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Journal articles on the topic 'Median raphe region'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 27 February 2024

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1

Ünal, Betül, Cumhur İbrahim Başsorgun, Meryem İlkay Eren Karanis, and Gülsüm Özlem Elpek. "Perianal Median Raphe Cyst: A Rare Lesion with Unusual Histology and Localization." Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/487814.

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Median raphe cysts present anywhere between the external urethral meatus and the anus. The cysts can occur at parameatus, glans penis, penile shaft, scrotum, or perineum. Perianal region is an extremely rare location for these lesions. Here we present a 50-year-old male patient who presented with a cystic, fluctuant lesion, located at 12 o’clock in perianal region. Microscopic examination revealed a cystic lesion with keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated epithelium, and scattered goblet cells. The final diagnosis of the lesion was median raph

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Chaves, Tiago, Bibiána Török, Csilla Lea Fazekas, et al. "Median raphe region GABAergic neurons contribute to social interest in mouse." Life Sciences 289 (January 2022): 120223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120223.

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Nitz, Douglas A., and Bruce L. McNaughton. "Hippocampal EEG and Unit Activity Responses to Modulation of Serotonergic Median Raphe Neurons in the Freely Behaving Rat." Learning & Memory 6, no. 2 (1999): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/lm.6.2.153.

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Hippocampal EEG, GABAergic interneurons, and principal cells were recorded simultaneously as rats foraged within one of three environments both before and after modulation of serotonergic inputs to the hippocampus. Median raphe microinjections of the 5-HT1a receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT were made to produce inhibition of serotonergic neurons in this region. Such microinjections produced behavioral arousal and increases in the amplitude of hippocampal EEG theta. Consistent with the pattern of serotonergic innervation of the hippocampus, the GABAergic interneuron population was affected differentia

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Balázsfi, Diána G., Dóra Zelena, Lívia Farkas, et al. "Median raphe region stimulation alone generates remote, but not recent fear memory traces." PLOS ONE 12, no. 7 (2017): e0181264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181264.

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Sos, Katalin E., Márton I. Mayer, Csaba Cserép, et al. "Cellular architecture and transmitter phenotypes of neurons of the mouse median raphe region." Brain Structure and Function 222, no. 1 (2016): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-016-1217-x.

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Park, Min-Young, Jeong-Min Kim, Gun-Wook Kim, et al. "Pigmented Median Raphe Cysts on the Scrotum and Perianal Region: A Case Report." Annals of Dermatology 30, no. 5 (2018): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.5021/ad.2018.30.5.622.

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Szőnyi, András, Krisztián Zichó, Albert M. Barth, et al. "Median raphe controls acquisition of negative experience in the mouse." Science 366, no. 6469 (2019): eaay8746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay8746.

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Adverse events need to be quickly evaluated and memorized, yet how these processes are coordinated is poorly understood. We discovered a large population of excitatory neurons in mouse median raphe region (MRR) expressing vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGluT2) that received inputs from several negative experience–related brain centers, projected to the main aversion centers, and activated the septohippocampal system pivotal for learning of adverse events. These neurons were selectively activated by aversive but not rewarding stimuli. Their stimulation induced place aversion, aggression, de

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Cudennec, Annie, Danielle Duverger, Eric T. MacKenzie, Bernard Scatton, and André Serrano. "Serotonergic Neuron Stimulation Modulates Thalamocortical Glucose Use in the Conscious Rat." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 7, no. 4 (1987): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1987.94.

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We have studied the effects, in the conscious rat, of electrical stimulation of the dorsal or median raphe nuclei on integrated functional activity, as assessed by the quantitative 2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic technique, Stimulation of serotonergic neurons elicits metabolic changes in cortical and thalamic regions that are not limited to those structures known to receive the densest serotonergic innervation. The thalamic nuclei that are activated by raphe stimulation include those that subserve the processing of somesthetic, accessory visual, and limbic information, Raphe stimulation increa

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Domonkos, Andor, Litsa Nikitidou Ledri, Tamás Laszlovszky, et al. "Divergent in vivo activity of non‐serotonergic and serotonergic VGluT3–neurones in the median raphe region." Journal of Physiology 594, no. 13 (2016): 3775–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jp272036.

