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1
Arellano-Sota, Carlos. "Vampire Bat-Transmitted Rabies in Cattle." Clinical Infectious Diseases 10, Supplement_4 (November 1, 1988): S707—S709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.supplement_4.s707.
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Çeçen Ayalp, Göksen, Ülke Gülsüm Çalışkan, and Aylin Alasonyalılar Demirer. "Comparison of Clinic - Histopathologic Findings and Morphometric Measurements of Subclinical Laminitic Claws in Dairy Cattle." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 8 (August 9, 2019): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i8.1113-1117.2225.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinic-histopathologic characteristics and to compare the morphometric measurements of healthy and subclinical laminitic claws of dairy cattle at different ages and weights. Non-lame 60 Holstein feet randomly collected from the slaughterhouse were evaluated. The effects of age, body-weight, claw location (right front lateal or right front medial etc), and presence of laminitis were investigated. The claws’ conformation were evaluated morphometrically with ten measurements (toe length, toe height, outer and inner edges of the claw, heel height, the length of heel, the length of diagonal front wall, dorsal hoof angle, the width and the length of the sole). The claws were classified as normal or laminitic according to the histopathologic findings. The clinical findings of laminitis was confirmed on 71.2% of the claws (n=66). The toe length, toe height, the height of outer and inner edges of the claw, heel height, the length of heel, the length of diagonal front wall were smaller in laminitic claws. The dorsal hoof angle of healthy claws were bigger and statistically significant than the laminitic claws. Small haemorrhagic areas were determined in the parietal corium in the laminitic claws comparing to macroscopically healthy claws. The histopathologic characteristics of the corium of laminitic claws involve the hyperaemia, haemorrhages, oedema, thrombosis of capillaries and presence of mononuclear cell infiltration in dermis, stretching epidermal lamella, necrosis of epithelial cells and detachment of the lamellar basement membrane. According to this study results, contrary to literature, there was not a reliable relation between some changes in morphological structure of the claws and the presence of the laminitis were observed.
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Olsen, S. C., and S. G. Hennager. "Immune Responses and Protection against Experimental Brucella suis Biovar 1 Challenge in Nonvaccinated or B. abortus Strain RB51-Vaccinated Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 12 (October 13, 2010): 1891–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00326-10.
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ABSTRACT Twenty Hereford heifers approximately 9 months of age were vaccinated with saline (control) or 2 × 1010 CFU of the Brucella abortus strain RB51 (RB51) vaccine. Immunologic responses after inoculation demonstrated significantly greater (P < 0.05) antibody and proliferative responses to RB51 antigens in cattle vaccinated with RB51 than in the controls. Pregnant cattle received a conjunctival challenge at approximately 6 months of gestation with 107 CFU of B. suis bv. 1 strains isolated from naturally infected cattle. The fluorescence polarization assay and the buffered acid plate agglutination test had the highest sensitivities in detecting B. suis-infected cattle between 2 and 12 weeks after experimental infection. Serologic responses and lymphocyte proliferative responses to B. suis antigens did not differ between control and RB51 vaccinees after experimental infection. No abortions occurred in cattle in either treatment group after challenge, although there appeared to be an increased incidence of retained placenta after parturition in both the control and the RB51 vaccination treatment groups. Our data suggest that the mammary gland is a preferred site for B. suis localization in cattle. Vaccination with RB51 did not reduce B. suis infection rates in maternal or fetal tissues. In conclusion, although B. suis is unlikely to cause abortions and fetal losses in cattle, our data suggest that RB51 vaccination will not protect cattle against B. suis infection after exposure.
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Piper, Emily K., Nicholas N. Jonsson, Cedric Gondro, Ala E. Lew-Tabor, Paula Moolhuijzen, Megan E. Vance, and Louise A. Jackson. "Immunological Profiles of Bos taurus and Bos indicus Cattle Infested with the Cattle Tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 7 (May 27, 2009): 1074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00157-09.
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ABSTRACT The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, is a major threat to the improvement of cattle production in tropical and subtropical countries worldwide. Bos indicus cattle are naturally more resistant to infestation with the cattle tick than are Bos taurus breeds, although considerable variation in resistance occurs within and between breeds. It is not known which genes contribute to the resistant phenotype, nor have immune parameters involved in resistance to R. microplus been fully described for the bovine host. This study was undertaken to determine whether selected cellular and antibody parameters of the peripheral circulation differed between tick-resistant Bos indicus and tick-susceptible Bos taurus cattle following a period of tick infestations. This study demonstrated significant differences between the two breeds with respect to the percentage of cellular subsets comprising the peripheral blood mononuclear cell population, cytokine expression by peripheral blood leukocytes, and levels of tick-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibodies measured in the peripheral circulation. In addition to these parameters, the Affymetrix bovine genome microarray was used to analyze gene expression by peripheral blood leukocytes of these animals. The results demonstrate that the Bos indicus cattle developed a stabilized T-cell-mediated response to tick infestation evidenced by their cellular profile and leukocyte cytokine spectrum. The Bos taurus cattle demonstrated cellular and gene expression profiles consistent with a sustained innate, inflammatory response to infestation, although high tick-specific IgG1 titers suggest that these animals have also developed a T-cell response to infestation.
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Ameni, Gobena, Abraham Aseffa, Howard Engers, Douglas Young, Glyn Hewinson, and Martin Vordermeier. "Cattle Husbandry in Ethiopia Is a Predominant Factor Affecting the Pathology of Bovine Tuberculosis and Gamma Interferon Responses to Mycobacterial Antigens." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 9 (September 2006): 1030–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00134-06.
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ABSTRACT Bovine tuberculosis is a major economic problem and a potential public health risk. Improved diagnostics like the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) test with ESAT6 and/or CFP10 could contribute to the control program. We assessed IFN-γ responses in zebu (Ethiopian Arsi breed) and Holstein cattle kept indoors or in a pasture to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) and an ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail. Furthermore, the intensity and distribution of pathology of bovine tuberculosis were compared between the two breeds. Our data demonstrated significantly (all P < 0.02) higher IFN-γ responses to avian PPD, bovine PPD, and the ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail in Holstein than in zebu cattle, while lesion severities in infected animals and tuberculin skin test responses did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the two breeds. Holstein cattle that were kept indoors produced significantly (all P < 0.01) higher IFN-γ levels in response to avian PPD, bovine PPD, and the ESAT6-CFP10 protein cocktail than did Holstein cattle kept in a pasture. Moreover, lesion severity was significantly higher in Holstein cattle kept indoors (P = 0.001) than in those kept in the pasture. Lesions were localized predominantly in the digestive tract in cattle kept in a pasture, while they were localized in the respiratory tract in cattle kept indoors. In conclusion, in Holstein cattle, husbandry was a dominant factor influencing the severity of tuberculosis lesions and IFN-γ responses to mycobacterial antigens compared to breed. A difference in the cellular immune response between zebu and Holstein cattle was observed, while tuberculosis lesion severities were identical in the two breeds, when both were kept in a pasture.
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Rhodes, Shelley G., Lucy C. McKinna, Sabine Steinbach, Gilly S. Dean, Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos, Adam O. Whelan, C. Pirson, Gareth J. Jones, Derek Clifford, and H. Martin Vordermeier. "Use of Antigen-Specific Interleukin-2 To Differentiate between Cattle Vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Cattle Infected with M. bovis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 1 (October 30, 2013): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00522-13.
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ABSTRACTWe describe here the application of a novel bovine interleukin-2 (IL-2) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the measurement of antigen-specific IL-2 in cattle naturally infected withMycobacterium bovisand in cattle vaccinated withMycobacterium bovisBCG and then experimentally challenged with pathogenicM. bovis. Supernatants from whole-blood cultures stimulated with mycobacterial antigen (bovine purified protein derivative [PPDB] or the peptide cocktail ESAT6-CFP10) were assessed using a sandwich ELISA consisting of a new recombinant monoclonal fragment capture antibody and a commercially available polyclonal anti-bovine-IL-2. The production of IL-2 was compared to the production of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in the same antigen-stimulated whole-blood supernatants. The data show that cattle infected withM. bovisproduced quantifiable levels of antigen-specific IL-2, while IL-2 levels in cattle vaccinated withM. bovisBCG did not. Furthermore, cattle vaccinated withM. bovisBCG and then challenged with pathogenicM. bovisdisplayed a more rapid induction of IL-2 but ultimately had lower levels of infection-induced IL-2 than did unvaccinated challenge control cattle. These data suggest that IL-2 responses are not detectable post-BCG vaccination and that these responses may require infection with virulentM. bovisto develop. This may be useful to differentiate infected cattle from uninfected or BCG-vaccinated cattle, although the overall sensitivity is relatively low, particularly in single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT)-negative infected animals. Furthermore, the strength of the IL-2 response may correlate with pathology, which poses interesting questions on the immunobiology of bovine tuberculosis in contrast to human tuberculosis, which is discussed.
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Lin, Xiaoqing, Kathy L. O'Reilly, Mamie L. Burrell, and Johannes Storz. "Infectivity-Neutralizing and Hemagglutinin-Inhibiting Antibody Responses to Respiratory Coronavirus Infections of Cattle in Pathogenesis of Shipping Fever Pneumonia." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.2.357-362.2001.
