Journal articles: 'Medical telematics – Ethiopia – Addis Ababa'

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Benin-Goren, O., P. Halpern, S. Amir, and MB Tesfay. "Establishment of emergency medical services in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Critical Care 4, Suppl 1 (2000): P197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/cc916.

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Dereje, Nebiyu, Adamu Addissie, Alemayehu Worku, Mathewos Assefa, Aynalem Abraha, Wondemagegnehu Tigeneh, Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, and Ahmedin Jemal. "Extent and Predictors of Delays in Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Population-Based Prospective Study." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.19.00242.

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PURPOSE A substantial proportion of cervical cancers are diagnosed at advanced stage in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the extent and predictors of delays in cervical cancer diagnosis in Addis Ababa. PATIENTS AND METHODS We prospectively recruited 231 patients with cervical cancer diagnosed from January 1, 2017, to June 30, 2018, in 7 health facilities in Addis Ababa, representing 99% of all cervical cancers recorded in the Addis Ababa population-based cancer registry. A structured questionnaire on patients’ experience was administered face to face by trained interviewers. Health-seeking intervals > 90 days (date from recognition of symptoms to medical consultation) and diagnostic intervals > 30 days (dates from medical consultation to diagnostic confirmation) were categorized as delayed. Factors associated with these delays were assessed using multivariable binary logistic regression models. RESULTS The median health-seeking and diagnostic intervals for patients with cervical cancer in Addis Ababa were 10 and 97 days, respectively. Approximately one quarter of the patients were delayed in seeking medical consultation, and three fourths of the patients had delayed diagnostic confirmation. Factors associated with health-seeking delays included poor cervical cancer awareness, practicing of religious rituals, and waiting for additional symptoms before visiting a health facility. Factors associated with diagnostic delays included first contact with primary health care units and visits to ≥ 4 different health facilities before diagnosis. CONCLUSION A considerable proportion of patients with cervical cancer in Addis Ababa have delays in seeking medical care and diagnostic conformation. These findings reinforce the need for programs to enhance awareness about cervical cancer signs and symptoms and the importance of early diagnosis in the community and among health care providers.

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Gimbel, Devon C., and Teklu Bekele Legesse. "Dermatopathology Practice in Ethiopia." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 137, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2012-0041-ra.

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Context.—Dermatologic diseases are extremely common among the Ethiopian population and are a significant cause of morbidity. However, few studies exist in the literature that describe the incidence and clinical and histologic features of biopsied cutaneous lesions. Objectives.—To categorize the cutaneous diseases observed in skin biopsies at the All African Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training Center (ALERT) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and to describe the clinical and histologic features of dermatopathologic diagnoses most frequently encountered in this practice setting. Data Sources.—Pathology reports of 2342 cutaneous specimens received at ALERT in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, were reviewed to determine the range and frequency of cutaneous diseases and dermatoses diagnosed from January 2007 through December 2010. Conclusions.—The range of cutaneous diseases observed in skin biopsies at ALERT was varied and included inflammatory dermatoses (27%), infectious diseases (24%), and malignant and benign cutaneous neoplasms (22% and 20%, respectively). The most common conditions observed in this study were squamous cell carcinoma (8% of total cases), eczema (6% of total cases), leishmaniasis (6% of total cases), tuberculosis (6% of total cases), and benign nevi (4% of total cases).

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Kebede, Binyam, Teferi Gedif, and Ashebir Getachew. "Assessment of drug use among pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 18, no. 6 (March 30, 2009): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.1732.

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Dereje, Nebiyu, Alem Gebremariam, Adamu Addissie, Alemayehu Worku, Mathewos Assefa, Aynalem Abraha, Wondemagegnehu Tigeneh, Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, and Ahmedin Jemal. "Factors associated with advanced stage at diagnosis of cervical cancer in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a population-based study." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e040645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040645.