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Le Bars, Pierre, Gaston Niagha, Ayepa Alain Kouadio, et al. "Pilot Study of Laser Doppler Measurement of Flow Variability in the Microcirculation of the Palatal Mucosa." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5749150.

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Background.Histopathological alterations can arise when the denture-supporting mucosa experiences microbial and mechanical stress through the denture base and diagnosis of these diseases usually follows microvascular changes. Microcirculation measurement could allow for detection of such dysfunction and aid in the early diagnosis of palatal mucosa pathologies.Materials and Methods. We tested the sensitivity of laser Doppler for measuring the microcirculation of the palatal mucosa, assessing the median raphe (MR), Schroeder area (SA), and retroincisive papilla (RP). A Doppler PeriFlux 5000 Syst

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Fazekas, Csilla Lea, Manon Bellardie, Bibiána Török, et al. "Pharmacogenetic excitation of the median raphe region affects social and depressive-like behavior and core body temperature in male mice." Life Sciences 286 (December 2021): 120037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120037.

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McNamara, Dennis, Denise M. Larson, Stanley I. Rapoport, and Timothy T. Soncrant. "Preferential Metabolic Activation of Subcortical Brain Areas by Acute Administration of Nicotine to Rats." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 10, no. 1 (1990): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1990.7.

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Cerebral metabolic and behavioral effects of acutely administered nicotine were measured in rats in relation to dose. Nicotine 0.1, 1, or 10 mg/kg or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally to 3-month-old male Fischer-344 rats that had been pretreated with hexamethonium bromide 5 mg/kg i.p. to reduce peripheral autonomic effects. Regional CMRglc (rCMRglc) values were measured, using the quantitative autoradiographic [14C]-2-deoxy-d-glucose method, in 71 brain regions, beginning 3 min after nicotine or vehicle administration. Intensity of body tremor, scored by a blinded rater, was dose rela

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Laberge, Frédéric, and Allison Smith. "Efferent Axonal Projections of the Habenular Complex in the Fire-Bellied Toad Bombina orientalis." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 90, no. 4 (2017): 276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000481394.

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The habenular complex and its associated axonal pathways are often thought of as phylogenetically conserved features of the brain among vertebrates despite the fact that detailed studies of this brain region are limited to a few species. Here, the gross morphology and axonal projection pattern of the habenular complex of an anuran amphibian, the fire-bellied toad Bombina orientalis, was studied to allow comparison with the situation in other vertebrates. Axonal pathways were traced using biocytin applications in dissected brain preparations. The results show that the rostral part of the left d

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Baraniuk, James N., Alison Amar, Haris Pepermitwala, and Stuart D. Washington. "Differential Effects of Exercise on fMRI of the Midbrain Ascending Arousal Network Nuclei in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and Gulf War Illness (GWI) in a Model of Postexertional Malaise (PEM)." Brain Sciences 12, no. 1 (2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010078.

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Background: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), Gulf War Illness (GWI) and control subjects underwent fMRI during difficult cognitive tests performed before and after submaximal exercise provocation (Washington 2020). Exercise caused increased activation in ME/CFS but decreased activation for GWI in the dorsal midbrain, left Rolandic operculum and right middle insula. Midbrain and isthmus nuclei participate in threat assessment, attention, cognition, mood, pain, sleep, and autonomic dysfunction. Methods: Activated midbrain nuclei were inferred by a re-analysis of data

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McMahon, Lori L., and Julie A. Kauer. "Hippocampal Interneurons Are Excited Via Serotonin-Gated Ion Channels." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 5 (1997): 2493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.5.2493.

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McMahon, Lori L. and Julie A. Kauer. Hippocampal interneurons are excited via serotonin-gated ion channels. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 2493–2502, 1997. Serotonergic neurons of the median raphe nucleus heavily innervate hippocampal GABAergic interneurons located in stratum radiatum of area CA1, suggesting that this strong subcortical projection may modulate interneuron excitability. Using whole cell patch-clamp recording from interneurons in brain slices, we tested the effects of serotonin (5-HT) on the physiological properties of these interneurons. Serotonin produces a rapid inward current that per

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Bonvento, G., P. Lacombe, and J. Seylaz. "Effects of Electrical Stimulation of the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus on Local Cerebral Blood Flow in the Rat." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 9, no. 3 (1989): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1989.41.

