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1

McManus, Ian Christopher. "Medical students : origins, selection, attitudes and culture." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342730.

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2

Bouhaimed, Manal Mansour. "Medical ethics : a study of moral developments in medical students at Kuwait University." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1976/.

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There are few in depth attempts to address the question: why teach ethics to medical students? This thesis argues that, identifying moral growth and development as the primary goal in teaching medical ethics is essential. Lawrence Kohlberg's moral development theory is the starting point for this research. This is important to understand the work of the researcher at the Medial School in Kuwait. The instrument used in assessing the moral reasoning of medical students at Kuwait University is the Defining Issues Test (DIT), which was devised at the University of Minnesota. The study hypothesis is that the rigid, authoritarian medical education in Kuwait University that lacks any emphasis on medical ethics will inhibit the expected growth in moral development of medical students. With a disappointing response rate of only 27.8%, it was found that normally expected growth did not occur in the first four years of medical education, suggesting that the educational experience somehow inhibited student's moral reasoning ability rather than facilitating it. The results of this study cannot be understood in isolation from the general understanding of the fabric of the researcher society, which was detailed in Chapter Five. The implication of this study is basically that medical education that ignores the moral nature of medicine will fail its own purpose, the needs of its students and the welfare of society.
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3

Habecker, Harold B. "Teaching clinical medical students and residents biblical foundations for decision-making in medical ethics." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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4

Kekana, R. M. "Teaching ethics, human rights and medical law to undergraduate diagnostic radiography students." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 7, Issue 3: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/544.

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Published Article
Members of society are fast becoming aware of their rights and many practitioners are at risk of losing their licence to practise due to unethical practices. The growing human rights violations commonly seen in vulnerable groups also pose challenges to healthcare workers, such as diagnostic radiographers, who often find themselves in situations where they have to disobey the laws to uphold ethical standards. This paper is a presentation of how ethics, human rights and medical law has been integrated into the undergraduate diagnostic radiography curriculum, and can be applied to other healthcare professions. To alleviate resistance to human rights teachings, I recommend the use of real life examples that are less sensitive 'politically' but true in order to gain the attention and cooperation of the diverse culture of the students.
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5

Kuehne, Jan (Jan Cavan). "The impact of materialistic monism and suffering on medical students :a critique of the biomedical and biopsychosocial model of medical schools." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18209.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: On entry to medical school, students are confronted with a worldview that can be typified as materialistic monism. The student progressively becomes a materialistic monist, not only because of the teaching, but also because medical schools fail to address the question of suffering. One would expect the biopsychosocial model to surmount the limitations of the biomedical model, but it in itself has to deal with both suffering and materialistic monism. Suffering cements the collapse into materialistic monism in the way the student practises medicine. What life strategies would transcend this materialistic monism? This thesis examines potential educational interventions that might help the student to analyse the philosophy of medical school and find ways of dealing with the question of suffering.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met toelating tot mediese skool word studente gekonfronteer met ’n wêreldsiening wat as materialistiese monisme beskryf kan word. Die student verander progressief in ’n materialistiese monis, nie slegs as gevolg van die onderrig nie, maar ook omdat mediese skole nie daarin slaag om die kwessie van lyding aan te spreek nie. ’n Mens sou verwag dat die biopsigies-sosiale model die beperkinge van die biomediese model sou oorkom, maar instede moet dit self beide lyding en materialistiese monisme aanspreek. Lyding moedig die verval in materialistiese monisme in die wyse waarop die student geneeskunde beoefen aan. Watter soort lewensstrategieë is nodig om hierdie materialistiese monisme te transendeer? Hierdie tesis ondersoek die opvoedkundige intervensies wat die student kan help om die mediese skool se filosofie te analiseer en wyses te vind om die kwessie van lyding te hanteer.
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6

Benshalom, Edna. "Moral dilemmas of medical students : a study of ethical aspects of medical training." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30935.

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This study examines the ethical reality of medical students, and ethical curricular aspects of medical school. The 'received curriculum' is analysed using a combined interdisciplinary theoretical framework of 'Ethics' and 'Curriculum'. Defined in terms of students' experience of the curriculum, and the participants' perceived moral reality, the study was framed within a phenomenological-interpretive research paradigm. Content analysis of the 'narrative corpus' obtained by 38 open questionnaires addressed to sixth-year medical students, and by 21 interviews with medical students and senior faculty members, was conducted. Based on students' interviews, holistic 'ethical profiles' were produced, and proved to be significantly informative. The study shows that during their clinical training years, medical students cope with daily contextual moral dilemmas that relate to their culture and status and involve subtle, elaborately-calculated decisions. The student's authentic, reflective and analytical accounts of their ethical dilemmas, lead to the novel concept of students' 'moral awareness'. This increasing awareness of ethical dilemmas complexity sheds light on an adult ethical-cognitive stage, characterised by pragmatic thinking focused on content, and by internalisation of relativism and contradictions. The study further demonstrates the significance of students' experience for viewing and evaluating curriculum: the students, who perceived their ethics 'received curriculum' in its totality, consequently offered important insights concerning ethical processes, thus enriching the 'traditional' medical school curricular thought.
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7

Krauss, Edward L. "A study of bioethics for Christian students at a secular university." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.

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8

Wells, Mark J. "Proselytizing a Disenchanted Religion to Medical Students: On why secularized yoga and mindfulness should not be required in medical education." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1494237188580218.

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9

Khan, Abraham. "THE BIOETHICAL ARGUMENT FOR WHY EMPATHY SHOULD BE A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOL CURRICULUM." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/485957.

