Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mediatized communication'

This study aims to explore how the Danish grassroots movement #hvorerderenvoksen is shaped through the usage of Facebook as their primary communication tool. Using the embedded case study method, this thesis describes in detail how and why the movement arose and explains the role of Facebook’s features, primarily groups and sites, for the movements external communication. As such, it will become clear that using Facebook is not merely a means to an end. Being an activist on Facebook means using and being used, it entails the acceleration of mobilisation, but also disciplining activist action in accordance with Facebook’s terms and conditions. This thesis will draw upon modern communication theories such as mediatization and network media logic and analyse #hvorerderenvoksen as a digital social phenomenon. As will become clear, digitalisation and even more so datafication processes play a role when critically examining contemporary activism. To sum up, this thesis aims to show how an activist movement is mediatized and strongly emphasizes the role of digitalization and media hybridity in this process. It suggests that future research will focus more on the influence datafication, and especially the collection of human data and its untransparent processing, has on mediatized activism.

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This dissertation studies the strategies of an organization under a crisis situation in the construction of a journalistic occurrence in a mediatized society. There are constant challenges to be overcome by organizations, visibility processes are constantly being changed by new technologies advent, changes in the media s role and the appropriation of their approaches by various social fields on their daily practices. This are just some changes which require reflection about crisis management strategies adopted until nowadays. The organizational crises present themselves as very explored occurrences by the media. These events are characterized by the disruption of everyday s life, mainly by its unpredictability, that's the fact that arouses wide interest in the media field. With the method of content analysis (Bardin, 1977) we adopted as our empirical object the crisis faced by Air France with the tragedy of Flight 447, analyzing news in Folha de São Paulo and Le Monde s newspapers. Thus, we persue to study the impact of this crisis in French and Brazilian media, to verify the sources used by the media in the occurrence construction, as well as the position given to the organization in the news published, identifying the organization's strategies to mitigate the incident, and understanding the strategic nature of the interface press -company in crisis situations in news production. So, as a result of this research, we concluded that in this crisis the organization has adopted and maintained a concise and objective position in addition to technical measures taken to circumvent the situation. This triggered another kind of relationship with the media, where what was witnessed was not an Air France's image crisis, but on the other hand, the occurrence "447" was explored as a tragedy. So, what stands out in this scenario is that between the crisis and the news, the news prevailed.
Esta dissertação estuda as estratégias de uma organização em situação de crise na construção do acontecimento jornalístico em uma sociedade midiatizada. São constantes os desafios a serem superados pelas organizações. Os processos de visibilidade foram e continuam sendo alterados pelo advento de novas tecnologias, a transformação do papel da mídia na sociedade atual e a apropriação de suas lógicas pelos diversos campos sociais em suas práticas cotidianas são apenas algumas mudanças que demandam questionar e refletir sobre estratégias de gestão de crises adotadas até hoje. As crises organizacionais se apresentam como acontecimentos jornalísticos bastante explorados pelos veículos de comunicação. Esses acontecimentos se caracterizam pela ruptura do cotidiano, sendo marcados principalmente pelo seu caráter de imprevisibilidade e pelo amplo interesse que desperta no campo midiático. A partir do método da análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 1977), adota-se como objeto empírico a crise enfrentada pela Air France com a queda do voo AF 447 nos jornais A Folha de São Paulo e Le Monde. Assim, busca-se analisar a repercussão da crise em questão na mídia impressa brasileira e francesa, verificar quais as fontes utilizadas pela mídia na construção do acontecimento, bem como a posição dada à organização nas notícias publicadas sobre esta crise, identificar as estratégias da organização para amenizar o ocorrido e compreender o caráter estratégico da interface empresa-imprensa em situações de crise no processo de construção do acontecimento. Dessa forma, como resultado da pesquisa, conclui-se que nesta crise a organização adotou e manteve um posicionamento conciso e objetivo, além de ter tomado as medidas técnicas cabíveis para contornar a situação. Esse fato desencadeou um outro tipo de relacionamento da mídia para com a empresa, no qual o que se presenciou não foi uma crise de imagem da Air France, ou seja, no acontecimento AF 447 , a característica mais explorada foi a da tragédia. Sendo assim, o que se destaca nesse cenário é que, entre a crise e a notícia, prevaleceu a notícia.

Cette recherche a pour objectif de decrire et d'analyser l'evolution des usages prives du telephone depuis sa democratisation en france lors du dernier quart de siecle. Apres avoir caracterise les specificites du telephone - moyen de communication interpersonnel oral qui elimine la distance geographique par opposition au face a face avec presence physique visuelle - l'auteur presente chronologiquement les principales etudes par enquete ou experimentation effectuees en france ou a l'etranger, en inserant dans ce contexte ses propres investigations. De l'emergence a la diversification, de la ligne unique a domicile ou des appels en cabine publique, jusqu'a la multiplication des telephones mobiles, les differentes facettes des representations et des actes telephoniques, et de la sociabilitequ'ils impliquent, sont presentees. Dans la mesure ou cette mediation technologique impose aux usagers de maitriser un canal purement auditif/vocal sans visualisation de l'autre personne de l'echange, il a semble necessaire de situer la recherche en fonction de donnees generales concernant la voix et la parole comme moyen de communication vocal par opposition a l'ecrit de la correspondance. En outre, les consequences que l'usage du telephone entraine en termes de spatialite et de temporalite sont envisagees. Parole interpersonnelle mediatisee du xxe siecle, la communication par telephone permet d'aborder sous l'angle psychologique, sociologique et linguistique les mecanismes de la conversation et de l'interlocution. L'interet en sciences humaines et sociales pour ce mode d'echange - entre massivement dans les pays industrialises ou en voie de l'etre pour l'ensemble de la planete et secteur economique florissant - est susceptible d'apporter un eclairage particulier sur la modification des relations interpersonnelles au sein du changement culturel de nos societes.

Through its growing popularity, social media platforms have become influential in our society. Data tracking allows social media platforms to continue providing free and personalized services. Scholars and professionals have argued that data tracking can be harmful to individual privacy and can be used to change peoples’ behaviour without them being aware of this. This thesis focusses on how millennials deal with data tracking dilemmas in their social media use. As digital natives, millennials have grown up in a digital society, and therefor are often suggested to have a unique perspective on issues such as data tracking. This study is focused on why millennials use social media platforms, what dilemmas they identify regarding data tracking, how millennials act upon these dilemmas and how millennials reflect on their own behaviour compared to that of other generations. Based on 16 semi-structured interviews and 4 focus groups, this thesis relates the behaviour of Dutch millennials regarding data tracking and social media use to theories such as mediatization, platformization, the privacy paradox and media generations. This thesis finds that besides communication, entertainment and social engagement are also deeply shaped by mediatization and platformization. The participants identified three interrelated aspects of the privacy dilemma: the filter bubble, monetization and power. In acting upon these dilemmas, the behaviour of some participants confirms the notion of the privacy paradox. However, another group of participants indicated that they do not experience the dilemmas as such, and therefore do not act upon them. A last group of participants shared that they have found multiple ways in which to act upon the dilemmas they identify. This study thus concludes that the privacy paradox seems more nuanced than its conceptualization, because the participants find ways to deal with the dilemmas they identify.

