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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Medical geography'
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1
Garcia, Lopez Claudia Monica. "From medical geography to germ theory in Colombia, 1860-1900." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4303.
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Before the consolidation of the germ theory of human diseases at the end of the nineteenth century, medical explanations about disease causation were dominated by the environmental notions of medical geography. This dissertation explores how nineteenth-century Colombian physicians transformed the medical geographical approach using the early concepts and technologies of the emerging Pasteurian germ theory. I follow this transformation in the cases of periodic fevers (yellow fever and malaria), continuous fevers (typhoid fever and typhus) and leprosy. The analysis reveals that by mid century physicians had incorporated neo-Hippocratic versions of disease causation and French medical geographical ideas in order to make sense of disease of the warm, temperate and cold lands. Their conceptual network revolved around the specific, predisposing and occasional causes in which climate and geography played a determinant role. Evidence indicates that this was the case of periodic fevers of the warm lands (yellow fever and malaria). I argue that the “parasitic” hypothesis of yellow fever was accepted during the controversy around the prophylactic inoculations inspired by Pasteurism that were applied in Colombia in 1887. However, doctors struggled to reconcile the medical geographical and the bacteriological perspective of both yellow fever and malaria. Continuous fevers, on the other hand, were also framed within the medical geography scheme of disease causation. I show how during the debates about typhoid fever and typhus happening in the Colombian highlands during the 70s, 80s and 90s, doctors used medical geographical notions and developed anti-pasteurian arguments, while the international scientific community had identified the specific bacilli for typhoid fever. Finally, I argue that the strong interest of Colombian doctors on leprosy –also understood in neo-Hippocratic terms- that foster the search for local treatments based on Pasteurism (antiseptics in the 1880s and serotherapy in the 1890s) also prompted the extension of the bacteriological model and techniques to other diseases in those decades.
2
Paschane, David Michael. "A theoretical framework for the medical geography of health service politics /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5649.
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3
Martin, Stacey L. "Cartography, Discourse, and Disease: How Maps Shape Scientific Thought about Disease." unrestricted, 2005. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04222005-094353/.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2005.Title from title screen. Jeremy Crampton, committee chair; Michael Eriksen, Dona Stewart, committee members. Electronic text (94 p. : ill., maps (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 10, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-94).
4
Altonen, Brian Lee. "Asiatic cholera and dysentery on the Oregon Trail : a historical medical geography study." PDXScholar, 2000. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4305.
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Two disease regions existed on the Oregon Trail. Asiatic cholera impacted the Platte River flood plain from 1849 to 1852. Dysentery developed two endemic foci due to the decay of buffalo carcasses in eastern and middle Nebraska between 1844 and 1848, but later developed a much larger endemic region west of this Great Plains due to the infection of livestock carcasses by opportunistic bacteria.
This study demonstrates that whereas Asiatic cholera diffusion along the Trail was defined primarily by human population features, topography, and regional climate along the Platte River flood plain, the distribution of opportunistic dysentery along the Trail was defined primarily by human and animal fitness in relation to local topography features. By utilizing a geographic interpretation of disease spread, the Asiatic cholera epidemic caused by Vibrio cholerae could be distinguished from the dysentery epidemic caused by one or more species of Salmonella or Campylobacter. In addition, this study also clarifies an important discrepancy popular to the Oregon Trail history literature. "Mountain fever," a disease typically associated with Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, was demonstrated to be cases of fever induced by the same bacteria responsible for opportunistic dysentery.
In addition, several important geographic methods of disease interpretations were used for this study. By relating the epidemiological transition model of disease patterns to the early twentieth century sequent occupance models described in numerous geography journals, a spatially- and temporally-oriented disease model was produced applicable to reviews of disease history, a method of analysis which has important applications to current studies of disease patterns in rapidly changing rural and urban population settings.
5
Kettermann, Anna. "Estimation of Standardized Mortality Ratio in Geographic Epidemiology." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/KettermanA2004.pdf.
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6
Bueno, Nádia Helena [UNESP]. "As doenças infectocontagiosas em cidades de médio porte: uma abordagem qualitativa da Aids em Piracicaba/SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95679.
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bueno_nh_me_rcla.pdf: 21197857 bytes, checksum: 759a26fb79955fbf261af36f67c3b725 (MD5)As epidemias infectocontagiosas tais como cólera, dengue, malária, sarampo, tuberculose e AIDS assolam a sociedade humana, desestruturando a população nos segmentos sociais, econômicos e políticos. Dentre essas doenças optou-se em estudar os casos de AIDS, através da observação das categorias de exposição (sexo, preferência sexual, uso de drogas, faixa etária e razão por sexo) e das características sócio-territoriais da AIDS, permitindo-se assim trabalhar duas vertentes: o recorte do assistencialismo, o qual é responsável em cronificar a doença, evitando a morte do paciente, e, também elucidar uma possível mudança no perfil da doença. Essa discussão desenvolveu-se segundo a abordagem qualitativa e sob a perspectiva da Geografia socioambiental, utilizando-se de diferentes metodologias, as quais possibilitaram a construção dos mapas sócio-territoriais, gráficos e tabelas, traçando, dessa maneira, o perfil da epidemia na cidade de Piracicaba, visando contribuir com as políticas públicas para a saúde, assegurando acessibilidade aos serviços
The contagious epidemics such as cholera, dengue fever, malaria, measles, tuberculosis and AIDS devastates the human society, disintegrating the human society in social, economical and political segments. Among those diseases, it was decided to study the cases of AIDS, through the observation of different ways of exposition (sex, sexual option, use of drugs, age range and proportion of infected man to women ) and the characteristics related to social-geographical characteristics of AIDS, allowing to work in two different points of view: the welfare system, which is responsible for preventing a reinfection , avoiding the death of the patient and also, elucidate a possible change in the characteristics of the disease. This discussion developed according to a qualitative approach under the perspective of the socio-environmental Geography using different methodologies, which allow the construction of social-gegraphical maps, graphs and tables, outlining, this way, the characteristics of the epidemics in the city of Piracicaba, in order to contribute to the public policies for health, assuring the accessibility to the services
7
Boyer, Stacy Bingham. "The Implementation of Refugee Health Policies and Services in Virginia's Local Health Districts." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36414.
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In 1997, the Virginia Refugee Health Program coordinated a protocol and reimbursement structure to encourage health departments to perform initial health screenings on refugees settling in the Commonwealth by establishing four recommended levels of assessment. This thesis is concerned with these initial health-related services provided to refugees by Virginia's health departments, the quality of these services, and how they vary from one district to another. For this study, I interviewed health department staff representing 13 of Virginia's 19 districts that rendered health screenings in 2000. Information such as the level of assessment provided, and the types of procedures and services offered were the main foci of the interviews. I found that of the 13 districts, three (the cities of Alexandria and Virginia Beach, and Prince William County) offer only the required minimum to refugees. The variations I discovered in the services that health districts provide suggest, conceptually, the workings of both "structure" and "agency." Each health department is formally and informally structured in terms of staffing, services, and resources in accordance with its individual needs and initiatives. The structure of current funding at both the state and local level acts to inhibit some health districts from providing all four levels of assessment. In addition, human agency in the form of personal interest in meeting refugee's health needs as well as district collaboration with local resettlement agencies, also plays an important role in the extent of refugee services rendered.Master of Science
8
Wen, Allisandra. "Global interaction patterns and disease transmission a case study of China /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43786005.
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9
Low, Chien-tat, and 劉振達. "Does place have an effect on the traditional Chinese medicine concept of body constitution?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/202380.