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Urban Bioethics
M.A.
It is near universally accepted that empathy is a desirable trait for physicians and physicians in training. Empathy is not simply a desirable trait, it is part of the deontological duty of a physician. When physicians understand their patients they can offer them options which are best suited for them, thus giving patients autonomy. Empathy is especially important for patients in urban and undeserved environments as a weapon against conscious and unconscious bias. Interestingly, the data also suggest that empathy improves patient outcomes in multiple settings. Unfortunately the evidence would suggest that medical students become less emphatic over the course of their training. This paper argues that empathy should be emphasized in medical education and also gives suggestions as to how it can be better incorporated and nurtured in a curriculum.
Temple University--Theses
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10

Patterson, Spencer D. "Putting on White Coats: Professional Socialization of Medical Students Through Narrative Pedagogy in Standardized Patient Labs." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1339729044.

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11

Vaughan, Suzanne. "Medical students' experience and achievement : the effect of ethnicity and social networks." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/medical-students-experience-and-achievement-the-effect-of-ethnicity-and-social-networks(bbde8916-2914-44c8-a340-2b4c0c0b56a4).html.

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There is a well-established ‘achievement gap’ in medical education, with ‘ethnic minority’ students achieving less well in examinations than their white counterparts. The processes underlying this difference are currently unknown. Most research to date has taken a student-deficit approach, suggesting that lower performing students lack the cognitive or cultural capacity of their higher achieving peers. These models have so far failed to explain the variation in achievement by ethnicity. In order to address this gap in the literature and further our understanding of ethnic minority students’ underachievement, this thesis takes a sociocultural approach to the problem. It addresses two research questions: firstly, how does ethnicity impact on medical school achievement? Secondly, how do social networks affect achievement? This research uses qualitative interviews (n=33 medical students), quantitative survey methods and social network analysis (n=160 medical students) to explore ethnicity and the achievement gap within medical education. Sociocultural theories of learning, specifically concepts from communities of practice and Pierre Bourdieu are employed in the design and analysis phases. This thesis demonstrates that medical students’ achievement is best conceptualised as part of a wider learning trajectory toward becoming a doctor. Relationships are important channels through which the resources and support can flow, these in turn facilitate learning and achievement. Lower achieving students are less well connected to their PBL peers and have fewer tutors or clinicians in their network. The medical world has a tightly prescribed, yet often hidden, set of legitimate dispositions; students must learn to embody these norms, values and behaviours in order to succeed. This process relies on experiences of participation, facilitated by relationships with peers and seniors. Socialisation is clearly mediated by culture. Ethnic minority students, due to their differing cultural practices and identities, have fewer experiences of participation, often experience the medical domain as outsiders and find it harder to interact with tutors and clinicians. This is reflected in their social networks as some minority students have fewer seniors in their network. These factors interact to cut ethnic minority students off from potential and actual resources that facilitate learning and achievement. If the situation is to be improved, medical schools must do more to acknowledge the extra difficulties many ‘ethnic minority’ students face in becoming an insider. Processes of identification and participation must be supported as these students negotiate the extra distance and tensions between their home world and those of medical education and medicine.
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12

Lu, Wei-Hsin. "Understanding the effect of computer-supported, case-based instruction on third-year medical students' ethical reasoning." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4658.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on February 20, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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13

Carter, James R. "Ethnic Identity as a Predictor of Non-Medical Prescription Drug Misuse among a College Population." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron149149075569801.

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14

Coulter, Andrew Mark. "EFFECT OF A MEDICAL STUDENT-LED END-OF-LIFE PLANNING INTERVENTION IN COMPLETION OF ADVANCED DIRECTIVES AMONG HOMELESS PERSONS." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/380271.

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Urban Bioethics
M.A.
Importance – The homeless face higher rates of morbidity and mortality than the general population, and have lower rates of end-of-life care planning. An effective and sustainable intervention, to provide living wills and durable power of attorney, is required to protect the autonomy of a vulnerable population. Objective – To determine if medical student-led 1:1 counseling is as effective as social worker-led counseling as reported in the literature, determined by rate of advanced directive completion. Design – A focus groups and educational sessions on EOL care and ADs were conducted at 2 shelters, after which participants were offered the opportunity to sign up for a 1:1 counseling session with a medical student volunteer. Rates of sign-ups and completion were recorded. Setting – 2 North Philadelphia homeless shelters, requiring either an Axis I or current substance abuse diagnosis for residence. Participants – A convenience sample of 20 homeless men were approached; 10 enrolled in the study. Interventions – Educational sessions, focus groups, and 1:1 AD completion counseling sessions Main Outcomes – Interest in and completion of an advanced directive. Results – 9 participants signed up to complete ADs after an informational session. At the conclusion of the study, 8 of them (88.8%) completed ADs. 40% of the total participants completed an AD. Conclusions – Similar rates of advanced directive completion were achieved with the student-led intervention compared to a previous intervention in the literature. Further study with a larger sample including homeless women should be conducted to provide a generalized conclusion.
Temple University--Theses
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15

Heyns, Louis. "Undergraduate teaching and assessment needs in ethics and professionalism on clinical ward rounds involving medical students, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University (SU) : a nonexperimental descriptive study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17963.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: The theoretical / cognitive component of ethics and professionalism teaching to undergraduate medical students at Stellenbosch University (SU) is well developed, but a concern exists about the need for teaching and assessment of clinical ethics and professionalism on ward rounds. Some teaching does take place during clinical rotations in the form of role modelling as part of the hidden curriculum. Opportunities should be created for explicit teaching of ethics and professionalism beyond the hidden curriculum. Assessment of the cognitive component of ethical and professionalism occurs, but assessment of clinical ethics and professionalism during clinical rotations remains a challenge. Methods: This was a non-experimental study and included three subgroups of undergraduate medical students in their clinical years as well as a random sample of educators involved in clinical training. Questionnaires were distributed to the students and educators. This was followed by focus group interviews among the students. Results: A majority of the students (88%) had indicated that they had experienced ethical and professional dilemmas while working in the wards or during ward rounds. The main dilemmas revolved around inadequate consent processes, lack of confidentiality and privacy, disrespect for patients, poor communication and students being expected to perform tasks they were not trained for. An average of 64% of students indicated that ethical and professional issues were not discussed during the clinical rotations in hospitals. Seventy-eight percent of students indicated that they did not feel free to discuss their own feelings or beliefs on ward rounds. All of the educators felt that there was a need for increased teaching and assessment of the medical students during their clinical rotations. Conclusions: Deliberate opportunities need to be created for teaching ethics and professionalism on clinical ward rounds. This could be a shared responsibility between the clinical departments with continuous input throughout the clinical years of study. Strong institutional support and commitment are necessary to make the teaching sustainable and successful. Structured opportunities need to be developed where students can discuss ethical and professional issues in a safe environment. Further research is needed for the development of an appropriate curriculum and assessment tools.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming
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16