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ObjectiveTo describe the patterns and factors associated with advanced stage at diagnosis of cervical cancer among Addis Ababa residents, Ethiopia.DesignA population-based cross-sectional study.SettingSeven major hospitals or diagnostic facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.ParticipantsAll histopathology-confirmed patients with incident cervical cancer diagnosed from 1 January 2017 to 30 June 2018 among Addis Ababa residents.Outcome measuresThe proportion of patients with cervical cancer diagnosed at early stage (stage I/II) and advanced stage (stage III/IV) of the disease according to International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics staging criteria, and adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) for factors associated with advanced-stage diagnosis using a Poisson regression with robust variance model.ResultsThe mean age of the study participants was 52.9 (±13.3) years. Nearly two-thirds (60.4%, 95% CI: 53.8% to 66.5%) of patients with cervical cancer were diagnosed at an advanced stage. Advanced stage at diagnosis was significantly associated with paying medical bill out of pocket (APR=1.44, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.91), diagnostic interval >90 days (APR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.71), practicing religion as a remedy or not taking immediate action following symptom recognition (APR=1.25, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.91) and visiting more than three different health facilities prior to diagnostic confirmation (APR=1.24, 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.51).ConclusionsOur findings of the high proportion of advanced-stage diagnosis of cervical cancer in Addis Ababa and its strong associations with out-of-pocket medical bill, seeking care out of conventional medicine settings and multiple visits to healthcare facilities before diagnostic confirmations underscore the need for public policies to improve the affordability of cancer care and enhance community awareness about the severity of the disease and referral system, in addition to expanding cervical cancer screening.

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Hussein, Mintewab, Almaz Abebe, Georgios Pollakis, Margreet Brouwer, Beyene Petros, Arnaud L. Fontanet, and Tobias F. Rinke de Wit. "HIV-1 Subtype C in Commercial Sex Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 23, no. 2 (February 2000): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00126334-200002010-00003.

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Hussein, Mintewab, Almaz Abebe, Georgios Pollakis, Margreet Brouwer, Beyene Petros, Arnaud L. Fontanet, and Tobias F. Rinke de Wit. "HIV-1 Subtype C in Commercial Sex Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 23, no. 2 (February 2000): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042560-200002010-00003.

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Getahun, Belete, Gobena Ameni, Girmay Medhin, and Sibhatu Biadgilign. "Treatment outcome of tuberculosis patients under directly observed treatment in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 17, no. 5 (September 2013): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012.12.010.

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Tenna, Admasu, Edward A. Stenehjem, Lindsay Margoles, Ermias Kacha, Henry M. Blumberg, and Russell R. Kempker. "Infection Control Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among Healthcare Workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 34, no. 12 (December 2013): 1289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/673979.

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Objective.To better understand hospital infection control practices in Ethiopia.Design.A cross-sectional evaluation of healthcare worker (HCW) knowledge, attitudes, and practices about hand hygiene and tuberculosis (TB) infection control measures.Methods.An anonymous 76-item questionnaire was administered to HCWs at 2 university hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Knowledge items were scored as correct/incorrect. Attitude and practice items were assessed using a Likert scale.Results.In total, 261 surveys were completed by physicians (51%) and nurses (49%). Fifty-one percent of respondents were male; mean age was 30 years. While hand hygiene knowledge was fair, self-reported practice was suboptimal. Physicians reported performing hand hygiene 7% and 48% before and after patient contact, respectively. Barriers for performing hand hygiene included lack of hand hygiene agents (77%), sinks (30%), and proper training (50%) as well as irritation and dryness (67%) caused by hand sanitizer made in accordance with the World Health Organization formulation. TB infection control knowledge was excellent (more than 90% correct). Most HCWs felt that they were at high risk for occupational acquisition of TB (71%) and that proper TB infection control can prevent nosocomial transmission (92%). Only 12% of HCWs regularly wore a mask when caring for TB patients. Only 8% of HCWs reported that masks were regularly available, and 76% cited a lack of infrastructure to isolate suspected/known TB patients.Conclusions.Training HCWs about the importance and proper practice of hand hygiene along with improving hand sanitizer options may improve patient safety. Additionally, enhanced infrastructure is needed to improve TB infection control practices and allay HCW concerns about acquiring TB in the hospital.

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Tola, Kasu, Haftom Abebe, Yemane Gebremariam, and Birhanu Jikamo. "Improving Completeness of Inpatient Medical Records in Menelik II Referral Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Advances in Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8389414.