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Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has long perceived the human body as a holistic system to sustain a healthy state. It emphasises that natural and social environments influence the physical and emotional balance of the human health. Contemporary health geography also recognises that place or environment is indispensable in studying population health. Both TCM and health geography share some similar views on the place effects on human health and wellbeing. However, the effects of TCM concept of body constitution and those of the living environment on the state of human health have not been supported with much empirical evidence. This study is an attempt to address three issues: a) Is there a place effect on body constitution? b) What are the possible individual or neighbourhood/community explanations behind the place effect? and c) Is there an association between body constitution and disease occurrence?
The study uses multilevel logistic models to explore the evidence of place on body constitution. This study proposes to generalise “place” by means of an actual geographical division at the level of street block group for hypothesis testing through examining their covariance components in the multilevel analysis. The analysis also takes simultaneous accounts of both individual-level (gender, age, BMI, type of housing) and area-level (percent greenery, percent road surface, total road intersection, sky view factor, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and social deprivation index) characteristics to explain the geographical variation of body constitution. The bivariate choropleth mapping technique in cartographic design is employed to visualise and generalise the spatial correlation between body constitution and neighbourhood effects. The association between body constitution and disease prevalence are tested using the binary logistic regression analysis.
The individual data of body constitution comprise a cohort of 3,277 patients attending the Centre of Integrated Health Management providing TCM services at the Kwong Wah Hospital. The attendance period was between 1/3/2009 and 31/12/2012 inclusive. The majority of patients was middle-aged Chinese (40 to 60) living within the remit of the Kowloon West Cluster. Despite limitations in the data, the findings unveil different views on human and environmental health pertaining to the Chinese population. It confirms that place does matter in the outcome of body constitution and the variability between neighbourhoods involves a dynamic interplay between individual and environmental factors. Specifically, the use of different geographic aggregation units (street block group and 800m buffer around each subject’s home location) to parameterise environmental factors brings out place characteristics of select body constitutions and exemplifies the modifiable areal unit problem in population health studies.
This study is a first attempt to bring together health geography and body constitution theory to illuminate the interconnectedness between health, disease, personal attributes, and place. Because the TCM concept of body constitution is not an exact science and each individual can have more than one dominant body constitution which may change in time, it has been a challenge to resolve data issues and methodological constraints. Nonetheless, the study has contributed some interesting observations about TCM body constitution and its relationship with place.published_or_final_version
Geography
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
10
Gould, Myles I. "Multilevel modelling of geographical variations in immunisation uptake." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296694.
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Sadkowsky, Krystian Reginald. "An analysis into geographic regional differences in cancer survival in Australia during 1982-1997 /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16944.pdf.
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Hernandez, Andres M. "Spatial Modeling of the Social Health Determinants Impact on the Epidemiology of Diseases in Low-, Middle-, and High-income Settings." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613686108382205.
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13
Agnarson, Lars. "Estonia's health geography : West versus east - an ethnic approach." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-162.
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The purpose with this essay is to explore the social changes in relation to changes in mortality for the two largest ethnic groups in Estonia; ethnic Estonians and the Russian minority. Since this is a geographical essay, my purpose is also to explore these changes in relation to the country’s internal geography. As these changes appear over time in space, the content is partly rooted in a time geographical point of view. It is also rooted in a regional geographical point of view, since I have been comparing the mentioned changes between different areas in Estonia (with considerations on developments abroad).
Two different development lines can be seen as a consequence of the social changes taking place in the 1990s. While the ethnic Estonians situation has improved, the Russian minority’s situation has instead declined regarding to social existence and health. As a result the mortality has increased enormously for the Russian minority. The ethnic Estonians had also a mortality increase in practically all studied causes of death in all studied areas, but this increase wasn’t as high as for the Russian minority. Nevertheless, when comparing two different counties with each other as well as with the country as whole, the pattern seems to be more complicated. The Russians living in the western county of Läänemaa, have been affected more favourably by the social change than those living in the north-eastern county of Ida-Virumaa. Except for mortality by alcohol poisoning, the Russians living in Läänemaa had a much lower mortality increase than those living in Ida-Viruma and even compared with the country as whole.
It seems as those Russians living in the western parts of Estonia have been affected more favourably than those living in the north-eastern parts. These structures are very much depending on the history, since most of the Russians living in the north-eastern area immigrated during the Soviet era, while the western parts had a much earlier immigration of Russians. Considering the time and place of the Russian immigration, one can divide the Russian minority in two groups; those in the west, and those in the east.
14
Gater, Thomas. "Pharmaceutical Security in South Africa: Law and Medical Geopolitics." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5273_1274376650.
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The study focuses on the political and economic geographies of pharmaceutical delivery. In 1997 the South African government passed the Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act, sparking outrage from both the local and international pharmaceutical industry, and resulting in court action in 2001. The industry believed that South Africa was in breach of its obligations under international intellectual property law. Those fighting for pharmaceutical security hoped the court case would be a &lsquo
landmark&rsquo
in the global campaign for equitable access to medicines. This investigation seeks to analyse the domestic and international legacy of the court action. The inquiry takes its significance from the high prevalence rates of treatable diseases and the need for pharmaceutical security in South Africa and its neighbouring African countries. The absence of a sustainable international medicines delivery system is a global political, economic and moral failure. A solution is required that balances the positive productive forces of the market with a philosophy of justice and equity.
15
Kutch, Libbey. "An Investigation of the Relationship between HIV and Prison Facilities in Texas: The Geographic Variation and Vulnerable Neighborhood Characteristics." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc84234/.
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Previous research suggests that prisons may be fueling the spread of HIV infection in the general population. In 2005, the HIV rate was more than 2.5 times higher in US prison populations. Environmental factors in prisons such as illicit drug use and unprotected sexual activities can be conducive for HIV transmission. Because the vast majority of prison inmates are incarcerated for less than three years, transmission of HIV between prison inmates and members of the general population may occur at a high rate. The environment in which an individual lives and the entities that comprise it affect the health of that person. Thus the location of prisons within communities, as well as socio-demographic characteristics may influence the geography of HIV infection. HIV surveillance data, obtained from the Texas Department of State Health Services, were used to investigate the relationship between the location of prison units in Texas and HIV infection rates in the surrounding zip codes. The results suggest that HIV prevalence rates are higher among geographic areas in close proximity to a prison unit. With continued behavioral risks and low treatment adherence rates among individuals infected with HIV, there is a possibility of increased HIV prevalence. Vulnerable places, locations with higher HIV prevalence, should be targeted for resource allocation and HIV prevention and care service. This study illustrates the importance of spatial analysis of places vulnerable to increased HIV prevalence in creating more effective public health prevention strategies and interventions.
16
Iyanda, Ayodeji Emmanuel. "The Geography of Maternal Health Indicators in Ghana." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984208/.
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Ghana is identified among the developing countries with high maternal mortality ratio in Africa. This study unpacked the Demographic and Health Survey data by examining the maternal health indicators at the district level using GIS methods. Understanding the geographic patterns of antenatal care, place of delivery, and skilled birth attendants at the small scale will help to formulate and plan for location-specific health interventions that can improve maternal health care behavior among Ghanaian women. Districts with high rates and low rates were identified. Place of residence, Gini-Coefficient, wealth status, internet access, and religious affiliation were used to explore the underlying factors associated with the observed patterns. Economic inequality was positively associated with increased use of maternal health care services. The ongoing free maternal health policy serves as a cushion effect for the economic inequality among the districts in the Northern areas. Home delivery is common among the rural districts and is more prominent mostly in the western part of Northern Region and southwest of Upper West. Educating women about the free maternal health policy remains the most viable strategy for positive maternal health outcomes and in reducing MMR in Ghana.