Baker-Salisbury, Mollie. "Teaching Empathy: The Impact of a Service-Learning Requirement on Medical Student Attitudes, Skills, and Professional Identity." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/554044.

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Urban Bioethics
M.A.
As medical students undergo their clinical years, they exhibit a well-documented loss of idealism, increasingly negative attitudes towards poor and underserved patients, and less interest in working with these patients. Here we describe the pilot year of a longitudinal service-learning requirement implemented as a part of the medical student pre-clinical curriculum. We hypothesized that increased non-clinical contact would decrease the formation of negative attitudes towards underserved patients. Students completed service hours at assigned community sites each semester along with written reflections. Surveys were administered to track attitudes towards the underserved. Written reflections were analyzed qualitatively for thematic content as well as feedback on the experience. The requirement was largely acceptable to medical students, and many found value and enjoyment in the experience. The most common critique was that the required hours were insufficient to develop continuity, and that students desired more thorough briefing beforehand to increase their effectiveness. Students reported practicing clinical skills and communication skills. They identified social determinants of health and learned about their patients. They reflected on their professional identity, motivations for entering medicine, and specialty choices. Students experienced moments of connection and belonging, as well as feelings of guilt, otherness, and awareness of privilege. We continue to explore how working collaboratively and learning reciprocally with community members outside of the hospital and clinic may teach students cultural humility and help insulate students from cynicism and negative views of poor and medically underserved patients.
Temple University--Theses
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17

Pease-Carter, Cheyenne. "Preferences among student counselors regarding informed consent practices within counselor education." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc6066/.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate student preferences for content, timing, and method of informed consent within counselor education programs. Participants included 115 students enrolled in counseling internship courses at six counseling programs accredited by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). Participants completed the Informed Consent Preferences Questionnaire (ICPQ), an instrument designed specifically for this study through systematic instrumentation development. Descriptive statistics highlighted participants' moderate to high ratings of perceived importance for an array of suggested content pieces for student informed consent. Participants varied among themselves and between items in relation to preferred timing of informed consent, and they consistently reported a desire for student informed consent to be facilitated through a combination of both oral and written methods. Results of exploratory factor analysis revealed a simple eight-factor structure within the ICPQ and suggested strong internal reliability. Correlations for participant scale scores for the eight factors revealed a variety of small to medium correlations. Results from t-test and one-way analysis of variances (ANOVA) indicated that participant preferences did not vary according to demographic variables. Finally, participants' qualitative responses revealed high levels of support for student informed consent. Findings of this study may aid counselor educators in evaluating current program informed consent practices. As a result of evaluation, counselor educators can affirm existing, and/or design new informed consent practices that accurately reflect the needs and desires of counseling students. Future researchers may also utilize the results to guide additional studies related to the practice of student informed consent.
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Mitchell, Gemma Lynsey. "Autonomy in medical ethics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611447.

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19

Lolley, Sarah. "Medical professionalism and the fictional TV medical drama House MD." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112537.

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This thesis is an exploration and analysis of what audiences may be learning about medical professionalism from the fictional television (TV) medical drama House MD. Fictional TV medical dramas are an important form of medical narrative in that they are usually created by writers with no medical training. As such, they carry a higher risk of portraying the practice of medicine inaccurately. A review of the scholarly literature reveals that there is a precedent for fictional TV medical dramas to affect viewers' perception of the practice of medicine and health behaviours, and viewers' understanding of medical ethics issues. It also reveals strong empirical evidence that TV medical dramas can affect audience's perceptions of physicians' character. A thorough review of the first two seasons of House MD reveals 20 lessons on professionalism (i.e. lessons on interactions with colleagues and patients, medical ethics, and professional competence) that the title character, Gregory House, is imparting to viewers. All 20 lessons are in direct conflict with established charters on professionalism. Arguments are made for the programme's potential to negatively affect patient access to care, physician-patient relations, interactions between healthcare professionals, and applications to medical school.
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Jotterand, Fabrice 1967. "Does virtue ethics contribute to medical ethics? : an examination of Stanley Hauerwas' ethics of virtue and its relevance to medical ethics." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33292.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine the concept of virtue ethics in Stanley Hauerwas's understanding of virtue and delineate how that contributes to his ethical reasoning and his comprehension of medical ethics. The first chapter focuses on the shift that occurred in moral theory under the stance of the Enlightenment that eroded the traditional idea of morality as the formation of the self, allowing space for new concepts that dismissed the importance of the agent in the ethical task of seeking the good. In the second chapter, the three main ideas (character, vision, and narrative) that make up Hauerwas' ethical theory are examined with a particular attention to the importance of agency in moral life. The third chapter describes how Hauerwas' medical ethics, informed by his moral theory based on character, vision, and narrative, is relevant to medical ethics. Hauerwas argues that because medicine is a form of human activity with internal goods and standards of excellence intrinsic to its practice, it requires taking into account the notion of agency in the healing relationship. Finally, in the last chapter the specific religious discourse of Hauerwas' ethics is discussed in relation to secular medical ethics. In other words, this thesis raises the question of whether the reduction of medical ethics to a set of principles, as it is mostly the case today, represents a suitable picture of the reality of moral life in medicine.
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Di, Teodoro Martina <1982&gt. "Il ruolo della Narrative in Medical Ethics, Medical Practice e Medical Education. Elementi di ricerca." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5037/.

