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Journal articles on the topic 'Medical ethics – Great Britain'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Logarajah, Sri, and Sue Roff. "Structured learning for clinical ethics in anaesthesia." Clinical Ethics 11, no. 4 (August 19, 2016): 200–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750916660831.

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The ‘SLICE’ model for Structured Learning in Clinical Ethics provides a template to help medical professionals identify their own “moral compass” to provide guidance in complex ethical areas. The model has five domains – Conscience, Compliance, Concurrence, Conversation and Conversion. The use of ‘SLICE’ model as a tool for ethics education has been described in various undergraduate and postgraduate settings. These include teaching ethical aspects of transplantation; legislation for undergraduates and consent in paediatric anaesthesia. Its use as tool for teaching reflective ethical practice has been recently described demonstrating the potential of the SLICE model for supporting appraisal and professional development. In this article, we explore the suitability of the SLICE model to provide a general framework encompassing all the requirements for Ethical Clinical practice in anaesthesia. Good Medical Practice guidance produced by the General Medical Council and guidance provided jointly by the Royal College of Anaesthetists and Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland is used as the foundation for developing this framework. The Good Practice Guide for anaesthetic departments provides a solid ethical frame work for interpreting and applying Good Medical Practice guidance by the General Medical Council. Tools such as the SLICE model complement the guides produced by the professional organisations by providing a choice of different methods to facilitate education, decision making and reflective practice.

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2

Schulkin, Jay. "Hormone Therapy, Dilemmas, Medical Decisions." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 36, no. 1 (2008): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.00239.x.

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The question of why women, in consultation with their physicians, should choose hormone therapy (HT) in response to menopause represents a renewed controversy at the beginning of the new century. Conflicting messages regarding the health risks and benefits of HT have been conveyed in the mainstream media, especially information in the media regarding the results of large-scale studies of the health impact of hormone therapy. Women who have been on one or another of the hormone replacement regimes have been forced to reconsider continuing on HT. Doctors who suggest these hormones to their patients are somewhat confused, as are perimenopausal women who are considering HT. Pharmaceutical companies that produce these compounds are worried, and public health officials are on the defensive.Media coverage of HT research has been extensive. In particular, two large-scale studies, one here in the U.S. (the Women's Health Initiative, or WHI) and the other in Great Britain, have recently cast a negative light on the use of hormone therapy, after years of routine prescription of HT for menopausal women.

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Petrashko, L. P., and O. V. Martyniuk. "Ethical compass for medical solutions in the COVID-19 pandemic." Ukrainian Society 77, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2021.02.009.

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The article actualizes and structures significant problems of the medical sphere that arise in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, in terms of the relations vectors: global world – state – person, state – clinic – society, clinic – doctor (medical staff), clinic – patient, doctor (medical staff) – the patient. The authors presented the evolutionary context of the norming process of medical resources and emphasized the hierarchical scheme of the regulation process of scarce resources norming in the health care system under the pandemic crisis conditions. The paper substantiates approaches to making medical decisions on “sorting” and applying a number of its forms depending on various regional, national, religious, and local models of the ethical values system formation. Emphasis is placed on American and European models of bioethics. The authors consider the utilitarian approach to preparing medical solutions of “clinical sorting” to level ethical catastrophes in a pandemic based on Catholic ethics. The issues of regulated norming of scarce medical resources and the “clinical triage” of patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine have been investigated. The main bioethical dilemma of the COVID-19 pandemic is outlined. The authors actualize criteria and models of ethical medical solutions for equitable allocation of scarce medical resources in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. These criteria and models are defined in the Ethical Guidelines for Responding to COVID-19 of the Bioethics Committee at the Council of Europe, the US Department of Health and Human Services; in normative documents in the field of ethics of medical decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic of the National Medical Associations, chambers, centres of bioethics of Italy, Hungary, USA, Great Britain; in the guidelines of national, religious and local institutions for the preparation of medical decisions for the levelling ethical catastrophes during the pandemic and the studies of international bioethics experts. The paper identified the need to formalize the fair distribution of scarce resources during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine. The authors suggested recommendations for the implementation of ethical values and priorities for their application in critical conditions of shortage of medical resources and personnel in the COVID-19 pandemic in the health care system of Ukraine.