Les nouvelles technologies et la mediatisation de l'espace public ont conduit a renouveler le genre de la lettre sous une forme audiovisuelle qui se presente comme un mode de communication adequat a l'expression du sujet comme acteur social. La lettre audiovisuelle, genre composite, est un processus de communication intersubjectif et interactif, a distance et en differe, qui permet au sujet de revendiquer une place a la fois individuelle et sociale. Rendue publique par les medias televisuels, elle s'affirme comme une nouvelle forme d'ecriture propre a developper une permeabilite entre sphere privee et sphere publique. Utilise par amnesty international dans une campagne de denonciation mediatisant "la souffrance a distance", dans une demarche d'engagement subjectif liant sentiment et argument, elle utilise les medias pour developper le lien social entre les sujets. Dans les pratiques scolaires collectives du reseau video correspondance, la lettrevieo peut etre consideree comme dispositif de formation du sujet a devenir acteur social, dans l'echange interculturel. En forgeant des liens entre institution scolaire, monde des medias et vie quotidienne, elle permet au sujet de se construire comme individu global et de lier monde prive et monde public, au sein d'une communaute d'interpretation restreinte. Limitee dans sa capacite a transformer la vie sociale, elle pose cependant la question des pouvoirs du sujet-acteur dans les espaces publics et les institutions. S'adressant, non a un public indefini mais a des sujets, ces lettres, en reconnaissant a ces derniers la capacite d'agir par ou avec les medias, manifestent neanmoins la possibilite d'un nouvel usage de la television et des medias
The letter as a genre has recently been renewed under the joint influences of modern technology and the mediatization of the public space : the letter's new form is audiovisual and it presents itself as an adequate means of communication for subjects expressing themselves as social actors. The audiovisual letter is a composite genre. As a process of communication, it is intersubjective and interactive, both physically distant and temporally deferred, which enables the subject to claim an individual as well as a social space. Made public by television, the audiovisual letter affirms its status as a new form of writing, allowing more exchange between the public and private spheres. In the case of amnesty international's campaigns, their use of the media to denounce torture and "suffering seen from a distance" makes people feel involved both emotionally and intellectually and reinforces social links between subjects. In schools, the collective practice of the "reseau video correspondance" uses the video letter as an approach to the forming of future social actors ready to take part in intercultural exchanges. By forging links between the institution of school, the world of the media and that of everyday life, video letters help individuals to develop a global perspective and to unite private and public worlds in a restricted community of interpretation. Though their capacity to transform social life is limited, video letters pose the question of the actual power held by the actor-subject in public space and institutions. Addressing individuals rather than an amorphous public, such letters acknowledge the possibility of individual action through or with the media, thus signalling new potential uses of television and the media

One of the defining features of contemporary zeitgeist is that we live in an era of mediatization – a metaprocess, through (and by) which all everyday relations increasingly depend on networked media technologies and online communication channels. Due to rapid developments in digital electronics, all these Internet- or mobile-enabled platforms, and devices, are prone to the processes of quantification and datafication, and as such, surveillance is a principal dimension that lies at the core of mediatization. Through five peer-reviewed academic articles and the cover text, this dissertation provides a multi-faceted analysis of the complex relationships – built by Azerbaijan’s and Turkey’s state intelligence, security and law enforcement agencies with a number of local, and global, private information, entertainment and telecommunications companies. The articles are focused on different cases: the complete dispersion of commercial social media based oppositional activists in Azerbaijan, and the arrests of Anonymous led hacktivists in Turkey, both happening in 2011; and, the mass mobilization of millions of Turkish citizens during the Gezi Park protests of 2013. The current compilation puts forth in-depth accounts and scrutiny of how various social movements (in general), and individual activists (in particular), are affected by an amalgamation of public, political; and, private, economic, surveillance practices and seeks to illuminate the abusive extents of this transformation – vis-à-vis the changing media and communication environment – by way of using mediatization as an analytical tool. Overall, this dissertation contributes a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between the increasingly mediatized natures of activism and surveillance in semi-authoritarian states. The conclusions have relevance and significance – in considering both similar country contexts and on a global scale – in the light of contemporary technological and political transformations.
One of the defining features of contemporary zeitgeist is that we live in an era of mediatization – a metaprocess, through (and by) which all everyday relations increasingly depend on networked media technologies and online communication channels – and surveillance is a principal dimension that lies at its core. Through five peer-reviewed academic articles and the cover text, this dissertation provides a multi-faceted analysis of the complex relationships built by Azerbaijan’s and Turkey’s state intelligence, security and law enforcement agencies with a number of local, and global, private information, entertainment and telecommunications companies. The current compilation puts forth in-depth accounts and scrutiny of how various social movements and individual activists are affected by an amalgamation of public, political; and, private, economic, surveillance practices and seeks to illuminate the abusive extents of this transformation by way of using mediatization as an analytical tool. Overall, this dissertation contributes a nuanced understanding of the complex interplay between the increasingly mediatized natures of activism and surveillance in semi-authoritarian states.

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The dialogue represents an essential condition for the complete realization of the Communication. In Paulo Freire we find a concept of dialogue which expresses itself, fundamentally, in two dimension: on one hand, in the confluence of subjectivities; on the other, in action. Dialogue would not be, therefore, a thinking for , but a thinking with . On the other hand, the media, here understood as synonym of technical media of information and expression is spread all over society as synonym of communication media. In this direction, this paper intends to check if the media allows the dialogue, in the heart of the Freirean concept of communication. We start from the premise that it is not possible to come to an answer if we continue to accept the theoretical approach which polarizes the process of communication between emitter and receptor. By using elements of the ethnomethodology such as the analysis of the conversation and the reflexivity, we dived in the school everyday life of educators and students of an elementary level public school in the city of Natal, capital of Rio Grande do Norte, in order to, through some experiences with the media, corroborate Paulo Freire's ideas, stating the mediation made by the world and seeking a bias for the use of the media to enable a more dialogic education
O di?logo figura como condi??o essencial para a plena efetiva??o da Comunica??o. Em Paulo Freire, encontramos uma concep??o de di?logo que se expressa, fundamentalmente, em duas dimens?es: por um lado, no encontro de subjetividades; por outro, na a??o. O di?logo n?o seria, portanto, um pensar para , mas, um pensar com . Por outro lado, a m?dia, aqui compreendida como sin?nimo de meios t?cnicos de informa??o e express?o est? difundida na sociedade como sin?nimo de meios de comunica??o. Nessa dire??o, este trabalho tenciona verificar se a m?dia possibilita o di?logo, no seio do conceito de comunica??o freirerano. Partimos do pressuposto de que n?o ? poss?vel chegar a uma resposta, se continuamos a aceitar a abordagem te?rica que polariza o processo da comunica??o entre emissor e receptor. Utilizandonos de elementos da etnometodologia como a an?lise da conversa??o e a reflexividade, mergulhamos no cotidiano escolar de educadores e educandos de uma escola p?blica de Ensino Fundamental na cidade do Natal, capital do Rio Grande do Norte, para, atrav?s de algumas experi?ncias com a m?dia, corroborar as ideias de Paulo Freire, afirmando a media??o feita pelo mundo e buscando um vi?s para utiliza??o da m?dia no sentido de proporcionar uma educa??o mais dial?gica

L'archeologie critique de la semiotique des images fait apparaitre que les trois questions sur laquelle cette semiotique bute (analogie, signification et sujet) renvoient au fait que les images sont inseparables du media qui les encadrent. Ce dernier correspond a des espaces sociaux et des structures mentales qui definissent des modalites socio-psychiques, historiquement specifiees, d'acces aux images (une economie symbolique). L'institutionnalisation des medfias au xviiie siecle definit une nouvelle forme d'economie symbolique. Deux processus de cette institutionnalisation sont plus particulierement etudies : la separation entre sphere de l'art et sphere de la communication, le role des images dans la construction de l'espace politique au moment de la revolution francaise. Au-dela de cette institutionnalisation, l'archeologie permet de retrouver les conditions de possibilites de cette nouvelle economie symbolique au xviie, en parallele a l'emerge de la theorie de la representation. Ce qui conduit a resituer la mediatisation de l'image dans l'ensemble de la fonction symbolique et a introduire le concept d'ostension pour designer le fonctionnement symbolique de l'image comme production rituelle et instrumentale de l'indice.