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La mia tesi di dottorato ha ad oggetto lo studio e l’analisi del ruolo della Narrative all’interno di tre ambiti, quali Medical Ethics, Clinical Practice e Medical Education. La tesi è strutturata in 4 capitoli: i primi tre vanno a comporre la parte teorica mentre nel quarto capitolo viene riportata una ricerca sul campo da me svolta negli Stati Uniti. Nel primo capitolo, analizzo il ruolo della narrative all’interno della Medical Ethics specificando che cosa si intenda con etica narrativa, quali sono le motivazione alla base del suo sviluppo e chi sono i suoi principali esponenti. In questo capitolo, inoltre, esamino i problemi che l’etica narrativa solleva suggerendo un nuovo modo in cui essa si integra alla riflessione bioetica. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato al contributo della narrative nella Medical Practice investigando sia le modalità attraverso le quali il paziente può avvalersi della narrazione per analizzare la sua esperienza di malattia sia la cosiddetta Medicina Narrativa. Il terzo capitolo è dedicato all'analisi delle Medical Humanities, ossia di quelle discipline che all’interno della Medical Education si stanno rivelando strumenti efficaci per una formazione più equilibrata e completa dei professionisti della salute. Il quarto capitolo, invece, è dedicato alla descrizione di una ricerca svolta presso l’University of California – Irvine . Durante questa esperienza ho frequentato i corsi del Program in Medical Humanities and Arts diretto dalla Prof.ssa J. Shapiro, (programma in vigore da 13 anni e implementato allo scopo di migliorare alcune competenze nei futuri medici quali: l'empatia, l’altruismo, la compassione e la predisposizione alla cura verso i pazienti, oltre che per affinare le comunicazione clinica e la capacità di osservazione) e intervistato gli studenti che hanno preso parte a queste lezioni.
The main goal of this Ph.D. thesis is to investigate the role of narrative within three fields of research: Medical Ethics, Medical Practice and Medical Education. The thesis is divided into four chapters: the first three are theoretical, while in the four chapter I present an empirical study which I conducted in the United States. In the first chapter, I analyze the role of narrative within the Medical Ethics: I explain what narrative ethics is, what the motivations behind its development are, and who are its main exponents. In this chapter, I also examine the problems that ethical narrative raises, suggesting a new way in which it is integrated into bioethics. The second chapter is devoted to explain how narrative contributes to Medical Practice: I investigate the ways in which the patient can use narrative to analyze both his/her experience of illness and the so-called Narrative Medicine. The third chapter is devoted to the analysis of Medical Humanities: the latter is a discipline which, within the medical education, can be considered an effective tool for a more balanced and comprehensive training of healthcare professionals. The fourth and the last chapter is devoted to describe my research at the University of California – Irvine: I have attended courses at the Program in Medical Humanities and Arts headed by Prof. J. Shapiro, (this Program was implemented to enhance aspects of professionalism, such as empathy, altruism, compassion, and caring towards patients, as well as to hone clinical communication and observational skills) and interviewed the students who took part in these courses.
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Baines, Paul Bruce. "Making medical decisions for children : ethics." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6511/.

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Children are largely ignored in medical ethics, which concentrates on adults with capacities that children lack (including competence, or rationality). This thesis answers how medical decisions should be made for unquestionably incompetent children. The dominant approach to medical ethics in the West depends on respect for autonomy and this distorts medical ethics for children in two ways. Firstly, parental decisions for children may be taken to have the same authority as respect for autonomy. Secondly, theories of general well-being have focused on adult’s well-being with an endorsement of the components of that well-being by the adult themselves. This has hindered the development of an objective, impartial, conception of interests, arguably, the best fit for making decisions for very young children. I argue that although children are clearly demarcated from adults in medical ethics, there is not a clear explanation of why this is. For young children others must make decisions or be prepared to override the child’s decisions. More recently, the distinction between adults and children have become blurred, exemplified by the use of terms such as ‘young person’. Children’s rights at best draw attention to children and their interests, but do not help in resolving the medical treatment of incompetent children. The most promising approach depends on articulating an account of children’s interests. For several reasons the best interests standard is not defensible. I argue that a reasoned, or reasonable, agreement upon the child’s interests should determine medical treatment. Neither the child’s parents (nor the clinicians) can be taken to have an incorrigible grasp of the child’s interests, all should justify the reasons for their choices.
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Green, Alan James. "Moral particularism : implications in medical ethics." Thesis, Keele University, 2014. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/622/.

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Particularism challenges the accepted idea of normative moral theory that morality can be reduced to a finite set of fundamental principles; it sees morality as quite capable of getting on without such principles. This thesis is concerned with asking what, if any, changes would be required in the practice of medical ethics if this is correct. It is proposed that current guidelines for professional clinicians and medical scientists constitute a “fleshed out” normative system which provides pro tanto rules for ethical practice. To investigate the implications of this in a particularist world, the idea of thin and thick moral concepts is extended to cover moral principles so that generalist professional guidance is seen as constituted of thick principles. This guidance aims to provide the required confidence for the doctor-patient relationship and in particular for the trust required between doctor and patient. Examples of the development of protocols for early phase clinical trials in cancer, and of resource allocation in a resource limited system are used to investigate the difference in decision making, and thus in the decisions themselves, between generalist and particularist professionals. In a generalist world trust is placed in the systems of trustworthiness (practice guidelines etc) and thus in the developers of such systems; in a particularist world moral decisions are made by the clinician and so trust is placed much more directly in that clinician. The implications of this analysis are that under particularism medical ethical training (initial and continuing) would focus more on the development of moral character of the various professionals and less of following guidelines. The complexity of modern medicine implies that such guidelines would still be required, but they would no longer represent pro tanto duties, but rather ceteris paribus advice.
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Animasaun, Emmanuel Dare. "Professional Medical Ethicist: A Weed or Desired Member in Medical Ethics Debates?" Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6635.