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We have studied the effects of electrical stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus on local cerebral blood flow (LCBF), as assessed by the quantitative [14C]-iodoantipyrine autoradiographic technique. Stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the α-chloralose anesthetized rat caused a significant decrease in LCBF, ranging from – 13 to – 26% in 24 brain structures out of 33 investigated. The most pronounced decreases (– 23 to – 26%) were observed in the accumbens, amygdaloid, interpeduncular nuclei and in the median raphe nucleus, limbic system relays. The decreases also concerned cortical regi

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Roberts, Claire, Ana Belenguer, Derek N. Middlemiss, and Carol Routledge. "Differential effects of 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonists in dorsal and median raphe innervated brain regions." European Journal of Pharmacology 346, no. 2-3 (1998): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00061-2.

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Bernard, D. G., A. Li, and E. E. Nattie. "Evidence for central chemoreception in the midline raphe." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 1 (1996): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.1.108.

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We injected acetazolamide (AZ; 5 x 10(-6) M; 1 nl; n = 14), its inactive analogue 2-acetylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-sulfon-t-butylamide (5 x 10(-5) M; n = 6), or mock cerebrospinal fluid (n = 5) into the caudal raphe in the midline brain stem of anesthetized paralyzed ventilated rats. These AZ injections have been shown to produce a focal region of tissue acidosis with a radius < 350 microns and are used as a probe for sites of central chemosensitivity. Compared with control injections, AZ injection into the raphe, as demonstrated by anatomic analysis of injection location, significantly in

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Yates, B. J., M. S. Siniaia, and A. D. Miller. "Descending pathways necessary for vestibular influences on sympathetic and inspiratory outflow." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, no. 6 (1995): R1381—R1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.6.r1381.

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The objective of this study was to determine which brain stem regions that have projections to sympathetic preganglionic neurons or phrenic motoneurons ae necessary for vestibulosympathetic or vestibulorespiratory responses in decerebrate cats. Bilateral kainic acid injections into the rostral ventrolateral medulla abolished splanchnic nerve responses to electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve, suggesting that this region is critical for the production of vestibulosympathetic responses. In contrast, injections into the caudal medullary raphe nuclei had no apparent effect on the response

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Fitzgibbon, T., and W. Burke. "Representation of the temporal raphe within the optic tract of the cat." Visual Neuroscience 2, no. 3 (1989): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800001176.

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AbstractThe retinal topography of the cat's optic tract was determined by means of injections of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the tract. This analysis was accomplished by the subtraction of all HRP injection sites not labeling a defined retinal area from those injection sites which resulted in ganglion cell labeling (Venn diagram analysis). Using this method, the following correspondences were demonstrated for the ipsilateral and contralateral projections: superior retina represented in medial optic tract; inferior retina in lateral tract; and area centralis in a dorsocentral l

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Coleman, M. J., and R. A. Dampney. "Powerful depressor and sympathoinhibitory effects evoked from neurons in the caudal raphe pallidus and obscurus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 268, no. 5 (1995): R1295—R1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1995.268.5.r1295.

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Microinjection of glutamate into sites within the medullary raphe nuclei (pallidus and obscurus) at levels caudal to the obex resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and heart rate in anesthetized rabbits. The depressor and sympathoinhibitory responses were similar in magnitude to those elicited from the previously described depressor region in the caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM) but had a shorter duration, in both intact and barodenervated animals. The bradycardia was not altered by barodenervation but was reduced aft

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Webb, Sierra M., Fiori R. Vollrath-Smith, Rick Shin, Thomas C. Jhou, Shengping Xu, and Satoshi Ikemoto. "Rewarding and incentive motivational effects of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists into the median raphe and adjacent regions of the rat." Psychopharmacology 224, no. 3 (2012): 401–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-012-2759-0.

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Hinckel, P., and W. T. Perschel. "Influence of cold and warm acclimation on neuronal responses in the lower brain stem." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, no. 6 (1987): 1281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-204.