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ABSTRACT Respiratory bovine coronaviruses (RBCV) emerged as an infectious agent most frequently isolated from respiratory tract samples of cattle with acute respiratory tract diseases. Infectivity-neutralizing (IN) and hemagglutinin-inhibiting (HAI) antibodies induced by RBCV infections were monitored in sequential serum samples collected from cattle during a naturally evolving and experimentally monitored epizootic of shipping fever pneumonia (SFP). Cattle nasally shedding RBCV at the beginning of the epizootic started with low levels of serum IN and HAI antibodies. An increase in serum IN antibody after day 7 led to reduction of virus shedding in nasal secretions by the majority of the cattle between days 7 and 14. A substantial rise in the serum HAI antibody was observed during the initial phase among the sick but not the clinically normal cattle which were infected with RBCV. The RBCV isolation-positive cattle that developed fatal SFP had minimal serum IN and HAI antibodies during the course of disease development. Cattle that remained negative in RBCV isolation tests entered this epizootic with high levels of serum IN and HAI antibodies, which dramatically increased during the next two weeks. Protection against SFP was apparently associated with significantly higher levels of serum IN antibodies at the beginning of the epizootic. The RBCV-neutralizing activity is associated with serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), particularly the IgG2 subclass, while RBCV-specific HAI antibody is related to both serum IgG and IgM fractions.
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Olsen, S. C., and C. Johnson. "Comparison of Abortion and Infection after Experimental Challenge of Pregnant Bison and Cattle with Brucella abortus Strain 2308." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 12 (October 5, 2011): 2075–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05383-11.
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ABSTRACTA comparative study was conducted using data from naive bison (n= 45) and cattle (n= 46) from 8 and 6 studies, respectively, in which a standardizedBrucella abortusstrain 2308 experimental challenge was administered during midgestation. The incidence of abortion, fetal infection, uterine or mammary infection, or infection in maternal tissues after experimental challenge was greater (P< 0.05) in bison than in cattle. In animals that did abort, the time between experimental challenge and abortion was shorter (P< 0.05) for bison than for cattle.Brucellacolonization of four target tissues and serologic responses on the standard tube agglutination test at the time of abortion did not differ (P> 0.05) between cattle and bison. The results of our study suggest that naive bison and cattle have similarities and differences after experimental exposure to a virulentB. abortusstrain. Although our data suggest that bison may be more susceptible to infection withBrucella, some pathogenic characteristics of brucellosis were similar between bison and cattle.
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Schiller, Irene, H. Martin Vordermeier, W. Ray Waters, Mitchell Palmer, Tyler Thacker, Adam Whelan, Roland Hardegger, Beatrice Marg-Haufe, Alex Raeber, and Bruno Oesch. "Assessment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis OmpATb as a Novel Antigen for the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 16, no. 9 (July 8, 2009): 1314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00151-09.
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ABSTRACT In the search for better tools to control bovine tuberculosis, the development of diagnostic tests with improved specificity and sensitivity has a high priority. We chose to search for novel immunodiagnostic reagents. In this study, Rv0899 (outer membrane protein A of Mycobacterium tuberculosis [OmpATb]) was evaluated as a stimulation antigen in a gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release assay to diagnose bovine tuberculosis. OmpATb induced IFN-γ responses in cattle experimentally infected with M. bovis as early and as persistently as ESAT-6 and CFP-10, the current lead diagnostic antigens. In naturally infected cattle, OmpATb stimulated IFN-γ production in 22 of 26 animals (85%). Importantly, OmpATb detected a portion of M. bovis-infected cattle which did not respond to ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (five of six cattle). The combined diagnostic sensitivity of OmpATb, ESAT-6, and CFP-10 for a preselected group consisting of naturally infected cattle with an overrepresentation of ESAT-6/CFP-10 nonresponders was 96% (25 of 26 animals). The specificity of OmpATb for uninfected cattle was 100% (27 cattle were tested; 12 of them gave false-positive results with tuberculins). In summary, our results indicate that OmpATb has the potential to enhance the sensitivity of previously described diagnostic tests based on ESAT-6 and CFP-10 and that the combined use of OmpATb, ESAT-6, CFP-10, and other proteins may achieve at least equal sensitivity to that obtained with purified protein derivative, but at a higher specificity. Further studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of OmpATb in combination with other proteins are ongoing.
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Flores-Villalva, S., F. Suárez-Güemes, C. Espitia, A. O. Whelan, M. Vordermeier, and J. A. Gutiérrez-Pabello. "Specificity of the Tuberculin Skin Test Is Modified by Use of a Protein Cocktail Containing ESAT-6 and CFP-10 in Cattle Naturally Infected with Mycobacterium bovis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 5 (March 14, 2012): 797–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05668-11.
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ABSTRACTThe mycobacterial immunodominant ESAT-6 and CFP-10 antigens are strongly recognizable in tuberculosis-infected cattle, and they do not elicit a response in cattle without infection. In addition, they are absent in most environmental mycobacterial species, and therefore, their use can be an alternative to purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin in the development of a more specific skin diagnostic test in cattle. The aim of the current study was to assess the potential of an ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (E6-C10) protein cocktail in a skin test format in naturally tuberculosis-infected and paratuberculosis-infected cattle. We also included MPB83 as a third component in one of the protein cocktail preparations. The protein cocktail was tested at different dose concentrations (5, 10, and 15 μg per protein). The best skin response to the E6-C10 protein cocktail was obtained with 10 μg. Subsequently, this concentration was tested in 2 herds with high and low bovine tuberculosis prevalence, the latter with paratuberculosis coinfection. Our data show that the E6-C10 cocktail allows identification of an important proportion of animals that PPDB is not able to recognize, especially in low-prevalence herds. The protein cocktail did not induce reactions in tuberculosis-free cattle or in paratuberculosis-infected cattle. Addition of MPB83 to the protein cocktail did not make any difference in the skin reaction.
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Wells, Scott J., Michael T. Collins, Kay S. Faaberg, Carrie Wees, Saraya Tavornpanich, Kristine R. Petrini, James E. Collins, Natalia Cernicchiaro, and Robert H. Whitlock. "Evaluation of a Rapid Fecal PCR Test for Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 10 (August 23, 2006): 1125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00236-06.
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ABSTRACT A high-throughput TaqMan PCR assay for detection of bovine paratuberculosis was evaluated by using fecal samples from 1,808 dairy cattle in seven naturally infected herds and 347 dairy cattle in seven herds considered free of paratuberculosis. Fecal, blood, and milk samples were submitted to laboratories where the PCR-based assay, three different fecal culture procedures for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (centrifugation, sedimentation, and the BACTEC filter concentration method), two serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and one milk ELISA were performed. Results from testing of dairy cattle in herds free of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis showed that the PCR assay's specificity was 99.7%. Twenty-three percent of the dairy cows that were fecal culture positive by at least one of the three methods were positive by the PCR assay. By Bayesian non-“gold standard” analysis methods, the TaqMan PCR assay had a higher specificity than the serum ELISAs (99.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 98.6 to 99.7%) and a test sensitivity similar to that of the serum ELISAs (29%; 95% CI = 24 to 35%). By classical methods, the estimated relative sensitivity of the fecal PCR assay was 4% for light and moderate fecal shedders (compared to 12 to 13% for the ELISAs) and 76% for heavy fecal shedders (compared to 67% for the milk ELISA). The PCR assay has higher sensitivity for detection of heavy fecal shedders than the evaluated milk ELISA but lower sensitivity than a serum or milk ELISA for detection of light and moderate fecal shedders. This assay can be used as a quick test for detection of cattle with heavy fecal shedding, those cattle with the highest risk of transmitting infection to susceptible cattle.
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Denis, Michel, D. Neil Wedlock, Allison R. McCarthy, Natalie A. Parlane, Paul J. Cockle, H. Martin Vordermeier, R. Glyn Hewinson, and Bryce M. Buddle. "Enhancement of the Sensitivity of the Whole-Blood Gamma Interferon Assay for Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis Infections in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 14, no. 11 (September 19, 2007): 1483–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00291-07.
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ABSTRACT In this study, we determined if the sensitivity of the currently available in vitro test to detect bovine tuberculosis could be enhanced by adding the following immunomodulators: interleukin-2 (IL-2); granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); antibodies neutralizing IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β); mono-methyl-l-arginine, which blocks nitric oxide production; and l-methyl-tryptophan, which interferes with the indoleamine dioxygenase pathway. Blood was obtained from uninfected control cattle, experimentally infected cattle, cattle responding positively to the skin test in tuberculosis-free areas (false positives), and cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis from New Zealand and Great Britain. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses to bovine purified protein derivative (PPD-b), avian purified protein derivative, and a fusion protein of ESAT-6 and CFP-10 were measured. Mono-methyl-l-arginine, l-methyl-tryptophan, or an antibody neutralizing TGF-β had minimal impact on IFN-γ production. IL-2 and GM-CSF promoted IFN-γ release whether antigen was present or not. In contrast, adding an antibody against IL-10 enhanced only antigen-specific responses. In particular, addition of anti-IL-10 to ESAT-6/CFP-10-stimulated blood cultures enhanced the test sensitivity. Furthermore, whole blood cells from field reactors produced substantial amounts of IL-10 upon stimulation with PPD-b or ESAT-6/CFP-10. Testing “false-positive” cattle from tuberculosis-free areas of New Zealand revealed that addition of anti-IL-10 did not compromise the test specificity. Therefore, the use of ESAT-6/CFP-10 with anti-IL-10 could be useful to detect cattle potentially infected with tuberculosis, which are not detected using current procedures.
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Ybañez, Rochelle Haidee D., Mohamad Alaa Terkawi, Kyohko Kameyama, Xuenan Xuan, and Yoshifumi Nishikawa. "Identification of a Highly Antigenic Region of Subtilisin-Like Serine Protease 1 for Serodiagnosis of Neospora caninum Infection." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 10 (August 21, 2013): 1617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00352-13.