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We now live in an era of experts on virtually everything, among which we have professional medical ethicists, who gained prominence in the late 60s due to dramatic advances in medical technology. Before then, medical ethics issues were not thought as separable from the warp and woof of the everyday life. Medical technology’s advancement cascades legions of moral problems in medicine and biomedical research. Series of innovative interventions in medicine raise throngs of ethical questions. In most cases that have to do with issues of life and death, there are perceived moral conflicts. Due to this swath of problematic issues that need solutions, some apologists favour medical ethics experts as fit for the job, while critics argue that no one has the knowledge or skill for dealing with moral quandaries because objective truth is not feasible in ethics and moral judgment is relative to cultures, beliefs and values. The necessity for medical ethicists to take active role in Medical Ethics Debates, either in Committees at the institutional level, or at any other decision-making mechanisms is justified in this thesis. In addition to this, the thesis also justifies medical ethicists’ role as expert consultants to clinicians and individuals alike This justification is based on complex moral problems accentuated by medical technology, which are far from being easily solved through mere appeal to individual reason, but rather by involving medical ethicists based on their specialized knowledge and high level understanding of research and practice. Although critics question the authority with which experts speak on these issues, nevertheless, the thesis unravels the roles, functions, significance and components of expert’s expertise that separate him/her from the crowd. Arguments are critically analysed and medical ethicists’ limits and professional flaws are addressed, with a view to establishing a virile foundation for the profession of medical ethics.

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Titus, Phyllis May. "Medical schemes fraud : ethical investigation of medical practitioners as stakeholders." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020899.

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A mere 16 percent of the population enjoys the benefits of private healthcare; medical schemes however remain an important contributor to the South African economy with an annual contribution flow of close to R85 billion per annum. Similar to the international scenario, South African healthcare inflation surpassed consumer price inflation. In addition, the medical schemes industry remains riddled with fraud, this coupled with escalating private healthcare costs remain subsequent threats to the sustainability of the industry. It is reported that service provider fraud has surpassed fraud committed by scheme members. Most medical schemes appear to have policies in place to manage and combat fraud, however transparency in terms of information sharing remains elusive. Of greater concern have been the investigation and management ethicality and endgame of medical schemes in terms of fraud risk management amongst medical practitioners. The research problem states that there is currently no standard fraud investigation and management protocol available for the ethical investigation and management of medical schemes fraud committed by medical practitioners. The literature review demonstrated that there has been a paradigm shift regarding the expectations that society has of the modern corporation and emphasised the inclusive stakeholder model theory in favour of the traditional shareholder dictum: pursuit of profit maximisation at any cost. The research design was done by providing a survey questionnaire to private medical practitioners. The literature review and survey findings highlighted the need for medical schemes to pay greater heed to their ethicality and stakeholder issue management practices. Focus areas for the development of an industry standard fraud investigation and management protocol was recommended.
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Harpin, A. R. "Theatre, medical identities, and ethics, 1983-2008." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603733.

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Arthur W. Frank’s notion of a ‘diagnostic identity’ provided the departure point for my study. The thesis examines contemporary British drama that stages the cultural movement towards post-diagnostic identity. Four groups form the focus of the discussion: the mentally ill, the sexually abused, older people, and those with learning disabilities. I contend that these groups are particularly stigmatised with both health and cultural milieus as untrustworthy speaking subjects. Their voices are invalidated on the basis of their health identities and consequently it is vital to examine theatre work that seeks to re-shape lay and cultural perspectives of those deemed, mad, damaged, old, or stupid. Chapter one charts the movement from madness as dramatic metaphor to the staging of mental ill health. This section explores how these dramatics disturb the material of theatre in order to articulate experience that is inherently resistant to language. Chapter two is concerned with the theatrical representation of child sexual abuse, and explores the translation of sexual violence into theatre aesthetics. By examining issues of pornography, torture, fetish, comedy, and gender politics, this chapter questions the representational possibilities of ‘unspeakable’ stories. The third chapter discusses ageing in contemporary drama. While the social narrative of ageing is one of inevitable decline, this section demonstrates how dramatists place ageing in a state of flux. Further, the relationship between acting, illness roles, and stereotype is explored in order to demonstrate the resistive practices of these dramatists. Chapter four draws together works that represent those with mental or learning impairment, and examines plural strategies of representation from positive imagery to normalisation to social realism to farce and finally to tragedy. This chapter anatomises the debate about equality activism and politically radical work that seeks to alter structures of feeling and models of engagement. The final chapter juxtaposes the recent work of Peter Brook with a Bristol-based mental health service user collective – Stepping Out Theatre Company.
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27

Dinh, Hoa Trung. "Theological medical ethics: A virtue based approach." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104403.

