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Journal articles on the topic 'Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 21 February 2023

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1

Jovičić, Snežana, and Nada Majkić-Singh. "Medical Biochemistry as Subdiscipline of Laboratory Medicine in Serbia." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 36, no. 2 (April 1, 2017): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jomb-2017-0010.

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SummaryMedical biochemistry is the usual name for clinical biochemistry or clinical chemistry in Serbia, and medical biochemist is the official name for the clinical chemist (or clinical biochemist). This is the largest sub-discipline of the laboratory medicine in Serbia. It includes all aspects of clinical chemistry, and also laboratory hematology with coagulation, immunology, etc. Medical biochemistry laboratories in Serbia and medical biochemists as a profession are part of Health Care System and their activities are regulated through: the Health Care Law and rules issued by the Chamber of Medical Biochemists of Serbia. The first continuous and organized education for Medical Biochemists (Clinical Chemists) in Serbia dates from 1945, when the Department of Medical Biochemistry was established at the Pharmaceutical Faculty in Belgrade. In 1987 at the same Faculty a five years undergraduate study program was established, educating Medical Biochemists under a special program. Since the academic year 2006/2007 the new five year undergraduate (according to Bologna Declaration) and four-year postgraduate program according to EC4 European Syllabus for Postgraduate Training in Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine has been established. The Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health accredited these programs. There are four requirements for practicing medical biochemistry in the Health Care System: University Diploma of the Faculty of Pharmacy (Study of Medical Biochemistry), successful completion of the professional exam at the Ministry of Health after completion of one additional year of obligatory practical training in the medical biochemistry laboratories, membership in the Serbian Chamber of Medical Biochemists and licence for skilled work issued by the Serbian Chamber of Medical Biochemists. In order to present laboratory medical biochemistry practice in Serbia this paper will be focused on the following: Serbian national legislation, healthcare services organization, sub-disciplines of laboratory medicine and medical biochemistry as the most significant, education in medical biochemistry, conditions for professional practice in medical biochemistry, continuous quality improvement, and accreditation. Serbian healthcare is based on fundamental principles of universal health coverage and solidarity between all citizens.

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Majkić-Singh, Nada. "Education and Recognition of Professional Qualifications in the Field of Medical Biochemistry in Serbia." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 30, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10011-011-0013-7.

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Education and Recognition of Professional Qualifications in the Field of Medical Biochemistry in Serbia Medical biochemistry is the usual name for clinical biochemistry or clinical chemistry in Serbia, and medical biochemist is the official name for the clinical chemist (or clinical biochemist). This is the largest sub-discipline of the laboratory medicine in Serbia. It includes all aspects of clinical chemistry, and also laboratory hematology with coagulation, immunology, etc. Medical biochemistry laboratories in Serbia and medical biochemists as a profession are part of Health Care System and their activities are regulated through: the Health Care Law and rules issued by the Chamber of Medical Biochemists of Serbia. The first continuous and organized education for Medical Biochemists (Clinical Chemists) in Serbia dates from 1945, when the Department of Medical Biochemistry was established at the Pharmaceutical Faculty in Belgrade. In 1987 at the same Faculty a five years undergraduate branch was established, educating Medical Biochemists under a special program. Since school-year 2006/2007 the new five year undergraduate (according to Bologna Declaration) and postgraduate program of four-year specialization according to EC4 European Syllabus for Post-Gradate Training in Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine has been established. The Ministry of Education and Ministry of Public Health accredits the programs. There are four requirements for practicing medical biochemistry in the Health Care System: University Diploma of the Faculty of Pharmacy (Study of Medical Biochemistry), successful completion of the profession exam at the Ministry of Health after completion of one additional year of obligatory practical training in the medical biochemistry laboratories, membership in the Serbian Chamber of Medical Biochemists and licence for skilled work issued by the Serbian Chamber of Medical Biochemists. The process of recognition of a foreign higher education document for field of medical biochemistry is initiated on request by Candidate. The process of recognition of foreign higher education documents is performed by the University. In the process of recognition in Serbia national legislations are applied as well as international legal documents of varying legal importance.

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Majkic-Singh, Nada. "Society of medical biochemists of Serbia and Montenegro: 50 years anniversary." Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 24, no. 3 (2005): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0503157m.