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ABSTRACTNeospora caninumis an apicomplexan parasite that causes abortion in cattle; hence, accurate diagnosis of this pathogen is important to the cattle farming industry. Our previous proteomics and immunoscreening analyses revealed that theN. caninumsubtilisin-like serine protease 1 (NcSUB1) has potential as a serodiagnostic tool forNeospora. Consequently, we expressed two fragments containing five NcSUB1 tandem repeat copies covering amino acids (aa) 524 to 843 (NcSUB1t) and 555 to 679 (NcSUB1tr) to identify the antigenic regions. The serodiagnostic performances of NcSUB1t and NcSUB1tr were compared with that of N54, which contains a single copy of the repeats (aa 649 to 784), and with the truncated NcSAG1 (NcSAG1t), which lacks a signal peptide and C-terminal hydrophobic regions, as a positive reference. Serum samples fromN. caninumexperimentally infected cattle and mice and cattle from a farm with confirmed cases ofNeosporaabortion were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with the four antigens. In theN. caninumexperimentally infected cattle, the highest IgG1 antibody titers were detected against NcSUB1t, while specific IgG1 antibodies were detectable from 16 days postinfection (dpi), with levels peaking at 36 dpi for all of the antigens. On the other hand, the levels of anti-NcSUB1 IgG2 antibodies were lower than those of anti-SAG1t IgG2 antibodies. The ELISA with NcSUB1t and NcSUB1tr had good sensitivity (94.59 to 95.95%) and specificity (80 to 100%) with bovine serum field samples compared to NcSAG1t and showed no cross-reactions with sera fromToxoplasma gondiiexperimentally infected mice. Moreover, IgG antibodies against NcSUB1t were detected during parturition in the NcSAG1t antibody-positive cattle, and NcSUB1t-specific antibody transfer was observed from a mother to her calf. Our results show that the NcSUB1 tandem repeat is potentially useful for serodiagnosis ofN. caninum.
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Zheng, Ling, Michelle Swanson, Jinghua Liao, Charles Wood, Sanjay Kapil, Ron Snider, Thomas A. Loughin, and Harish C. Minocha. "Cloning of the Bovine Immunodeficiency Virusgag Gene and Development of a Recombinant-Protein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 7, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.7.4.557-562.2000.
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ABSTRACT An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established for the rapid detection of specific bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) antibodies in cattle, using recombinant Gag protein as an antigen. Thegag coding region from BIV was cloned into an expression vector, pQE32, which expressed high levels of recombinant protein fromEscherichia coli. The ELISA was standardized by a checkerboard titration against known BIV-positive and -negative sera from cattle and a monoclonal antibody to the Gag protein. A total of 139 cattle serum samples, from the diagnostic laboratory at Kansas State University, Manhattan, and from the Dairy Station, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, were compared by ELISA and immunoblot assays for the detection of BIV-specific antibodies. Of 26 cattle sera samples which tested positive using the immunoblot assay, 23 were positive by ELISA, thus establishing a strong correlation between the two tests. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA relative to immunoblotting were 0.88 and 0.93, respectively. ELISA proved to be as specific as immunoblotting but was much less time-consuming and easier to perform.
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Semu, S. M., T. F. Peter, D. Mukwedeya, A. F. Barbet, F. Jongejan, and S. M. Mahan. "Antibody Responses to MAP 1B and Other Cowdria ruminantium Antigens Are Down Regulated in Cattle Challenged with Tick-Transmitted Heartwater." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.2.388-396.2001.
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ABSTRACT Serological diagnosis of heartwater or Cowdria ruminantium infection has been hampered by severe cross-reactions with antibody responses to related ehrlichial agents. A MAP 1B indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that has an improved specificity and sensitivity for detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies has been developed to overcome this constraint (A. H. M. van Vliet, B. A. M. Van der Zeijst, E. Camus, S. M. Mahan, D. Martinez, and F. Jongejan, J. Clin. Microbiol. 33:2405–2410, 1995). When sera were tested from cattle in areas of endemic heartwater infection in Zimbabwe, only 33% of the samples tested positive in this assay despite a high infection pressure (S. M. Mahan, S. M. Samu, T. F. Peter, and F. Jongejan, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 849:85–87, 1998). To determine underlying causes for this observation, the kinetics of MAP 1B-specific IgG antibodies in cattle after tick-transmitted C. ruminantium infection and following recovery were investigated. Sera collected weekly over a period of 52 weeks from 37 cattle, which were naturally or experimentally infected with C. ruminantium via Amblyomma hebraeum ticks, were analyzed. MAP 1B-specific IgG antibody responses developed with similar kinetics in both field- and laboratory-infected cattle. IgG levels peaked at 4 to 9 weeks after tick infestation and declined to baseline levels between 14 and 33 weeks, despite repeated exposure to infected ticks and the establishment of a carrier state as demonstrated by PCR and xenodiagnosis. Some of the serum samples from laboratory, and field-infected cattle were also analyzed by immunoblotting and an indirect fluorescent-antibody test (IFAT) to determine whether this observed seroreversion was specific to the MAP 1B antigen. Reciprocal IFAT and immunoblot MAP 1-specific antibody titres peaked at 5 to 9 weeks after tick infestation but also declined between 30 and 45 weeks. This suggests that MAP 1B-specific IgG antibody responses and antibody responses to other C. ruminantium antigens are down regulated in cattle despite repeated exposure to C. ruminantium via ticks. Significantly, serological responses to the MAP 1B antigen may not be a reliable indicator of C. ruminantium exposure in cattle in areas of endemic heartwater infection.
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Le Bizec, Bruno, Marie-Pierre Montrade, Fabrice Monteau, Isabelle Gaudin, and François Andre. "4-Chlorotestosterone acetate metabolites in cattle after intramuscular and oral administrations." Clinical Chemistry 44, no. 5 (May 1, 1998): 973–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/44.5.973.
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Abstract The use of 4-chlorotestosterone acetate by farmers for cattle fattening was recently demonstrated although the use of this anabolic steroid is strictly forbidden in the European Union. We investigated the metabolism of 4-chlorotestosterone acetate in the bovine species after intramuscular and oral administration. Nineteen metabolites were detected in urine after intramuscular injection, and eight metabolites were identified. For this purpose, preparative HPLC, mass spectrometry with different ionization modes (electronic impact and chemical ionization), and different acquisition techniques were used (high resolution, selected ion monitoring, and scan measurement). Metabolite stereoisomerism was determined on the basis of retention time and organic synthesis. 4-Chloroepitestosterone (M2), 4-chloroandrost-4-en-3α-ol-17-one (M3), and 4-chloroandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione (M4) were identified as the main urinary markers of intramuscular administration. On the other hand, 4-chloroandrost-4-ene-3α,17β-diol (M7), 4-chloroandrostan-3β-ol-17-one (M5), and M2 were the primary indicators of an oral administration. In addition, we have shown that 95% of the metabolites were sulfo-conjugated, except for M3, which was partially conjugated to glucuronic acid. Finally, the main metabolites (M2, M3, and M4) were easily identified for 1.5 months after intramuscular administration.
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Brown, Wendy C., Joshua E. Turse, Paulraj K. Lawrence, Wendell C. Johnson, Glen A. Scoles, James R. Deringer, Eric L. Sutten, Sushan Han, and Junzo Norimine. "Loss of Immunization-Induced Epitope-Specific CD4 T-Cell Response following Anaplasma marginale Infection Requires Presence of the T-Cell Epitope on the Pathogen and Is Not Associated with an Increase in Lymphocytes Expressing Known Regulatory Cell Phenotypes." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 7 (April 29, 2015): 742–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00168-15.
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ABSTRACTWe have shown that in cattle previously immunized with outer membrane proteins, infection withAnaplasma marginaleinduces a functionally exhausted CD4 T-cell response to theA. marginaleimmunogen. Furthermore, T-cell responses following infection in nonimmunized cattle had a delayed onset and were sporadic and transient during persistent infection. The induction of an exhausted T-cell response following infection presumably facilitates pathogen persistence. In the current study, we hypothesized that the loss of epitope-specific T-cell responses requires the presence of the immunizing epitope on the pathogen, and T-cell dysfunction correlates with the appearance of regulatory T cells. In limited studies in cattle, regulatory T cells have been shown to belong to γδ T-cell subsets rather than be CD4 T cells expressing forkhead box protein P3 (FoxP3). Cattle expressing the DRB3*1101 haplotype were immunized with a truncatedA. marginalemajor surface protein (MSP) 1a that contains a DRB3*1101-restricted CD4 T-cell epitope, F2-5B. Cattle either remained unchallenged or were challenged withA. marginalebacteria that express the epitope or withA. marginalesubsp.centralethat do not. Peripheral blood and spleen mononuclear cells were monitored for MSP1a epitope F2-5B-specfic T-cell proliferative responses and were stained for γδ T-cell subsets or CD4+CD25+FoxP3+T cells before and during infection. As hypothesized, the induction of T-cell exhaustion occurred only following infection withA. marginale, which did not correlate with an increase in either CD4+CD25+FoxP3+T cells or any γδ T-cell subset examined.
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Băguţ, Elena Tatiana, Ludivine Cambier, Marie-Pierre Heinen, Vasile Cozma, Michel Monod, and Bernard Mignon. "Development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of Ringworm Infection in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 8 (June 5, 2013): 1150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00243-13.
