and Fatemeh Salami. "Acute Venom Toxicity Determinations for Five Iranian Vipers and a Scorpion." Iranian Journal of Toxicology 16, no. 2 (2022): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/ijt.16.2.569.2.

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Background: Poisoning due to the bites and stings of venomous snakes and scorpions is a neglected public health problem, particularly in rural areas. Poor health facilities and inadequate knowledge of health care personnel are the major factors that result in envenomated human victims not receiving adequate care and medical attention. There is a great need for up-to-date and effective healthcare knowledge and awareness of the potency and lethality of venomous creatures in Iran. Assessment of the potency, acute toxicity, and lethal effects of venomous creatures come from a variety of specific t

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Li, Meng, Rui Han, Juan Li, Wenhui Wu, and Jianqi Gu. "Research Progress in Acute Oral Toxicity Testing Methods." International Journal of Biology and Life Sciences 6, no. 1 (2024): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/nv9van65.

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Acute oral toxicity is the first phase of safety toxicological evaluation, with the median lethal dose (LD50) being the most commonly used assessment parameter. This paper aims to summarize and compare conventional methods for determining LD50 and alternative approaches, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages, to provide options for further toxicological studies. Alternative tests, which do not require the precise determination of LD50 values, minimize animal mortality to the greatest extent and reduce the waste of human and material resources, making them worthy of promotion

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Bauer, Leah S., and Gerald L. Nordin. "PATHOGENICITY OF NOSEMA FUMIFERANAE (THOMSON) (MICROSPORIDA) IN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS), AND IMPLICATIONS OF DIAPAUSE CONDITIONS." Canadian Entomologist 120, no. 3 (1988): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent120221-3.

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AbstractA standardized bioassay procedure was used to determine median lethal doses (LD50) of the microsporidium, Nosema fumiferanae (Thom.), on newly molted fourth- and fifth-instar eastern spruce budworm larvae (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)). The LD50 for fifth-instar larva was 1.23 × 106 ± 2.82 × 105 spores. The fourth-instar LD50 was 2.23 × 104 ± 4.30 × 103 spores per larva for populations experiencing prolonged post-diapause cold storage or an elevated temperature during diapause and 2.00 × 105 ± 6.66 × 104 spores per larva for populations not experiencing stressful conditions during

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Stallard, Nigel, Anne Whitehead, and Ian Indans. "Statistical evaluation of an acute dermal toxicity test using the dermal fixed dose procedure." Human & Experimental Toxicology 23, no. 8 (2004): 405–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0960327104ht465oa.

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The conventional method for the assessment of acute dermal toxicity (OECD Test Guideline 402, 1987) uses death of animals as an endpoint to identify the median lethal dose (LD50). A new OECD Testing Guideline called the dermal fixed dose procedure (dermal FDP) is being prepared to provide an alternative to Test Guideline 402. In contrast to Test Guideline 402, the dermal FDP does not provide a point estimate of the LD50, but aims to identify that dose of the substance under investigation that causes clear signs of nonlethal toxicity. This is then used to assign classification according to the

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O. M., Seham. "The Antimicrobial Activity and the Median Lethal Dose of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Ethanolic Extract on Mice." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 1 (2013): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v13i1.173.

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The antimicrobial activities of thyme (thymes vulgaris) ethanolic extract was studied by agar well diffusion technique against tested organisms (Esherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans). The results were showed that the extract have antibacterial and antifungal activity against tested microorganisms. The results were also showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) of ethanolic extract of thyme in laboratory mice was about (4220 mg/kg B.w). The toxic signs during 24 hours after oral administration of thyme extract were rapid breathing, dullness, contraction of abdominal muscl

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Li, Ting, Yifan Wang, and Nannan Liu. "Mosquito Adult Bioassays." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2023, no. 7 (2023): pdb.prot108041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot108041.