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Thesis advisor: LISA S. CAHILL
The Nuremberg trials ushered in a new era in which the four principles approach has become progressively the norm in Euro-American biomedical ethics, while the concepts of virtue and character become marginalized. In recent decades, the AIDS pandemic has highlighted the social aspects of health and illness, and the individualistic nature of the four principles approach proves inadequate in addressing the social causes of illness and poor health. At the global level, the promotion of the four principles approach as the universal norm can lead to the displacement of local values and customs, and the alienation of people from their cultural heritage. In this dissertation, I argue that although principles are indispensable, the virtue-based approach is more adequate in addressing these needs. The dissertation demonstrates that a virtue-based medical ethics informed by the gospel vision of healing would support models of health care that take seriously the social determinants of illness, and advocate action on behalf of the poor and the marginalized. At the global level, virtue-based medical ethics also allows the coexistence of the universal values and the local norms, and encourages cross-cultural dialogue. This dissertation develops a virtue-based medical ethics grounded in the Aristotelian teleological structure, and integrating insights obtained from the historical critical study of the healing narratives in Luke-Acts. It also provides a correlative study of the love command in Luke and the virtue of humaneness in the medical ethics of eighteenth century Vietnamese physician Hai Thuong Lan Ong. The concluding chapter brings these elements together in a discussion of the work of the Vietnamese Catholic AIDS care network
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Theology
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28

Morberg, Jämterud Sofia. "Human Dignity : A Study in Medical Ethics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300409.

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Human dignity is an enunciated ethical principle in many societies, and it has elicited a great deal of interest, not least because it is central in health care. However, it has also been the subject of criticism. Some have argued that it is sufficient to rely on a principle of autonomy, and that dignity is a redundant principle or concept in health care. Other discussions have focused on the precise meaning of dignity, and how a principle of dignity should be interpreted and applied. This dissertation discusses questions on the principle of dignity and the meaning of the concept. In addition to a theoretical analysis of these questions, a qualitative research study has been carried out, based on interviews with physicians in palliative and neonatal care, and hospital chaplains, looking at dignity at the beginning and end of life. This dissertation can be categorised as empirical ethics because of its methodological approach. Based on a narrative analysis of the interviews, the results from the study shed light on the theoretical discussion on dignity. Through the history of ideas, dignity has often been linked to human abilities such as autonomy and rationality. However, autonomy is only one of the aspects which emerged from the qualitative research in this dissertation. Other aspects introduced into the discussion on dignity include human vulnerability, interdependence and the responsibility to face vulnerability in others. Some theoretical perspectives on dignity are criticised in the light of the empirical results. Furthermore, the dissertation includes a theological perspective where a Christological view – connected to Bakhtin’s ethics of responsibility – forms a critique to both the Kantian deontological perspective and dignity acquired by virtue. The dissertation also considers how the results can be applied to medical practice.
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29

Doerle, Samuel Michael. "Military Medical Ethics: Intersections of Virtue and Duty." NEOMED College of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ne2gs1619696140569755.

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30

Kruger, Mariana. "Ethics education in a problem-based medical curriculum." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50339.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The complex ethical dilemmas created by advanced technological medicine and problematic doctor-patient relationships have lead to an increasing interest in medical ethics education since the 1980's. The Medical School of the University of Pretoria has embarked on a new undergraduate medical curriculum in 1997. Ethics is educated in a longitudinal fashion over the six years of the medical curriculum and has focussed largely on the principal-based approach as described by Beauchamp and Childress. The research participants were the first final year class of this new curriculum, while the facilitators were medical educators or philosophers. The major finding was that the students were not yet able to identify ethical dilemmas with ease, although they were successful in the application of the principal-based approach to the vignettes of the study. The students did not cope well with the uncertainty created by ethical dilemmas and sought to solve the situation by creating boundaries provided by medical law. Therecommendations of the study are that the theoretical component of the ethics curriculum should: 1) include more approaches to ethics, than only the principal-based approach; 2) address daily experienced ethical dilemmas during the study years in small group discussions; 3) and implement a portfolio assessment which can serve as a tool for students to track their own development in reflection on ethical dilemmas. In conclusion, the question remains whether we are currently ready to come ""face to face" with the "other" as Levinas argues or are we still divided into "only two classes of mankind in the world - doctors and patients" as remarked by Kipling in the 19th century.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die komplekse etiese dilemmas, veroorsaak deur hoogs gespesialiseerde tegnologiese medisyne en die problematiese dokter-pasiënt verhouding, het gelei tot 'n verhoogde belangstelling in mediese etiekonderrig sedert die 1980's. Die Mediese Skool van die Universiteit van Pretoria het in 1997 'n nuwe voorgraadse mediese kurrikulum geïmplimenteer. Etiek is op 'n longitudinale manier onderrig oor ses jaar in die mediese kurrikulum en het gefokus op die beginsel-benadering soos beskryf deur Beauchamp en Childress. Die navorsingsdeelnemers was die eerste finale-jaar klas van die nuwe kurrikulum, terwyl die fasiliteerders mediese dosente of filosowe was. Die hoofbevinding van die kurrikulum was dat die studente nie die etiese dilemmas met gemak kon identifiseer nie, alhowel hulle suksesvol die beginsel-benadering kon toepas op die gevallestudies. Die studente hanteer nie onsekerheid, veroorsaak deur die etiese dilemmas, met gemak nie en probeer om die saak op te los deur die skep van grense verskaf deur mediese reg. Die aanbevelings van die studie is dat die teoretiese komponent van die etiekkurrikulum die volgende moet bevat: 1) bekendstelling aan meerdere benaderings tot die etiek, bo en behalwe die beginsel-gebaseerde benadering; 2) aanspreek van die daaglikse etiese dilemmas gedurende die studiejare in kleingroepbesprekings; 3) en die implementering van 'n portfolio-evaluasie, wat kan dien as 'n instrument vir die studente om hul eie ontwikkeling aangaande nadenke oor etiese dilemmas na te gaan. Opsommend, die vraag is steeds of ons tans gereed is om "aangesig-tot-aangesig" te verkeer met die "ander" soos Levinas redeneer of is ons steeds verdeel in "slegs twee klasse van menswees in die wêreld - dokters en pasiënte" soos opgemerk deur Kipling in die 19deeeu.
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31

Gaie, J. B. R. "The ethics of medical involvement in capital punishment." Thesis, University of Essex, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310086.