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ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to develop an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of ringworm infection in cattle. We used available recombinant forms ofTrichophyton rubrumdipeptidyl peptidase V (TruDppV) andT. rubrumleucin aminopeptidase 2 (TruLap2), which are 98% identical toTrichophyton verrucosumorthologues. Field serum samples from 135 cattle with ringworm infection, as confirmed by direct microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and PCR, and from 55 cattle without any apparent skin lesions or history of ringworm infection that served as negative controls were used. Sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values were determined to evaluate the diagnostic value of our ELISA. Overall, the ELISAs based on recombinant TruDppV and TruLap2 discriminated well between infected animals and healthy controls. Highly significant differences (P< 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U test) were noted between optical density values obtained when sera from infected versus control cattle were tested. The ELISA developed for the detection of specific antibodies against DppV gave 89.6% sensitivity, 92.7% specificity, a 96.8% positive predictive value, and a 78.4% negative predictive value. The recombinant TruLap2-based ELISA displayed 88.1% sensitivity, 90.9% specificity, a 95.9% positive predictive value, and a 75.7% negative predictive value. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ELISA based on recombinant antigens for assessing immune responses to ringworm infection in cattle; it is particularly suitable for epidemiological studies and also for the evaluation of vaccines and/or vaccination procedures.
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Baszler, Timothy V., Varda Shkap, Waithaka Mwangi, Christopher J. Davies, Bruce A. Mathison, Monica Mazuz, Dror Resnikov, et al. "Bovine Immune Response to Inoculation with Neospora caninum Surface Antigen SRS2 Lipopeptides Mimics Immune Response to Infection with Live Parasites." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 4 (February 27, 2008): 659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00436-07.
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ABSTRACT Infection of cattle with Neospora caninum protozoa, the causative agent of bovine protozoal abortion, results in robust cellular and humoral immune responses, particularly CD4+ T-lymphocyte activation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) secretion. In the present study, N. caninum SRS2 (NcSRS2) T-lymphocyte-epitope-bearing subunits were incorporated into DNA and peptide preparations to assess CD4+ cell proliferation and IFN-γ T-lymphocyte-secretion immune responses in cattle with predetermined major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes. In order to optimize dendritic-cell processing, NcSRS2 DNA vaccine was delivered with granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor and Flt3 ligand adjuvant. The synthesized NcSRS2 peptides were coupled with a palmitic acid molecule (lipopeptide) and delivered with Freund's adjuvant. Cattle vaccinated with NcSRS2 DNA vaccine alone did not induce T-lymphocyte activation or IFN-γ secretion, whereas subsequent booster inoculation with NcSRS2-lipopeptides induced robust NcSRS2-specific immune responses. Compared to the response in control animals, NcSRS2-lipopeptide-immunized cattle had significantly increased NcSRS2-specific T-lymphocyte proliferation, numbers of IFN-γ-secreting peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a antibody levels. The findings show that N. caninum NcSRS2 subunits bearing T-lymphocyte epitopes induced cell-mediated immune responses similar to the protective immune responses previously described against live parasite infection, namely T-lymphocyte activation and IFN-γ secretion. The findings support the investigation of NcSRS2 immunogens for protection against N. caninum-induced fetal infection and abortion in cattle.
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Wellenberg, G. J., E. M. A. van Rooij, J. Maissan, and J. T. Van Oirschot. "Evaluation of Newly Developed Immunoperoxidase Monolayer Assays for Detection of Antibodies against Bovine Herpesvirus 4." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.4.447-451.1999.
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ABSTRACT This study describes the evaluation of immunoperoxidase monolayer assays (IPMAs) for detection of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4) DN-599 or BHV4 LVR 140 in sera of cattle. We compared the quality of these IPMAs with the quality of a BHV4 indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, a preliminary serological survey of BHV4 antibodies was carried out to estimate the seroprevalence of BHV4 in Dutch cattle at different ages. The specificities of both BHV4 IPMAs were 1.00. The geometrical mean titers (detection limit) of the BHV4 IPMAs were twice as high as that of the BHV4 indirect ELISA. In experimentally infected cattle, BHV4 antibodies were detectable by IPMAs 16 to 18 days postinfection, which was almost 2 weeks earlier than in the indirect ELISA. The reproducibility of the BHV4 DN-599 IPMA (κD value, 0.92) and of the BHV4 LVR 140 IPMA (κD value, 0.87) were good. For field sera the overall agreement between the BHV4 indirect ELISA and the two BHV4 IPMAs, DN-599 and LVR 140, was 95 and 96%, respectively. The serological-survey study showed that the estimated seroprevalence of BHV4 in Dutch cattle was 16 to 18% and that the percentage of BHV4-positive animals varied by age category (between 6 and 43%). In summary, the two BHV4 IPMA formats have several advantages that make IPMA a useful alternative to the BHV4 indirect ELISA for detecting BHV4 antibodies in cattle.
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Sopp, P., C. J. Howard, and J. C. Hope. "Flow Cytometric Detection of Gamma Interferon Can Effectively Discriminate Mycobacterium bovis BCG-Vaccinated Cattle from M. bovis-Infected Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 12 (September 27, 2006): 1343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00291-06.
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ABSTRACT Mycobacterium bovis is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, a disease that is increasing in incidence in United Kingdom cattle herds. In addition to increasing economic losses, the rise in bovine tuberculosis poses a human health risk. There is an urgent requirement for effective strategies for disease eradication; this will likely involve vaccination in conjunction with current test and slaughter policies. A policy involving vaccination would require an accurate diagnosis of M. bovis-infected animals and the potential to distinguish these animals from vaccinates. Currently used diagnostic tests, the skin test and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) blood test, have a sensitivity of up to 95%. A further complication is that M. bovis BCG-vaccinated animals are also scored positive by these tests. We tested the hypothesis that the quantification of IFN-γ-producing lymphocytes by flow cytometric analysis of intracellular IFN-γ expression would provide a more accurate discrimination of M. bovis-infected animals from BCG vaccinates. Significant numbers of IFN-γ-expressing CD4+ T cells were detected following culture of heparinized blood from M. bovis-infected animals, but not from BCG vaccinates, with purified protein derived from M. bovis (PPD-B) or live mycobacteria. Only 1 of 17 BCG-vaccinated animals had a significant number of CD4+ T lymphocytes expressing IFN-γ, compared with 21/22 M. bovis-infected animals. This assay could allow an accurate diagnosis of M. bovis and allow the discrimination of BCG-vaccinated cattle from infected cattle.
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Hofmann, Miriam, Anke Wiethölter, Irena Blaha, Hanna Jöst, Patrick Heinemann, Maria Lehmann, Thomas Miller, et al. "Surveillance of Batai Virus in Bovines from Germany." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 6 (April 15, 2015): 672–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00082-15.
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ABSTRACTTo estimate the veterinary importance of Batai virus (BATV), we investigated the presence of BATV-specific antibodies and BATV RNA in 548 bovines from southwest Germany, and we demonstrated that 3 cattle serum samples contained BATV-neutralizing antibodies, resulting in a seroprevalence of 0.55%. Thus, our results confirm local transmission and indicate cattle as potential hosts of BATV in southwest Germany.
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Waters, W. R., B. M. Buddle, H. M. Vordermeier, E. Gormley, M. V. Palmer, T. C. Thacker, J. P. Bannantine, et al. "Development and Evaluation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Use in the Detection of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 11 (September 14, 2011): 1882–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05343-11.
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ABSTRACTAs a consequence of continued spillover ofMycobacterium bovisinto cattle from wildlife reservoirs and increased globalization of cattle trade with associated transmission risks, new approaches such as vaccination and novel testing algorithms are seriously being considered by regulatory agencies for the control of bovine tuberculosis. Serologic tests offer opportunities for identification ofM. bovis-infected animals not afforded by current diagnostic techniques. The present study describes assay development and field assessment of a new commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects antibody toM. bovisantigens MPB83 and MPB70 in infected cattle. Pertinent findings include the following: specific antibody responses were detected at ∼90 to 100 days after experimentalM. bovischallenge, minimal cross-reactive responses were elicited by infection/sensitization with nontuberculousMycobacteriumspp., and the apparent sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA with naturally infected cattle were 63% and 98%, respectively, with sensitivity improving as disease severity increased. The ELISA also detected infected animals missed by the routine tuberculin skin test, and antibody was detectable in bulk tank milk samples fromM. bovis-infected dairy herds. A high-throughput ELISA could be adapted as a movement, border, or slaughter surveillance test, as well as a supplemental test to tuberculin skin testing.
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Moe, Kyaw Kyaw, Takahisa Yano, Kazuhiro Misumi, Chikara Kubota, Wataru Yamazaki, Michio Muguruma, and Naoaki Misawa. "Analysis of the IgG Immune Response to Treponema phagedenis-Like Spirochetes in Individual Dairy Cattle with Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 3 (January 27, 2010): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00464-09.
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ABSTRACT Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) is a major infectious disease of the foot skin in dairy cattle. Treponema phagedenis-like spirochetes have been consistently detected in PDD lesions, and antibodies against these organisms have been demonstrated in affected cattle. However, little is known about the dominant antigens recognized by the immune system of affected cattle. Here, we investigated the IgG immune response to T. phagedenis-like isolates by Western blotting with different sera using whole-cell lysates and extracted glycolipid from 18 and 8 isolates, respectively, including those from different cattle on the same or different farms, isolates from different lesions affecting a single cow, and different isolates from the same lesion affecting a single cow. The reactivity of sera in Western blot assays revealed different banding patterns or showed no bands, suggesting that considerable antigenic variations, including glycolipid, may exist among the isolates, even in those from single individuals. With use of a total of 151 serum samples collected from three groups of cattle, i.e., PDD-positive cows on PDD-positive farms (group A), PDD-negative cows on PDD-positive farms (group B), and cows on PDD-free farms (group C), the levels of IgG antibodies against four T. phagedenis-like isolates were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The optical density in groups A and B was significantly higher than that in group C, even though the value varied among the antigens used. Therefore, combinations of multiple Treponema species should be used for serological analysis and the development of a suitable vaccine because of antigenic variations.