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4

Price, David P. T. "Contemporary Transplantation Initiatives: Where's the Harm in Them?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 2 (1996): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01846.x.

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Two contemporary strategies in cadaver organ transplantation, both with the potential to affect significantly expanding organ transplant waiting list sizes, have evolved: elective ventilation (EV) and use of nonheart-beating donors (NHBDs). Both are undergoing a period of critical review. It is not clear how widely EV is practiced around the world. In Great Britain, the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital was the first hospital to develop an EV protocol (the Exeter Protocol), in 1988, after which other British hospitals followed suit. In the 1980s, new NHBD protocols of two distinct types were implemented worldwide, although both rely on death confirmed by traditional cardiopulmonary criteria. The first type involves the removal of organs immediately after death, the preeminent example being the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Protocol (the Pittsburgh Protocol). The second involves the perfusion and cooling of kidneys immediately following death and subsequent organ removal. Protocols of this type have sprung up in Holland, Great Britain (for example, at Leicester General Hospital), Italy, France, Spain, Japan, and the United States (for example, the Regional Organ Bank of Illinois).

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5

Gupta, Suresh. "Ethical and legal issues in aesthetic surgery." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 45, no. 03 (September 2012): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.105973.

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ABSTRACTRapid growth and expansion of plastic surgery in general and aesthetic surgery in particular in the past decade has brought in its wake some confusions particularly raising questions for the surgeons conduct towards his colleagues and the patients in the light of ethical requirements. Some thoughts from eminent thinkers form a backdrop to consideration of theories of medical ethics. In this article raging and continuous debates on these subjects have been avoided to maintain the momentum. Apart from the western thoughts, directions from our old scriptures on ethical conduct have been included to accommodate prevelant Indian practices. The confusion created by specialists advertising their abilities directly to the lay public following removal of ethical bars by the American Courts as also latitudes allowed by the General Medical Council of Great Britain have been discussed. The medical fraternity however has its reservations. Unnecessary skirmishes with the law arose in cosmetic surgery from the freedom exercised by the police to file criminal proceedings against attending doctors in the event of a patient′s death with or without any evidence of wrong doing. This has now been curtailed in the judgement of the Supreme Court of India[1] where norms have been laid down for such prosecution. This has helped doctors to function without fear of harassment. An effort has been made to state a simple day-to-day routine for an ethical doctor-patient relationship.

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6

Balls, Michael. "Chimpanzee Medical Experiments: Moral, Legal and Scientific Concerns." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 23, no. 5 (September 1995): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299502300510.

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FRAME'S role in drawing attention to the special scientific and ethical concerns raised by the use of non-human primates as laboratory animals is reviewed, with special emphasis on the FRAME/CRAE proposals to the British Government (1987) and the RSPCA/FRAME survey of research on non-human primates conducted in Great Britain between 1984 and 1988. Attention is then focused on the moral case and the scientific case against using chimpanzees as laboratory animals, with particular emphasis on research on AIDS. Finally, a call is made for universal agreement that no more laboratory experiments should ever be performed on chimpanzees.

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7

Schmidt, Ulf. "Creating a ‘FatherConfessor’: the origins of research ethics committees in UK military medical research, 1950–1970. Part II, origins and organisation." Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 165, no. 4 (June 4, 2019): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2019-001207.

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Using a major ethics crisis as a methodological approach to study secret science environments, part II examines the origins and organisation of the Applied Biology Committee (ABC), the first independent research ethics committee (REC) at Porton Down, Britain’s biological and chemical warfare establishment since the First World War. Although working in great secrecy, the UK military, and Porton in particular, did not operate in a social, political and legal vacuum. Paradigm shifts in civilian medical ethics, or public controversy about atomic, chemical and biological weapons, could thus influence Porton’s self-perception and the conduct of its research. The paper argues that the creation of the first REC at Porton in 1965, that is, the ABC, as the ‘fatherconfessor’ inside the UK’s military research establishment reflected a broader paradigm shift in the field of human research ethics in the mid-1960s.