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Medical biochemistry (synonyms: clinical chemistry or clinical biochemistry) in the terms of professional and scientific discipline, stems from and/or has developed along with the natural sciences and its influences (mathematics, physics, chemistry and biochemistry) and medical sciences as well (physiology, genetics, cell biology). As a scientific discipline, medical biochemistry studies metabolic processes of physiological and pathological changes with humans and animals. Applying analytical chemistry's and biochemistry's techniques enables medical biochemists to gain plenty of information related to diagnosis and prognosis which serve physicians to asses the gravity of illness and prescribe healing therapy. Therefore medical biochemistry is an integral part of modern medicine. This discipline was dubbed various, often confusing names such as pathology, physiology, clinical biology, clinical pathology, chemical pathology, clinical biochemistry, medical biochemistry, clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, all depending on place of origin. The official, internationally accepted name - clinical chemistry, was mentioned for the first time in 1912 by Johan Scherer, who described his laboratory as Clinical Chemistry Laboratory (Klinisch Chemische Laboratorium) in the hospital Julius in Wurzburg in Germany. After creating national societies of clinical chemists, Professor Earl J. King of Royal Postgraduate Medical School from London incited an initiative to unite national societies into the organization with worldwide character - it was the International Association of Clinical Biochemists, monitored by the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). On 24 July 1952 in Paris, a Second International Congress of Biochemistry was held. A year later, in Stockholm, the name of a newly formed association was altered into International Federation of Clinical Chemistry, which was officially accepted in 1955 in Brussels. Today this federation-s name is International Federation for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC). Right after the World War II our medical biochemists began to gather within their expert societies. Even before 1950 Pharmaceutical Society of Serbia hosted laboratory experts among whom the most active were Prof. Dr. Aleksandar Damanski for bromatology, Prof. Dr. Momcilo Mokranjac for toxicology and Docent Dr. Pavle Trpinac for biochemistry. When the Managing Board of the Pharmaceutical Society of National Republic of Serbia held its session on 22 December 1950, an issue was raised with reference to creation of a Section that would gather together the laboratory experts. Section for Sanitary Chemistry, combining all three profiles of laboratory staff, i.e. medical biochemists, sanitary chemists and toxicologists, was founded on 1st of January 1951. On 15 May 1955, during the sixth plenum of the Society of Pharmaceutical Societies of Yugoslavia (SFRY) held in Split, the decision was passed to set up a Section for Medical Biochemistry in SFDJ. The Section for Medical Biochemistry in SFDJ was renamed into Society for Medical Biochemistry of SFDJ based on the decision passed during the 16th plenum of SFDJ, held on 15 May 1965 in Banja Luka. Pursuant to the decision passed by SMBY on 6 April 1995 and based on the historic data, 15 May was declared as being the official Day of the Society of Medical Biochemists of Yugoslavia. The purpose of YuSMB (currently SMBSCG) is to gather medical biochemists who would develop and enhance all the branches of medical biochemistry in health industry. Its tasks are as following: to standardize operations in clinical-biochemical laboratories, education of young biochemists on all levels, encouraging scientific research, setting up of working norms and implementation, execution and abiding by the ethics codices with health workers. SMBSCG is to promote the systemized standards in the field of medical biochemistry with the relevant federal and republican institutions. SMBSCG is to enable exchange of experiences of its members with the members of affiliate associations in the country and abroad. .

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4

Milosevic Georgiev, Andrijana, Dušanka Krajnović, Jelena Manojlović, Svetlana Ignatović, and Nada Majkić Singh. "Seventy Years of Biochemical Subjects’ Development in Pharmacy Curricula: Experience from Serbia/ Sedamdeset godina razvoja biohemijskih predmeta u kurikulumu farmacije: iskustvo iz srbije." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jomb-2015-0018.

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Summary Introduction: The pharmacists played an important role in the development of biochemistry as applied chemistry in Serbia. What is more, the first seven state chemists in Ser bia were pharmacists. State chemists performed the chemicaltoxicological analysis as well as some medical and biochemical ones. When it comes to the education of medical biochemists as health workers, the period after the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century should be taken into account because that is when the training of pharmaceutical staff of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, begins on the territory of Serbia. This paper presents the development of medical biochemistry through the development of curriculum, personnel and literature since the foundation of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Serbia until today. Objective: The aim of this paper is to present the historical development of biochemistry at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, through analysis of three indicators: undergraduate and postgraduate education of medical biochemists, teaching literature and professional associations and trade associations. Method: The method of direct data was applied in this paper. Also, desktop analysis was used for analyzing of secondary data, regulations, curricula, documents and bibliographic material. Desktop research was conducted and based on the following sources: Archives of the University of Belgrade- Faculty of Pharmacy, Museum of the History of Pharmacy at the University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, the Society of Medical Biochemists of Serbia and the Serbian Chamber of Biochemists. Results and conclusion: The curricula, the Bologna process of improving education, the expansion of the range of subjects, the number of students, professional literature for teaching biochemistry, as well as professional associations and trade associations are presented through the results.