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Ayalew, Sahlu, Binu Shrestha, Marie Montelongo, Amanda E. Wilson, and Anthony W. Confer. "Immunogenicity of Mannheimia haemolytica Recombinant Outer Membrane Proteins Serotype 1-Specific Antigen, OmpA, OmpP2, and OmpD15." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 12 (October 5, 2011): 2067–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05332-11.
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ABSTRACTWe previously identifiedMannheimia haemolyticaouter membrane proteins (OMPs) that may be important immunogens by using immunoproteomic analyses. Genes for serotype 1-specific antigen (SSA-1), OmpA, OmpP2, and OmpD15 were cloned and expressed, and recombinant proteins were purified. Objective 1 of this study was to demonstrate immunogenicity of the four recombinant OMPs in mice and cattle. Objective 2 was to determine if the addition of individual recombinant OMPs or combinations of them would modify immune responsiveness of mice to the recombinant chimeric protein SAC89, containing the main epitope fromM. haemolyticaouter membrane lipoprotein PlpE and the neutralizing epitope ofM. haemolyticaleukotoxin. Mice vaccinated with recombinant OmpA (rOmpA), rSSA-1, rOmpD15, and rOmpP2 developed significant antibody responses toM. haemolyticaouter membranes and to the homologous recombinant OMP. Cattle vaccinated with rOmpA and rSSA-1 developed significant antibodies toM. haemolyticaouter membranes by day 28, whereas cattle vaccinated with rOmpD15 and rOmpP2 developed only minimal responses. Sera from cattle vaccinated with each of the recombinant proteins stimulated complement-mediated killing of the bacterium. Concurrent vaccination with SAC89 plus any of the four rOMPs singly resulted in increased endpoint anti-SAC89 titers, and for the SAC89/rSSA-1 vaccinees, the response was increased significantly. In contrast, the SAC89/P2/SSA-1 and SAC89/OmpA/P2/D15/SSA-1 combination vaccines resulted in significant decreases in anti-SAC89 antibodies compared to SAC89 vaccination alone. In conclusion, under the conditions of these experiments, vaccination of mice and cattle with rOmpA and rSSA-1 stimulated high antibody responses and may have protective vaccine potential.
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Wedlock, D. Neil, Michel Denis, Gavin F. Painter, Gary D. Ainge, H. Martin Vordermeier, R. Glyn Hewinson, and Bryce M. Buddle. "Enhanced Protection against Bovine Tuberculosis after Coadministration of Mycobacterium bovis BCG with a Mycobacterial Protein Vaccine-Adjuvant Combination but Not after Coadministration of Adjuvant Alone." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 15, no. 5 (March 12, 2008): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00034-08.
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ABSTRACT Current efforts are aimed at optimizing the protective efficacy of Mycobacterium bovis BCG by the use of vaccine combinations. We have recently demonstrated that the protection afforded by BCG alone is enhanced by vaccinating cattle with a combination of vaccines comprising BCG and a protein tuberculosis vaccine, namely, culture filtrate proteins (CFPs) from M. bovis plus an adjuvant. In the current study, three different adjuvant systems were compared. The CFP was formulated with a depot adjuvant, dimethyldioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA), together with one of three different immunostimulants: monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), a synthetic mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannoside-2 (PIM2), and a synthetic lipopeptide (Pam3Cys-SKKKK [Pam3CSK4]). Groups of cattle (n = 10/group) were vaccinated with BCG-CFP-DDA-PIM2, BCG-CFP-DDA-MPL, or BCG-CFP-DDA-Pam3CSK4. Two additional groups (n = 10) were vaccinated with BCG alone or BCG-adjuvant (DDA-MPL), and a control group was left unvaccinated. Protection was assessed by challenging the cattle intratracheally with M. bovis. Groups of cattle vaccinated with BCG-CFP-DDA-PIM2, BCG-CFP-DDA-MPL, BCG-CFP-DDA-Pam3CSK4, and BCG alone showed significant reductions in three, three, five, and three pathological and microbiological disease parameters, respectively, compared to the results for the nonvaccinated group. Vaccination with the combination of BCG and the DDA-MPL adjuvant alone abrogated the protection conferred by BCG alone. The profiling of cytokine gene expression following vaccination, prior to challenge, did not illuminate significant differences which could explain the latter result. Vaccination of cattle with a combination of BCG and protein tuberculosis vaccine enhances protection against tuberculosis.
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Waters, W. R., B. J. Nonnecke, M. V. Palmer, S. Robbe-Austermann, J. P. Bannantine, J. R. Stabel, D. L. Whipple, et al. "Use of Recombinant ESAT-6:CFP-10 Fusion Protein for Differentiation of Infections of Cattle by Mycobacterium bovis and by M. avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 4 (July 2004): 729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.4.729-735.2004.
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ABSTRACT Immunological diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle is often confounded by cross-reactive responses resulting from exposure to other mycobacterial species, especially Mycobacterium avium. Early secretory antigenic target 6 (ESAT-6) and culture filtrate protein 10 (CFP-10) are dominant gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-inducing antigens of tuberculous mycobacteria, and they are absent from many environmental nontuberculous mycobacteria. Because M. avium exposure is the primary confounding factor in the diagnosis of M. bovis-infected animals, in vitro responses to a recombinant ESAT-6:CFP-10 (rESAT-6:CFP-10) fusion protein by blood leukocytes from cattle naturally exposed to M. avium or experimentally challenged with Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium or Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis were compared to responses by M. bovis-infected cattle. Responses to heterogeneous mycobacterial antigens (i.e., purified protein derivatives [PPDs] and whole-cell sonicates [WCSs]) were also evaluated. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IFN-γ, and nitric oxide responses by M. bovis-infected cattle to rESAT-6:CFP-10 exceeded (P < 0.05) the corresponding responses by cattle naturally sensitized to M. avium. Experimental infection with M. bovis, M. avium, or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis induced significant (P < 0.05) IFN-γ and nitric oxide production to WCS and PPD antigens, regardless of the mycobacterial species used for the preparation of the antigen. Responses to homologous crude antigens generally exceeded responses to heterologous antigens. Nitric oxide and IFN-γ responses to rESAT-6:CFP-10 by blood leukocytes from M. bovis-infected calves exceeded (P < 0.05) the corresponding responses of noninfected, M. avium-infected, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected calves. Despite the reported potential for secretion of immunogenic ESAT-6 and CFP-10 proteins by M. avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, it appears that use of the rESAT-6:CFP-10 fusion protein will be useful for the detection of tuberculous cattle in herds with pre-existing sensitization to M. avium and/or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
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Sawada, Takuo, Raafat Hassanein, Tohru Yamamoto, and Takaharu Yoshida. "Distribution of Antibody against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in Cattle." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.3.624-627.2001.
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ABSTRACT Serum samples collected from 854 cattle in nine prefectures of Japan, from Hokkaido to Okinawa, between 1988 and 1992 were examined for presence of antibodies against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae by growth agglutination test. Most of the sera showed positive reactions, and the antibody titers ranged from below 4 to above 128. Seventy-six percent of the sera showed titers of 32 or above, and 34% showed titers of 128 or above. The titers had a tendency to be higher in the south and lower in the north and were clearly low in sera from areas with no swine industry. These results indicated that Japanese cattle had been infected with E. rhusiopathiae and that clinical cases of the disease were possible.
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PALMER, A. C., P. G. G. JACKSON, and W. F. BLAKEMORE. "A primary demyelinating disorder of young cattle." Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 17, no. 6 (December 1991): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.1991.tb00749.x.
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Bannantine, John P., Avery L. Paulson, Ofelia Chacon, Robert J. Fenton, Denise K. Zinniel, David S. McVey, David R. Smith, Charles J. Czuprynski, and Raúl G. Barletta. "Immunogenicity and Reactivity of NovelMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisPPE MAP1152 and Conserved MAP1156 Proteins with Sera from Experimentally and Naturally Infected Animals." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 1 (November 17, 2010): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00297-10.
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ABSTRACTMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiscauses Johne's disease (JD) in ruminants. Development of genetic tools and completion of theM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisgenome sequencing project have expanded the opportunities for antigen discovery. In this study, we determined the seroreactivities of two proteins encoded at the 5′ and 3′ regions of the MAP1152-MAP1156 gene cluster. MAP1152 encodes a PPE protein, and MAP1156 encodes a diacylglycerol acyltransferase involved in triglyceride metabolism and classified in the uncharacterized protein family UPF0089. Recombinant MAP proteins were overproduced and purified fromEscherichia colias maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusions. Immunoblotting analysis indicated that both MAP1152 and MAP1156 displayed reactivity against sera of mice and rabbits immunized with liveM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiscells and against samples from naturally infected cattle. In immunoblot assays, MAP1156 yielded a stronger positive signal than MAP1152 against sera from cattle with JD. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the recombinant proteins was developed and used to test preclassified positive and negative serum samples from naturally infected and noninfected cattle. Samples, with one exception, displayed no seroreactivity against the MBP-LacZ fusion protein (P> 0.05), the negative-control antigen. MAP1152 displayed seroreactivity against all positive sera but no seroreactivity to the negative sera (P< 0.01). MAP1156 displayed stronger and more variable reactivity than MAP1152, but significant differences were observed between noninfected and infected cattle (P< 0.05). Otherwise, degrees of reactivity followed the same trend as the positive reference antigen. In conclusion, both proteins are immunogenic in mice and rabbits, andM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis-infected cattle mount a humoral response to both MAP1152 and MAP1156 cross-reactive epitopes. These findings have potential applications to diagnostics, vaccine production, and elucidation of the immunopathogenesis of JD.
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Medina, Gisselle N., Nestor Montiel, Fayna Diaz-San Segundo, Diego Sturza, Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina, Marvin J. Grubman, and Teresa de los Santos. "Evaluation of a Fiber-Modified Adenovirus Vector Vaccine against Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 2 (November 25, 2015): 125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00426-15.