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8

Norfolk, J. C. Gallagher, and I. M. Jessiman. "Submission to the Committee on the Ethics of Gene Therapy by the Joint Ethico-Medical Committee of the Catholic Union of Great Britain and the Guild of Catholic Doctors." Linacre Quarterly 57, no. 4 (November 1990): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00243639.1990.11878077.

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9

Hampson, Judith, Jacqueline Southee, David Howell, and Michael Balls. "An RSPCA/FRAME Survey of the Use of Non-human Primates as Laboratory Animals in Great Britain, 1984–1988." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 17, no. 4 (June 1990): 335–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299001700407.

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A literature-based survey of the use of non-human primates as laboratory animals in Great Britain in 1984–1988 was carried out as a background to extending debate about the ethical and practical issues involved. The 289 publications considered were grouped in 15 subject areas and reviewed in terms of scientific purpose, methods employed, numbers and species of animals used, and their source, care and ultimate fate. In addition, the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry provided a comment on the use of non-human primates by pharmaceutical companies. Specific causes for concern were identified, and future prospects considered.

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10

Gillon, Raanan. "Medical ethics in Britain." Theoretical Medicine 9, no. 3 (October 1988): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00489701.

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Löwy, Ilana. "“Nothing More to Be Done”: Palliative Care Versus Exerimental Therapy in Advanced Cancer." Science in Context 8, no. 1 (1995): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889700001964.

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The ArgumentPatients suffering from advanced, incurable cancer often receive from their doctors proposals to enroll in a clinical trial of an experimental therapy. Experimental therapies are increasingly perceived not as a highly problematic approach but as a near-standard way to deal with incurable cancer. There are, however, important differences in the diffusion of these therapies in Western countries. The large diffusion of experimental therapies for malignant disease in the United States contrasts with the much more restricted diffusion of these therapies in the United Kingdom. The difference between the two reflects differences in the organization of health care in these countries and distinct patterns of the professionalization of medical oncology in America and in Britain. The high density and great autonomy of medical oncologists in the United States encourages there the diffusion of experimental therapies (regarded by some as expensive and inefficient); the lower density of these specialists in the United Kingdom and their task as consultants and not primary caregivers, favors the choice of more conservative (for some, too conservative) treatments. Theoretically, the decision as to whether patients suffering from advanced, incurable cancer will be steered toward an experimental therapy or toward palliative care depends on the values and beliefs of these patients and their physicians. In practice, however, such choice does not depend exclusively on the individual' cultural background and ethical values, but is also strongly affected by the — culturally conditioned — Professional and institutional structure of medicine

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12

MACLEAN, UNA. "Medical sociology in Great Britain." Medical Education 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2009): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1975.tb01884.x.

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13

Fontoura Filho, Carlos. "Are the researcher and the reviewer focused on defending the journal’s credibility in the face of scientific demands?" Scientific Journal of the Foot & Ankle 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30795/scijfootankle.2018.v12.879.