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Neurons in two lower brain stem areas, the nucleus raphe magnus and the subcoeruleus region, have been shown to be part of the thermoafferent system. It is concluded from microcut experiments in unanaesthetized guinea pigs that inhibition of shivering caused by nucleus raphe magnus stimulation is mediated partly by ascending and partly by descending efferents of the nucleus raphe magnus. Electrical stimulation of the subcoeruleus area caused excitatory metabolic responses. Interruption of the ascending efferents of the subcoeruleus area did not prevent the metabolic activation. It is concluded

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de Oliveira, Rodolpho Pereira, José Simões de Andrade, Marianna Spina, et al. "Clozapine prevented social interaction deficits and reduced c-Fos immunoreactivity expression in several brain areas of rats exposed to acute restraint stress." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (2022): e0262728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262728.

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In the present study, we evaluate the effect of acute restraint stress (15 min) of male Wistar rats on social interaction measurements and c-Fos immunoreactivity (c-Fos-ir) expression, a marker of neuronal activity, in areas involved with the modulation of acute physical restraint in rats, i.e., the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), median raphe nucleus (MnR), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), cingulate prefrontal cortex (cPFC), nucleus accumbens (NaC), hippocampus (CA3), lateral septum (LS) and medial amygdala (MeA). We considered the hypothesis that restraint stress exposure

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Brusin, Victor, Maria Camila Ceballos, Pedro Henrique Esteves Trindade, et al. "Flunixin Meglumine Is Superior to Meloxicam for Providing Analgesia after Surgical Castration in 2-Month-Old Goats." Animals 12, no. 23 (2022): 3437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233437.

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Farm animals are exposed to various painful procedures during their productive lives, making it necessary to implement anesthetic and analgesic protocols. However, there are few studies evaluating the effectiveness of these drugs. Our objective was to compare the analgesic effects of two nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): meloxicam (MEL) and flunixin meglumine (FLU), in goat kids subjected to surgical castration under local anesthesia. Anglo-Nubian goat kids (60 days old) were allocated into two groups: MEL (n = 9), and FLU (n = 8), each administered 5 min before starting castratio

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van Baardwijk, Charles, Sharon E. Barwick, and Margot R. Roach. "Organization of medial elastin at aortic junctions in sheep and lambs." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 63, no. 7 (1985): 855–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y85-140.

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Aortas from four sheep and three fetal lambs were fixed at physiological pressure in 10% neutral buffered formalin. The regions with branches were serially sectioned in either cross or longitudinal section at 7-μm intervals and stained for elastin with Gomori–aldehyde–fuchsin. A large model of one aortointercostal junction was made from Plexiglas to show that bundles of elastin appeared to be continuous from the aorta into the branch. These bundles were then studied from large photomicrographs of the other junctions. At the intercostals and lumbars, the elastin lamellae ran continuously from t

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Kung, Ling-Hsuan, Jaimee Glasgow, Anna Ruszaj, Thackery Gray, and Karie E. Scrogin. "Serotonin neurons of the caudal raphe nuclei contribute to sympathetic recovery following hypotensive hemorrhage." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 298, no. 4 (2010): R939—R953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00738.2009.

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Serotonin is thought to contribute to the syncopal-like response that develops during severe blood loss by inhibiting presympathetic neurons of the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM). Here, we tested whether serotonin cells activated during hypotensive hemorrhage, i.e., express the protein product of the immediate early gene c-Fos, are critical for the normal sympathetic response to blood loss in unanesthetized rats. Serotonin-immunoreactive cells of the raphe obscurus and raphe magnus, parapyramidal cells of the B3 region, subependymal cells of the ventral parapyramidal region, and cells of t

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Arthur, J. M., A. C. Bonham, D. D. Gutterman, G. F. Gebhart, M. L. Marcus, and M. J. Brody. "Coronary vasoconstriction during stimulation in hypothalamic defense region." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, no. 2 (1991): R335—R345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.2.r335.

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Previous studies have identified a site in lateral hypothalamus (LH) in which electrical stimulation elicits coronary vasoconstriction. We injected the retrogradely transported tracer Fast Blue to determine which brain regions project to LH. Projections to or through LH were found from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). In chloralose-anesthetized cats, electrical stimulation in DRN and BNST failed to increase coronary vascular resistance (CVR). However, stimulation lateral to PVN in the anterior hyp

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Hornby, P. J., C. D. Rossiter, R. L. White, W. P. Norman, D. H. Kuhn, and R. A. Gillis. "Medullary raphe: a new site for vagally mediated stimulation of gastric motility in cats." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 258, no. 4 (1990): G637—G647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1990.258.4.g637.