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ABSTRACTNovel vaccination approaches against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) include the use of replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) vectors that contain the capsid-encoding regions of FMD virus (FMDV). Ad5 containing serotype A24 capsid sequences (Ad5.A24) has proved to be effective as a vaccine against FMD in livestock species. However, Ad5-vectored FMDV serotype O1 Campos vaccine (Ad5.O1C.2B) provides only partial protection of cattle against homologous challenge. It has been reported that a fiber-modified Ad5 vector expressing Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) enhances transduction of antigen-presenting cells (APC) in mice. In the current study, we assessed the efficacy of a fiber-modified Ad5 (Adt.O1C.2B.RGD) in cattle. Expression of FMDV capsid proteins was superior in cultured cells infected with the RGD-modified vector. Furthermore, transgene expression of Adt.O1C.2B.RGD was enhanced in cell lines that constitutively express integrin αvβ6, a known receptor for FMDV. In contrast, capsid expression in cattle-derived enriched APC populations was not enhanced by infection with this vector. Our data showed that vaccination with the two vectors yielded similar levels of protection against FMD in cattle. Although none of the vaccinated animals had detectable viremia, FMDV RNA was detected in serum samples from animals with clinical signs. Interestingly, CD4+and CD8+gamma interferon (IFN-γ)+cell responses were detected at significantly higher levels in animals vaccinated with Adt.O1C.2B.RGD than in animals vaccinated with Ad5.O1C.2B. Our results suggest that inclusion of an RGD motif in the fiber of Ad5-vectored FMD vaccine improves transgene delivery and cell-mediated immunity but does not significantly enhance vaccine performance in cattle.
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Register, Karen B., Randy E. Sacco, and Steven C. Olsen. "Evaluation of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detection of Mycoplasma bovis-Specific Antibody in Bison Sera." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 9 (July 10, 2013): 1405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00409-13.
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ABSTRACTMycoplasma bovishas recently emerged as a significant and costly infectious disease problem in bison. A method for the detection ofM. bovis-specific serum antibodies is needed in order to establish prevalence and transmission patterns. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) validated for the detection ofM. bovis-specific serum IgG in cattle are commercially available, but their suitability for bison sera has not been determined. A collection of bison sera, most from animals with a known history of infection or vaccination withM. bovis, was tested forM. bovis-specific IgG using commercially available kits as well as an in-house ELISA in which either cattle or bisonM. bovisisolates were used as a source of antigen. Comparison of the results demonstrates that ELISAs optimized for cattle sera may not be optimal for the identification of bison seropositive forM. bovis, particularly those with low to moderate antibody levels. The reagent used for the detection of bison IgG and the source of the antigen affect the sensitivity of the assay. Optimal performance was obtained when the capture antigen was derived from bison isolates rather than cattle isolates and when a protein G conjugate rather than an anti-bovine IgG conjugate was used for the detection of bison IgG.
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Anderson, Jenna, Sara Hägglund, Emmanuel Bréard, Loic Comtet, Karin Lövgren Bengtsson, John Pringle, Stéphan Zientara, and Jean Francois Valarcher. "Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of an Experimental Subunit Vaccine That Allows Differentiation between Infected and Vaccinated Animals against Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 8 (May 29, 2013): 1115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00229-13.
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ABSTRACTBluetongue virus (BTV), the causative agent of bluetongue in ruminants, is an emerging virus in northern Europe. The 2006 outbreak of BTV serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Europe was marked by an unusual teratogenic effect and a high frequency of clinical signs in cattle. Conventional control strategies targeting small ruminants were therefore extended to include cattle. Since cattle were not routinely vaccinated before 2006, the immune responses to BTV have not been studied extensively in this species. With the aims of developing a subunit vaccine against BTV-8 for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals based on viral protein 7 (VP7) antibody detection and of improving the current understanding of the immunogenicity of BTV proteins in cattle, the immune responses induced by recombinant VP2 (BTV-8) and nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) and NS2 (BTV-2) were studied. Cows were immunized twice (with a 3-week interval) with the experimental vaccine, a commercial inactivated vaccine, or a placebo. The two vaccines induced similar neutralizing antibody responses to BTV-8. Furthermore, the antibody responses detected against VP2, NS1, and NS2 were strongest in the animals immunized with the experimental vaccine, and for the first time, a serotype cross-reactive antibody response to NS2 was shown in cattle vaccinated with the commercial vaccine. The two vaccines evoked measurable T cell responses against NS1, thereby supporting a bovine cross-reactive T cell response. Finally, VP7 seroconversion was observed after vaccination with the commercial vaccine, as in natural infections, but not after vaccination with the experimental vaccine, indicating that the experimental vaccine may allow the differentiation of vaccinated animals from infected animals regardless of BTV serotype. The experimental vaccine will be further evaluated during a virulent challenge in a high-containment facility.
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Koo, Hye Cheong, Yong Ho Park, Jongsam Ahn, W. Ray Waters, Mary Jo Hamilton, George Barrington, Abdelaziz A. Mosaad, Mitch V. Palmer, Sang Shin, and William C. Davis. "New Latex Bead Agglutination Assay for Differential Diagnosis of Cattle Infected with Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 6 (November 2004): 1070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.6.1070-1074.2004.
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ABSTRACT Extensive studies have shown that the current assays used to identify cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis are not sufficiently sensitive and specific to detect all infected animals, especially animals recently infected with the pathogens. In the present report we show that these limitations might be overcome with a latex bead agglutination assay (LBAA). With the specific immunodominant epitope (ESAT6-p) of M. bovis, we developed an LBAA and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for that purpose and compared them with the “gold standard” culture method and skin test for their efficacy in detecting bovine tuberculosis. When sera from control healthy cows (n = 10), M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-positive cattle (naturally infected, n = 16; experimentally infected, n = 8), and M. bovis-positive cattle (naturally infected, n = 49;experimentally infected, n = 20) were applied to an EIA and an LBAA developed with ESAT6-p, the two tests showed similar sensitivity (97.1% by EIA, 95.7% by LBAA), high specificity (94.2% by EIA, 100% by LBAA), and a positive correlation (kappa value, 0.85; correlation rate, 93.2%; correlation coefficient, 0.64). Receiver operating characteristic analysis of EIA results and comparison with the culture method determined a suitable cutoff value at 0.469, with an area under the curve of 0.991 (95% confidence interval, 0.977 to 1.0). As LBAA didn't show any positive reactions with sera from uninfected control cows or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected cattle, which were confirmed to be free of M. bovis by culture or PCR, LBAA using the ESAT6-p can be a rapid and useful M. bovis diagnostic assay. The data suggest that rapid, sensitive, and specific assays can be developed with peptides containing immunodominant epitopes present in proteins uniquely expressed in M. bovis or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis for differential diagnosis of cattle infected with M. bovis or M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis.
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Liao, Min, Shoufa Zhang, Xuenan Xuan, Guohong Zhang, Xiaohong Huang, Ikuo Igarashi, and Kozo Fujisaki. "Development of Rapid Immunochromatographic Test with Recombinant NcSAG1 for Detection of Antibodies to Neospora caninum in Cattle." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12, no. 7 (July 2005): 885–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.12.7.885-887.2005.
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ABSTRACT An immunochromatographic test (ICT) with recombinant surface antigen 1 of Neospora caninum (NcSAG1) was developed for the rapid detection of antibodies to N. caninum in cattle. The ICT was used to clearly discriminate between immunofluorescent-antibody test (IFAT)-positive bovine sera and IFAT-negative bovine sera. Serum samples collected from cattle in Yanbian, China, were examined by the ICT. Of the 96 serum samples, 23 (24.0%) were positive by the ICT, and 19 (19.8%) samples were positive by a previously developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eighteen of 19 ELISA-positive samples were positive according to the ICT. A good agreement was found between the results of the ICT and the ELISA. The results presented here suggest that the ICT with recombinant truncated NcSAG1 fused to glutathione S-transferase is a useful and reliable method for the detection of antibodies to N. caninum in cattle.
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Boland, Kathryn G., Andrea N. Hayles, Claire B. Miller, Tovah Kerr, Wendy C. Brown, and Kevin K. Lahmers. "Regional Immune Response to Immunization with Escherichia coli O157:H7-Derived Intimin in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 4 (February 13, 2013): 562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00743-12.
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ABSTRACTEscherichia coliO157:H7 is an enteric pathogen of animals and humans that can result in deadly sequelae. Cattle are asymptomatic carriers and shedders of the bacteria and serve as an important reservoir of human infection.E. coliO157:H7 colonizes the gastrointestinal tract, most frequently at the rectoanal junction mucosa in cattle. Vaccination is a potentially highly effective means of decreasing cattle colonization and shedding and thereby decreasing human infections. Currently available vaccines are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly, and immune responses have been evaluated solely by systemic immunoglobulin responses. This study evaluated local and systemic lymphoproliferative responses in addition to immunoglobulin responses following subcutaneous or mucosal (rectal) immunization withE. coliO157:H7 outer membrane protein intimin over three trials. In all three trials, significant local and systemic lymphoproliferative responses (P< 0.05) occurred following immunization in the majority of animals, as well as significant immunoglobulin responses (P< 0.001) in all animals. Surprisingly, local responses in the mesorectal lymph nodes were very similar between the subcutaneous and mucosal immunization groups. Moreover, the responses in mesorectal lymph nodes appeared targeted rather than generalized, as minimal or no significant responses were observed in the associated prescapular lymph nodes of subcutaneously immunized animals. The results indicate that both subcutaneous and mucosal immunizations are effective methods of inducing immune responses againstE. coliO157:H7 in cattle.