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The last editorial highlighted the importance of the internationalization of this journal as well as the use of well-defined standards and agile and modern mechanisms for the rapid publication of scientific material. In this scenario, there is concern about building a good level of content. A revival of the scientific tradition and the modernization (but not replacement) of the method and forms of review, from standardizations brought about by experimentalism to the inclusion of digital technology, are called for. In an academic universe in which publication volume transcends optimistic expectations, new journals and scientific portals with global and instantaneous reach appear at every moment. Modernity is, according to Zygmunt Bauman1, liquid. Scientific production gallops. However, readers look for the best-supported content, recognizing that it is impossible to read every published article within their area of interest. With their good power of discernment, they choose more useful and higher-quality articles, leaving aside irrelevant ones. It is not wrong to state that an unread article is a lost article. Moses Naim2, in his book "The End of Power", notes that it is increasingly feasible for a competent bureaucratic institution to achieve its optimal conceptual level and gain space in an environment in which traditional and powerful institutions already exist in the same segment. The barriers that protect the power of larger institutions are increasingly fragile. The digital age and the internet (mobility), the growing number of alternatives for the same product (more) and increasing intellectual preparation (mentality) help to break down these barriers that preserve the power of traditional organizations. For the same reasons, a newly ascended entity can easily lose its prominence. This phenomenon is what this author calls the revolution of the three “m’s”: more, mobility and mentality. This journal navigates in this sea of contemporary events, within which economic liberalism, for example, insinuates itself, albeit late. The large volume of publications entails a predictable bias toward a great variety of content and, concurrently, an increase in the spectrum of methodological quality in both the higher and lower directions. This new reality calls on participants who are coherent and aware of their role in steering the "Scientific Journal" along the stormy sea route of a busy and demanding market. It may be difficult to apply ideas that appear to be obvious: researchers need to produce relevant material with good scientific quality and sound methodology, and reviewers must match researchers’ efforts by devoting the same scientific competence, ethics and dedication to the production that they receive. Therefore, it is important to ask how, within a national context, researchers and reviewers can be prepared, mobilized, updated and improved such that they conduct their work in "firm steps" with good methods and well-applied tools. See "Liquid Modernity" by Zygmunt Bauman, in which the author, a Polish sociologist and World War II refugee based in Great Britain, considers immediate modernity "light", "liquid", "fluid" and immensely more dynamic than "solid" modernity, which would have been dethroned. Moisés Naím is a Venezuelan writer and columnist who has been the editor-in-chief of Foreign Policy magazine since 1996. He has written on international politics and economics, economic development, multilateral organizations, US foreign policy and the unintended consequences of globalization. Carlos Fontoura FilhoReview Board, Scientific Journal of the Foot & AnkleDoctor in Medicine, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) in Ribeirão PretoAdjunct Professor of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical School, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro Reply to Professor Dear Prof. Dr. Carlos Fontoura Filho, First of all, thank you for your appreciation. I was motivated when I read your letter and I was sure that our work is being pursued with a focus on best practices. Significant efforts are being expended to achieve our goals. An interesting aspect to highlight is how editorial processes can suffer external influences, even in scientific environments, where the ethical conduct of authors, reviewers and editors must be above all else. Practicing medicine under the aegis of ethics requires of the physician a broad experience in this social, moral environment, and constant updating, far beyond the strictly technical requirements. We are much more demanded in the multiple aspects of human relations, if compared to other professions. We must keep careful attention on all those aspects that govern the principles of education and training of young people not only as orthopedic surgeons of the foot and ankle but also as citizens of the world. Jorge Mitsuo MizusakiEditor-in-chief

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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Physician Payment 2008 for Interventionalists: Current State of Health Care Policy." September 2007 5;10, no. 9;5 (September 14, 2007): 607–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2007/10/607.