17
Hernandez, Monique Nicole. "A Spatial Analysis of Colorectal Cancer in Miami-Dade County." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/99.
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This dissertation explores the spatial patterns and place-based characteristics of colorectal cancer (CRC) late stage incidence and CRC-specific mortality in Miami-Dade County. Because CRC is the second leading cause of death among all cancers and is almost 90 percent preventable through medical screenings, investigations of CRC disparities across groups and communities are extremely relevant in the fight against cancer. This paper analyzes the geographic distribution of CRC cases in Miami-Dade County between two periods, 1988-1992 and 1998-2002 to: a) identify significant "hot spots" or clusters of disease; b) investigate associations of CRC patterns with neighborhood level characteristics such as socio-economic status, race/ethnicity, and poverty; and c) explore the policy implications of the spatial trends identified for the disease, with particular reference to the Welfare Reform Act of 1996. This dissertation analyzes data from the Florida Cancer Data Registry and tract level U.S. Census data, to identify the spatial distribution of CRC and study its relation to place-based variables using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial statistical modeling. Identifying spatial clusters of disease can assist in targeting public health interventions and improving social service delivery, particularly for uninsured populations. Identifying communities facing greater obstacles to screenings and quality medical care through the use of spatial analysis is an effort to mitigate these barriers while simultaneously providing empirically based evidence linking neighborhood-level social and economic conditions to health disparities.
18
Djietror, Godwin A. Elliott Susan J. "Towards an understanding of geographic variation in cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity in Ontario, 1986--1994 /." *McMaster only, 2003.
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19
Dymond, Sara Elizabeth. "Lyme Disease Emergence in Virginia: An Examination of the Demographic and Environmental Variables Correlated to the Spatial Pattern of Disease Incidence." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50942.
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Since its initial identification in 1975, Lyme disease has become a public health concern in the U.S. Increased concern is sparked by the rapid rate at which the disease is emerging into new areas. One area of disease emergence is the state of Virginia which has been experiencing exponentially increasing rates of the disease. This research studies Virginia\'s landscape-level habitats to explore demographic and environmental variables related to the spread of Lyme disease. The land cover data came from the National Land Cover Database (2006), demographic data came from the U.S. census (2010), and Lyme disease case data came from the Virginia Department of Health (2006-2010). Key variables examined in this statewide study include the percentages of landscape types measured inside each census tract, measures of forest fragmentation, and measures of land cover interspersion inside state census tracts
Analysis was carried out using a spatial Poisson regression model. Of the original 15 variables, 10 were significantly correlated to Lyme disease. The six that were positively correlated with disease incidence include percent herbaceous land, percent water, two edge contrast measurements of herbaceous-forest land, median age, and average income. The four that were negatively correlated were percent developed, population density, and two edge contrast measurements of developed-herbaceous land.
Overall results indicate that specific environmental and demographic variables are associated with increased disease incidence as Lyme disease emerges in Virginia. Results from this study could help create a predictive statewide map for Lyme disease incidence and aid in disease awareness and resource allocation.
Master of Science
20
Bueno, Nádia Helena. "As doenças infectocontagiosas em cidades de médio porte : uma abordagem qualitativa da Aids em Piracicaba/SP /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95679.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Sandra Elisa Contri PittonBanca: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez
Banca: Roseana Corrêa Grilo
Resumo: As epidemias infectocontagiosas tais como cólera, dengue, malária, sarampo, tuberculose e AIDS assolam a sociedade humana, desestruturando a população nos segmentos sociais, econômicos e políticos. Dentre essas doenças optou-se em estudar os casos de AIDS, através da observação das categorias de exposição (sexo, preferência sexual, uso de drogas, faixa etária e razão por sexo) e das características sócio-territoriais da AIDS, permitindo-se assim trabalhar duas vertentes: o recorte do assistencialismo, o qual é responsável em cronificar a doença, evitando a morte do paciente, e, também elucidar uma possível mudança no perfil da doença. Essa discussão desenvolveu-se segundo a abordagem qualitativa e sob a perspectiva da Geografia socioambiental, utilizando-se de diferentes metodologias, as quais possibilitaram a construção dos mapas sócio-territoriais, gráficos e tabelas, traçando, dessa maneira, o perfil da epidemia na cidade de Piracicaba, visando contribuir com as políticas públicas para a saúde, assegurando acessibilidade aos serviços
Abstract: The contagious epidemics such as cholera, dengue fever, malaria, measles, tuberculosis and AIDS devastates the human society, disintegrating the human society in social, economical and political segments. Among those diseases, it was decided to study the cases of AIDS, through the observation of different ways of exposition (sex, sexual option, use of drugs, age range and proportion of infected man to women ) and the characteristics related to social-geographical characteristics of AIDS, allowing to work in two different points of view: the welfare system, which is responsible for preventing a reinfection , avoiding the death of the patient and also, elucidate a possible change in the characteristics of the disease. This discussion developed according to a qualitative approach under the perspective of the socio-environmental Geography using different methodologies, which allow the construction of social-gegraphical maps, graphs and tables, outlining, this way, the characteristics of the epidemics in the city of Piracicaba, in order to contribute to the public policies for health, assuring the accessibility to the services
Mestre
21
Reddy, Sumanth Gopala. "Medical tourism in India: an exploratory study." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16193.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Geography
Bimal K. Paul
Medical tourism comprises a phenomenon where over five million patients a year are traveling across international borders to obtain various forms of health care. Most of these patients travel from developed countries to developing countries, seeking highly invasive medical treatments to less invasive and recreational medical procedures. By the year 2012, the medical tourism industry generated over $100 billion with over 50 countries making it a priority in trade for their country. With active government promotions, India has become one of the leading destinations for medical tourism. The objective of this research was to answer the questions: 1) how do the attitudes and behaviors of patients towards the concept of medical tourism influence their decision to become a medical tourist; 2) why do medical tourists seek treatment in India; and 3) what are the issues and challenges they face before coming to India as well as while in India. Interviews of thirty-four foreign patients were conducted in six sites spread across the South-Indian cities of Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Chennai which revealed useful information in addressing the research objectives. The three most important reasons that these medical tourists chose India for their treatments were: 1) the high quality of the doctors and medical facilities in India, 2) the affordable cost of treatments, and 3) the availability of specific treatments that might not have been available in their home countries. Patients also researched the topic thoroughly before they came to India. Knowledge was gained primarily from the Internet, print media, television shows and friends. Overall, the patients had very positive attitudes towards medical tourism. Most of them felt that they could get treatment because of their positive opinion on medical tourism, their ability to get treatment if they desired, and support from their families and loved ones.
22
Delgado, Stephen. "Emergence, Control, and Reemergence of Triatoma infestans and Trypanosoma cruzi Across the Urban-Rural Interface in Arequipa, Peru." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/312767.