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32

Dickenson, Donna. "Moral luck in medical ethics and practical politics." Thesis, Open University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329198.

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33

Likens, Ann P. "The law and ethics of advance medical directives." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.

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34

Thor, Danielle Claire. "Ethics in Emergency Medical Services: A Contextual Analysis." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/592304.

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Urban Bioethics
M.A.
The modern concept of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) has grown from its humble volunteerism origins to a multidisciplinary enterprise, outstretched into the realms of both healthcare and public service. As the American EMS community continues to assume greater responsibilities and further develop its professional standards, the moral foundations of this field open themselves to more thorough scrutiny. Upon examination, the major deficit in the ethical structuring of EMS becomes glaringly obvious: it exists as a piecemeal collection of its medical and militaristic counterparts unified by theoretical generalizations that avoid its inherently unique structure. If EMS wishes to matriculate into complete professionalism, or even continue its assumption of critical responsibilities surrounding the health and safety of others, then it must also develop and maintain its own individual ethical framework from which it operates. In doing so, an urban bioethical approach rooted in context-driven analysis and pragmatic solutions may provide the best guidance and protections for all those who interact with the EMS system while respecting the values of this distinctively prideful service.
Temple University--Theses
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35

Burnett, Todd. "The role of psychologists on healthcare ethics committees." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2005. http://www.tren.com.

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36

Blackwelder, Reid B. "Motivating Medical Students and Residents." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6978.

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37

Pathmathasan, Cynthia. "DISABILITY IN MEDICAL EDUCATION & TRAINING: A DISABILITY-FOCUSED MEDICAL CURRICULUM." NEOMED College of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ne2gs1622810204171811.

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38

Robertson, David W. "A 'patient-centred' medical school curriculum : medical students' views and practice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324348.

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39

Sinclair, Simon Keith. "The institutional apprenticeship of medical students in a London medical school." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482051.

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The thesis provides an account of the basic medical training in England, largely unchanged for 150 years despite many calls for reform. The three stages (preclinical and clinical period and the pre-registration year) that students pass through are described in terms of acquired professional dispositions, with historical, cultural (including linguistic) and epistemological aspects; the dramatic aspects of dispositions give rise to a series of roles acquired through practice. Acquisition of these professional dispositions is fostered by students' aspirations and the general culture of co-operation, rather than by the simple explicit transmission of professional values, knowledge and skills, or a lowly and autonomous group "making out". The medical school and teaching hospital are therefore seen as acting in many ways like a "total institution", their segmentation being held together by students in practice, as well as cognitively and financially. Teaching and assessment of these roles leads, through their linguistic component (whose precise physical referents reflect the associated positivist epistemological base and its certainty) and dramatic features, to the stable reproduction of medical knowledge and is associated with the internal stability of the profession and of its relation to others. The resulting low status attached to academic disciplines (notably psychology and sociology) and branches of medicine (notably psychiatry) tends to limit awareness within the profession of the discordance within and between dispositions and between roles. The high rates of mental illness within the profession may be seen as related to such internal psychological conflicts; these lead, in effect, to classifying sufferers as individual psychiatric patients and so "blaming the victim". For this reason alone, it is most unlikely that students and junior doctors can effect any change in the system of training; other factors that contribute to the system's stability are discussed
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40

Halpin, Ross William. "A history of concern the ethical dilemma of using Nazi medical research data in contemporary medical and scientific research /." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/4010.

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41

Popovic, Celia Frances. "Why do medical students fail? : a study of 1st year medical students and the educational context." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2007. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/223/.

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A third of medical students at Birmingham Medical School fail one or more first year exams. Alarm has been raised about the apparent over-representation of ethnic minority students amongst those who fail. In this case study I ask: 1. Is there a connection between students’ ethnicity and performance in end of first year exams? 2. Is the experience of medical students at this medical school conducive to effective learning? 3. What, if anything, could be done to improve students’ learning? I show that there is a link between particular students and exam performance, but the link is with socio-economic background, not ethnicity. Students from a privileged background appear to perform better than students from a disadvantaged background. I argue that this may be due to an environment which is not conducive to effective learning. Using a range of research methods I describe how students are expected to support themselves intellectually to become independent learners while passive educational methods such as lectures and a heavy timetable are favoured and students receive limited formative feedback on their progress. The study ends positively, however, as I identify improvements that could be, and in some instances have been, made to the environment.
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42

Edwards, Kelly Alison. "Teaching for professional responsibility in medical practice /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7649.

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43

Click, Ivy A., Abbey K. Mann, Morgan Buda, Anahita Rahimi-Saber, Abby Schultz, K. Maureen Shelton, and Leigh Johnson. "Transgender Health Education for Medical Students." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1111/tct.13074.

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Background Transgender individuals face numerous health disparities and report negative experiences with health care providers related to their gender identity. Significant gaps in medical education regarding transgender health persist despite calls for increased sexual and gender minority content. The purpose of this student‐led study was to assess the effectiveness of a half‐day educational intervention on first‐ and second‐year medical students’ attitudes and knowledge of transgender health. Methods Students and faculty members collaborated to develop an educational session on transgender health. This content was presented to first‐ and second‐year medical students at Integrated Grand Rounds, a pedagogical method in which basic science and clinical faculty members co‐present didactic content interspersed between live patient interviews and student‐led small group discussions. Student participants (n = 138) completed voluntary 9‐item pre‐ and post‐session surveys assessing comfort with and knowledge of transgender medicine. Results Students’ comfort with and perceived knowledge about transgender patients increased significantly between pre‐ and post‐test. Students’ knowledge of transgender medicine standards of care also improved, though not all items reached significance. Discussion A half‐day educational intervention improved many facets of medical students’ attitudes and knowledge about transgender patients. The significant disparities in physical health, mental health and access to care currently experienced by transgender persons in the United States warrants the continued testing and refinement of educational interventions for future and practising providers.
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Harrigan, Mary Louise (Marylou). "Leadership challenges in Canadian health care : exploring exemplary professionalism under the malaise of modernity /." Burnaby B.C. : Simon Fraser University, 2005. http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/handle/1892/2350.