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The present searching has as objective accomplishing an analysis the way Brazil is retracted by the national press in a counterweight with the views received by the international publications, giving emphasizes to a mediatised diplomacy existent only as a refrain of the national press part, that presents the country as a midget claimant on the world stage. It is made an allowance the Brazilian acting in cases that reflect on these two spheres as news resource: Honduras politics crisis, the efforts made to help Haiti after the earthquake and the Iranian nuclear issue. Case that, in a certain way makes explicit the opposition between Brazil and The United States of America in the diplomatic area and become them public (or at least publishable) the new Brazilian attributions (or pretensions) on the rearrangement of the power in a global scale. The research advertises the following questionings: Why is Brazil presented on the international press (about certain celebration) in a different way that is certified on the national press (with a reiterated unworthiness)? And how far are these approaches tied to the image of the ex president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva? The epistemological theorist banks on theories that give sustentation to the journalistic utterance analysis under established restrictions by a communication agreement (Charaudeau), and the context this inserts - field where occurs an embattle between the plurilinguism and the momolinguism (Lazaratto), place of constant interference of the means, whose point of view tends to impose on the others in a disguised condition of the fourth power (Virilio, Trivinho).It is also appealed to the journalistic sociology (Neveu) in a way of demystifying the journalism as a democracy defender agent and consider the journalist power. The studied cases analysis still counts with an acting history of Itamaraty (its paradigms and interests), with a spotlight on the relations kept with the North-Americans. They are elected as corpus, publications from Folha de S. Paulo and from O Estado de S. Paulo, due to the newspaper range and representiveness, without; however ignoring other vehicles of publications in episodes that get visibility, because they will reinforce the necessary comparison. On the international coverage, they privilege news about this new Brazil (The Economist, Financial Times, Le Monde, El País, among others), as well as its resonance on the national coverage including then the aboveboard space for the president at that time
A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo realizar uma análise da forma como o Brasil é retratado na imprensa nacional, em contraponto com a visão recebida de recentes publicações internacionais, com ênfase em uma diplomacia mediatizada , existente apenas como refrão de parte da imprensa nacional, que apresenta o país como um postulante nanico no cenário mundial. Leva-se em conta a atuação brasileira em casos que repercutem nessas duas esferas como fonte de notícia: a crise política de Honduras, as movimentações das forças de ajuda pós-terremoto no Haiti e a questão nuclear iraniana. Casos que, de certa forma, explicitam a oposição entre Brasil e Estados Unidos no campo diplomático e tornam públicas (publicáveis, ao menos) as novas atribuições (ou pretensões) brasileiras no rearranjo do poder em escala planetária. A pesquisa lança os seguintes questionamentos: por que o Brasil é apresentado na imprensa internacional (sob certa celebração) de maneira diferente da que se constata em parte da imprensa nacional (com reiterado desmerecimento)? E até que ponto esses enfoques se vinculam à figura do ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva? O quadro teórico-epistemológico conta com teorias que dão sustentação à análise do discurso jornalístico, sob as restrições estabelecidas por um contrato de comunicação (Charaudeau), e do contexto em que este se insere arena em que ocorre um embate entre o plurilinguismo e o monolinguismo (Lazzarato), local de constante ingerência dos meios, cujo ponto de vista tende a se impor sobre os demais em uma disfarçável condição de quarto poder (Virilio, Trivinho). Recorre-se também à sociologia do jornalismo (Neveu) de forma a desmistificar o jornalismo como agente defensor da democracia e relativizar o poder dos jornalistas. A análise dos casos estudados conta ainda com um histórico da atuação do Itamaraty (seus paradigmas e interesses), com destaque para as relações mantidas com os norte-americanos. Elegem-se, como corpus, publicações do jornal Folha de S. Paulo e de O Estado de S. Paulo, devido à abrangência e representatividade dos periódicos, sem, contudo, ignorar publicações de outros veículos em episódios que ganhem visibilidade, pois reforçarão o cotejo necessário. Na cobertura internacional, privilegiam-se notícias sobre esse novo Brasil (The Economist, Financial Times, Le Monde, El País, entre outros), bem como sua reverberação na cobertura nacional incluindo-se aí o espaço aberto ao então presidente brasileiro

The work of an engineer is closely intertwined with safety. An engineer’s perception of the “safety” task is traditionally inherent in his or her design. However, in the technical world most machines and systems designed by engineers contain a human element, which engineers have to consider in their work. In the oil and gas upstream industry – especially drilling, production and workover operations – petroleum engineers (including drilling and production engineers) are responsible not only for design but also for operational and organizational aspects. The human factor becomes more important in complex offshore operations. Incorporating safety into a sys-tem design requires identifying, analyzing and evaluating risks and ensuring that any not accounted for are taken into consideration. This process requires communication among everyone involved in the process. Analysis of accidents in the oil and gas industry shows that often a lack of that communication led to incident triggering events. In this thesis, the author proposes a novel communication model that improves this exchange of information and supposedly makes the process of risk assessment more effective. In addition, the new model also incorporates factors such as emotions, feelings, needs and imagination into the risk assessment process. This broadens the information base for the risk identification and analysis and creates an atmosphere of psychological ownership for the stakeholders in the process, which leads to a perceived safety climate in the organization where the new model is applied. The innovative communication or consultation model, as it is also referred to in risk assessments, is based on a structured process used in conflict resolution called mediation. Mediation is an alternative conflict resolution process that is centered on mutual under-standing and listening to each other’s needs. The process is composed of elements that characterize it. These elements of mediation are used to assess other communication processes and to develop new communication models. The application of the elements of mediation and the safety-mediation consultation into the risk assessment process enables this process to be enhanced with human factors such as emotions, feelings, intuition and imagination. The inclusion of all stakeholders creates psychological ownership, improves communication, enables organizational learning and expands the knowledge base for risk analysis. The applicability of the safety-mediation consultation process for a human factor-based risk assessment is presented and tested using illustrative examples and field cases from the international oil and gas industry. Possible concerns and limitations are also discussed. This thesis shows that mediation and elements of the mediation process can be applied to improve communication in the international oil and gas industry. This is facilitated by educated safety mediators, who help the petroleum engineer and operational crew on a drilling rig to achieve a better understanding by ensuring that they hear and fully register each other’s needs.