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In recent decades, transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, by Triatoma infestans and other vector insects has expanded from historically rural areas to urban centers across Latin America. The urbanization of the T. cruzi transmission cycle necessitates new understanding of Chagas disease ecology and epidemiology, as well as new approaches to the surveillance, control, and prevention of vector infestation and parasite transmission. In rural La Joya, Peru, analyses highlight how the complexities of human migration and intermittent intervention influence the prevalence and incidence of Chagas disease. Substantial prevalence of T. cruzi infection was found in the adult population as a result of relatively higher incidence of infection among long-term inhabitants and relatively lower incidence of infection among short-term in-migrants. While an insecticide intervention in 1995 effectively eliminated incidence of infection among children, T. infestans and T. cruzi were rapidly reemerging in the absence of continuing vector control. In Arequipa, Peru, T. infestans had extensively and intensively infested an urban and peri-urban landscape prior to vector control. Environmental and social factors, which may directly or indirectly influence insect biology and behavior, were associated with infestation. Large clusters of infestation and spatial dependence among infested households at short and long distances suggest that T. infestans can disperse by crawling or flying in an urban environment, which may challenge ongoing vector surveillance and control. Reemergence of vector insects, including T. infestans, complicates continuing control of Chagas disease. While relatively rare, reemergence of T. infestans is a present and possibly persistent problem in urban and peri-urban Arequipa. The probability of a reemergence event varied spatially. Events were both clustered and non-clustered, and were spatially dependent at distances up to 1,600 meters. Event-to-event spatial proximity occurred at shorter distances in higher risk areas and longer distances in lower risk areas. Identifiable predictors and patterns of risk offer opportunities for more effective and efficient strategies for vector surveillance and control.
23
Wen, Allisandra, and 溫佩凝. "Global interaction patterns and disease transmission: a case study of China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43786005.
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Mawby, Tracey Victoria. "The public health risks of Lyme disease in Breckland." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323226.
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Schlosser, Tina Corinna. "Local Realities and Structural Constraints of Agricultural Health: Pesticide Poisoning of Jamaican Small-holders." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33299.
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Field research was undertaken in three Jamaican farming communities to understand the localized health impact of pesticide poisoning in a developing country. The primary research tool was the collection of data through an intra-household survey, complemented by field observations. The goal was to gather information on the extent to which pesticides are used, the physiological symptoms experienced during or after pesticide exposure, and the farmers' knowledge, attitude, and practice of safe pesticide use. Secondly, I examined the structural constraints to regulating pesticide usage and promoting safe practices, based on interviews with local health care providers and key officials in agriculture, health, and agro-business.
The research proved that acute pesticide poisoning is widespread in Jamaica. Furthermore, health outcomes varied geographically particularly as related to the nature of the crop and pest problems. There was some effort within the agricultural and medical branch of the Jamaican government to address this concern; however, evidence that farmers had widely adopted safe application practices did not exist. I found that hazardous pesticide practices were not simply traced to farmers' ignorance. Rather, farmers showed substantial awareness of safety procedures but often chose not to practice them. The matter was further complicated by the general lack of knowledge among health care providers in identification and proper treatment of poisoning.
Master of Science
26
Domingos, Amanda Erica [UNESP]. "O programa Saúde da Família e a promoção do envelhecimento saudável." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104317.
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A condição de vida urbana de uma população está relacionada à quantidade e qualidade de serviços oferecidos, dentre eles, encontram-se a educação, a habitação, o saneamento básico, o emprego, o lazer e a saúde. No caso do Brasil, está em vigência o Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), como uma estratégia de trabalho e prestação de serviços no setor saúde. Para tal os antigos postos de saúde passaram a ser denominados Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF), seus funcionários fazem parte da Equipe de Saúde da Família (ESF), e dentre eles criou-se à função de Agente Comunitário da Saúde (ACS). O Ministério da Saúde, através do PSF enfatiza que os serviços oferecidos devem ser articulados especialmente no atendimento de três grupos de pessoas: a criança, a gestante e o idoso, salientando que cada USF deve programar ações específicas para estes setores, no intuito de minimizar os agravos a vida urbana. Dentre os grupos anteriormente citados, as estimativas populacionais apontam para o crescimento da população idosa mundial, e mostram que em 2050 existirão no mundo 23 bilhões de idosos sendo que dois terços desses estarão em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, segundo UNITED NATIONS, 2001. No sentido de contribuir com a temática até o momento apresentada, esta investigação objetivou observar como se realizam no espaço geográfico as ações das ESF´s para a promoção da manutenção da capacidade funcional do idoso. Partindo-se da idéia inicial de que as equipes de saúde de família possuem inúmeras deficiências no entendimento do espaço vivido de sua clientela, e também o desconhecimento da amplitude de suas obrigações, o que resultam na desigualdade, inafetividade e desqualificação dos serviços oferecidos.
The condition of urban life of a population is related to the quantity and quality of services offered, among them, are the education, housing, sanitation, employment, leisure and health. In the case of Brazil, is in effect the Family Health Program (PSF) as a strategy to work and provide services in the health sector. To this end the old posts of health began to be called Units of Family Health (USF), its officials are part of the Family Health Team (ESF), and among them set up to the function of Agent Community Health (ACS) . The Ministry of Health, through the FHP emphasizes that the services provided should be articulated especially in the care of three groups of people: the children, the elderly and pregnant women, noting that each USF must implement specific actions for these sectors in order to minimize the disorders urban life. Among the groups cited above, the population estimates point to growth in the elderly population worldwide, and show that in 2050 there in the world 23 billion of elderly where two thirds of these are in developing countries like Brazil, according UNITED NATIONS, 2001. In order to contribute to the themes presented so far, the research aimed to see how take place in the geographical area of the ESF's actions for the promotion of maintaining the functional capacity of the elderly. Based on the initial idea that the teams of health of families have many shortcomings in understanding the living space of their clients, and also ignorance of the extent of its obligations, which result in inequality, inafetividade and disqualification of services offered.
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Dutt, Sohini. "Perceptions of HIV risk and preventive measures among female students in Kolkata, India." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8532.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Geography
Bimal K. Paul
According to the UNAIDS (2008) estimated, in 2005, that about 2.4 million Indians were living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This makes India one of the most HIV vulnerable countries in Asia and thus this problem cannot be ignored. The main purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the awareness about HIV/AIDS preventive measures of female college students (in the 18 to 24 age group) in Kolkata, India, who were widely believed to be members of the low risk group. Specifically, the study measured the willingness to comply with HIV/AIDS preventive measures of the female college students. Few studies have investigated the perception, knowledge and opinions of female students regarding the effectiveness of HIV preventive measures, this study will add a new dimension to HIV/ AIDS literature. In order to assess the information available to the students an attempt has been made to examine the knowledge of the respondents concerning the modes of transmission of HIV and HIV prevention methods. The study also identified the significant sources of information that the respondents used to derive pertinent information enabling them to protect themselves from the virus. A host of variables (e.g. socio-economic and behavioral) have been studied in order to identify the factors influencing the willingness to comply with the preventive measures of these college students. From the results it was evident that religion, income and age play a role in influencing the students’ willingness to comply. This study has important public health implications because the information collected can be used to design HIV prevention interventions that can reduce HIV transmission in West Bengal and other states of India.
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Genaro, Vinicius [UNESP]. "Relações entre o tempo atmosférico e doenças cardiorespiratórias na cidade de Cordeirópolis-SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95685.