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Topical application and bottle bioassays measure the responses of adult mosquitoes to specific doses of an insecticide (dose–response). Topical application bioassays are generally used to measure the dose–response of adult mosquitoes to insecticides in which the amount (dose) of insecticides the mosquitoes receive is known in the laboratory. Here, a 0.5-µL drop of the insecticide dissolved in a relatively nontoxic solvent, such as acetone, is applied to the thorax of insects, and the insects’ susceptibility to the insecticide is determined in terms of either the median lethal dose (LD50) or 90

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Rajawat, Neelu Kanwar, Inderpal Soni, Farah Syed, Rajbala Verma, PJ John та Reena Mathur. "Effect of β-cyfluthrin (synthetic pyrethroid) on learning, muscular coordination and oxidative stress in Swiss albino mice". Toxicology and Industrial Health 35, № 5 (2019): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0748233719840957.

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The present study was planned to evaluate neurotoxic effects of β-cyfluthrin in female Swiss albino mice. Two doses of β-cyfluthrin, specifically, one-tenth of median lethal dose (LD50) and one-twentieth of LD50, were selected for the study. Open-field behaviour, exploratory behaviour and emotional status were affected, and animals showed anxiety-like behaviour after β-cyfluthrin administration. Spatial learning was decreased using the Hebb–Wiliams maze. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity significantly decreased in the treated animals. The administration of β-cyfluthrin caused increased lipi

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Alhassan, Aisha Muhammad, Nafisah Bisallah Lawal, and Suleiman Danladi. "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies of the methanol extract of Globimetula braunii (Loranthaceae) growing on Terminalia catappa Linn (Combretaceae)." Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources 20, no. 2 (2023): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v20i2.2.

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This study was carried out to investigate the phytochemical constituents, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol stem extract of Globimetula braunii. Preliminary phytochemical screening was done using standard protocols, median lethal dose (LD50) was determined by Lorke’s method. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of extract were determined using acetic acid induced writhing and hot-plate model and the carrageenan-induced rat's paw edema model respectively at graded doses of 1000 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 250mg/kg. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoid

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Emelyanov, M. A. "TOXICOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF VETERINARY PHYTOPREPARATIONS." Transactions of the educational establishment “Vitebsk the Order of “the Badge of Honor” State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 60, no. 4 (2024): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.52368/2078-0109-2024-60-4-17-22.

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The article presents data on toxicological assessment of complex herbal preparations Phytococcidin and Coccilin V Plus possessing anti-eimeriotic properties, used for laboratory animals – mice and rats. The median lethal dose (LD50) of the preparation Phytococcidin for white laboratory mice and rats is more than 10, 000 mg / kg b.w.; the preparation Coccillin B Plus for white laboratory mice – 29,000 mg / kg b.w., for rats – 33751.1 mg / kg b.w. According to the GOST 12.1.007-76, the preparations Phytococcidin and Coccilin V Plus can be ranged as class IV, i.e. low-hazard substances (LD50 more

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Kumar, Vinay, O. P. Sheoran, Sarita Rani, and Komal Malik. "Development of a web-based tool for probit analysis to compute LC50/LD50/GR50 for its use in toxicology studies." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 4 (2020): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v12i4.2408.

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The toxicity bioassays are essential to detect and estimate the potential toxicological effects of chemicals on an organism. LC50/LD50/GR50 is the estimation of dose/concentration necessary to kill 50 per cent of a population of the test species. Experimentally this is done by administrating a chemical at different doses to a group of organism and then observing the resulting mortalities in a set of the time period. A web-based module for a statistical analysis tool to calculate and compare the median lethal dose has been developed in ASP scripting language based on Server-Client Architecture.

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Peter Chibueze Ihekwereme, Rose Ngozi Asomugha, Sonne Ikechukwu Mbagwu, Daniel Ikechukwu Oraekei, and Daniel Lotanna Ajaghaku. "Phytochemicals, acute toxicities and actual median lethal doses (actual LD50) of Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum given singly and in combination via mice models." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 25, no. 1 (2023): 008–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.25.1.0396.

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Phytochemicals are substances produced mainly by plants which are very important due to their biological and pharmacological activities. The pharmacological effects of these components range from the treatment of bacterial and fungal infections to the treatment of chronic-degenerative diseases such as diabetes and cancer. Mice were used for assessing the acute toxicities; studies usually conducted to evaluate the effects of a single substance. Each animal receives a single dose of the test substance but repeated doses may be administered provide all doses are administered within 24 hours. This

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Kolawole, P. M., F. C. Nwinyi, and J. A. Onah. "The Effect of Hydro-Methanol Leaf Extract of Thaumatococcus Daniellii on Excision Wound Healing in Rats." Journal of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences 6, no. 2 (2024): 88–101. https://doi.org/10.36108/jvbs/4202.60.0290.