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In the present dissertation, we discuss about mediatisation of Catholic Church. The main objective is to analyze how the affectation of catholic communicational and mediatic logics occurs in the mediatized practices at Canção Nova. Considering that the mediatic phenomenon presents itself as a source of social practices, because it reorganizes the form of actuation on the Church in the mediatised society, we understand that there is an affectation process between the communicational logic of the mediatic camp, here understood as the ambience logic, and the catholic communicational logic, understood as the information transmission logic. The empiric objective of this study is the cancaonova.com portal, belonging to the Canção Nova, a catholic community focused in evangelization trough communication medias. The specific objectives consist in mapping the occurrence and operation of catholic practices in the cancaonova.com portal and identify the presence of affectation of the catholic and mediatic communicational logics in the mediatised practices of Canção Nova at the portal. The study is characterized as a qualitative research with exploratory and interpretative character, using the study of case. The research is organized in two steps. The first one, methodological, is regarded to the exploration and analysis of changes in the catholic practices of formation, liturgy and pray at the portal. The second one is related to the identification and study of affectation of the communicational logics present at the portal. The dissertation is build in three chapters. The first explores the comprehension of the mediatic and religious camps and their imbrications regarded to the mediatic acting of Catholic Church. The second reflects about the mediatisation of the society and about the communicational logics involved in the new possibilities arising from the technological development. The last chapter treats about the empirical research, pointing up the changes encountered in the catholic practices present at the portal. We also aimed to identify the catholic and mediatic communicational logics, as well as their affectations. The analysis indicates the existence of the outspreading logic, resulting from the affectation between the transmission and ambience logics. The mediatisation of the Church changes the religiosity present in the internet if compared to the one historically known, setting a neodevotional mediatic. In the outspreading logic, that new religiosity encountered at cancaonova.com deploys itself and is experimented as information, sell and bond. Finally, we understand that the affectation process of the logics happens in the neodevotional experimented at the internet. On the other hand, the coexistence of the logics happens in the mediatised practices that build the portal and in the practices that are possible through it.
Na presente dissertação, ocupamo-nos da temática da midiatização da Igreja Católica. O objetivo geral é analisar como se dá a afetação das lógicas comunicacionais católicas e midiáticas nas práticas midiatizadas da Canção Nova. Ao considerar que o fenômeno midiático mostra-se como uma matriz de práticas sociais, pelo fato de reorganizar a forma de atuação da Igreja na sociedade midiatizada, entendemos haver um processo de afetação entre a lógica comunicacional do campo midiático, tomada aqui como lógica da ambiência, e a lógica comunicacional católica, entendida como lógica da transmissão da informação. O objeto empírico deste estudo é o portal cancaonova.com pertencente à Canção Nova, uma comunidade católica que tem como proposta a evangelização através dos meios de comunicação. Os objetivos específicos consistem em mapear a ocorrência e o funcionamento das práticas católicas no portal ancaonova.com e identificar a presença de afetação das lógicas comunicacionais católica e midiática nas práticas midiatizadas na Canção Nova no portal. O estudo configura-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório e interpretativo que utiliza o estudo de caso. A pesquisa está organizada em duas etapas. A primeira etapa, metodológica, diz respeito à exploração e a análise das modificações das práticas católicas da formação, liturgia e oração no portal. A segunda etapa corresponde à identificação e ao estudo da afetação das lógicas comunicacionais presentes no portal. A dissertação divide-se em três capítulos. O primeiro se dedica ao entendimento do campo midiático e religioso e de seus imbricamentos no que tange à atuação midiática da Igreja Católica. O segundo reflete sobre a midiatização da sociedade e as lógicas comunicacionais envolvidas nas novas possibilidades advindas do desenvolvimento tecnológico. O último capítulo trata da pesquisa empírica e evidencia as modificações encontradas nas práticas católicas presentes no portal, além de se ocupar da identificação das lógicas comunicacionais católica e midiática e de suas afetações. A análise aponta, ainda, para a existência da lógica do desdobramento, resultado da afetação entre as lógicas da transmissão e da ambiência. A midiatização da Igreja faz com que o religioso presente na internet não seja mais o mesmo religioso historicamente conhecido, configurando-se como um neodevocional midiático. Na lógica do desdobramento, esse novo religioso encontrado no portal cancaonova.com se desdobra e é experimentado como informação, venda e vínculo. Por fim, compreendemos que o processo de afetação entre as duas lógicas estudadas não se dá sempre da mesma forma. O processo de afetação das lógicas acontece no neodevocional experimentado na internet. Já a coexistência das lógicas, dá-se nas práticas midiatizadas que constroem o portal e nas práticas possíveis a partir dele.

La cyberintimidation désigne toute situation où un individu ou un groupe recourt à une technologie numérique et/ou un média social, dans le but de nuire à un tiers. Au Québec, 22 % des adolescents sont victimes d’actes de cyberintimidation chaque année. Les effets les plus importants de ces actes sont notamment l’anxiété sociale, la baisse des résultats scolaires, la dépression sévère et l’apparition d’idées suicidaires. Cette thèse s’intéresse aux actions mises en œuvre par des vidéastes amateurs et par des adolescents pour lutter contre la cyberintimidation, à l’aide de la vidéo numérique et YouTube. La recherche s’appuie sur la théorie de la rationalité cognitive, qui propose d’expliquer l’existence des phénomènes sociaux en s’intéressant aux raisons pour lesquelles les individus agissent dans un contexte donné. Elle recourt aussi aux concepts de médiation et de médiatisation, dans le but de distinguer l’acte relationnel de communication de l’acte de mise en média de l’information. Dans le cadre de la recherche présentée, 59 vidéos amateures ont été archivées, trois entrevues avec des vidéastes ont été réalisées et 14 groupes de discussion avec 75 adolescents ont été menés. Ces trois ensembles de données ont fait l’objet d’une analyse catégorielle de contenu, qui a permis d’identifier les idées dominantes et les modes de représentation privilégiés dans les vidéos et dans les discours des participants. Les résultats présentés montrent que les vidéos amateures pressent le public à agir contre la cyberintimidation, mais qu’elles proposent peu de pistes de solution concrètes. Afin de convaincre le public à agir, les vidéos révèlent des taux de victimisation élevés, s’opposent à l’idée selon laquelle la cyberintimidation serait moins grave que l’intimidation traditionnelle, et affirment que ce phénomène peut conduire au suicide. Les vidéos mettent de l’avant une image des victimes qui peut paraître stéréotypée à première vue, mais qui correspond aux résultats des recherches sur la cyberintimidation. Cette recherche montre aussi que les vidéastes amateurs sont plus motivés par l’acquisition d’un capital de reconnaissance et par le développement d’habiletés en production vidéo que par le désir d’aider autrui en rapport avec la cyberintimidation. Les résultats montrent également que l’idée de produire des mises en scène caricaturales pour la cyberintimidation est rejetée par les adolescents, qui valorisent plutôt le réalisme et l’authenticité. Ils révèlent aussi que les adolescents sont peu réceptifs à l’idée de recourir à l’humour ou à la violence pour convaincre un public, et qu’ils s’opposent à l’idée de produire une vidéo dont les contenus sont générés par ordinateur ou dénués de toute présence humaine. La principale contribution de cette recherche à l’avancement des connaissances sur les jeunes et les médias est une meilleure compréhension des défis qu’ils rencontrent quand ils produisent une vidéo de nature socioéducative. Des programmes d’éducation aux médias ciblant les adolescents pourraient aborder avec eux les principes d’une telle communication, notamment le choix des contenus, le public visé et le mode de diffusion.
Cyberbullying refers to any situation where an individual or a group uses digital technology and/or social media in order to harm a third party. In Quebec, 22% of teenagers are victims of cyberbullying each year. The major effects of these acts include social anxiety, lower grades, severe depression and the emergence of suicidal ideation. This thesis focuses on the actions favored by amateur videographers and adolescents to fight against cyberbullying, using digital video and YouTube. The research is inspired by the theory of cognitive rationality, which suggests that social phenomena may be explained by the reasons why individuals act in a given context. It also uses the concepts of mediation and mediatization in order to distinguish the relational act of communication and the act of formatting information. In this study, 59 amateur videos have been archived, three interviews with video producers have been conducted and 14 focus groups with 75 teenagers were lead. These three data sets have been subjected to a categorical content analysis, which identified the dominant ideas and the preferred modes of representation in the videos and in the discourses of participants. The results presented show that amateur videos urge the public to act against cyberbullying, but that they offer few concrete solutions. To convince the public to take action, the videos show high rates of victimization, take position against the idea that cyberbullying is less serious than traditional bullying, and argue that this phenomenon can lead to suicide. The videos present a picture of the victims that may seem stereotypical at first glance, but which corresponds to the results of research on cyberbullying. This study also shows that video producers are more motivated by the acquisition of a capital of recognition and by the development of skills in video production than by the desire to help those affected by cyberbullying. The results also show that the idea of ​​producing unrealistic dramatizations to describe cyberbullying is rejected by teenagers, who value instead realism and authenticity. They also reveal that teenagers are not receptive to the idea of ​​using humor or violence to convince an audience, and that they are opposed to the idea of ​​producing a video whose contents are computer-generated or in which there is no human presence. The main contribution of this research to the advancement of knowledge on youth and media is a better understanding of the challenges faced by teenagers when they produce a socioeducational video. Media education programs targeting teenagers could discuss with them the principles of such communication, especially regarding the choice of contents, the intended audience and the preferred mode of diffusion.