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genaro_v_me_rcla.pdf: 1730791 bytes, checksum: 6b7e4cf6942516a7a3c5007e21ad1785 (MD5)Cordeirópolis é uma cidade com aproximadamente 20.000, localizada em meio a Depressão Periférica Paulista, uma das regiões com umidade relativa do ar mais baixas do estado de São Paulo durante a estação de inverno. Por outro lado, a cidade também conta com uma série de problemas socioambientais, como a exploração indiscriminada dos recursos naturais e os baixos níveis educacionais apresentados pela população local, colocando em risco a qualidade de vida dos habitantes. Diante dos fatos, buscou-se estabelecer relações entre os diferentes tipos de tempo atmosférico e as doenças cardiorrespiratórias, considerando que as variações do tempo atmosférico tendem a desencadear uma série de reações no organismo humano, causando ou agravando um emaranhado de sintomas, enfermidades e mudanças no quadro clínico de saúde da população. Também foi possível identificar os grupos de risco e mapear as áreas mais vulneráveis e o local de residência dos pacientes portadores de enfermidades ligadas ao sistema circulatório e respiratório atendidos pelo Programa Saúde da Família, servindo de contribuição para que o poder público possa pensar novas diretrizes que sejam ecologicamente, social e economicamente mais viáveis e justas
Cordeirópolis is a small town with approximately 20,000 inhabitants and is located in the midst of the Depressão Periférica Paulista, one of the driest regions of the state of São Paulo during the winter season. On the other hand, the city is among the largest and most important deposits of clay, which explains its economic vocation, aimed mainly to the production of ceramic artifacts and agriculture of sugar cane. Despite being part of the largest ceramic center in Latin America,and although the ceramic industries as well as the sugar industry are the main sources of income of the municipality, the city has a number of socio-environmental problems, such as the indiscriminate exploitation of natural resources and low levels of education provided by the local population, threatening the quality of life for residents. Given the above facts, we sought to establish relationships between different types of weather and cardiopulmonary diseases, considering that variations in the weather tend to trigger a series of reactions in the human body, causing or exacerbating a tangle of symptoms, diseases changes in clinical and population health. By the way, were collected, processed and organized weather data on precipitation, temperature, relative humidity and air quality standard, and was then correlated with the information collected by the Hospital Health System (SIH-SUS), referring to the monthly number of patients hospitalized for some kind of cardiopulmonary disease. Through the questionnaires it was possible to identify risk groups and map the area’s most vulnerable and place of residence of patients with diseases related to circulatory and respiratory system served by the Family Health Program, serving as a contribution to the local government can think of new guidelines that are environmentally, socially and economically more viable and fair
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Krämer, Steffen Martin [Verfasser]. "Diagrams of epidemiological knowledge in medical geography and public health surveillance : Diagramme epidemiologischen Wissens in Medizinischer Geografie und Gesundheitsüberwachung / Steffen Martin Krämer." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1221135414/34.
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Miyakado, Haruna. "Neural Tube Defect, Heart Defect, Oral Cleft and Their Geospatial Associations with Supermarket and Convenience Stores in the City of Dallas, Texas." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500205/.
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Birth defects are the leading cause of infant death in the United States. Research has linked poor maternal micronutrient intake to birth defects including neural tube defects, heart defects, and oral clefts. After investigating spatial patterns of these birth defects in the City of Dallas and the neighborhood characteristics within clusters, geospatial access to supermarkets and convenience stores measured by proximity and concentrations are examined as environmental risk factors for nutrition-related birth defects. Spatial clusters of all three nutrition-related birth defects exist in the City of Dallas. Cluster for NTD occurs in vulnerable places with lower income and high minority population specifically Hispanics with no supermarkets. Cluster for heart defects mostly occurs in high income and predominantly white neighborhoods with many supermarkets. Clusters of oral clefts mostly occurs in middle-class income with relatively high minority populations with many convenience stores. For the entire study area, geographical access to supermarkets that include healthy foods are shown to be spatially reachable from most of mothers of infants with nutrition-related birth defects as well as convenience stores that typically include the majority of unhealthy processed foods with very few nutrients. Thus, not only easy geographical access to healthy food vendors but to convenience stores with low quality produces is observed at the same time.
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Regan, Seann Dinnon. "Healthcare Use Patterns in Dominica: Ethnomedical Integration in an Era of Biomedicine." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1281448409.
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Moura, Ivanaldo Ribeiro de [UNESP]. "Relações socioambientais: os casos de mortalidade por infarto do miocárdio na cidade de Teresina-PI." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138517.
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000864651.pdf: 5270967 bytes, checksum: a5c00167d5912861744e41eac69278f6 (MD5)Segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde, as doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morte no mundo. No Brasil, as patologias do sistema circulatório humano estão entre as principais causas de morbimortalidade. A origem dos problemas cardiovasculares pode estar associada às causas genéticas, dietas, estilo de vida, questões psicológicas, entre outros. As variações dos tempos atmosféricos podem provocar mudanças fisiológicas no organismo humano, entre as quais se destacam o ritmo cardíaco e o fluxo de sangue nos vasos sanguíneos. O presente trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a possível relação entre as características socioambientais e os casos de óbitos por infarto do miocárdio na cidade de Teresina-PI, entre os anos de 2002 a 2010, bem como verificar a espacialidade desses casos na cidade durante o período considerado. Os dados meteorológicos desta pesquisa foram coletados na estação Agrometeorológica da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária. A estação fica localizada nas coordenadas de 05º S e 42º 48' W, numa altitude de 74,4 m, no Município de Teresina-PI. Os dados de óbito por infarto do miocárdio foram obtidos na Coordenação de Análise, Divulgação de Situação e Tendência em Saúde do Estado do Piauí - SESAPI. Os resultados indicaram que a sazonalidade da mortalidade por infarto com referência às condições atmosféricas não é bem definida, portanto, não podemos afirmar que ela interfere sobre os casos de mortes por infarto na cidade de Teresina. Assim, não podemos asseverar que as condições atmosféricas dessa cidade intensificam os casos de mortes por infarto do miocárdio. O estudo também mostrou que a população com idade acima de 60 anos é a mais afetada e que os bairros Itararé e Centro apresentaram o maior número de óbitos por infarto no período da pesquisa
According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. In Brazil, the pathologies of the human circulatory system are among the main causes of morbidity and mortality. The origin of cardiovascular problems may be linked to genetic causes, diet, lifestyle, psychological issues, among others. The variations of air time can cause physiological changes in the human body, including to emphasize the heart rate and blood flow in blood vessels. This research study aims to investigate the possible relationship between environmental characteristics and cases of deaths from myocardial infarction in the city of Teresina-PI, between the years 2002-2010, as well as checking the spatiality of these cases in the city during the period considered. Meteorological data of this survey were collected in the weather station of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation. The station is located at the coordinates of the 05th S and 42º 48 'W, at an altitude of 74.4 m, in the city of Teresina-PI. The mortality data from myocardial infarction were obtained from analysis of Coordination, Situation and Trend Release in Piauí State Health - Sesapi. The results indicated that the seasonality of infarct mortality with reference to atmospheric conditions is not well defined, so we can not say that it interferes on cases of heart attack deaths in Teresina. So we can not assert that the weather conditions of this city intensify cases of deaths from myocardial infarction. The study also showed that the population aged over 60 years is the most affected and that downtown and the Itararé neighborhood had the highest number of heart attack deaths during the study period
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Forrester, Janet Elizabeth. "A study of predisposition to Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura in a Mexican community /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61824.
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Gilbreath, Donna Arlene. "PROJECTING THE RESULTS OF STATE SMOKING BAN INITIATIVES USING CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS." UKnowledge, 2007. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/453.