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AHSAN, HASEEB. "Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry: The Role of Biomarkers and Biomolecules." Asian Journal of Science Education 4, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/ajse.v4i1.24431.

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Biochemistry is a branch of biosciences which deals with the study of chemical reactions that occur in living cells and organisms. It is a subject in which biological phenomenon is analyzed in terms of chemical reactions or metabolic pathways. Biochemistry has been previously named as biological chemistry, chemical biology, clinical chemistry, chemical pathology, physiological chemistry, including medical biochemistry and clinical biochemistry. Medical biochemistry studies the chemical composition and physiological reactions in the human body. Clinical biochemistry is the measurement of chemicals or analytes in body fluids for the diagnosis, monitoring and management of patients with various diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc. An increase in the number and availability of laboratory diagnostics has helped in the solution of clinical problems. Particularly important is the contribution of clinical chemistry to the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes. The importance of lipids and lipoproteins for public health has increased with clinical studies showing the benefit of lipid lowering in cardiovascular diseases. An understanding of clinical chemistry and biochemistry would be useful in the study of medical and allied sciences for the advancement of knowledge in academic and professional courses. This review article is an attempt to understand the scope and significance of basic and applied aspects of biochemistry

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6

Rosenfeld, Louis. "Clinical Chemistry Since 1800: Growth and Development." Clinical Chemistry 48, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/48.1.186.

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Abstract The 19th and 20th centuries witnessed the growth and development of clinical chemistry. Many of the individuals and the significance of their contributions are not very well known, especially to new members of the profession. This survey should help familiarize them with the names and significance of the contributions of physicians and chemists such as Fourcroy, Berzelius, Liebig, Prout, Bright, and Rees. Folin and Van Slyke are better known, and it was their work near the end of the second decade of the 20th century that brought the clinical chemist out of the annex of the mortuary and into close relationship with the patient at the bedside. However, the impact on clinical chemistry and the practice of medicine by the 1910 exposé written by Abraham Flexner is not as well known as it deserves to be, nor is the impetus that World War I gave to the spread of laboratory medicine generally known. In the closing decades of the 20th century, automated devices produced an overabundance, and an overuse and misuse, of testing to the detriment of careful history taking and bedside examination of the patient. This is attributable in part to a fascination with machine-produced data. There was also an increased awareness of the value of chemical methods of diagnosis and the need to bring clinician and clinical chemist into a closer partnership. Clinical chemists were urged to develop services into dynamic descriptions of the diagnostic values of laboratory results and to identify medical relevance in interpreting significance for the clinician.

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Hooper, J., J. O'Connor, R. Cheesmar, and C. P. Price. "Tutorial software for clinical chemistry incorporating interactive multimedia clinical cases." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 1345–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.9.1345.

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Abstract We have developed computer-based clinical case histories incorporating multimedia elements to aid the learning of medicine in a problem-based manner. Topics have been developed in the specialty of Clinical Biochemistry but the approach used is suitable for any branch of clinical medicine. Each topic has material aimed at medical students and also postgraduate candidates for professional examinations. A browser program is also incorporated. Emphasis is made on interaction through the case and modeling of real-life decisions in diagnosis and treatment. Advantages of the program are self-paced learning, assessment of understanding, feedback, and emphasis on deep understanding of the basic physiological and biochemical processes underlying clinical problems.

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8

Williamson, R. "Molecular genetics and the transformation of clinical chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 11 (November 1, 1989): 2165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.11.2165.