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Physicians in the United States have been affected by significant changes in the pattern(s) of medical practice evolving over the last several decades. These changes include new measures to 1) curb increasing costs, 2) increase access to patient care, 3) improve quality of healthcare, and 4) pay for prescription drugs. Escalating healthcare costs have focused concerns about the financial solvency of Medicare and this in turn has fostered a renewed interest in the economic basis of interventional pain management practices. The provision and systemization of healthcare in North America and several European countries are difficult enterprises to manage irrespective of whether these provisions and systems are privatized (as in the United States) or nationalized or semi-nationalized (as in Great Britain, Canada, Australia and France). Consequently, while many management options have been put forth, none seem to be optimally geared toward affording healthcare as a maximized individual and social good, and none have been completely enacted. The current physician fee schedule (released on July 12, 2007) includes a 9.9% cut in payment rate. Since the Medicare program was created in 1965, several methods have been used to determine physicians’ rate(s) for each covered service. The sustained growth rate (SGR) system, established in 1998, has evoked negative consequences on physician payment(s). Based on the current Medicare expenditure index, practice expenses are projected to increase by 34.5% from 2002 to 2016, whereas, if actual practice inflation is considered, this increase will be 90%. This is in contrast to projected physician payment cuts that are depicted to be 51%. No doubt, this scenario will be devastating to many practices and the US medical community at large. Resolutions to this problem have been offered by MedPAC, the Government Accountability Office, physician organizations, economists, and various other interested groups. In the past, temporary measures have been proposed (and sometimes implemented) to eliminate physician payment cuts. At present, the US Senate and House of Representatives are separately working on 2 different mechanisms to address and rectify these cost-payment discrepancies. The effects of both the problem and the potential solutions on interventional pain management may be somewhat greater than those on other specialties. Physician payments in interventional pain management may evidence cuts of 10% to 15%, whereas if procedures are performed in an office setting, such cuts may range from 29% to 39% over the period of the next 3 years if the proposed 9.9% cut is not reversed. Medicare cuts also impact other insurance payments, incurring a “ripple effect” such that many insurers will seek to pay at or around the Medicare rate. In this manuscript, we discuss universal healthcare systems, the CMS proposed ruling and its attendant ripple effect(s), historical aspects of the Medicare payment system, the Sustained Growth Rate system, and the potential consequences incurred by both proposed cuts and potential solutions to the discrepant cost-payment issue(s). As well, ethical issues of policy development upon the infrastructure and practice of interventional pain management are addressed. Key words: Health policy, physician payment policy, physician fee schedule, Medicare, sustained growth rate formula, interventional pain management, regulatory reform, ethics

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Steel, C. M., D. Jackson, D. W. Sinclair, S. R. Magee, D. A. Levison, D. Parratt, J. M. Bland, S. M. Gore, and C. McManus. "Selection to medical school in Great Britain." BMJ 318, no. 7188 (April 3, 1999): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.318.7188.937a.

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16

Robertson, Diana C., and Bodo B. Schlegelmilch. "Corporate institutionalization of ethics in the United States and Great Britain." Journal of Business Ethics 12, no. 4 (April 1993): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01666534.

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17

Sturgess, R., and I. Harrison. "Statutory Regulation of the Professional Conduct of Pharmacists in Great Britain and the USA." Medical Law International 2, no. 1 (September 1995): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096853329500200103.

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The concept and regulation of a code of ethics and professional conduct are approached differently in Great Britain and the USA. In Great Britain, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society has no definition of professional conduct, its Code of Ethics covering only those items upon which it believes that it must make a comment or explanation. Individual States in the USA have definitions of professional conduct, which are defined and regulated by the State legal system.

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18

Lysenko, O. "POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION: THE EXPERIENCE OF GREAT BRITAIN." Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice, no. 4 (2015): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2015.4.5054.

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19

DACRE, J. E., S. M. GRIFFITH, and B. C. JOLLY. "EDUCATION: RHEUMATOLOGY AND MEDICAL EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN." Rheumatology 35, no. 3 (1996): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/35.3.269.

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20

PENSTON, J. G., and R. E. POUNDER. "A survey of dyspepsia in Great Britain." Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 10, no. 1 (February 1996): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.1996.tb00180.x.

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21

Crawford, David S. "The Medical Library Association of Great Britain and Ireland." Health Information & Libraries Journal 21, no. 4 (December 9, 2004): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2004.00533.x.

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22

Atherton, G., J. McCaul, and S. Williams. "Medical emergencies in general dental practice in Great Britain." British Dental Journal 186, no. 2 (January 23, 1999): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4800023a.

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Atherton, G., J. McCaul, and S. Williams. "Medical emergencies in general dental practice in Great Britain." British Dental Journal 186, no. 5 (March 13, 1999): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4800073a.

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24

Martinez, Serge A. "Currents in Contemporary Ethics: Reforming Medical Ethics Education." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30, no. 3 (2002): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2002.tb00415.x.