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Because tobacco smoking causes 430,000 U.S. deaths annually, wide-reaching smoking bans are needed. Bans reduce cigarette consumption, encourage cessation, protect nonsmokers from second-hand smoke, and promote an attitude that smoking is undesirable. Therefore, bans may prevent future generations from suffering many smoking-related health problems. The federal government has not implemented widereaching smoking bans so it falls on individual states, counties, or communities to devise appropriate smoking policy. To date, smoking policy has been determined by legislators, who may have conflicts that prevent them from acting in the publics best interest. However, this method of implementing smoking policy may be changing. In 2005, Washington residents voted by ballot initiative to strengthen existing state smoking regulations. In 2006, Arizona, Nevada, and Ohio residents voted by ballot initiatives to implement strict statewide smoking bans. This research presents a way to predict how residents of other states might vote if given the opportunity. Two research hypotheses are tested and accepted: a positive relationship between favorable votes and urbanness, and a preference favoring smoking bans where smoking regulations already exist. Finally, a projection is made that a smoking ban vote in Kentucky would yield favorable results, and a map showing projected county votes is provided.
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Sams, Lauren Kimbrell. "Examining Access to Recreational Facilities in Danville, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42685.
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Obesity is a growing issue in the United States, and it affects millions of people. Obesity-related illness accounts for billions of dollars in medical expenses each year, heightening the need for prevention and intervention strategies. Physical activity is essential in maintaining a healthy weight, yet population groups have unequal access to physical activity opportunities. This research utilizes an environmental justice framework to examine variations in access and quality of recreational facilities among different socio-demographic groups in Danville, VA. Data for this research include secondary and primary sources. Race data were obtained from the 2010 U.S. Census. The Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA) tool was utilized to audit all recreational facilities within the City of Danville for features, amenities, and incivilities. Telephone survey data provided individual level-BMI, physical activity minutes per week, and variables of socioeconomic status, including income, education attainment, employment status, and gender. Analysis included ANOVAs, linear, and bivariate logistic regression. Predominant block group race was a significant predictor of incivilities at physical activity outlets. Proximity to recreational facilities was not a predictor of physical activity or BMI. Interventions must be made to improve the quality of recreational facilities in black or African American block groups.Master of Science
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Jones, Jesse Jack. "Effects of Non-homogeneous Population Distribution on Smoothed Maps Produced Using Kernel Density Estimation Methods." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc699888/.
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Understanding spatial perspectives on the spread and incidence of a disease is invaluable for public health planning and intervention. Choropleth maps are commonly used to provide an abstraction of disease risk across geographic space. These maps are derived from aggregated population counts that are known to be affected by the small numbers problem. Kernel density estimation methods account for this problem by producing risk estimates that are based on aggregations of approximately equal population sizes. However, the process of aggregation often combines data from areas with non-uniform spatial and population characteristics. This thesis presents a new method to aggregate space in ways that are sensitive to their underlying risk factors. Such maps will enable better public health practice and intervention by enhancing our ability to understand the spatial processes that result in disparate health outcomes.
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Bird, William. "Use of GIS technology in improving medical service delivery by volunteer drivers to VA medical facilities a thesis presented to the Department of Geology and Geography in candidacy for the degree of master of science /." Diss., Maryville, Mo. : Northwest Missouri State University, 2010. http://www.nwmissouri.edu/library/theses/BirdWilliamJ/index.htm.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Northwest Missouri State University, 2010.The full text of the thesis is included in the pdf file. Title from title screen of full text.pdf file (viewed on June 7, 2010) Includes bibliographical references.
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Stevens, Logan Kain. "Future Lyme Disease Risk in the Southeastern United States Based on Projected Land Cover." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83797.
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Lyme disease is the most significant vector-borne disease in the United States. Its southward advance over the last several decades has been quantified, and previous research has examined the potential role of climate change on the disease's expansion, but no research has considered the role of future land cover patterns upon its distribution. This research examines Lyme disease risk in the southeastern United States based on estimated land cover projections under four different Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report Emissions Scenarios (IPCC-SRES) A1B, A2, B1, and B2. Results are aggregated to census tracts which are the basic unit of analysis for this study.
This study applied previously established relationships between Lyme disease and land cover in Virginia to the projected land cover layers under each scenario. The study area, the southeastern United States, was defined from Level III Ecoregions that are present in Virginia and extend throughout the Southeast. Projected land cover data for each scenario were obtained from the USGS. The projected land cover datasets are compatible with the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD) categories and had seventeen land cover categories. The raster datasets were reclassified to four broad land cover types: Water, Developed, Forest, and Herbaceous areas and the relationship between certain landscape configurations were analyzed using FRAGSTATS 4.2.
Significant variables established in previous research were used to develop a spatial Poisson regression model to project Lyme disease incidence for each decade to the year 2100. Results indicated that potential land cover suitability for Lyme disease transmission will increase under two scenarios (A1B and A2) while potential land cover suitability for Lyme disease transmission was predicted to decrease under the other two scenarios (B1 and B2). Total area under the highest category of potential land cover suitability Lyme disease transmission was calculated for each year under each scenario. The A2 scenario experiences the most rapid acceleration of potential land cover suitability for Lyme disease transmission, with an average increase of 16,163.95 km2 per decade, while the A1B scenario was projected to show an average increase of 3,458.47 km2 per decade. Conversely, the B1 scenario showed an average decrease of 595.7 km2 per decade and the B2 scenario showed the largest decrease of potential land cover suitability for Lyme disease transmission with an average decrease of 2,006.83 km2 per decade.
This study examined the potential spatial distribution of potential land cover suitability for Lyme disease transmission in the southeastern United States under four different future land cover scenarios. The results indicate geographic regions of the study area that are at greatest risk of potential land cover suitability for Lyme disease transmission under four different predictive scenarios developed by the IPCC. The A1B and A2 land cover projections are predicted to have
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an overall increase in areas where the Lyme disease transmission cycle will be enhanced by 2100 and the scenarios have a primary focus on economic development. Economic concerns outweigh environmental concerns for the A1B scenario, in addition to a high standard of living. The A2 scenario describes rapid population growth which results in high rates of land cover conversion to developed land; in addition, this scenario describes a reduction of environmental protection. The B1 and B2 land cover projections are predicted to have an overall decrease in areas of high Lyme disease transmission by 2100 and these scenarios have a central focus on environmental sustainability. The B1 scenario is characterized by a high environmental awareness which results in lower demand for forest products. A common theme for the B1 scenario is restoration and forest protection. Finally, the B2 scenario is described as improving local and regional environmental value which results in a high demand for biofuels and repossession of degraded lands, and an overall increase of forest cover. This study was the first to predict potential land cover suitability for Lyme disease risk and geographic distribution using projected land cover in the southeastern United States, and the results of this research can aid in the reduction of Lyme disease as it continues to expand in the south.Master of Science
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Strosberg, Sophia Anne. "THE HUMAN–HOOKWORM ASSEMBLAGE: CONTINGENCY AND THE PRACTICE OF HELMINTHIC THERAPY." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/geography_etds/21.
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Through a qualitative analysis of the use of intestinal parasites for treating immune system disorders, this research illustrates how contingency emerges in the context of the human relationship to hookworms. The affect of the human–nonhuman relationship is an important part of understanding the direction of evolutionary medicine today, and has implications for the politics of biological health innovations. The shift from the bad parasite to a parasite that at least sometimes heals, discursively and materially, has opened new spaces for patients to change the way they relate to medical knowledge, medical professionals, and pharmaceutical companies. Hookworms are banned by the FDA, which sets the scene for lively, but sometimes rebellious, hybridity between host and parasite. Underground and do-it-yourself hookworm therapy cultures have sprung up in around the site of the gut. I argue that not only is material hookworm affect as important as human discourses in negotiating the rapidly advancing field of biome reconstruction, but it also plays a role in how that biome reconstruction takes place, conventionally or otherwise.
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Desai, Khyati Sanket. "Influence of the Choice of Disease Mapping Method on Population Characteristics in Areas of High Disease Burdens." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822816/.