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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is clearly implicated in the control of gastric function via interactions in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV) of the cat. The source of the TRH innervation of the DMV is important to determine because this region could be of importance in control of gastric function. TRH-immunoreactive (ir) neurons are located in the raphe obscurus (Ro), raphe pallidus (Rp), and raphe magnus (Rm). Retrograde tracer applied to the DMV resulted in the most numerous labeled neurons in the caudal Ro and Rp in the same region where TRH-ir neurons are located. To addres

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Höflich, A. S., C. Philippe, M. Savli, et al. "Prediction of steady-state occupancy of the serotonin transporter based on single-dose occupancy: A [11C]DASB pet study." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72634-7.

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IntroductionClinical studies point toward a potential role of the serotonin transporter (SERT) binding as a predictor of clinical outcome in the treatment of depression. After long-term treatment with clinical doses of SSRIs the expected SERT occupancy is about 80%. Here, we were interested to investigate the relationship of SERT occupancy values between short- and longterm treatment.ObjectivesTo test if the SERT occupancy at steady-state can be predicted based on the single dose occupancy by escitalopram (S-citalopram) or citalopram (racemate of S-citalopram and R-citalopram).Methods18 patien

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McCall, R. B., and L. T. Harris. "Sympathetic alterations after midline medullary raphe lesions." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 253, no. 1 (1987): R91—R100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.253.1.r91.

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The present study was designed to determine the functional importance of the midline medullary raphe nuclei in the autonomic regulation of the cardiovascular system in the anesthetized cat. Baroreceptor and somatosympathetic reflexes as well as the effects of electrical stimulation of vagal afferents and pressor and depressor sites in the hypothalamus and spinal trigeminal tract were determined before and after midline medullary lesions that extended from 2 to 7 mm rostral to the obex. Midline medullary lesions failed to affect baroreceptor reflexes as judged by the lack of effect on the sympa

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Tanaka, Mutsumi, and Robin M. McAllen. "A subsidiary fever center in the medullary raphé?" American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 6 (2005): R1592—R1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00141.2005.

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In fever, as in normal thermoregulation, signals from the preoptic area drive both cutaneous vasoconstriction and thermogenesis by brown adipose tissue (BAT). Both of these responses are mediated by sympathetic nerves whose premotor neurons are located in the medullary raphé. EP3 receptors, key prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptors responsible for fever induction, are expressed in this same medullary raphé region. To investigate whether PGE2 in the medullary raphé might contribute to the febrile response, we tested whether direct injections of PGE2 into the medullary raphé could drive sympathetic

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Taylor, Natalie C., Aihua Li, Adam Green, Hannah C. Kinney, and Eugene E. Nattie. "Chronic fluoxetine microdialysis into the medullary raphe nuclei of the rat, but not systemic administration, increases the ventilatory response to CO2." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 5 (2004): 1763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00496.2004.

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In conscious rats, focal CO2 stimulation of the medullary raphe increases ventilation, whereas interference with serotonergic function here decreases the ventilatory response to systemic hypercapnia. We sought to determine whether repeated administration of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in this region would increase the ventilatory response to hypercapnia in unanesthetized rats. In rats instrumented with electroencephalogram-electromyogram electrodes, 250 or 500 μM fluoxetine or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was microdialyzed into the medullary raphe for 30 min daily over 15

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Brown, J. W., E. A. Sirlin, A. M. Benoit, J. M. Hoffman, and R. A. Darnall. "Activation of 5-HT1A receptors in medullary raphé disrupts sleep and decreases shivering during cooling in the conscious piglet." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294, no. 3 (2008): R884—R894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00655.2007.

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Activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the medullary raphé decreases sympathetically mediated brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and peripheral vasoconstriction when previously activated with leptin, LPS, prostaglandins, or cooling. It is not known whether shivering is also modulated by medullary raphé 5-HT1A receptors. We previously showed in conscious piglets that activation of 5-HT1A receptors with (±)-8-hydroxy-2-(dipropylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) in the paragigantocellularis lateralis (PGCL), a medullary region lateral to the raphé that contains substantial numbers of 5-HT neurons, eli

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Passerin, Alicia M., and William N. Henley. "Activation of spinal cord serotonergic neurons accompanies cold-induced sympathoexcitation." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 72, no. 8 (1994): 884–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y94-125.