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Biomedical advances of the past 20 years have stimulated a renewed interest in medical ethics. Transplantation of multiple human organs, implantation of artificial devices, advances in genetics, and stem cell research are a few of the medical procedures and discoveries that have awakened in both professionals and the public an awareness that medical discoveries often raise important ethical and societal issues. Today, members of the medical profession face issues that did not seem so pressing to their predecessors, and physician conduct in response to many of these issues involves decision-making based on ethical principles. Issues of informed consent, gifts from pharmaceutical companies, and patient rights to privacy were not of great concern to most physicians a generation ago. However, these and other topics that involve a physician's ethical conduct have become increasingly pertinent to the practice of medicine.A renewed emphasis on ethics has been voiced by leaders in the field of medicine.

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Mitton, D., and R. Ackroyd. "History of photodynamic therapy in Great Britain." Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2, no. 4 (December 2005): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00111-0.

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26

Moulin, Anne Marie. "Medical ethics in France: The latest great political debate." Theoretical Medicine 9, no. 3 (October 1988): 271–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00489702.

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27

Qiu, Ren-Zong. "Chinese Medical Ethics and Euthanasia." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2, no. 1 (1993): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180100000657.

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Chinese medicine has a history of at least 2,000 years. The first explicit literature on medical ethics did not appear until the seventh century when a physician named Sun Simiao wrote a famous treatise titled “On the Absolute Sincerity of Great Physicians” in his work The Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Pieces of Gold. In this treatise, later called The Chinese Hippocratic Oath, Sun Simiao required the physician to develop first a sense of compassion and piety, and then to make a commitment to try to save every living creature, to treat every patient on equal grounds, and to avoid seeking wealth because of his expertise.

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Benner, Dagmar. "The Medical Ethics of Professionalised Āyurveda." Asian Medicine 1, no. 1 (January 16, 2005): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342105777996791.

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In 1982, the Central Council for Indian Medicine (CCIM) issued guidelines on medical education and practice and a code of ethics for practitioners of Indian medicine, i.e. āyurveda, unani and siddha. These were at least partly based on the traditions of the respective medical systems and have been revised and adapted over the years. The ethical guidelines, however, followed standards set by the World Medical Association in the Declaration of Geneva of 1948 and the International Code of Ethics of 1949 and have not been updated since they were first issued. Rather than being a self-expression of the indigenous medical professions and their traditional values, the CCIM code of ethics aligned itself with international standards, thus ideologically placing the Indian systems of medicine on a par with biomedicine. This echoes developments in the early history of āyurvedic professionalisation, which was strongly influenced by the regulation and formalisation of medicine in Britain. In this article, I will trace the historical development of āyurvedic professional ethics, highlighting links with British health care regulations and international developments in the field of medical ethics.

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29

Snow, T. "A Medical Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain." BMJ 308, no. 6930 (March 12, 1994): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6930.729.

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Behrens, Kevin Gary, and Robyn Fellingham. "Great Expectations: Teaching Ethics to Medical Students in South Africa." Developing World Bioethics 14, no. 3 (February 15, 2013): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dewb.12017.

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31

Whong-Barr, Michael. "Clinical Ethics Teaching in Britain: A history of the London Medical Group." New Review of Bioethics 1, no. 1 (November 2003): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1740028032000131431.

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32

Marples, R. R. "Toxic Shock Syndrome and Related Conditions in Great Britain." Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, Supplement_1 (January 1, 1989): S326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.supplement_1.s326.

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33

Minh Tri, Dr Nguyen. "Ho Chi Minh's Thought on Medical Ethics and its Significance for Vietnam Today." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 2547–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.5701.

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Ho Chi Minh is one of the revolutionary leaders who discussed ethics the most, being himself a great example of practising revolutionary ethics. Especially, He paid great attention to medical ethics. The job of physicians is special and noble, and directly related to the health and lives of people, so it requires each cadre and staff of the health sector to improve their expertise, raising their sense of responsibility, being committed to their service and having the ethics of the job. Ho Chi Minh's thought on medical ethics bears profound scientific content and great practical significance. Vietnamese physicians today need to study and follow the thought, and need to practice and improve themselves more and more to be deserving examples of what He taught - “Physicians shall be like caring and gentle mothers”.

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Harris, John. "The principles of medical ethics and medical research." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 15, suppl 1 (1999): S7—S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1999000500002.