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Thesis (Ed.D.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005.
Theses (Faculty of Education) / Simon Fraser University. Includes bibliographical references leaves 322-244. Also issued in digital format and available on the World Wide Web.
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Qualtere-Burcher, Paul. "The just distance : a new biomedical principle /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8687.

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46

Mendizabal, Adys. "RACIAL CONCORDANCE, AUTONOMY, AND JUSTICE: EVIDENCE FOR THE ETHICAL NEED OF DIVERSITY IN MEDICINE." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/376895.

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Urban Bioethics
M.A.
Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States experience health disparities and poor health outcomes at a disproportionate rate in comparison to other groups. One of the many social determinants of health that contributes to these poor health outcomes is mistrust in the medical community. Mistrust is a consequence of a too-long history of unethical experimentation in African American and Latino communities, and has resulted in decreased use of preventive services and screening tools, lack of adherence to medical treatments, and minimal participation in clinical trials. These patterns of minimal utilization of healthcare services have resulted in poor outcomes for numerous health conditions, poor understanding of different diseases and their impact on minority groups, as well as a lack of evidence-based treatments which will benefit these populations. The purpose of this thesis is first to address the historical origins and contemporary consequences of mistrust in medicine within the African American and Latino communities. Second, I address the ameliorating impact that patient-physician racial and language concordance has on both trust and clinical outcomes. Throughout, I reference the ethical principles which warrant the need for greater patient-physician race and language concordance, and I present pipeline programs as a tool to increase the diversity in the medical field, all with the ultimate goal of improving health outcomes in the African American and Latino community.
Temple University--Theses
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47

Vassor, Valerie Elizabeth. "MORE THAN A SOCIAL DETERMINANT OF HEALTH: INCARCERATION AS A NEGATIVE HEALTH OUTCOME." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/389420.

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Urban Bioethics
M.A.
The Healthy People 2020 initiative recognizes how the physical, emotional and mental toll of incarceration causes poorer health outcomes because of the health risks and exposures individuals face in the prison environment. However, incarceration in the urban setting is more than the social determinant of health. The social, political, and economic consequences of mass incarceration have disproportionately affected urban communities. By reviewing the research on the health and socio-economic status of incarcerated population prior, during and after imprisonment, I make the argument that prisoners have a predisposition to be incarcerated due the negative social determinants of health present in their natal neighborhoods. I illustrate how the evolution of mass incarceration is in part due to the United States (US) government imprisonment of many non-violent offenders by criminalizing drug abuse in part due to racial discrimination towards men of color, primarily African-American men. I examine how drug abuse as a mental illness has been disregarded by the US Criminal Justice System, and how racism has contributed to this factor. Furthermore, as the drugs policies have disproportionately affected these communities, additional consideration should be given to how the criminalization and demonization of drug abuse and addiction has impinged on the bioethical rights of the members of urban communities. I explain how mass incarceration in the urban setting violates each bioethical principle and how the racial disparities in mass incarceration is a reflection and is an extension of the problems of racism inherent to the US. Ultimately, I conclude that any new legislation passed to end mass incarceration should include policies that help to rehabilitate and to rebuild lives of those affected most by mass incarceration.
Temple University--Theses
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48

Frye, John William III. "Legalized Assisted Dying in America:Improving on the Oregon Mode with Lessons from Other Countries." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1504297754801944.

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49

Linden, David Edmund Johannes. "Medicine and morality in the ancient world : an analysis of Galen's medical and philosophical writings." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:986686c2-8397-43ae-9b61-44ffdf85770a.

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The great power of the medical profession over the lives of men entails a wealth of moral problems in medical practice and lends particular importance to questions of the responsibility of the physician. We investigate the solutions offered by Galen, the most prolific medical author of classical Antiquity, in his medical and philosophical writings. Issues of ethics and moral psychology are discussed in numerous passages of Galen's works, and he even devoted a number of treatises exclusively to ethics. The main results of our analysis of these treatises and passages can be summarized as follows. Starting with his interpretation of a prominent Hippocratic maxim, we discuss possible motivations for Galen's re-definition of the relationship between physician and patient. For Galen, it was the physician, not the patient, who led the fight against the disease. This prominent position of the Galenic physician entailed particular obligations and responsibilities. But Galen also took the view that certain responsibilities resided with the patient, particularly that of selecting the right physician and keeping the prescribed diets. Moreover Galen thought that everybody ought to pursue the systematic liberation of the soul from passions and errors, guided by his ethical methodology. Galen gave disciplined care for one's health and acquisition of medical knowledge the status of moral duties for every educated person. For physicians, he provided a wealth of additional principles and rules of conduct, covering areas as diverse as experimentation with drugs, surgical risks, promulgation of knowledge on poisons, remuneration and other social impacts of medicine, and medical education, all of them inspired by respect for the health of man, the animal who topped the teleological hierarchy of creation, and medicine, the art whose task it was to preserve and restore man's health. Galen held medicine in exceptionally high esteem, even by the standards of physicians. His view of medicine as the divine art kat 'exochen is considered in the context of his high valuation of human life and health. Health assumed a high rank in the hierarchy of goods, for it provided the basis for all the other goods and virtues. For Galen, preservation and restoration of health could be attained only on the basis of a sound scientific methodology. He was reluctant to apply criteria external to medicine proper to its practice, and mostly judged the morality of medical activities by the adherence to the principles of a well-founded therapy and avoidance of undue harm.
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50

Oh, Kirsten S. "The new ethics and its implications for the character and role of nursing." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1998. http://www.tren.com.

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