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Pusterla, Nicola, Jeannine Berger Pusterla, Ueli Braun, and Hans Lutz. "Serological, Hematologic, and PCR Studies of Cattle in an Area of Switzerland in Which Tick-Borne Fever (Caused by Ehrlichia phagocytophila) Is Endemic." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 325–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.5.3.325-327.1998.
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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the seasonal variations in seroprevalence to Ehrlichia phagocytophila in cattle pastured during the summer months in an area where tick-borne fever is endemic. The study was performed during a 1-year period from April 1996 to March 1997 and involved 34 cows, 22 pregnant heifers, and 14 calves. Blood samples, collected from all 70 cattle once a month, were used to determine serum immunoglobulin G titers by indirect immunofluorescence. In addition, blood smears were examined for Ehrlichiaorganisms, and PCR amplification was performed for the molecular detection of E. phagocytophila. Prior to the pasture period, the seroprevalence was 16%. Two weeks after the start of pasturing, it was 43%, after which it progressively increased and reached a maximum of 63% in September. The seroprevalence progressively decreased after the end of pasturing to a low of 23%. The variation in antibody titers was similar to that of seroprevalence.E. phagocytophila organisms were detected in blood smears of 7 animals and by nested PCR in 12. Only four cows, which were on the pastures of endemicity for the first time, had clinical signs of ehrlichiosis. This study demonstrated marked seasonal variations in seroprevalence and in serum titers of antibody to E. phagocytophila in cattle. The incidence of clinical signs of ehrlichiosis was increased in cattle grazing on the pastures of endemicity for the first time.
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Turse, Joshua E., Glen A. Scoles, James R. Deringer, Lindsay M. Fry, and Wendy C. Brown. "Immunization-Induced Anaplasma marginale-Specific T-Lymphocyte Responses Impaired by A. marginale Infection Are Restored after Eliminating Infection with Tetracycline." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 9 (July 9, 2014): 1369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00246-14.
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ABSTRACTInfection of cattle withAnaplasma marginalefails to prime sustained effector/memory T-cell responses, and high bacterial load may induce antigen-specific CD4 T exhaustion and deletion. We tested the hypothesis that clearance of persistent infection restores the exhausted T-cell response. We show that infection-induced T-cell exhaustion, characterized as loss of antigen-specific proliferation, and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production are partially restored in cattle following clearance of persistent infection with tetracycline.
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Facciuolo, Antonio, David F. Kelton, and Lucy M. Mutharia. "Novel Secreted Antigens of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis as Serodiagnostic Biomarkers for Johne's Disease in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 12 (October 2, 2013): 1783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00380-13.
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ABSTRACTJohne's disease is a chronic gastroenteritis of cattle caused byMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisthat afflicts 40% of dairy herds worldwide.M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis-infected cattle can remain asymptomatic for years while transmitting the pathogen via fecal contamination and milk. Current serodiagnosis with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) fails to detect asymptomaticM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis-infected cattle due to the use of poorly defined antigens and knowledge gaps in our understanding ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosiscomponents eliciting pathogen-specific immune responses. We set out to (i) define a subset of proteins that contain putative antigenic targets and (ii) screen these antigen pools for immunogens relevant in detecting infection. To accomplish our first objective, we captured and resolvedM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis-secreted proteins using a 2-step fractionation method and reverse-phase liquid chromatography to identify 162 unique proteins, of which 66 had not been previously observed inM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisculture filtrates. Subsequent screening ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis-secreted proteins showed four antigens, of which one or more reacted on immunoblotting with individual serum samples from 35M. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis-infected cows. Moreover, these novel antigens reacted with sera from 6 lowM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisshedders and 3 fecal-culture-positive cows labeled as ELISA seronegative. The specificity of these antigens was demonstrated using negative-control sera from uninfected calves (n= 5) and uninfected cows (n= 5), which did not react to any of these antigens in immunoblotting. As three of the four antigens are novel, their characterization and incorporation into an ELISA-based format will aid in detecting asymptomatic cattle in early or subclinical stages of disease.
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Terkawi, Mohamad Alaa, Nguyen Xuan Huyen, Putut Eko Wibowo, Faasoa Junior Seuseu, Mahmoud Aboulaila, Akio Ueno, Youn-Kyoung Goo, Naoaki Yokoyama, Xuenan Xuan, and Ikuo Igarashi. "Spherical Body Protein 4 Is a New Serological Antigen for Global Detection ofBabesia bovisInfection in Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00388-10.
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ABSTRACTFiveBabesia bovisrecombinant proteins, including merozoite surface antigen 2c (BbMSA-2c), C-terminal rhoptry-associated protein 1 (BbRAP-1/CT), truncated thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (BbTRAP-T), spherical body protein 1 (BbSBP-1), and spherical body protein 4 (BbSBP-4), were evaluated as diagnostic antigens to detect the infection in cattle. The recombinant proteins were highly antigenic when tested with experimentallyB. bovis-infected bovine serum in Western blot analysis. Furthermore, five antisera that had been raised against each of the recombinant proteins reacted specifically with the corresponding authentic protein, as determined in Western blot analysis. Next, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using these recombinant proteins were evaluated for diagnostic use, and the sensitivity and specificity of each protein were demonstrated with a series of serum samples from experimentallyB. bovis-infected cattle. Furthermore, a total of 669 field serum samples collected from cattle in regions ofB. bovisendemicity in seven countries were tested with the ELISAs, and the results were compared to those of an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), as a reference. Among five recombinant antigens, recombinant BbSBP-4 (rBbSBP-4) had the highest concordance rate (85.3%) and kappa value (0.705), indicating its reliability in the detection of specific antibodies toB. bovisin cattle, even in different geographical regions. Overall, we have successfully developed an ELISA based on rBbSBP-4 as a new serological antigen for a practical and sensitive test which will be applicable for epidemiologic survey and control programs in the future.
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Cagiola, M., F. Feliziani, G. Severi, P. Pasquali, and D. Rutili. "Analysis of Possible Factors Affecting the Specificity of the Gamma Interferon Test in Tuberculosis-Free Cattle Herds." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, no. 5 (September 2004): 952–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.11.5.952-956.2004.
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ABSTRACT Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is still a zoonotic problem in the world. Despite the fact that eradication programs for bovine TB are being implemented in many countries, it remains a public health problem. These programs are mainly based on a single intradermal tuberculin test using bovine tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), isolation, and slaughtering of infected animals. The aim of this study was to assess the specificity of the gamma interferon (IFN-γ) test in TB-free cattle herds, by using not only Australian tuberculins but also tuberculins produced at our institute, and to correlate the response with the type of production (beef cattle, dairy cattle, and a dual-purpose breed), the housing system, and the age of the animals. We studied 800 animals selected from 20 TB- and paratuberculosis-free herds. The animals were tested in parallel, after stimulation with Australian tuberculins and tuberculins produced at our institute, by using the skin test and two IFN-γ assays. The results of this trial showed that the specificity of the IFN-γ test is higher than that of the skin test (96.8%) and ranges from 97.3% (using only Australian tuberculins) to 98.6% (using tuberculins produced at our institute). We found that different categories of cattle could influence the specificity of the skin test but that these differences tended to be reduced in the IFN-γ assay, especially when Italian PPDs were used.
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Nishimura, Maki, Junko Kohara, Jun Hiasa, Yoshikage Muroi, Naoaki Yokoyama, Katsuya Kida, Xuenan Xuan, Hidefumi Furuoka, and Yoshifumi Nishikawa. "Tissue Distribution of Neospora caninum in Experimentally Infected Cattle." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 2 (December 12, 2012): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00556-12.
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ABSTRACTHistopathology and quantitative PCR (qPCR) were used to determine the tissue distribution ofNeospora caninumin calves at 80 days postinfection. Our findings revealed that the most appropriate brain areas for researchingN. caninumpathogenesis were the amygdala and hippocampus for qPCR and the corpus striatum and diencephalon for histopathology.
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Rhodes, S. G., L. A. Terry, J. Hope, R. G. Hewinson, and H. M. Vordermeier. "1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Development of Tuberculosis in Cattle." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 6 (November 2003): 1129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.6.1129-1135.2003.
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ABSTRACT This report describes the presence and activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-D3) in experimental bovine tuberculosis. Animals that went on to develop tuberculous lesions exhibited a rapid transient increase in serum 1,25-D3 within the first 2 weeks following infection with Mycobacterium bovis. 1,25-D3-positive mononuclear cells were later identified in all tuberculous granulomas by immunohistochemical staining of postmortem lymph node tissue. These results suggest a role for 1,25-D3 both at the onset of infection and in the development of the granuloma in these infected animals. Using a monoclonal antibody to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) as a VDR agonist, we confirmed that activation of the vitamin D pathway profoundly depresses antigen-specific, but not mitogenic, bovine peripheral blood T-cell responses (proliferation and gamma interferon production). Investigation of the mechanism of this suppression showed that the VDR antibody modified the expression of CD80 by accessory cells, such that a significant positive correlation between T-cell proliferation and accessory cell CD80 emerged.
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Vordermeier, H. M., A. Whelan, P. J. Cockle, L. Farrant, N. Palmer, and R. G. Hewinson. "Use of Synthetic Peptides Derived from the Antigens ESAT-6 and CFP-10 for Differential Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Cattle." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.3.571-578.2001.