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Abstract Clinical chemistry is going through an identity crisis, squeezed between automation (de-skilling) on the service side and molecular genetics in research. Automated routine estimations are now carried out and interpreted by machines; the skilled staff members required are more likely to have degrees in electronics than medicine or biochemistry. The role of molecular genetics is more ambiguous; it is inherently reductionist, in that it attempts to explain most clinical phenomena in terms of DNA sequence alone. This has been remarkably successful for single-gene defects (such as those causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemoglobinopathies, cystic fibrosis, and ataxias) and may well prove equally so for Alzheimer's disease, cancer, heart disease, and schizophrenia. DNA diagnosis is not yet routine, but because of technical advances such as gene amplification ("PCR") and high-sensitivity gene-detection assays, it may soon become so, not only in major centers but also in local pathology laboratories and general practice. Clinical chemists must decide whether they wish to respond to this new and stimulating challenge by retooling and retraining. Should anyone be permitted into clinical chemistry during the 1990s without knowledge of both electronics and molecular genetics? Will there be a clinical chemistry in the twenty-first century other than through molecular genetics? This article is a personal response to these questions.

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9

Rej, Robert. "Clinical Chemistry through Clinical Chemistry: A Journal Timeline." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2004): 2415–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.042820.

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Abstract The establishment of the modern discipline of clinical chemistry was concurrent with the foundation of the journal Clinical Chemistry and that of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry in the late 1940s and early 1950s. To mark the 50th volume of this Journal, I chronicle and highlight scientific milestones, and those within the discipline, as documented in the pages of Clinical Chemistry. Amazing progress has been made in the field of laboratory diagnostics over these five decades, in many cases paralleling—as well as being bolstered by—the rapid pace in the development of computer technologies. Specific areas of laboratory medicine particularly well represented in Clinical Chemistry include lipids, endocrinology, protein markers, quality of laboratory measurements, molecular diagnostics, and general advances in methodology and instrumentation.

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Peter Rae. "Clinical Chemistry." Clinica Chimica Acta 197, no. 2 (March 1991): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(91)90280-p.

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11

Meites, Samuel. "History of Clinical Chemistry in a Children’s Hospital (1914–1964)." Clinical Chemistry 46, no. 7 (July 1, 2000): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/46.7.1009.

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Abstract The historical development of a charitable children’s hospital and the evolution of its clinical laboratory are presented. With the appearance of practical quantitative blood chemistry tests in the period between the two World Wars, applications to pediatrics were hampered by the need for ultramicro procedures then unavailable and for improved skin-puncture blood sampling. World War II brought economic demands that forced the hospital to privatize its beds and to charge fee-for-services. In turn, this brought added income, allowing the hiring or subsidizing of a professional staff, including the clinical chemist. The development of ultramicro blood chemistry followed, along with improved skin-puncture technology.

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12

Tietz, N. W., and D. O. Rodgerson. "Clinical chemistry--quo vadis?" Clinical Chemistry 34, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/34.1.190.

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13

Campos, Concepcion, and Francisco L. Redondo. "Bibliometrics and clinical chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 37, no. 2 (February 1, 1991): 303–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/37.2.303.

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14

Lumbreras-Lacarra, Blanca, José Manuel Ramos-Rincón, and Ildefonso Hernández-Aguado. "Methodology in Diagnostic Laboratory Test Research in Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.019786.

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Abstract Background: The application of epidemiologic principles to clinical diagnosis has been less developed than in other clinical areas. Knowledge of the main flaws affecting diagnostic laboratory test research is the first step for improving its quality. We assessed the methodologic aspects of articles on laboratory tests. Methods: We included articles that estimated indexes of diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity and specificity) and were published in Clinical Chemistry or Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine in 1996, 2001, and 2002. Clinical Chemistry has paid special attention to this field of research since 1996 by publishing recommendations, checklists, and reviews. Articles were identified through electronic searches in Medline. The strategy combined the Mesh term “sensitivity and specificity” (exploded) with the text words “specificity”, “false negative”, and “accuracy”. We examined adherence to seven methodologic criteria used in the study by Reid et al. (JAMA1995;274:645–51) of papers published in general medical journals. Three observers evaluated each article independently. Results: Seventy-nine articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The percentage of studies that satisfied each criterion improved from 1996 to 2002. Substantial improvement was observed in reporting of the statistical uncertainty of indices of diagnostic accuracy, in criteria based on clinical information from the study population (spectrum composition), and in avoidance of workup bias. Analytical reproducibility was reported frequently (68%), whereas information about indeterminate results was rarely provided. The mean number of methodologic criteria satisfied showed a statistically significant increase over the 3 years in Clinical Chemistry but not in Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Conclusions: The methodologic quality of the articles on diagnostic test research published in Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine is comparable to the quality observed in the best general medical journals. The methodologic aspects that most need improvement are those linked to the clinical information of the populations studied. Editorial actions aimed to increase the quality of reporting of diagnostic studies could have a relevant positive effect, as shown by the improvement observed in Clinical Chemistry.