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Introduction. The incompleteness of medical records is a significant problem that affects the quality of health care services in many hospitals of Ethiopia. Improving the completeness of patient’s records is an important step towards improving the quality of healthcare. Methods. Pre- and postintervention study was conducted to assess improvement of inpatient medical record completeness in Menelik II Referral Hospital from September 2015 to April 2016. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data was collected using data extraction checklist and independent sample t-test was used to compare statistical difference that exists between pre- and postintervention outcomes at confidence interval of 95% and P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result. The overall inpatient medical record completeness was found to be 84% after intervention. An enhancement of completeness and reporting of inpatient medical record completeness increased significantly from the baseline 73% to 84% during postintervention evaluation at P value < 0.05. Conclusion and Recommendation. The finding of this project suggests that a simple set of interventions comprising inpatient medical record format and training healthcare provider showed a significant improvement in inpatient medical record completeness. The Quality Officer and Chief Executive Officer of the study hospital are recommended to design and launch intervention programs to improve medical record completeness.

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Gebrekidan, Gezahegn, Gezahegn Tesfaye, Mitiku Teshome Hambisa, and Negussie Deyessa. "Quality of Tuberculosis Care in Private Health Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/720432.

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Ensuring provision of good quality tuberculosis (TB) care, especially in private for profit health facilities, is an important component of TB control strategy to reduce poor medical practice which results in multidrug resistant TB (MDR-TB). The aim of this study was to investigate quality of TB care in private health facilities of Addis Ababa. A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted based on Donabedian’s structure-process-outcome model of health care quality. Quality of care was determined by adherence to National TB Program guidelines, treatment success rate, and client satisfaction. Exit interview was conducted on 292 patients on the intensive phase of treatment and 384 patient records were reviewed in eight private health facilities. Initial diagnostic AFB test was done for 95.4% of pulmonary TB patients. Most important components of TB care recommended by national guidelines were delivered for a significant proportion of patients. Majority (75%) of the clients were found to be satisfied with each component of TB care. The treatment success rate was 90.9%. The quality of TB care was fairly good. However, only 77.7% of the patients were counseled for HIV testing. Strengthening HIV counseling and testing, tackling shortage of streptomycin and laboratory reagent at private TB clinic is crucial.

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Tiruneh, Mesafint Abeje, and Birhanu Teshome Ayele. "Practice of code of ethics and associated factors among medical doctors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 13, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): e0201020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201020.

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Gebremariam, Alem, Adamu Addissie, Alemayehu Worku, Selamawit Hirpa, Mathewos Assefa, Lydia E. Pace, Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, and Ahmedin Jemal. "Breast and cervical cancer patients’ experience in Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia: a follow-up study protocol." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (April 2019): e027034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027034.

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IntroductionCancer is an emerging public health problem in Ethiopia, with breast and cervical cancers accounting for over half of all newly diagnosed cancers in women. The majority of women with breast and cervical cancer are diagnosed at late stage of the disease and most patients do not receive care consistent with global standards. However, little is known about the health-seeking behaviours, barriers to early detection and treatment, patient-reported outcomes, financial burden and survival of women with breast and cervical cancer in the country. Therefore, this study aims to document the experience of women with breast and cervical cancer from recognition of symptoms to diagnosis, treatment and survivorship/mortality in Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia.Methods and analysisA prospective follow-up study using mixed methods (both quantitative and qualitative) will be employed. All women newly diagnosed with breast and cervical cancer from 1 January, 2017 to 30 June 2018 in Addis Ababa will be included in the study. Interviewer-administered questionnaires will be used to collect information about medical consultations after recognition of symptoms, health-seeking behaviours, treatment received, barriers to early detection and treatment, and survivorship care. In-depth interview will be conducted on purposefully selected women with breast and cervical cancer. The primary outcomes of the study are time intervals (patient and diagnostic waiting times), stage at diagnosis and survival. Multivariable analysis will be employed to determine the contributions of independent variables on the outcomes of interest. HRs with 95% CIs will be calculated for time-to-event outcomes. Qualitative data will be analysed using thematic analysis.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol is ethically approved by Institutional Review Board of Addis Ababa University. Verbal informed consent will be obtained from study participants. Results will be disseminated in international peer-reviewed journals and presented in relevant conferences.

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Mulat, M., T. Desta, and D. Birri. "Food safety knowledge and practice among food handlers in Yeka Subcity, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1097.

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Manyazewal, Tsegahun, Zufan Sisay, Sibhatu Biadgilign, and Woldaregay Erku Abegaz. "Hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections among antiretroviral-naive and -experienced HIV co-infected adults." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 742–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.063321-0.