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ABSTRACT In Great Britain an independent scientific review for the government has concluded that the development of a cattle vaccine against Mycobacterium bovis infection holds the best long-term prospect for tuberculosis control in British herds. A precondition for vaccination is the development of a complementary diagnostic test to differentiate between vaccinated animals and those infected with M. bovis so that testing and slaughter-based control strategies can continue alongside vaccination. To date bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain ofM. bovis, is the only available vaccine for the prevention of tuberculosis. However, tests based on tuberculin purified protein derivative cannot distinguish between M. bovisinfection and BCG vaccination. Therefore, specific antigens expressed by M. bovis but absent from BCG constitute prime candidates for differential diagnostic reagents. Recently, two such antigens, ESAT-6 and CFP-10, have been reported to be promising candidates as diagnostic reagents for the detection of M. bovis infection in cattle. Here we report the identification of promiscuous peptides of CFP-10 that were recognized by M. bovis-infected cattle. Five of these peptides were formulated into a peptide cocktail together with five peptides derived from ESAT-6. Using this peptide cocktail in T-cell assays, M. bovis-infected animals were detected, while BCG-vaccinated orMycobacterium avium-sensitized animals did not respond. The sensitivity of the peptide cocktail as an antigen in a whole-blood gamma interferon assay was determined using naturally infected field reactor cattle, and the specificity was determined using blood from BCG-vaccinated and noninfected, nonvaccinated animals. The sensitivity of the assay in cattle with confirmed tuberculosis was found to be 77.9%, with a specificity of 100% in BCG-vaccinated or nonvaccinated animals. This compares favorably with the specificity of tuberculin when tested in noninfected or vaccinated animals. In summary, our results demonstrate that this peptide cocktail can discriminate betweenM. bovis infection and BCG vaccination with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.
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FUKUDA, T., and M. KISHIKAWA. "INTRANEURONAL EOSINOPHILIC BODIES OF BEEF CATTLE (JAPANESE BROWN)." Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 15, no. 4 (August 1989): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2990.1989.tb01235.x.
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Alonso-Urmeneta, B., C. Marín, V. Aragón, J. M. Blasco, R. Díaz, and I. Moriyón. "Evaluation of Lipopolysaccharides and Polysaccharides of Different Epitopic Structures in the Indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Brucellosis in Small Ruminants and Cattle." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 5, no. 6 (November 1, 1998): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.5.6.749-754.1998.
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ABSTRACT Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensishave surface lipopolysaccharides and polysaccharides carryingB. melitensis-type (M) and B. abortus-type (A) epitopes as well as common (C) epitopes present in all smooth Brucella biotypes. Crude lipopolysaccharides, hydrolytic O polysaccharides, and native hapten polysaccharides of MC or AC specificity were evaluated in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with polyclonal, monoclonal, or protein G conjugates by using sera from cattle, sheep, and goats infected with AC, MC, or AMC Brucella biotypes. Regardless of the antigen, the levels of antibodies were lower in goats than in sheep and highest in cattle. The diagnostic performance of the assay was not affected by the absence of lipid A-core epitopes, the presence of contaminating outer membrane proteins, the AC or MC epitopic structure of the absorbed antigen, or the conjugate used. Moreover, with sera from cattle vaccinated with B. abortus S19 (AC) or from sheep and goats vaccinated with B. melitensis Rev 1 (MC), AC and MC antigens showed similar levels of reactivity. The results show that antibodies to the C epitopes largely dominate in infection, and this is consistent with the existence of multiple overlapping C epitopes (V. Weynants, D. Gilson, A. Cloeckaert, A. Tibor, P. A. Denoel, F. Godfroid, J. N. Limet, and J.-J. Letesson, Infect. Immun. 65:1939–1943, 1997) rather than with one or two C epitopes. It is concluded that, by adaptation to the corresponding antibody levels, brucellosis in cattle, sheep, and goats can be diagnosed by immunosorbent assay with a single combination of conjugate and antigen.
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Brank, Marion, Dominique Le Grand, François Poumarat, Pierre Bezille, Renate Rosengarten, and Christine Citti. "Development of a Recombinant Antigen for Antibody-Based Diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis Infection in Cattle." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 6 (November 1, 1999): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.6.861-867.1999.
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ABSTRACT Mycoplasma bovis induces various clinical manifestations in cattle, such as mastitis, arthritis, and pneumonia. We have evaluated the immunoreactivity of three variable surface proteins (Vsps) of M. bovis, namely VspA, VspB, and VspC, with sera collected from herds with mycoplasmosis or from cattle experimentally infected with M. bovis. Western blot analysis revealed that the Vsps are the predominant antigens recognized by the host humoral response during M. bovis infection. The immunoreactivity of VspA, VspB, and VspC with host antibodies was independent of the clinical manifestations, the geographical origin of the M. bovis isolates, the mode of infection, and the animal’s history. Moreover, the results showed that Vsp-specific host antibodies can be detected about 10 days after experimental infection and for up to several months. The full-length or truncated versions of the VspA product were overexpressed in Escherichia coli as fusion proteins (FP-VspA). Recombinant products showed strong immunoreactivity with the Vsp-specific monoclonal antibodies 1A1 and 1E5, with the corresponding epitopes localized at the VspA N-terminal and C-terminal ends, respectively. Anti-M. bovis sera of cattle naturally or experimentally infected also strongly recognized the full-length FP-VspA. The seroreactivity of sera collected from cattle between 6 and 10 days after experimental infection was weaker with truncated versions of VspA lacking the 1E5 epitope than with the full-length VspA or the truncated versions lacking the 1A1 epitope. Overall, the results indicate that the Vsps, despite their inter- and intraclonal variability, may be applied as target antigens in serodiagnostic assays for epidemiological studies.
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Waters, W. R., M. V. Palmer, D. L. Whipple, M. P. Carlson, and B. J. Nonnecke. "Diagnostic Implications of Antigen-Induced Gamma Interferon, Nitric Oxide, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Mycobacterium bovis-Infected Cattle." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 5 (September 2003): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.5.960-966.2003.
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ABSTRACT Bovine tuberculosis in the United States has proven costly to cattle producers as well as to government regulatory agencies. While in vivo responsiveness to mycobacterial antigens is the current standard for the diagnosis of tuberculosis, in vitro assays are gaining acceptance, especially as ancillary or complementary tests. To evaluate in vitro indices of cellular sensitization, antigen-induced gamma interferon (IFN-γ), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) responses by blood mononuclear cells from Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle were quantified and compared. Using an aerosol model of infection, two doses of each of two strains of M. bovis (95-1315 and HC-2045T) were used to induce a range of IFN-γ, NO, and TNF-α responses. Infection-specific increases in NO, but not in IFN-γ or TNF-α, were detected in nonstimulated cultures at 48 h, a finding that is indicative of nonspecific activation and spontaneous release of NO. The infective dose of M. bovis organisms also influenced responses. At 34 days postinfection, IFN-γ, NO, and TNF-α responses in antigen-stimulated cells from cattle receiving 105 CFU of M. bovis organisms were greater than responses of cells from cattle infected with 103 CFU of M. bovis organisms. The NO response, but not the IFN-γ and TNF-α responses, was influenced by infective strains of M. bovis. The TNF-α, NO, and IFN-γ responses followed similar kinetics, with strong positive associations among the three readouts. Overall, these findings indicate that NO and TNF-α, like IFN-γ, may prove useful as indices for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.
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Whelan, Clare, Adam O. Whelan, Eduard Shuralev, Hang Fai Kwok, Glyn Hewinson, John Clarke, and H. Martin Vordermeier. "Performance of the Enferplex TB Assay with Cattle in Great Britain and Assessment of Its Suitability as a Test To Distinguish Infected and Vaccinated Animals." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 5 (March 10, 2010): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00489-09.
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ABSTRACT Rapid, simple, and accurate antemortem tests for tuberculosis (TB) in cattle need to be developed in order to augment the existing screening methods. In particular, as cattle vaccines are developed, such tests would allow the continuation of test-and-slaughter policies alongside vaccination. Therefore, the development of an assay that distinguishes infected from vaccinated animals (a DIVA test) is an urgent research requirement. In this study, we assessed the performance of a novel multiplex serological test with sera collected from 96 skin-tested animals with bovine tuberculosis, 93 TB-free animals, and 39 cattle vaccinated with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Our results indicate that the test has a relative sensitivity range of 77.0% to 86.5% at corresponding specificity levels of 100.0% to 77.6%. Comparison with the Bovigam gamma interferon antemortem test revealed that this serology test was significantly more sensitive at specificities above 97.9%, while the Bovigam test was, on average, about 10% more sensitive when the test specificity was set below 97%. Importantly, this serological multiplex assay does not react with sera from BCG-vaccinated calves and is therefore suitable as a DIVA test alongside BCG-based vaccine strategies.
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Gall, D., A. Colling, O. Marino, E. Moreno, K. Nielsen, B. Perez, and L. Samartino. "Enzyme Immunoassays for Serological Diagnosis of Bovine Brucellosis: A Trial in Latin America." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 5, no. 5 (September 1, 1998): 654–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.5.5.654-661.1998.
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ABSTRACT The results of a field trial conducted in Latin America with two indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and two competitive ELISAs (CELISAs) for the detection of bovine antibody toBrucella abortus are reported. One of the CELISA formats performed most accurately. The percentage of positive reactions in the CELISA relative to the selected positive rose bengal agglutination test (RBT) and complement fixation test (CFT) results was 97.47%, the percentage of negatives relative to the selected negative RBT and CFT results for unexposed cattle was 98.32%, and the percentage of negatives in cattle vaccinated with B. abortus 19 was 96.51%. The same assay format under Canadian conditions had an actual sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 99.90% in nonvaccinates, and a specificity of 97.7% in a strain 19-vaccinated population. Overall, the CELISA performed as expected and the results were not dissimilar from the results obtained in the Canadian study. This provided further evidence that this CELISA can in many instances differentiate infected cattle from those that are vaccinated or infected with a cross-reacting organism while still giving very few false-positive or false-negative results.