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Rifai, Nader, Thomas Annesley, and James Boyd. "International Year of Chemistry 2011: Clinical Chemistry Celebrates." Clinical Chemistry 56, no. 12 (December 1, 2010): 1783–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2010.156786.

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Redondo, F. L. "International character of Clinical Chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 33, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/33.12.2325.

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Altman, D. G. "Confidence intervals in Clinical Chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 161–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.1.161.

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Veronica, Johnston. "Heading the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory." Laboratory Medicine 29, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 511–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/29.8.512.

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19

Bock, J. L. "The future of clinical chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 36, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.5.821a.

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20

Genzen, Jonathan R., and Matthew D. Krasowski. "Resident Training in Clinical Chemistry." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 27, no. 2 (June 2007): 343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2007.03.007.

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21

Bruns, David E., and Robert Rej. "Fifty Years of Clinical Chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.29769.

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Emmons, R. E. "Animal Clinical Chemistry Division Celebrates 30th Anniversary with the American Association for Clinical Chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 52, no. 8 (June 22, 2006): 1631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2006.076224.

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23

Coley, Noel G. "Medical Chemists and the Origins of Clinical Chemistry in Britain (circa 1750–1850)." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 961–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.029645.

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Abstract In this history, I review developments leading toward the establishment of clinical chemistry in Britain. Chemical research by certain physicians occurred in the context of medical traditions founded on vitalism, distillation analysis, and limited chemical knowledge. Urine chemistry figured prominently in this period together with the analysis of kidney and bladder stones. Bright’s team studying albuminuria was the first clinical research school in Britain, whereas Prout’s survey of physiological chemistry, based on meticulous attention to analysis, was the best summary of human metabolism before Liebig’s Animal Chemistry. Liebig’s ideas influenced all physicians who were interested in chemistry. Henry Bence Jones based his medical practice on Liebig’s theories. His research relating urinary phosphates to diet and exercise revealed the so-called Bence Jones proteins and investigated the distribution and persistence of drugs in the body. J.L.W. Thudichum used analytical skills learned from Liebig in his brain chemistry work. George Owen Rees investigated urine analysis and the relationship between urine and blood, using Liebig’s practical methods while condemning an uncritical acceptance of his theories. These and similar studies showed that chemistry could improve clinical medicine, and because it could also reveal the onset of disease even before clinical symptoms developed, it offered valuable support to preventive medicine. However, so many physicians resisted the introduction of chemistry that progress toward the establishment of clinical chemistry in nineteenth-century Britain was slow.

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D'Orazio, Paul. "Biosensors in clinical chemistry." Clinica Chimica Acta 334, no. 1-2 (August 2003): 41–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00241-9.

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Kricka, Larry J., Toby C. Cornish, and Jason Y. Park. "Eponyms in clinical chemistry." Clinica Chimica Acta 512 (January 2021): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.11.014.

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Rodgerson, Denis O., and James H. McBride. "Fundamentals of clinical chemistry." Clinica Chimica Acta 166, no. 2-3 (July 1987): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(87)90441-4.

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Cassaday, M., H. Diebler, R. Herron, M. Pelavin, D. Svenjak, and D. Vlastelica. "Capsule chemistry technology for high-speed clinical chemistry analyses." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1453–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.9.1453.

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Abstract We describe a new analytical approach--"capsule chemistry"--for high-speed, selective analysis of a wide variety of analytes. Sequential micro-aliquots of sample and reagents are encapsulated within an inert fluorocarbon liquid. The resulting "test capsule" is introduced into a single analytical flow path, composed of a solid fluorocarbon, Teflon, where the sample is incubated, mixed, reacted, and measured as a moving series of individual tests. These randomly selective assays are processed at a rate of 720 per hour. The unique physical interaction between the liquid and solid fluorocarbon carrier materials effectively prevents detectable "carryover" of aqueous constituents between the successive test capsules. Reactions are monitored through the walls of the Teflon analytical channel at nine in-line detector stations for colorimetric and nephelometric measurements.