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In this paper I discuss the application of the principles of medical ethics and of medical research to the case of children and others whose consent to treatment and to research is problematic. Public health depends substantially on the possibility of ongoing research into all conditions which affect the health of the people. Constraints on this research are therefore a public health issue. Moreover and more importantly the possibility of predictive testing and indeed of screening for health-relevant conditions is an important public health tool, and limitations on the use of this tool are of great significance to public health medicine. Having considered the particular problems created by research and predictive testing on children for late-onset conditions I go on to discuss research on those whose consent is problematic more generally. I conclude with radical recommendations for the reform of The Declaration of Helsinki and of the International Ethics Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, prepared by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS).

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Balarajan, R., P. Yuen, and D. Machin. "Socioeconomic differentials in the uptake of medical care in Great Britain." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 41, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.41.3.196.

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HART, F. DUDLEY. "RHEUMATIC FEVER IN THE PRE-WAR YEARS IN GREAT BRITAIN." Rheumatology 32, no. 5 (1993): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/32.5.419.

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Buultjens, Ralph. "The Ethics of Excess and Indian Intervention in South Asia." Ethics & International Affairs 3 (March 1989): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1989.tb00213.x.

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This article examines four interlinked historical aspects of intervention from a philosophic and ethical perspective. What are the dimensions of intervention and how is it managed? What conditions govern intervention? How can intervention be evaluated? What are the moral issues in intervention? India, the world's largest democracy, has promoted its power through intervention in neighboring countries under the cloak of morality. The United States, Great Britain, and Russia have nonetheless tacitly endorsed India's role as the policing force in the region. Does this recognition justify India's actions toward its weaker and smaller neighbors?

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Gallagher, Bernard, Anne H. Berman, Justyna Bieganski, Adele D. Jones, Liliana Foca, Ben Raikes, Johanna Schiratzki, Mirjam Urban, and Sara Ullman. "National Human Research Ethics: A Preliminary Comparative Case Study of Germany, Great Britain, Romania, and Sweden." Ethics & Behavior 26, no. 7 (November 3, 2015): 586–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10508422.2015.1096207.

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Humphreys, H., A. R. Stacey, and E. W. Taylor. "Survey of operating theatres in Great Britain and Ireland." Journal of Hospital Infection 30, no. 4 (August 1995): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(95)90258-9.

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Jones, Rachel K., and Stanley K. Henshaw. "Mifepristone for Early Medical Abortion: Experiences in France, Great Britain and Sweden." Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34, no. 3 (May 2002): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097714.

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Goldacre, Michael J., Trevor W. Lambert, and Jean M. Davidson. "Loss of British-trained doctors from the medical workforce in Great Britain." Medical Education 35, no. 4 (April 22, 2001): 337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2001.00939.x.

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Voljč, Božidar. "Jurisdiction of the medical ethics committees." Slovenian Journal of Public Health 56, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjph-2017-0026.

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Abstract Ethical principles of assessing medical research are to the greatest extent defined by the Nuremberg Code, the Declarations of Geneva and Helsinki, and the Oviedo Convention. Pursuant to their directives various national Medical Ethics Committees (MECs) were established which assess the ethics of research according to the risk and benefit ratio of the persons involved. Following the example of other countries, medical ethics committees eventually appeared also in hospitals and some medical and educational institutions around Slovenia. Due to an increased number of ethical challenges, it is of great importance to define the jurisdiction of the Slovenian MECs in order to ensure their coordinated operation. Exclusive jurisdiction of the national MEC includes multicentre and multi-national research, drug research (phases 1–3), high-risk research and research related to doctoral theses. The jurisdiction of the sectoral MECs includes testing the conditions for research, monitoring the execution and overviewing the final reports. A more significant jurisdiction of the sectoral MEC is preserving an ethical environment in their institutions. A network of Slovenian MECs is to be organised in the form of a jurisdiction pyramid where each member has its own obligations and responsibilities and plays an important role in relation to the entire structure.