Celem niniejszej rozprawy doktorskiej jest scharakteryzowanie szczególnego rodzaju aktu mowy, jaki zachodzi w interakcji człowiek-sztuczna inteligencja oraz przedstawienie aspektów mogących negatywnie wpłynąć na jego skuteczność. Dysertacja stanowi zintegrowaną refleksję z zakresu językoznawstwa pragmatycznego, lingwistyki mediów oraz lingwistyki komputerowej. Praca rozpoczyna się dyskusją na temat najważniejszych aspektów teorii aktów mowy oraz ich krytyki. Następnie omawiana jest dialogiczna koncepcja języka Michaiła Bachtina oraz najważniejsze dokonania w ramach funkcjonalnych spojrzeń na użycie języka. Dzięki temu udaje się zdefiniować podstawowe warunki skuteczności aktu mowy. Możemy do nich zaliczyć na przykład: istnienie akceptowalnej przez ogół konwencjonalnej formuły, która niesie ze sobą określony efekt, znajomość szerszego kontekstu, przestrzeganie reguły kooperacji i towarzyszących jej maksym, wystarczająca wiedza o świecie, poprawność gramatyczna, zachowanie reguł grzeczności. Kolejny krok to próba zdefiniowania pojęcia komunikacji i jej szczególnego rodzaju, a mianowicie komunikacji zmediatyzowanej. Dokonanie tejże charakterystyki pozwoliło na zidentyfikowanie czy w ramach tego rodzaju komunikacji istnieją jeszcze inne aspekty, które mogą negatywnie wpłynąć na skuteczność aktu mowy. Analiza wykazała, że język komunikacji zmediatyzowanej nie jest tylko prostym odbiciem codziennej komunikacji face-to-face. Między tymi dwiema formami komunikacji zachodzi wzajemnie warunkująca się relacja. Komunikację zmediatyzowaną cechuje większa różnorodność społeczna jej użytkowników niż w przypadku komunikacji tradycyjnej. Możemy tu mówić także o bardzo dużej anonimowości użytkowników. W tej formie komunikacji nie ma również ograniczeń czasowych ani terytorialnych. Komunikacja zmediatyzowana niesie za sobą przez to również pewne wyzwania, które wynikają głównie z ograniczonego w dużej mierze postrzegania zmysłowego. W celu zwiększenia skuteczności aktów mowy w ramach tego rodzaju komunikacji wykształciły się pewne strategie kompensacyjne, które powstały w celu zastąpienia komunikatów niewerbalnych i parawerbalnych. Należą do nich: stosowanie skrótów, emotikon i emoji; pisemne zapisywanie reakcji niewerbalnych; stosowanie wersalików oraz zapisu fonetycznego; zwielokrotnienie liter oraz znaków interpunkcyjnych; pomijanie znaków diakrytycznych; redukcja znaków pisma do małych liter. Jak wykaże późniejsza analiza strategie te usprawniają komunikację międzyludzką, stanowią jednak dużą barierę dla sztucznej inteligencji. Następnie należało odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czym charakteryzuje się szczególny akt mowy, jaki ma miejsce w interakcji człowiek-sztuczna inteligencja. W tym celu przedstawiono najważniejsze zagadnienia z zakresu przetwarzania języka naturalnego. Sztuczną inteligencję należy definiować w kontekście tej pracy jako zdolność systemu (na przykład programu komputerowego) do prawidłowego interpretowania danych pochodzących z zewnętrznych źródeł, do nauki na ich podstawie oraz do wykorzystywania tej wiedzy, aby wykonywać określone zadania w sposób zbliżony do człowieka, a także osiągać cele poprzez elastyczne dostosowanie się do panujących warunków. Ustalenia dokonane na tej podstawie pokazały natomiast, że narzędzia wykorzystywane do tworzenia sztucznej inteligencji bazują, podobnie jak ludzki umysł, na wielu poziomach analizy języka naturalnego. Przy tworzeniu różnego rodzaju aplikacji, takich jak na przykład systemy dialogowe, brane są pod uwagę zarówno aspekty fonologiczne, morfologiczne, leksykalne i składniowe, a także semantyczne, pragmatyczne oraz te z poziomu analizy dyskursu. Najlepsze wyniki dają zaś aplikacje, które łączą ze sobą wyniki analizy kilku poziomów i są oparte na rozwiązaniach hybrydowych bazujących zarówno na metodach symbolicznych jak i statystycznych. Mając na uwadze podbudowę teoretyczną z wyżej wymienionych zakresów, przystąpiono do przeprowadzenia eksperymentu. W ramach eksperymentu stworzono najpierw kategoryzację 1259 SMS-ów w ramach 19 najpopularniejszych typów aktów mowy, które udało się wyróżnić na podstawie lingwistycznej analizy. Analiza ta przebiegała w następujący sposób. Najpierw wypowiedzi wykazujące takie same lub zbliżone cechy były łączone w grupy. Rekonstruując intencje nadawców wypowiedzi brane było pod uwagę głównie znaczenie poszczególnych słów, a następnie całych wypowiedzi. Gdy taka analiza nie dawała satysfakcjonujących efektów (bo na przykład wypowiedź wydawała wieloznaczna), brany był pod uwagę szerszy kontekst (rzeczywisty lub potencjalny). Kolejny krok to stworzenie systemu reguł, na podstawie których model przypisywał wypowiedziom określone intencje, a następnie udzielał krótkiej odpowiedzi. Na koniec wyniki modelu zostały porównane z kategoryzacją stworzoną na podstawie lingwistycznej analizy korpusu. Dzięki temu możliwe stało się udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie o kompetencje językową sztucznej inteligencji. Okazało się, że sztuczna inteligencja nie ma zazwyczaj problemu z analizą semantyki i składni danego języka. Jest ona w stanie w większości przypadków bez trudu, korzystając z reguł bazujących na skonwencjonalizowanych frazach typowych dla danego aktu mowy, przypisać wypowiedzi określoną intencję, jeśli tylko ta wynika z konwencjonalnego znaczenia użytych słów. Problemów przysparza jej jednak analiza wypowiedzi, które mogą zostać użyte z wieloma różnymi intencjami oraz wypowiedzi, których znaczenie nie wynika bezpośrednio z konwencjonalnego znaczenia poszczególnych słów, a więc analiza pragmatyczna. Powodem tego jest zazwyczaj brak dostępu do określonej wiedzy o świecie, który umożliwiłby osadzenie takiej wypowiedzi w szerszym kontekście, co często też utrudnia poprawną interpretację intencji człowiekowi. Czynnikiem, który z kolei może utrudnić sztucznej inteligencji w większym stopniu niż człowiekowi analizę semantyki i składni to nieprzestrzeganie przez użytkowników zasad poprawności gramatycznej i ortograficznej, czyli na przykład pomijanie znaków diakrytycznych czy znaków interpunkcyjnych oraz popełnianie literówek lub błędów ortograficznych w wypowiedziach. O ile sztuczna inteligencja potrafi w wielu przypadkach uzyskać zbliżone wyniki w rozpoznawaniu intencji do człowieka, to jednak jej możliwości dotyczące generowania odpowiedzi są o wiele bardziej ograniczone. Podsumowując powyższe, można zatem mówić jedynie o niepełnej kompetencji językowej sztucznej inteligencji. Dzięki wskazaniu cech charakterystycznych dla tego szczególnego rodzaju aktu mowy, jaki zachodzi w interakcji człowiek-sztuczna inteligencja, możliwe było również sformułowanie wniosków oraz postulatów na przyszłość. Wśród nich należy na pewno wymienić: konieczność bliskiej współpracy w procesie rozwoju sztucznej inteligencji językoznawców oraz programistów, konieczność analizy szerszego kontekstu przez sztuczną inteligencję czy łączenie analizy różnych sygnałów (nie tylko tekstu, a też audio i wideo), aby do analizy włączyć też komunikaty niewerbalne i parawerbalne. W pracy zweryfikowane zostało również, że założenia pragmatyki (między innymi badanie języka w użyciu) są pomocne do analizy komunikacji zmediatyzowanej. Dzięki temu położony został nacisk na kwestię warunków koniecznych do tego, aby dany akt mowy mógł być skuteczny, a nie tylko na analizę formalnych aspektów tego typu komunikacji, takich jak składnia czy leksyka.