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Bellini, Martina, and Paolo Paparella. "CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY DATABASE ANALYSIS: A RESTRICTED DIALYSIS COHORT /." Journal of Medical Biochemistry 33, no. 2 (April 1, 2013): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jomb-2013-0029.

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Summary Background: A retrospective study was undertaken to inves- tigate the biochemistry data of a restricted cohort of dialysis- related arthropathy patients. The aim of our study was to characterize this specific cohort of dialysis patients using a clinical chemistry database analysis. Methods: An elaboration of more than 160,000 items of biochemical data, collected from 2001 to 20|11, was made of 50 patients, 25 with dialysis-related arthropathy and 25 patients asymptomatic for arthropathy. A Student's t-test was applied, considering a P-value less than 0.05 as statistically significant. Results: Significant and relevant unexpected biochemical dif- ferences were found between the two groups of patients. The serum level of p2-microglobulin was similar, while fer- ritin values were significantly higher in symptomatic patients. We excluded the possibility that the ferritin difference between the two groups was due to different iron storage and to an inflammatory profile. Conclusions: The correct use of a biochemical database could permit to identify significant values which must be cor- related with clinical data, but which could be the first step to a wider research.

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29

Wilding, P. "The changing role of the clinical laboratory scientist: coming out of the basement." Clinical Chemistry 41, no. 8 (August 1, 1995): 1211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/41.8.1211.

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Abstract The position of clinical chemistry within the discipline of laboratory medicine is firmly established. As a result, pathologists, chemists, and scientists have been attracted to an emerging field full of promise and expectations. For most, the expectations of a rewarding career and growth of the discipline have been met. However, in a climate where factors such as "capitation" and "managed care" influence every facet of healthcare, many are reviewing their expectations and wondering whether the 21st century will bring the same promise enjoyed by the pioneers in the 20th century. In the future, laboratory scientists must align their expectations to the demands for new technologies, medical practices, and healthcare systems that will require justification for all activities, expense, and personnel. To succeed in this new environment, the clinical chemist will need excellent managerial skills, an understanding of how to articulate the benefits of technologies and laboratory tests, and a willingness to embark on a career of unceasing education.

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Rosenfeld, Louis. "Justus Liebig and Animal Chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 49, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 1696–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/49.10.1696.

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Abstract Justus Liebig was one of the individuals making chemistry almost a German monopoly in the 19th century. At Giessen he established the first organic chemistry laboratory and offered a systematic course for training new chemists. His comprehensive survey of plant nutrition changed the nature of scientific agriculture. In a study of animal chemistry, Liebig treated physiologic processes as chemical reactions and inferred the transformations from the chemical properties of the elements and compounds in laboratory reactions. He constructed hypothetical chemical equations derived from the formulae of the participating compounds. Liebig generalized that all organic nitrogenous constituents of the body are derived from plant protein and demonstrated how the application of quantitative methods of organic chemistry can be applied to the investigation of the animal organism. Liebig’s theories were attractive, but his method of converting one substance to another by moving atoms around on paper was speculative because of the lack of knowledge as to how the elements were arranged. His dynamic personality helped win widespread acceptance by many, but others were antagonized by his wishful thinking and speculative excesses. Liebig’s views on catalysis and fermentation brought him into a controversy with Louis Pasteur. Liebig’s Animal Chemistry stimulated an interest in clinical chemistry because it introduced a quantitative method into physiological chemistry. However, the isolated pieces of test results on blood and urine were unconnected and did not fit anywhere. Physicians found that chemistry was not helpful at the bedside and they lost interest in its application.

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Dor, Frank J. M. F., Maud I. Cleton, Gerard de Jong, and Henk G. van Eijk. "Clinical chemistry in the medical curriculum: from practical to research." Biochemical Education 26, no. 4 (October 1998): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0307-4412(98)00084-3.

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32

Pannall, P. R., P. M. Dennis, I. Farrance, and P. Garcia-Webb. "Guidelines for the training of medical graduates in clinical chemistry." Clinica Chimica Acta 177, no. 3 (October 1988): S13—S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(88)90075-7.

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33

Coley, Noel G. "Early Blood Chemistry in Britain and France." Clinical Chemistry 47, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 2166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/47.12.2166.