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Disease maps are powerful tools for depicting spatial variations in disease risk and its underlying drivers. However, producing effective disease maps requires careful consideration of the statistical and spatial properties of the disease data. In fact, the choice of mapping method influences the resulting spatial pattern of the disease, as well as the understanding of its underlying population characteristics. New developments in mapping methods and software in addition to continuing improvements in data quality and quantity are requiring map-makers to make a multitude of decisions before a map of disease burdens can be created. The impact of such decisions on a map, including the choice of appropriate mapping method, not been addressed adequately in the literature. This research demonstrates how choice of mapping method and associated parameters influence the spatial pattern of disease. We use four different disease-mapping methods – unsmoothed choropleth maps, smoothed choropleth maps produced using the headbanging method, smoothed kernel density maps, and smoothed choropleth maps produced using spatial empirical Bayes methods and 5-years of zip code level HIV incidence (2007- 2011) data from Dallas and Tarrant Counties, Texas. For each map, the leading population characteristics and their relative importance with regards to HIV incidence is identified using a regression analysis of a CDC recommended list of socioeconomic determinants of HIV. Our results show that the choice of mapping method leads to different conclusions regarding the associations between HIV disease burden and the underlying demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Thus, the choice of mapping method influences the patterns of disease we see or fail to see. Accurate depiction of areas of high disease burden is important for developing and targeting appropriate public health interventions.
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Masilela, Ayanda Martha. "Discerning Neighborhood Characteristics as Contributing Factors to Infant Mortality in Rural Northern Plains Communities." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64904.
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American Indians are distinct in their current geographic isolation and history of exclusionary policies enacted against them. Citizenship and territorial policies from the 1700s through the early 1900s have manifested in the distinctive status of many American Indian communities as sovereign nations, a classification that no other ethnic group in the United States can claim. However, as a result of political and geographic isolation, disparities in heath and economic development have been an ongoing problem within these communities. Among the most distinctive health disparities are in infant mortality and obesity-related complications. This project will focus on South Dakota, a state that was late in its application of assimilationist policies, yet today is home to some of the least healthy reservation communities in the United States. An investigation into the making of reservation healthcare delivery systems and patterns of prenatal care utilization will hopefully reveal patterns of health and economic characteristics that predispose infant mortality.Master of Science
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Green, Joseph William. "A multilevel modeling analysis of the geographic variability of low birth weight occurrence in Florida." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000499.
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Rind, Esther Christiane. "Investigating the spatial distribution of campylobacteriosis in New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1464.
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Background Infection with Campylobacter is thought to account for about 5% - 14% of all food and waterborne diarrhoea cases worldwide. By international standards, New Zealand has extremely high rates of campylobacteriosis which are thought to be the highest reported rates worldwide. The incidence has been steadily increasing since 1980 (when the disease became notifiable), reaching a peak of cases in 2003 (396/100,000). Although different surveillance systems complicate international comparisons, New Zealand's particularly high rate still lacks a conclusive explanation. Aims This study investigates the geographical distribution of campylobacteriosis in New Zealand and the relative importance of factors assumed to be affecting the distribution of this disease, including those related to climate, landuse, water and food. The approach aims to explain why certain areas might increase the probability of becoming infected. Methodology A Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to visualise the disease rate, investigate potential disease clustering and identify outliers. Hierarchical regression, including the analysis of residuals, is applied to analyse the variables in their complex interrelation and to investigate whether there is statistical evidence explaining the geographical variation in campylobacteriosis. This study is undertaken at the territorial local authority level, as all required data are available at this spatial scale and covers the period 1997 to 2005. Results and conclusion There is a large geographical variation in campylobacteriosis across New Zealand, ranging from an average annual rate of 97/100,000 to 526/100,000 per territorial local authority (TLA). Generally, there is statistical evidence for global and local clustering of the disease rate. There are upper and lower outliers of campylobacteriosis in New Zealand; however, higher rates primarily appear in the South Island. The hierarchical modelling confirms statistical significance for some of the environmental and sociodemographic variables. The final model explains about 58% of the variation in campylobacteriosis, and the residuals reflect this variation relatively accurately in approximately 75% of all TLAs. Although the evaluation of the results is confronted with a number of challenges, it is concluded that socioeconomic and demographic factors are crucial factors in explaining the observed spatial patterns in the notification data.
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Domingos, Amanda Erica. "O programa Saúde da Família e a promoção do envelhecimento saudável /." Rio Claro : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104317.
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Orientador: Sandra Eliza Contri PittonBanca: Ana Tereza Caceres Cortez
Banca: Lucy Marion Calderini Philadelpho Machado
Banca: Francisco Mazetto
Banca: José Conti
Resumo: A condição de vida urbana de uma população está relacionada à quantidade e qualidade de serviços oferecidos, dentre eles, encontram-se a educação, a habitação, o saneamento básico, o emprego, o lazer e a saúde. No caso do Brasil, está em vigência o Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), como uma estratégia de trabalho e prestação de serviços no setor saúde. Para tal os antigos postos de saúde passaram a ser denominados Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF), seus funcionários fazem parte da Equipe de Saúde da Família (ESF), e dentre eles criou-se à função de Agente Comunitário da Saúde (ACS). O Ministério da Saúde, através do PSF enfatiza que os serviços oferecidos devem ser articulados especialmente no atendimento de três grupos de pessoas: a criança, a gestante e o idoso, salientando que cada USF deve programar ações específicas para estes setores, no intuito de minimizar os agravos a vida urbana. Dentre os grupos anteriormente citados, as estimativas populacionais apontam para o crescimento da população idosa mundial, e mostram que em 2050 existirão no mundo 23 bilhões de idosos sendo que dois terços desses estarão em países em desenvolvimento como o Brasil, segundo UNITED NATIONS, 2001. No sentido de contribuir com a temática até o momento apresentada, esta investigação objetivou observar como se realizam no espaço geográfico as ações das ESF's para a promoção da manutenção da capacidade funcional do idoso. Partindo-se da idéia inicial de que as equipes de saúde de família possuem inúmeras deficiências no entendimento do espaço vivido de sua clientela, e também o desconhecimento da amplitude de suas obrigações, o que resultam na desigualdade, inafetividade e desqualificação dos serviços oferecidos.
Abstract: The condition of urban life of a population is related to the quantity and quality of services offered, among them, are the education, housing, sanitation, employment, leisure and health. In the case of Brazil, is in effect the Family Health Program (PSF) as a strategy to work and provide services in the health sector. To this end the old posts of health began to be called Units of Family Health (USF), its officials are part of the Family Health Team (ESF), and among them set up to the function of Agent Community Health (ACS) . The Ministry of Health, through the FHP emphasizes that the services provided should be articulated especially in the care of three groups of people: the children, the elderly and pregnant women, noting that each USF must implement specific actions for these sectors in order to minimize the disorders urban life. Among the groups cited above, the population estimates point to growth in the elderly population worldwide, and show that in 2050 there in the world 23 billion of elderly where two thirds of these are in developing countries like Brazil, according UNITED NATIONS, 2001. In order to contribute to the themes presented so far, the research aimed to see how take place in the geographical area of the ESF's actions for the promotion of maintaining the functional capacity of the elderly. Based on the initial idea that the teams of health of families have many shortcomings in understanding the living space of their clients, and also ignorance of the extent of its obligations, which result in inequality, inafetividade and disqualification of services offered.
Doutor
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DallaPiazza, Kristin Lee. "A Global Approach to Disease Prevention: Predicting High Risk Areas for West Nile Infection in the Us." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33083.