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These studies examined the hypothesis that serotonergic neurons located in central sites known to be involved with autonomic regulation are activated by cold exposure, a potent stimulator of the sympathetic nervous system. In all experiments, rats were exposed to either 3 °C or 22 °C for 24 h. Significant increases (p < 0.05) in urinary norepinephrine excretion, depletions of myocardial norepinephrine, and enhanced myocardial L-DOPA accumulation following decarboxylase inhibition provided evidence of sympathoexcitation at 3 °C. Accumulations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic

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Ngampramuan, Sukonthar, Mathias Baumert, Mirza Irfan Beig, Naiphinich Kotchabhakdi, and Eugene Nalivaiko. "Activation of 5-HT1A receptors attenuates tachycardia induced by restraint stress in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294, no. 1 (2008): R132—R141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00464.2007.

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To better understand the central mechanisms that mediate increases in heart rate (HR) during psychological stress, we examined the effects of systemic and intramedullary (raphe region) administration of the serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di- n-propylamino)tetraline (8-OH-DPAT) on cardiac changes elicited by restraint in hooded Wistar rats with preimplanted ECG telemetric transmitters. 8-OH-DPAT reduced basal HR from 356 ± 12 to 284 ± 12 beats/min, predominantly via a nonadrenergic, noncholinergic mechanism. Restraint stress caused tachycardia (an initial transient increase

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Almasabi, Faris, Faisal Alosaimi, Minerva Corrales-Terrón, et al. "Post-Mortem Analysis of Neuropathological Changes in Human Tinnitus." Brain Sciences 12, no. 8 (2022): 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12081024.

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Tinnitus is the phantom perception of a sound, often accompanied by increased anxiety and depressive symptoms. Degenerative or inflammatory processes, as well as changes in monoaminergic systems, have been suggested as potential underlying mechanisms. Herein, we conducted the first post-mortem histopathological assessment to reveal detailed structural changes in tinnitus patients’ auditory and non-auditory brain regions. Tissue blocks containing the medial geniculate body (MGB), thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), central part of the inferior colliculus (CIC), and dorsal and obscurus raphe nucle

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Salo, Lauren M., Eugene Nalivaiko, Colin R. Anderson, and Robin M. McAllen. "Control of cardiac rate, contractility, and atrioventricular conduction by medullary raphé neurons in anesthetized rats." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 296, no. 2 (2009): H318—H324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00951.2008.

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The sympathetic actions of medullary raphé neurons on heart rate (HR), atrioventricular conduction, ventricular contractility, and rate of relaxation were examined in nine urethane-anesthetized (1–1.5 g/kg iv), artificially ventilated rats that had been adrenalectomized and given atropine methylnitrate (1 mg/kg iv). Mean arterial pressure (MAP), ECG, and left ventricular pressure were recorded. The peak rates of rise and fall in the first derivative of left ventricular (LV) pressure (dP/d tmax and dP/d tmin, respectively) and the stimulus-R ($-R) interval were measured during brief periods of

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Kirouac, Gilbert J., and Quentin J. Pittman. "A projection from the ventral tegmental area to the periaqueductal gray involved in cardiovascular regulation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 6 (2000): R1643—R1650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.6.r1643.

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Experiments were done in α-chloralose-anesthetized rats to determine a pathway mediating the cardiovascular depressor responses elicited from stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA). The magnitude of the depressor responses elicited by glutamate stimulation (0.1 M/30 nl) of the VTA was examined after neuronal block produced by microinjections of lidocaine into ascending fiber bundles leaving the VTA to innervate the forebrain and thalamus. Bilateral microinjections of 1 μl of 4% lidocaine in the medial forebrain bundle ( n = 6) and in the periventricular fibers of the midbrain ( n = 5)

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Zhang, Zhenxiong, Fadi Xu, Cancan Zhang та Xiaomin Liang. "Activation of opioid μ-receptors in medullary raphe depresses sighs". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 296, № 5 (2009): R1528—R1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90748.2008.