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Abstract I review here key research in the early years of the field of blood chemistry. The review includes successes and limitations of animal chemistry in the critical period of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Eighteenth century medical theories emphasized the primacy of body solids. Body fluids were governed by the tenets of humoral pathology. After Boerhaave sparked interest in the chemistry of the body fluids, a new humoralism developed. With the rise of animal chemistry in the eighteenth century, two complementary ideas came into play. The concept of vital force was introduced in 1774, and the chemical composition of animal matters, including the blood, began to be investigated. In the early nineteenth century, the development of new methods of analysis encouraged such chemical studies. Prominent chemists led the field, and physicians also became involved. Physiologists were often opposed to the chemical tradition, but François Magendie recognized the importance of chemistry in physiology. Liebig linked the formation and functions of the blood to general metabolism and so extended the scope of animal chemistry from 1842. About the same time, microscopic studies led to discoveries of the globular structure of the blood, and Magendie’s famous pupil, Claude Bernard, began the animal chemistry studies that led him to new discoveries in hematology. This review addresses discoveries, controversies, and errors that relate to the foundations of clinical chemistry and hematology and describes contributions of instrumental investigators.

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Kricka, Larry J., and John Savory. "International Year of Chemistry 2011: A Guide to the History of Clinical Chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 57, no. 8 (August 1, 2011): 1118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2011.165233.

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BACKGROUND This review was written as part of the celebration of the International Year of Chemistry 2011. CONTENT In this review we provide a chronicle of the history of clinical chemistry, with a focus on North America. We outline major methodological advances and trace the development of professional societies and journals dedicated to clinical chemistry. This review also serves as a guide to reference materials for those interested in the history of clinical chemistry. The various resources available, in sound recordings, videos, moving images, image and document archives, museums, and websites dedicated to diagnostic company timelines, are surveyed. SUMMARY These resources provide a map of how the medical subspecialty of clinical chemistry arrived at its present state. This information will undoubtedly help visionaries to determine in which direction clinical chemistry will move in the future.

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Kricka, Larry J. "Photographic Film, Clinical Chemistry, and Art." Clinical Chemistry 63, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 1054–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2016.268755.

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Wolf, P. L. "If clinical chemistry had existed then..." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.2.328.

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Petersen, P. H., C. G. Fraser, H. Baadenhuijsen, J. C. Libeer, and C. Ricos. "Analytical quality specifications in clinical chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 40, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 670–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/40.4.670.

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Plaut, David S. "Immunoassays in the Clinical Chemistry Laboratory." Laboratory Medicine 30, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 728–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/labmed/30.11.728.

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Fuentes-Arderiu, X. "Standardization of nomenclature in clinical chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.7.1552a.

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Miller, Caroline A., and Y. Victoria Zhang. "Clinical Chemistry of Abdominal X-Rays." Clinical Chemistry 66, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 856–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvaa032.

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Annesley, Thomas M., James C. Boyd, and Nader Rifai. "Publication Ethics: Clinical Chemistry Editorial Standards." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.120055.

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Cui, Z. C. "Allowable limit of error in clinical chemistry quality control." Clinical Chemistry 35, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 630–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/35.4.630.

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Abstract Taking the National Clinical Chemistry Quality Control of China National Center for Clinical Laboratory as an example, I present this study of some problems with using the allowable error limit in present-day clinical chemistry quality control, and propose a new allowable error limit for use in external quality control in clinical chemistry.

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Gambino, Raymond. "Study guide to clinical chemistry." Clinica Chimica Acta 172, no. 2-3 (March 1988): 346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(88)90346-4.

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Siliprandi, Noris, Lodovico Sartorelli, Mario Ciman, and Fabio Di Lisa. "Carnitine: Metabolism and clinical chemistry." Clinica Chimica Acta 183, no. 1 (July 1989): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(89)90267-2.

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Flynn, F. V. "Illustrated textbook of clinical chemistry." Clinica Chimica Acta 180, no. 1 (March 1989): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(89)90305-7.

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Pannall, Peter, William Marshall, Antonin Jabor, and Erik Magid. "International federation of clinical chemistry." Clinica Chimica Acta 244, no. 2 (January 1996): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(95)06205-x.