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WN virus has spread for over 60 years creating endemic and epidemic areas throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe, affecting human, bird, and equine populations. Its 1999 appearance in New York shows the ability of the virus to cross barriers and travel great distances, emerging into new territories previously free of infection. Spreading much faster than expected, WN virus has infected thousands of birds, equine, and humans throughout the conterminous United States (US). Case and serological studies performed in the Eastern hemisphere prior to 1999 offer detailed descriptions of endemic and epidemic locations in regards to geography, land cover, land use, population, climate, and weather patterns. Based on the severity of WN activity within each study area, the patterns associated with these environmental factors allow for the identification of values associated with different levels of risk. We can then model the landscape of the disease within the US and identify areas of high risk for infection. State and county public health officials can use this model as a decision-making tool to allocate funding for disease prevention and control. Dynamic factors associated with increased transmission, such as above average temperature and precipitation, can be closely monitored and measures of prevention can be implemented when necessary. In turn, detailed information from higher resolution analyses can be documented to an online GIS (Geographic Information System) that would contribute to a global collaboration on outbreaks and prevention of disease.Master of Science
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Lambert, Rebecca Click. "Chagas Disease in the United States: the Emerging Threat and the Role Climate and Awareness Play in Its Spread." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42377.
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This study evaluates the roles of temperature variability and disease awareness in the emergence of Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis). Chagas disease is endemic in Latin America and primarily spreads to humans directly via the triatomine vector. Hosts for most triatomine species are mainly rodents and occasionally dogs. The disease itself is caused by a parasitic protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) which is found in the triatomineâ s feces and is often spread while the triatomine is consuming a blood meal. T. cruzi from feces enters the body via an abrasion on the skin, the mucous membranes, conjunctivae, or through consumption.
To determine the risk of Chagas disease transmission one must define qualities that make the triatomine an effective disease vector as well as investigate the level of disease awareness among physicians and the population within the vectorâ s range. This thesis maps triatomine species within the U.S. that harbor T. cruzi naturally and that exhibit qualities of domesticity. These qualities are defined by whether the species bites humans and dogs as well as reports that the species has been found in the domestic setting. Ranges illustrating temperature thresholds for increased triatomine activity for 2000 and 2030 are also depicted. Additionally, outcomes of a physician survey are presented to gauge the status of Chagas disease awareness in areas at higher risk for disease transmission. Results reveal limited consideration of Chagas disease in physician diagnosis despite the higher risk range which extends through the southern U.S. and is predicted to expand significantly by 2030.Master of Science
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Denton, Curtis James. "Estimating Buruli Ulcer Prevalence in Southwestern Ghana." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3981/.
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Mycobacterium ulcerans is sweeping across sub-Saharan Africa, but little is known about the mode of transmission and its natural reservoirs. Since the only effective treatment is excision of the infection and surrounding tissue, early diagnosis and treatment is the only way to reduce the havoc associated with Buruli ulcer. Using data from a national case search survey conducted in Ghana during 2000 and suspected risk factors this study tests the hypothesized factors and probes the challenges of developing a spatial epidemiological regression model to explain Buruli ulcer prevalence in the southwestern region of Ghana representing 42 districts. Results suggest that prevalence is directly related to the degree of land cover classified as soil, elevation differential, and percent rural population of the area.
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Ferring, David. "A Multiscalar Analysis of Buruli Ulcer in Ghana: Environmental and Behavioral Factors in Disease Prevalence." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2012. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115078/.
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Buruli ulcer (BU), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, is the third most common mycobacterial disease after leprosy and tuberculosis and a WHO-defined neglected tropical disease. Despite years of research, the mode of transmission of BU remains unknown. This master’s thesis provides an integrated spatial analysis of disease dynamics in Ghana, West Africa, an area of comparatively high BU incidence. Within a case/matched control study design, environmental factors associated with BU infection and spatial behaviors are investigated to uncover possible links between individual daily activity spaces and terrains of risk across disturbed landscapes. This research relies upon archival and field-collected data and analyses conducted with geographical information systems (GIS).
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Sperandio, Thaís Maria [UNESP]. "Qualidade ambiental e de vida humana: as alterações socioambientais e a difusão da dengue em Piracicaba - SP." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95711.
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sperandio_tm_me_rcla.pdf: 3191325 bytes, checksum: 828cda5baa7a905726c3788ca4694f30 (MD5)O crescimento urbano-industrial no Brasil, gerou contradições no espaço intra-urbano posto que as cidades apresentam em suas áreas periféricas habitações precárias, ambientes mal-concebidos e com saneamento inadequado e/ou ineficiente, atestando contra o conforto e saúde das pessoas, fato que propicia uma baixa qualidade ambiental e de vida. As doenças, principalmente as infecto-contagiosas, atualmente, se configuram em um excelente parâmetro para a investigação da qualidade ambiental e de vida urbana. As doenças transmissíveis, apesar de serem amplamente conhecidas, controladas e prevenidas, ainda causam altos índices de morbidade e de mortalidade e retratam a pobreza social, tecnológica e econômica, bem como o descaso político. A dengue, uma doença transmissível, reapareceu no espaço urbano devido a vários fatores sócio-ambientais, destaca-se: a falta de saneamento, o baixo nível educacional, fatores comportamentais, econômicos, culturais e falta de políticas públicas. No que diz respeito aos fatores ambientais destaca-se o clima, pois as temperaturas elevadas e as precipitações abundantes favorecem o desenvolvimento de vetores que, conseqüentemente, elevam o risco de doenças infecciosas. Desse modo, a presente investigação de mestrado buscou analisar as relações existentes entre o (re)aparecimento da Dengue e alterações socioambientais que ocorreram no espaço urbano de Piracicaba-SP, visando contribuir com as políticas públicas locais. Embasada na perspectiva da Geografia Socioambiental, a pesquisa utilizou-se de métodos e técnicas variadas, adotando uma postura pragmática. Assim, através da cartografia temática e da confecção de gráficos e tabelas, analisou-se a ocorrência espacial intra urbana da Dengue, que mostrou que a moléstia possui relações com o ritmo climático e com as variáveis sociais estudadas, principalmente...
The urban industrial growth in Brazil, caused contradictions into urban areas, its because the cities showing in this poor areas precarious residences, uncertain environmental with inadequate and insufficient sanitation, acting against well-being and health of their residents, offering to their a low quality of environmental and low quality of life. The contagious illness, at moment, were a good parameters to investigate the quality of environmental and the quality of urban life. The transmissible illness, although been known, and could be prevented, it stills causing high taxes of morbidity and mortality and retreating the social and technological poor and political negligence. The Dengue Fever, a transmissible illness, come back (again) into the urban space in association with some factors like the no education of the people, no adequate sanitation and no political investments. The climate is a environmental factor that have association with the Dengue fever mainly the high temperatures and abundance rain whom that helped the vector cycle. In this way, the present paper analyzed the relationships between the occurrence of Dengue Fever and the environmental and social modifications in the urban space of Piracicaba-SP, and this work looking for helping the public sector. Using the Socioambiental perspective of Geography, this investigate adopt various techniques and methods. This paper analyzed the occurrence of Dengue Fever into the urban area using maps, graphics and tables, who shows that the illness has association with the climatic rhythm and with the density of houses and people. A final map was elaborated and it shows the urban areas were more affect about the Dengue Fever. This map shows the areas of risk to Dengue Fever.
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So, Fun-mun, and 蘇歡滿. "An application of geographic information systems in the study of spatial epidemiology of respiratory diseases in Hong Kong, 1996-2000." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3122782X.
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