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Sighs, a well-known phenomenon in mammals, are substantially augmented by hypoxia and hypercapnia. Because (d-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly-ol)-enkephalin (DAMGO), a μ-receptor agonist, injected intravenously and locally in the caudal medullary raphe region (cMRR) decreased the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia, we hypothesized that these treatments could inhibit sigh responses to these chemical stimuli. The number and amplitude of sighs were recorded during three levels of isocapnic hypoxia (15%, 10%, and 5% O2 for 1.5 min) or hypercapnia (3%, 7%, and 10% CO2 for 4 min) to test the depende

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Samuels, B. C., D. V. Zaretsky, and J. A. DiMicco. "Dorsomedial hypothalamic sites where disinhibition evokes tachycardia correlate with location of raphe-projecting neurons." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287, no. 2 (2004): R472—R478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00667.2003.

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Disinhibition of neurons in the region of the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) elicits sympathetically mediated tachycardia in rats through activation of the brain stem raphe pallidus (RP), and this same mechanism appears to be largely responsible for the increases in heart rate (HR) seen in air jet stress in this species. Neurons projecting to the RP from the DMH are said to be concentrated in a specific subregion, the dorsal hypothalamic area (DA). Here, we examined the hypothesis that the location of RP-projecting neurons in the DA correspond to the sites at which microinjection of bicucullin

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Zhang, Zhenxiong, Fadi Xu, Cancan Zhang та Xiaomin Liang. "Activation of Opioid μ Receptors in Caudal Medullary Raphe Region Inhibits the Ventilatory Response to Hypercapnia in Anesthetized Rats". Anesthesiology 107, № 2 (2007): 288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000270760.46821.67.

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Background : Opioids, extensively used as analgesics, markedly depress ventilation, particularly the ventilatory responsiveness to hypercapnia in humans and animals predominantly via acting on mu receptors. The medullary raphe region (MRR) contains abundant mu receptors responsible for analgesia and is also an important central area involving carbon dioxide chemoreception and contributing to the ventilatory responsiveness to hypercapnia. Therefore, the authors asked whether activation of mu receptors in the caudal, medial, or rostral MRR depressed ventilation and the response to hypercapnia, r

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Vissing, John, Martin Andersen, and Nils H. Diemer. "Exercise-Induced Changes in Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in the Rat." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 16, no. 4 (1996): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-199607000-00025.

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In exercise, little is known about local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU), which is an index of functional neurogenic activity. We measured LCGU in resting and running (≈85% of maximum O2 uptake) rats (n = 7 in both groups) previously equipped with a tail artery catheter. LCGU was measured quantitatively from 2-deoxy-D-[1-14C]glucose autoradiographs. During exercise, total cerebral glucose utilization (TCGU) increased by 38% (p < 0.005). LCGU increased (p < 0.05) in areas involved in motor function (motor cortex 39%, cerebellum ≈110%, basal ganglia ≈30%, substantia nigra ≈37%, and in

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Ootsuka, Youichirou, William W. Blessing, Alexandre A. Steiner, and Andrej A. Romanovsky. "Fever response to intravenous prostaglandin E2 is mediated by the brain but does not require afferent vagal signaling." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294, no. 4 (2008): R1294—R1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00709.2007.

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PGE2 produced in the periphery triggers the early phase of the febrile response to infection and may contribute to later phases. It can be hypothesized that peripherally synthesized PGE2 transmits febrigenic signals to the brain via vagal afferent nerves. Before testing this hypothesis, we investigated whether the febrigenic effect of intravenously administered PGE2 is mediated by the brain and is not the result of a direct action of PGE2 on thermoeffectors. In anesthetized rats, intravenously injected PGE2 (100 μg/kg) caused an increase in sympathetic discharge to interscapular brown adipose

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Kung, Ling-Hsuan, and Karie E. Scrogin. "Serotonin nerve terminals in the dorsomedial medulla facilitate sympathetic and ventilatory responses to hemorrhage and peripheral chemoreflex activation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 301, no. 5 (2011): R1367—R1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00576.2010.