The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to characterize the specific type of speech act that occurs in the human-artificial intelligence interaction and to present the aspects that may adversely affect its effectiveness. The dissertation is an integrated reflection in the field of pragmatic linguistics, media linguistics and computational linguistics. The work begins with a discussion on the most important aspects of the speech act theory and their criticism. Then Mikhail Bakhtin's dialogical concept of language, as well as the most important achievements of the functional views on the use of language, are discussed. Thanks to this, it is possible to define the basic conditions for the effectiveness of the speech act. The most important of them are: the existence of a generally accepted conventional formula that has a specific effect, knowledge of the broader context, compliance with the cooperation rule and the accompanying maxims, sufficient knowledge about the world, grammatical correctness, following the rules of politeness. The next step is to try to define the concept of communication and its special type, namely mediatized communication. The results of this characterization make it possible to identify whether there are other aspects within this type of communication that may adversely affect the effectiveness of the speech act. The analysis showed that the language of mediatized communication is not merely a simple reflection of everyday face-to-face communication. There is a mutually conditioning relationship between these two forms of communication. Mediatized communication is characterized by greater social diversity of its users than in the case of traditional communication. We can also speak of very high user anonymity. Moreover there are no time or territorial restrictions in this form of communication. Mediatized communication also brings with it certain challenges, which result mainly from the largely limited sensory perception. In order to increase the effectiveness of speech acts, this type of communication has developed some compensatory strategies that have been created to replace non-verbal and paraverbal messages. These include: the use of shortcuts, emoticons and emojis; writing down non-verbal reactions; the use of caps and phonetic notation; multiplication of letters and punctuation marks; omitting diacritical marks; reduction to lowercase. As the subsequent analysis shows, these strategies improve interpersonal communication, but they are a large barrier for artificial intelligence. Next, it was necessary to answer the question: what characterizes the special speech act that takes place in human-artificial intelligence interaction. For this purpose, the most important issues regarding natural language processing are presented. Artificial intelligence should be defined in the context of this work as the ability of a system (for example a computer program) to correctly interpret data from external sources, to learn from them and to use this knowledge to perform certain tasks in a human-like manner, and to achieve goals by flexible adaptation to the prevailing conditions. However, the findings made on this basis showed that artificial intelligence — similar to the human mind — is based on many levels of natural language analysis. During the creation of various application types, such as dialogue systems, phonological, morphological, lexical and syntactic aspects as well as semantic, pragmatic and discourse analysis are taken into account. The best results are achieved by applications that combine the results of the analysis of several levels and are based on hybrid solutions (symbolic and statistical methods). Taking into account the theoretical foundation of the above-mentioned fields, the experiment was started. As part of the experiment, 1,259 text messages were categorized into 19 most popular types of speech acts, which were distinguished on the basis of linguistic analysis. This analysis was as follows. First, utterances showing the same or similar features were grouped. During the reconstruction of the intentions, the meaning of the words and the meaning of the whole utterances were taken into account. When such analysis did not give satisfactory results (for example because of the ambiguity of the utterance), the wider context (real or potential) was taken into consideration. The next step was to create a system of rules on the basis of which the model assigned specific intentions to utterances and then gave a short answer. Finally, the model's results were compared with the categorization derived from the linguistic corpus analysis. Thanks to this, it became possible to answer the question about the linguistic competence of artificial intelligence. It turned out that artificial intelligence usually has no problem with the analysis of semantics and syntax. It is able, in most cases without difficulty, using rules based on conventionalized phrases typical for the given speech act, to assign an utterance to a specific intention only if it results from the conventional meaning of the used words. However, it has problems with the analysis of utterances that can be used with many different intentions, and utterances whose meaning does not directly arise from the conventional meaning of the words, i.e. with pragmatic analysis. The reason for this is usually the lack of access to specific knowledge about the world, which would make it possible to place an utterance in a wider context, which often also makes it challenging for the human to correctly interpret the intentions. A factor that may make it more difficult for artificial intelligence than humans to analyze semantics and syntax is the lack of grammatical and spelling correctness, i.e. omitting diacritics or punctuation marks and making graphical errors or spelling mistakes in such utterances. While artificial intelligence can in many cases obtain similar results to humans in recognizing intentions, its ability to generate responses is much more limited. Summarizing, we can only speak about limited linguistic competence of artificial intelligence. Thanks to the identification of the characteristics of this special speech act type which takes place in the human-artificial intelligence interaction, it was also possible to formulate conclusions and postulates for the future. These include: the need for close cooperation between linguists and programmers in the process of developing artificial intelligence, the need for artificial intelligence to analyze a broader context, or the need for combining the analysis of various signals (not only the text, but also audio and video signals) in order to include non- verbal and paraverbal messages in the analysis. The study also confirms that the assumptions of pragmatics (including the study of language in use) are helpful in the analysis of mediatized communication. Thanks to this, emphasis is placed not only on the analysis of formal aspects of this communication type, such as syntax or lexis, but also on the conditions necessary for the effectiveness of the speech act.