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Thaumatococcus daniellii plant has been reported to be used traditionally in the treatment of various diseases. The leaves of the plant are used for treatment of cutaneous wound and the present study aimed to authenticate this claim. Acute toxicity study was carried out to determine the oral median lethal dose (LD50) of T. daniellii leaf extract. Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each. An excision wound area of 356 mm2 was then created on the dorsum of each rat in all groups. Rats in group I served as the negative control and were treated with distilled water (10 ml/kg p.o). Rat

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Yeemin, J., Dadkhunthod, P., Chothongtanasate, A., and Phadungsawat, B. "Effect of gamma irradiation on median lethal dose for mutation induction in Zinnia elegans and Cosmos bipinnatus." International Journal of Agricultural Technology 21, no. 2 (2025): 789–802. https://doi.org/10.63369/ijat.2025.21.2.789-802.

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Zinnias and cosmos are popularly grown as decorative flowers in homes, gardens, and as potted plants. In this study, the appropriated gamma radiation doses for inducing mutations in zinnias and cosmos were investigated. It was found that gamma radiation significantly improved the seed germination parameters of both zinnias and cosmos. Vegetative growth traits showed that both zinnias and cosmos had decreased survival rate, fewer shoots, and reduced plant height as the irradiation dose increased. At a dose of 800 Gy, seeds were able to germinate, but seedlings grew to be stunted and eventually

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Saganuwan, Alhaji. "A modified arithmetical method of Reed and Muench for determination of a relatively ideal median lethal dose (LD50)." African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 5, no. 12 (2011): 1543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajpp11.393.

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Rispin, A., D. Farrar, E. Margosches, et al. "Alternative Methods for the Median Lethal Dose (LD50) Test: The Up-and-Down Procedure for Acute Oral Toxicity." ILAR Journal 43, no. 4 (2002): 233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.43.4.233.

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Zaman Mahmood Jasim, Ghaith Ali Jasim, and Ibrahim Saleh Abbas. "Median lethal Dose and Acute Toxicity of Rosa canina L: In-Vivo Study." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, no. 3 (2022): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v22i3.891.

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Rosa canina belongs to rosacea family. Rosa. canina has a high concentration of phyto-constituents such as flavonoids, carotenoids, triterpene and vitamins as vitamin C, E, and A Rosa canina have an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant  effects. The antioxidant effect belongs to presence of large quantities of phytochemicals such as flavonoids and polyphenols. Rosa canina has been used for arthritis gout, osteoarthritis, urinary tract disorder, diabetes, inflammation and cancer. After grinding the leaves of Rosa canina, they are extracted by using ethanol solvent (cold extraction meth

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Diwan, F. H., I. A. Abdel Hassan, and S. T. Mohammed. "Effect of saponin on mortality and histopathological changes in mice." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6, no. 2-3 (2000): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2000.6.2-3.345.

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We evaluated the acute toxicity and histopathological effects of saponin [extracted from the plant Citrullus colocynthis] on mice in order to assess its safety. The median lethal dose [LD50]of the saponin was 200 mg/kg. The histological changes were confined to the small intestine, liver and kidney, whereas the stomach, large intestine and heart appeared normal. The changes in the small intestine included haemorrhage and erosion of the mucosa. In addition, hepatorenal damage resulted from necrosis of liver cells and renal tubules

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Takaichi, Hiroshi, and Tomonori Kawano. "Expanded and Practical Use of Logistic Equations in Eco-Toxicity Evaluation: Cases of Lethal Metal Toxicity Curves in Green Paramecia with Minimal-Sized Experiments." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 20, no. 5 (2016): 681–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2016.p0681.