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Serotonin neurons of the caudal raphe facilitate ventilatory and sympathetic responses that develop following blood loss in conscious rats. Here, we tested whether serotonin projections to the caudal portion of the dorsomedial brain stem (including regions of the nucleus tractus solitarius that receive cardiovascular and chemosensory afferents) contribute to cardiorespiratory compensation following hemorrhage. Injections of the serotonin neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine produced >90% depletion of serotonin nerve terminals in the region of injection. Withdrawal of ∼21% of blood volume over

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Riley, D., M. Dwinell, B. Qian, et al. "Differences between three inbred rat strains in number of K+ channel-immunoreactive neurons in the medullary raphé nucleus." Journal of Applied Physiology 108, no. 4 (2010): 1003–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00625.2009.

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Ventilatory sensitivity to hypercapnia is greater in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats than in Fawn Hooded hypertensive (FHH) and Brown Norway (BN) inbred rats. Since pH-sensitive potassium ion (K+) channels are postulated to contribute to the sensing and signaling of changes in CO2-H+ in chemosensitive neurons, we tested the hypothesis that there are more pH-sensitive K+ channel-immunoreactive (ir) neurons within the medullary raphé nuclei of the highly chemosensitive SS rats than in the other two strains. Medullary tissues from male and female BN, FHH, and SS rats were stained with cresyl violet

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Kumar Ghosh, Saroj, and Padmanabha Chakrabarti. "Histological organization and microarchitecture of various cells lining the olfactory epithelium of Rita rita (Hamilton, 1822) (Siluriformes: Bagridae)." Biological Letters 49, no. 2 (2012): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10120-012-0005-4.

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Abstract Rita rita is a carnivorous, bottom dwelling catfish inhabits in muddy dirty water and depends on olfactory sensation for procurement of food. The structural organization and function ofvarious cells lining its olfactory epithelium have been investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. The elongated olfactory organ consists of 64-68 primary lamellae arising from a narrow median raphe. Sensory as well as non-sensory regions are distinctly oriented on each olfactory lamella. The sensory epithelium occupies the apical tongue-shaped area and basal part of the olfactory lamella

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Nalivaiko, Eugene, Youichirou Ootsuka, and William W. Blessing. "Activation of 5-HT1A receptors in the medullary raphe reduces cardiovascular changes elicited by acute psychological and inflammatory stresses in rabbits." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 2 (2005): R596—R604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00845.2004.

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The present strategy for the prevention of excessive sympathetic neural traffic to the heart relies on the use of beta-blockers, drugs that act at the heart end of the brain-heart axis. In the present study, we attempted to suppress cardiac sympathetic nerve activity by affecting the relevant cardiomotoneurons in the brain using the selective serotonin-1A (5-HT1A) receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di- n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT). In conscious, unrestrained rabbits, instrumented for recordings of heart rate, arterial pressure, or cardiac output, we provoked increases in cardiac sympathetic a

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Steele, G. E., and R. E. Weller. "Subcortical connections of subdivisions of inferior temporal cortex in squirrel monkeys." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 3 (1993): 563–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800004776.

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AbstractOn the basis of cortical connections and architectonics, inferior temporal (IT) cortex of squirrel monkeys consists of a caudal, prestriate-recipient region, ITC; a rostral region, ITR; and possibly an intermediate region along the border of ITC and ITR, ITI (Weller & Steele, 1992). ITC contains dorsal (ITCd) and ventral (ITCv) areas. The subcortical connections of these subdivisions of IT cortex were determined in the present study from the results of cortical injections of wheat-germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, [3H]-amino acids and fast blue. ITC and ITR rece

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Ghosh, Saroj Kumar, and Padmanabha Chakrabarti. "Histomorphological and microanatomical characteristics of the olfactory organ of freshwater carp, Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton)." Archives of Polish Fisheries 24, no. 4 (2016): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2016-0017.

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Abstract The morphoanatomy, cellular organization, and surface architecture of the olfactory apparatus in Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton) is described using light and scanning electron microscopy. The oval shaped olfactory rosette contained 32 ± 2 primary lamellae on each side of the median raphe, and was lodged on the floor of the olfactory chamber. The olfactory lamellae were basically flat and compactly arranged in the rosette. The olfactory chamber communicated to the outside aquatic environment through inlet and outlet apertures with a conspicuous nasal flap in between. The mid dorsal portion o

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