A nossa investigação tem como corpus de análise o relacionamento entre as Marchas Populares de Lisboa e os media, designadamente os media sociais – Facebook, em particular -, assim como os smartphones e tablets. As Marchas são grupos folclóricos que representam os modos de vida inseridos nos respectivos bairros da capital portuguesa. Ao longo do tempo, elas foram mediatizadas pelos media tradicionais. Atualmente, com a presença e interação com as redes sociais online, smartphones e tablets em suas práticas sociais e comunicacionais diárias, esses grupos podem ter a oportunidade de produzir e introduzir a sua mediatização em sua própria perspectiva. Pensamos que esta relação com os media pode promover uma «configuração comunicativa» (Hepp, 2014), na qual não apenas os media tradicionais como também os marchantes podem construir socialmente um mundo mediatizado. Desse modo, consideramos que essa configuração é um complemento ao mundo mediatizado criado pelos media tradicionais, e que ambos podem coexistir. De acordo com Hepp (2014), «mundos mediatizados» são pequenos mundos sociais nos quais as «configurações comunicativas» são construídas, tendo como referência o relacionamento com os media. Esse termo também é um caminho empírico de estudar os processos de mediatização. Por isso, o foco desta pesquisa é considerar: como interagem essas comunidades de Lisboa com esses media, criando socialmente um mundo mediatizado? Quais as características deste mundo mediatizado pelos próprios marchantes? Relativamente à primeira interrogação, o objetivo é observar como os marchantes gerenciam aqueles media em suas práticas. Com a segunda, queremos compreender como essa relação pode introduzir novas dinâmicas sociais e culturais em suas atividades atuais enquanto comunidades. A metodologia utilizada para responder a essas questões tem como base três técnicas: observação; fotografia; e entrevista. Escolhemos essas técnicas considerando que o mundo mediatizado em análise é resultante de uma interação bilocal. Isto é, o relacionamento entre as comunidades das Marchas e os media em questão é tanto «físico» como «digital». Assim sendo, a nossa observação é tanto presencial, nas sedes das agremiações, como virtual, seguindo suas páginas no Facebook. Realizámos fotografias durante as suas atividades privadas e públicas, e recolhemos publicações, sempre com as necessárias permissões. Assim, registámos a presença dos media e as interações e dinâmicas sociais e culturais que advêm desse processo. Além disso, tendo como apoio o material dessas duas técnicas, entrevistámos presencialmente os grupos e os seus gestores das Marchas. Com o objetivo de compreender a relação entre essas comunidades de Lisboa e os media em nosso estudo, queremos promover uma reflexão, nos estudos da mediatização, sobre as esferas da cultura nas perspectivas dos Media e da Cultura Popular. Palavras-chave: Mediatização; Mundos mediatizados; Configuração comunicativa; Marchas Populares de Lisboa.
Our investigation centers on the relationship between Lisbon´s Popular Marches and the media, namely with regard to social media - Facebook, in particular -, as well as smartphones and tablets. The Marches are folklore groups that represent the way of life within the neighborhoods of the Portuguese capital. Across time, they have been mediatized by the traditional media. Nowadays, given the presence of and interaction with online social networks, smartphones and tablets in their everyday social and communicational practices, these groups have the opportunity to produce and introduce the mediatization of their own perspective about themselves. We think that this relationship with the media can put forward a «communicative figuration» (Hepp, 2014), in which not only the traditional media but also the marchers are able to build a socially mediatized world. In that way, we consider this figuration to be a complement to the mediatized world created by the traditional media, and that they can both coexist. According to Hepp (2014), «mediatized worlds» are small social worlds on which «communicative figurations» are built, having as reference the relationship with the media. This term is also an empirical path for studying the processes of mediatization. Therefore, the focus of this research is to reflect upon the following: how do these Lisbon communities interact with these media, socially creating a mediatized world? What are the characteristics of this world mediatized by the marchers themselves? Regarding the first question, the goal is to observe how the marchers manage those media in their practices. As for the second one, we aim to understand how this relationship introduces new social and cultural dynamics into their current activities as a community. The methodology undertaken to address these questions is rooted on three techniques: observation; photography; and interview. We chose these techniques taking into account that the mediatized world under analysis results from a bilocational interaction. I.e., the relationship between the Marches communities and the media is both «physical» and «digital». As such, our observation is as much presential, inside the collectivities´ headquarters, as it is virtual, by following their Facebook pages. We took photographs during their public and private activities, and collected their posts on Facebook, always with granted permissions, in order to register the presence of the media as well as the interactions and social and cultural dynamics that stem from such process. Moreover, relying on the support provided by the data gathered through these two techniques, we finally interviewed the group members in person. So as to understand the relationship between these Lisbon communities and the media in our study, we intend to promote a reflection, within mediatization studies, on the spheres of culture under the umbrella of Media and Folk Culture.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Comunição
O projeto que aqui apresentamos parte do desenvolvimento de um protótipo de uma solução multimédia que tem por objetivo criar um novo modelo de comunicação para ser utilizado nos museus de arte. Como benefícios da utilização do modelo que aqui apresentamos surge o impacto gerado na construção das aprendizagens significativas relativamente à leitura e na consolidação do conhecimento sobre a obra de arte. Este processo de aproximação e ligação com as obras permite um maior envolvimento dos públicos e sugere o desenvolvimento de experiências individuais e/ou de experiências colaborativas que podem ser continuadas no tempo e no espaço virtual, nomeadamente, no Facebook. Desta forma, espera-se constituir com este modelo uma espécie de laboratório criativo, onde as pessoas podem adotar uma postura crítica, criativa e sobretudo experimental. É no domínio da ação que esperamos que o público dantes encarado como mero espectador possa viver no museu uma experiência significativa, em que ele próprio pode realizar as suas obras e posteriormente partilhar na rede. A aplicação permite a apropriação da obra e encontra-se configurada de acordo com a lógica da assemblagem e da colagem tão conhecida e explorada pelas comunidades ligadas às artes visuais, às artes plásticas, à fotografia, aos novos media e até à literatura. Para o desenvolvimento deste projeto selecionamos a obra do pintor Hieronymus Bosch. A componente narrativa da obra deste pintor inspira a criação de enredos e histórias que se perdem e se cruzam nos diferentes cenários. A atualidade do imaginário fantástico que povoa a sua obra é por si só elemento de ligação/conexão com os indivíduos dos nossos dias e por isso recuperado para a realização dos primeiros ensaios deste protótipo que é desenvolvido recorrendo à linguagem Processing. Na aplicação os sujeitos podem interagir com a obra, manipulando-a e transformando-a numa outra, a partir da elaboração de composições individuais ou colaborativas. Por fim, o objeto criado, pode ser difundido nas redes sociais e ampliar o quadro discursivo e de construção de conhecimento em torno da obra original assim como da nova imagem.
The project here presented starts from the development of a multimedia solution prototype that aims to create a new communication model to be used in art museums. As benefits of using the model here presented comes the impact generated by the construction of significant learning relative to reading and the consolidation of knowledge about the artwork. This process of getting closer and connecting with the artwork allows for a greater involvement of the public and suggests the development of individual experiences and/or of collaborative experiences that can be continued in time and virtual space, namely on Facebook. In this manner, from this model it is hoped to be the making of a kind of creative lab, where people can adopt a critical, creative and above all an experimental stance. It is in the domain of action that we hope the public that, before seen as mere spectator, might live in the museum a remaining experience. The application allows appropriating the artwork and is configured according to an assemblage and collage logic so well-known and explored by communities linked to the visual arts, arts, photography, new media and even literature. For the development of this project we selected the work of painter Hieronymus Bosch. The narrative component of the work of this painter inspires the creation of plots and stories that get lost and cross paths in different scenarios. The modernity of the fantastic imaginary that pervades his work is by itself an element of bonding/connection with individuals of our time and that is why it is used for the first trials of this prototype that is developed using the Processing language. In the application, the subjects may interact with the work, manipulating and transforming it in something else, starting from individual or collaborative compositions. Finally, the object created may be shared in social networks and increase the discursive framework and knowledge building around the original work as well as of the new image.