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Crook, D. "PROCEEDINGS OF THE PATHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND." Journal of Medical Microbiology 42, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-42-2-141.

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Caswell, M. W. "Proceedings Of The Pathological Society Of Great Britain And Ireland." Journal of Medical Microbiology 44, no. 4 (April 1, 1996): iii—xii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-44-4-iii.

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Watt, P. J. "Proceeding of the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland." Journal of Medical Microbiology 45, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): i—vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-45-3-i.

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Athar Khan, Muhammad, and Beenish Zafar. "PERCEPTION OF MEDICAL STUDENTS REGARDING MEDICAL ETHICS TEACHING IN THEIR CURRICULUM." Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.6.1/008.

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BACKGROUND The research is conducted to determine the level of medical student’s perception regarding medical ethics subject and what strategy should be used to convey the ethical knowledge in their practice. The effort is required for implementation of this course as a compulsory subject as students have shown great affinity towards this subject. OBJECTIVE To identify the perception of medical students regarding teaching of medical ethics in their curriculum. STUDY DESIGN & SAMPLING TECHNIQUE It is a cross sectional study. Students were selected through Simple Random Sampling. STUDY SETTINGS & PARTICIPANTS Data gathered through structured questionnaire distributed among private and Government medical universities. Collected data is analyzed on SPSS version 17. Percentages and frequencies are computed and chi-square test of significance is used to obtain the result. RESULTS Our study revealed that among 112 respondents 108 (96.4%) respondents considered education in medical ethics is important while 4 (3.6%) respondents said that education in medical ethics subject is not important.

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Davey, P. G. "Post-Marketing Surveillance of the Quinolones: A View from Great Britain." Clinical Infectious Diseases 11, Supplement_5 (July 1, 1989): S1402—S1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/11.supplement_5.s1402.

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Aacharya, Ramesh P., and Yagya L. Shakya. "Knowledge, attitude and practice of medical ethics among medical intern students in a Medical College in Kathmandu." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 6, no. 3 (May 6, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v6i3.27613.

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This baseline study was conducted to find out the knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical ethics among the undergraduate medical interns who did not have structured ethics curriculum in their course. A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out using a self-administered structured questionnaire among the medical undergraduate interns of Maharajgunj Medical Campus, the pioneer medical college of Nepal which enrols 60 students in a year. A total of 46 interns participated in the study. The most common source of knowledge on ethics was lectures/seminars (35.7%) followed by experience at work (24.5%), training (21.4%) and own reading (17.3%). The main contents of Hippocratic Oath were known to 98.8% while 60.9% knew the main contents of Nepal Medical Council (NMC) code of ethics. Great majority (91.3%) regard ethics as very important in medical profession. Doctors know the best irrespective of patients opinion was disagreed by only 39.1% indicating the paternalistic attitude. However, 78.3% were in favour of adhering to the patients wish. None of the participant agreed to abandon confidentiality. Only about one-fourth (26.1%) claim to encounter ethical dilemma every day while the highest number (43.5%) had once in a month. To deal with the situation of ethical dilemma, majority approached to immediate supervisor followed by head of the department and colleagues. Eighty-seven percent of participating interns were involved in research activities involving human subjects. Only one of the participants had encountered the ethical issue on end-of-life and it was do-not-resuscitate consent in a terminally ill patient. On implementation of the curriculum on medical ethics focus should be - principles of biomedical ethics, sensitive ethical dilemmas like end-of-life care and practical experiences with participation in deliberations of the ethics committee.

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Anjum, Muna F., Nicholas A. Duggett, Manal AbuOun, Luke Randall, Javier Nunez-Garcia, Richard J. Ellis, Jon Rogers, et al. "Colistin resistance inSalmonellaandEscherichia coliisolates from a pig farm in Great Britain." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 71, no. 8 (May 4, 2016): 2306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw149.

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MunChoKim and Jongkil Kim. "A Comparative Analysis of the Guidelines of Science Ethics - Cases of United States, Great Britain, Germany, and Denmark -." Discourse 201 13, no. 2 (May 2010): 05–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17789/discou.2010.13.2.001.

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