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Lim, Ee Mun, Ken A. Sikaris, Janice Gill, John Calleja, Peter E. Hickman, John Beilby, and Samuel D. Vasikaran. "Quality Assessment of Interpretative Commenting in Clinical Chemistry." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 632–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.024877.

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Abstract Background: Clinical interpretation of laboratory results is an integral part of clinical chemistry. However, the performance goals for assessing interpretative commenting in this discipline have not been as well established as for the quality of analytical requirements. Methods: We present a review of the 10 case reports circulated in the 2002 Patient Report Comments Program by the Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (RCPA) and the Australasian Association of Clinical Biochemists Chemical Pathology Group of RCPA-Quality Assurance Programs Pty Ltd. Participants were expected to add an interpretative comment to a set of results accompanied by brief clinical details. Comments received were broken down into components that were translated into key phrases. An expert panel evaluated the appropriateness of the key phrases and proposed a suggested composite comment. A case summary/rationale was also returned to participants. Results: There was considerable diversity in the range of interpretative comments received for each case report. Although the majority of comments received were felt to be acceptable by the expert panel, some comments were felt to be inappropriate, misleading, or in a few instances, dangerous. Conclusion: The golden rule in medicine is “do no harm”. Although there is no objective evidence that interpretive comments help to improve patient outcomes, if comments are added to reports it is important that they reflect accepted practice and current guidelines. It is of concern that a large proportion of comments returned were considered to be inappropriate and/or misleading. The Patient Report Comments Program has highlighted the need to consider limiting commenting to persons with clear expertise.

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Obuchowski, Nancy A., Michael L. Lieber, and Frank H. Wians. "ROC Curves in Clinical Chemistry: Uses, Misuses, and Possible Solutions." Clinical Chemistry 50, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 1118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.031823.

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Abstract Background: ROC curves have become the standard for describing and comparing the accuracy of diagnostic tests. Not surprisingly, ROC curves are used often by clinical chemists. Our aims were to observe how the accuracy of clinical laboratory diagnostic tests is assessed, compared, and reported in the literature; to identify common problems with the use of ROC curves; and to offer some possible solutions. Methods: We reviewed every original work using ROC curves and published in Clinical Chemistry in 2001 or 2002. For each article we recorded phase of the research, prospective or retrospective design, sample size, presence/absence of confidence intervals (CIs), nature of the statistical analysis, and major analysis problems. Results: Of 58 articles, 31% were phase I (exploratory), 50% were phase II (challenge), and 19% were phase III (advanced) studies. The studies increased in sample size from phase I to III and showed a progression in the use of prospective designs. Most phase I studies were powered to assess diagnostic tests with ROC areas ≥0.70. Thirty-eight percent of studies failed to include CIs for diagnostic test accuracy or the CIs were constructed inappropriately. Thirty-three percent of studies provided insufficient analysis for comparing diagnostic tests. Other problems included dichotomization of the gold standard scale and inappropriate analysis of the equivalence of two diagnostic tests. Conclusion: We identify available software and make some suggestions for sample size determination, testing for equivalence in diagnostic accuracy, and alternatives to a dichotomous classification of a continuous-scale gold standard. More methodologic research is needed in areas specific to clinical chemistry.

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Lifshitz, Mark S., and Robert P. De Cresce. "New Technologies in Chemistry Instrumentation: The Basis for Clinical Chemistry Automation." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 8, no. 4 (December 1988): 623–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-2712(18)30651-6.

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Wu, A. H., G. R. Taylor, G. A. Graham, and B. A. McKinley. "The clinical chemistry and immunology of long-duration space missions." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.1.22.

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Abstract Clinical laboratory diagnostic capabilities are needed to guide health and medical care of astronauts during long-duration space missions. Clinical laboratory diagnostics, as defined for medical care on Earth, offers a model for space capabilities. Interpretation of laboratory results for health and medical care of humans in space requires knowledge of specific physiological adaptations that occur, primarily because of the absence of gravity, and how these adaptations affect reference values. Limited data from American and Russian missions have indicated shifts of intra- and extracellular fluids and electrolytes, changes in hormone concentrations related to fluid shifts and stresses of the missions, reductions in bone and muscle mass, and a blunting of the cellular immune response. These changes could increase susceptibility to space-related illness or injury during a mission and after return to Earth. We review physiological adaptations and the risk of medical problems that occur during space missions. We describe the need for laboratory diagnostics as a part of health and medical care in space, and how this capability might be delivered.

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