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In ecological systems, living organisms are surrounded by a number of chemicals, among which certain portion may be toxic to organisms. Therefore, from the environment-centric point of view, importance of accurate eco-toxicological analyses is increasing day-by-day. Eco-toxicity responses in animals and other organisms against chemicals can be scored by several parameters such as median lethal concentration (LC50) and median lethal dose (LD50), for examples. In the present study, we attempted to perform simulations of eco-toxicological nature of given chemicals based on limited data size (show

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Knaak, Neiva, Shana L. F. Wiest, Tiago F. Andreis, and Lidia M. Fiuza. "TOXICITY OF ESSENTIAL OILS TO THE LARVAE OF SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)." Journal of Biopesticides 6, no. 1 (2013): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.6.1.49-53.

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ABSTRACT This study evaluates the effect of plant oils on the caterpillars of Spodoptera frugiperda. The oil obtained from Cymbopogon citratus had the lowest median lethal concentration (LC50=0.19 µL/cm²) in comparison with the other treatments. The contact test demonstrated that Zengiber officinale was the most efficient with a median lethal dose (LD50 ) of 0.55 µL/larvae. In the repellency tests, the caterpillars showed a for rice leaves treated with 0.1 and 1% of the oil of Artemisia absinthium, 24 and 48 hrs after the application treatment. The treatments with the oils of Mentha sp., Tanac

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Celi, Monica, Debora Russo, Mirella Vazzana, Vincenzo Arizza, and Barbara Manachini. "Does Bacillus thuringiensis Affect the Stress and Immune Responses of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Larvae, Females, and Males in the Same Way?" Insects 13, no. 5 (2022): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13050437.

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is considered a potentially useful entomopathogen against red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. We compared the effects of Bt on mature larvae, females, and males. The pathogenicity of Bt was evaluated, estimating: Median Lethal Dose (LD50), Median Lethal Time (LT50), Total Hemocyte Count (THC), and Differential Hemocyte Counts (DHC), and the expression of the stress protein Heat Shock Protein 70 (Hsp 70) in hemocytes and the brain. Mortality exhibited a positive trend with the dosage and duration of exposure to Bt. Larvae were more susceptible than adult

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Fast, Jonathan P., Mark G. Perkins, Robert A. Pearce, and Sandro Mecozzi. "Fluoropolymer-based Emulsions for the Intravenous Delivery of Sevoflurane." Anesthesiology 109, no. 4 (2008): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31818630ff.

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Background The intravenous delivery of halogenated volatile anesthetics has been previously achieved using phospholipid-stabilized emulsions, e.g., Intralipid. However, fluorinated volatile anesthetics, such as sevoflurane, are partially fluorophilic and do not mix well with classic nonfluorinated lipids. This effect limits the maximum amount of sevoflurane that can be stably emulsified in Intralipid to 3.5% vol/vol. This is a significant limitation to the potential clinical use of Intralipid-based emulsions. Methods The authors prepared a 20% vol/vol sevoflurane emulsion using a novel fluorin

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Li, Zhiguo, Meng Li, Jingnan Huang, et al. "Effects of Sublethal Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos on Olfactory Learning and Memory Performances in Two Bee Species, Apis mellifera and Apis cerana." Sociobiology 64, no. 2 (2017): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v64i2.1385.

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Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphorus insecticide. The acute oral 24 h median lethal dose (LD50) value of chlorpyrifos in Apis mellifera and in Apis cerana was estimated to assess differential acute chlorpyrifos toxicity in the two bee species. The LD50 values of chlorpyrifos in A. mellifera and in A. cerana are 103.4 ng/bee and 81.8 ng/bee, respectively, which suggests A. cerana bees are slightly more sensitive than A. mellifera bees to the toxicity of chlorpyrifos. Doses half the acute LD50 of chlorpyrifos were selected to study behavioral changes in the two bee species using probos

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Farruggia, Frank T., Kristina Garber, Christine Hartless, et al. "A retrospective analysis of honey bee (Apis mellifera) pesticide toxicity data." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (2022): e0265962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265962.

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Current USEPA ecological risk assessments for pesticide registration include a determination of potential risks to bees. Toxicity data are submitted to support these assessments and the USEPA maintains a large database containing acute and chronic toxicity data on adult and larval honey bees (Apis mellifera), which USEPA considers a surrogate for Apis and non-Apis bees. We compared these toxicity data to explore possible trends. This analysis indicated a significant correlation between acute contact and oral median lethal dose (LD50) values for adult honey bees (ρ = 0.74, p <0.0001). Using

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