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da Educação na especialidade de Didáctica do Português apresentada à Universidade Aberta
A. A pertinência desta investigação decorre da emergência de novas literacias, num tempo de informação e de comunicação. A investigação concretiza-se na concepção, implementação e análise de uma componente de Educação para a Televisão, no curriculum da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa, cuja finalidade primeira é o desenvolvimento da competência comunicativa. O estudo analisa processos de compreensão das representações da realidade, simulada ou ficcionada, em histórias teledifundidas; foram observados alunos do 2° Ciclo do Ensino Básico, no contexto das aulas da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa. O programa de investigação designou-se Compreender as histórias da televisão. B. Procurando consolidar esta opção, o enquadramento teórico desenvolvido analisa as seguintes temáticas: 1. Princípios, fundamentos e implicações da Educação para os Media; apresenta-se um esboço de situação na Europa e no mundo. Faz-se referência, também, a experiências em escolas portuguesas, sobre a utilização de programas de televisão nas práticas pedagógicas. Esta fase culminou com a análise do programa da disciplina de Língua Portuguesa, evidenciando o que, à competência comunicativa e aos Media, diz respeito. 2. Principais características de textos teledifundidos e sua recepção. Detivemo-nos no conceito de representação pela sua centralidade na Educação para os Media e para a Televisão, em particular, e porque o programa de investigação implementado nisso se baseia. O quadro teórico de referência completou-se com um balanço crítico da literatura sobre a relação das crianças com a televisão. A realização inicial de um estudo exploratório, a contexto e público, com professores e com alunos permitiu uma melhor adequação da investigação que desenvolvemos. Porque as histórias da televisão, da preferência destes alunos, se concretizam, sobretudo, em desenhos animados e em séries sobre quotidianos, escolhemo-los por acreditarmos que esta motivação potenciaria a compreensão daquele tipo de narrativas. A implementação do programa de investigação consubstanciou-se na realização de um estudo de campo de orientação qualitativa, que privilegiou, não só diferentes tipos de observação participante, como entrevistas. O trabalho dentro da sala de aula foi realizado em grupo, para propiciar uma situação mais natural e habitual de diálogo sobre a televisão e para viabilizar a negociação e a construção conjunta de significações. Utilizámos procedimentos de análise de conteúdo e construímos, a priori, um plano de categorias que fomos alargando e reformulando, de acordo com as características dos dados em análise. Este procedimento permitiu-nos reduzir e quantificar as apreciações sobre as representações da realidade, no sentido de compreendermos as respectivas tendências. Ao mesmo tempo, e procurando outras interpretações, recontextualizámos as apreciações feitas pelas crianças, no sentido de apreender processos de construção e de negociação da significação. C. Deste estudo emergem, como essenciais, as seguintes conclusões: As mudanças significativas no final do desenvolvimento do programa de investigação, Compreender as histórias da televisão, pautaram-se, sobretudo, pela diversificação e complexidade crescentes nos critérios utilizados pelos grupos nas modalidades que realizaram. O estudo demonstra também que, se estes aspectos da representação da realidade nas histórias teledifundidas forem abordados pela escola, nomeadamente em Língua Portuguesa, as diferenças observadas, inicialmente, nos grupos, tendem a atenuar-se, como se constatou pelas evoluções visíveis em todos os grupos considerados. O estudo permitiu salientar a relação directa entre as formas da organização social do trabalho e a construção dialogada das significações, com repercussões directas na compreensão conseguida e na consecução final das tarefas. Os alunos despertaram para as questões da representação da realidade nas histórias teledifundidas a partir da implementação deste programa de investigação. O desenvolvimento de capacidades várias e o alargamento de atitudes que propiciou aponta, inequivocamente, para a necessidade deste tipo de actividades na aula de Português.
A. The relevance of this research results from the emergence of new forms of literacy, in an era of communication and information. The research consists of the design, implementation and analysis of a component of Television Literacy in the Portuguese Language curriculum in which the development of the students' communicative competencies is the major objective. The study analyses processes of understanding representations of real world in Television stories, carried out by students of the 2nd stage of Basic Education in Portuguese Language teaching. The research programme, which was implemented, was called Compreender as histories da tetevistio (understanding television stories). The theoretical framework of the thesis analyses: 1. The principles, rationale and implications of Media Education, both in Europe and in the world. Some trials implemented in Portuguese schools, namely about the use of Television programmes in the classes, are also referred to. In addition, an analysis of the Portuguese Language syllabus is presented. 2. The characteristics of Television texts and of their reception. The study is focussed on the concept of representation, because of its importance in Media Education in general and in Television Literacy, in particular, and also because the research program, which was implemented, is based on this. This part of the theoretical framework ends with a review of literature about the relationship between children and Television. As a first stage, an exploratory study was carried out aiming at a better adjustment and suitability of the research program. As the students' favourite stories were mainly cartoons and serials, they were chosen in the belief that this would help their understanding of these types of narratives. The research was accomplished through a field study with a qualitativeorientation making use of different types of participant observation and of interviews. The students worked in groups, in order to create a more natural and usual situation for the dialogue about Television and to provide opportunities for negotiation of meaning. Content analysis procedures were adopted by building, a priori, a plan of categories which were expanded and reformulated, as the actual data were analysed. This procedure enabled the researcher to reduce and quantify modalities made by the children, in order to understand tendencies in their answers. Simultaneously, and looking for other ways of understanding, we contextualised the modalities again, aiming at the perception of their processes of negotiation of meaning. From this study the following key conclusions can be drawn: • The significant changes at the final development stage of the programme Compreender as histórias da televisão can be described as a growing diversification and complexity of the criteria used in the modalities made by the groups. • The data also show that, if these aspects of representation in television stories are addressed at school, namely as an integral part of the Portuguese Language teaching, the differences, initially observed within the groups, tend to diminish, as was verified by the developments in any of the groups studied. • It was possible to enhance the direct relationship between the ways for the social organization of the work and the processes of negotiation of meaning with direct effects on the types of understanding achieved and in the success of the final tasks. • These students were stimulated to work on these aspects of the representations of real world in television stories for the first time within the research programme. The competencies and attitudes they achieved show us clearly that these activities should be implemented in school, in this particular case, in Portuguese Language classes.
A. L'importance de cette recherche se justifie par l'émergence de nouvelles littératies dans un temps d'information et communication. La recherche se concrétise dans la concéption, la mise en application et l'analyse d'une composante d'Education à la Télévision, dans le curriculum du Portugais, dont la finalité première est le développement de la compétence communicative. L'étude analyse les processus de développement de la compréhension des représentations de la réalité, simulée ou ficcionnée, dans les récits télédiffusés, par des élèves du 2e cycle de l'enseignement de base, dans un contexte formel d'enseignement de Portugais. Ce programme de recherche s'intituleCompreender as historias da televisiio. (Comprendre les récits de la télévision) B. On a développé des parcours théoriques cherchant à consolider cette option, comme suit: 1. Principes, fondements et implications de l'Education aux Média; on présente une esquisse de la situation en Europe et dans le monde. On fait aussi référence à des expériences menées dans des écoles portugaises sur l'utiûsation des émissions de télévision dans les pratiques pédagogiques. Cette phase se termine avec l'analyse du programme de Portugais, mettant en relief ce qui appartient à la compétence communicative et aux Media. 2. Caractéristiques fondamentales des textes télédiffusés et leur réception. Notre intérêt par le concept de représentation se justifie par son importance centrale dans l'Education aux Média en général et à la Télévision, en particulier, et aussi parce que le programme de recherche mis en application vise cette dimension. Le cadre théorique de référence se complète avec un bilan critique de la littérature sur le rapport des enfants avec la télévision. La réalisation d'une étude exploratoire avec les enseignants et les élèves a permis une meilleure adéquation (contexte et publique) de la recherche que nous avons menée. Etant donné que les préférences télévisuelles de ces élèves se trouvaient parmi les dessins animés et les séries sur le quotidien, nous les avons choisis en croyant que cette motivation devrait augmenter leur compréhension de ce type de récits. L'exécution du programme de recherche a mis en place une étude de terrain à orientation qualitative, privilégiant différentes types d'observation participante et les interviews. Ayant l'intention de créer une situation naturelle et habituelle de dialogue sur la télévision, en même temps qu'on voulait faciliter la négotiation et la construction de la signification, le travail en classe a été fait en groupe. Nous avons utilisé les procédures d'analyse de contenu et nous avons dressé, a priori, un plan de catégories que nous avons élargi et reformulé en accord avec les caractéristiques des données en analyse. Cette procédure a permis de réduire et quantifier les jugements sur les représentations de la réalité dans le but de repérer des tendances. En même temps et en cherchant d'autres compréhensions, nous avons récontextualisé les jugements faits par les enfants, en vue de la compréhension des démarches de construction de la signification. C. Notre recherche a mis en évidence, comme essentielles, les conclusions suivantes: Les changements significatifs à la fin de l'exécution du programme de recherche Compreender as historias da teievisëo se sont réglés surtout par une croissante diversification et complexification dans les critères utilisés par les groupes et dans les modalités réalisées. Cette étude montre que, si l'école aborde ces aspects de la représentation de la réalité, présents dans les récits télédiffusés, en particulier dans les cours de Portugais, les différences observées chez les groupes ont tendance à s'atténuer,comme nous avons constaté par les évolutions visibles, en tous les groupes considérés. L'étude a aussi permis souligner le rapport direct entre les formes d'organisation sociale du travail et la construction interactive des significations, avec des effets directs dans la compréhension et dans la consécution finale des tâches. L'éveil de ces élèves aux questions de la représentation de la réalité dans les récits télédiffusés, ne s'est manifesté qu'à partir de la mise en oeuvre de ce programme de recherche. Le développement des différentes capacités et des attitudes que ce programme a suscité incite, clairement, à la réalisation de ce type d'activités dans les cours de Portugais.