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Most HIV positive people have not been tested for viral hepatitis and their treatments have not been optimized for possible co-infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the serological pattern of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections among antiretroviral (ARV)-naive and -experienced HIV co-infected adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 500 frozen HIV positive serum and plasma samples collected from ARV-naive (n = 250) and -experienced (n = 250) adults were randomly selected and screened for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg and anti-HCV using rapid two-site sandwich immunochromatographic assay. The test was performed at Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University. Positive specimens for HBsAg and anti-HCV markers were further confirmed using third generation ELISA. Of the 500 specimens tested, 15 (3 %), 58 (11.6 %), 3 (0.6 %), 18 (3.6 %), 3 (0.6 %) and 1 (0.2 %) were positive for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HCV, HBsAg and HBeAg, and HBsAg and anti-HBs markers, respectively. No specimen tested positive for both HBeAg and anti-HBs, and 442 (88.4 %) individuals were non-immune to HBV. Of the 250 ARV-naive individuals, 8 (3.2 %), 33 (13.2 %), 2 (0.8 %), 10 (4 %), 2 (0.8 %), and 1 (0.4 %) were positive for HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HCV, HBsAg and HBeAg, and HBsAg and anti-HBs markers, respectively. Of the 250 ARV-experienced individuals, 7 (2.8 %), 25 (10 %), 1 (0.4 %), 8 (3.2 %), 1 (0.4 %), and 0 (0 %) were positive for HBsAg, Anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HCV, HBsAg and HBeAg, and HBsAg and anti-HBs markers, respectively. In summary, seroprevalence of HIV/HBV and HIV/HCV co-infections was lower in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, than in Sub-Saharan Africa and globally. HBV and HCV infections were not significantly different between HIV positive subjects who were or who were not on ARV. This suggests that the two groups have equal chance of being infected with these two viruses; despite this, disease progression could be different.

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Yifter, Helen, Afrah Omer, Seid Gugsa, Abebaw Fekadu, Abraham Kebede, Tewodros Gebremariam, Addisu Melkie, and Negussie Deyessa. "Early detection and management of major non-communicable diseases in urban primary healthcare facilities in Ethiopia: a study protocol for a type-3 hybrid implementation-effectiveness design." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e040564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040564.

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IntroductionIntegrating early detection and management of non-communicable diseases in primary healthcare has an unprecedented role in making healthcare more accessible particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as Ethiopia. This study aims to design, implement and evaluate an evidence-based intervention guided by the HEARTS technical package and implementation guide to address barriers and facilitators of integrating early detection and management of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases in primary healthcare settings of Addis Ababa.MethodologyWe will employ a type-3 hybrid implementation-effectiveness study from November 2020 to May 2022. This study will target patients ≥40 years of age. Ten health centres will be randomly selected from each subcity of Addis Ababa. The study will have four phases: (1) Baseline situational analysis (PEN facility-capacity assessment, 150 observations of patient healthcare provider interactions and 697 patient medical record reviews), (2) Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) inspired qualitative assessment of barriers and facilitators (20 in-depth interviews of key stakeholders), (3) Design of intervention protocol. The intervention will have capacity enhancement components including training of non-communicabledisease (NCDservice providers, provision of essential equipment/supporting materials and monthly monitoring and feedback and (4) Implementation monitoring and evaluation phase using the RE-AIM (reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation and maintenance) framework. Outcomes on early detection and management of NCDs will be assessed to examine the effectiveness of the study.Ethics and dissemination planEthical clearance was obtained from the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences Institutional Review Board and Addis Ababa Health Bureau. We plan to present the findings from this research in conferences and publish them in peer-reviewed journals.

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Worku, Fikru, and Dagmawit Tewahido. "Retrospective Assessment of Antibiotics Prescribing at Public Primary Healthcare Facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2018 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4323769.

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Background. Antibiotic overprescribing is the major driving force for the emergence of antibiotics resistance. The aim of this study was to assess antibiotics prescribing at primary healthcare facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods. The study was conducted in six public health centers found in Addis Ababa City. Data was collected retrospectively from a total of 900 prescriptions and selected medical charts of patients in the health centers in 2016. Data was entered and analyzed using EPI Info 7 and SPSS 20, respectively. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data. Results. One or more antibiotics were prescribed in 56.0% of the prescriptions. Antibiotics accounted for 46.0% of the total cost of medicines prescribed. Amoxicillin was the most frequently (44.8%) prescribed antibiotic and upper respiratory tract infection was the most common (24.5%) diagnosis for prescribing antibiotics. Laboratory investigation was done for only about 27% of the cases for which antibiotics were prescribed. Conclusion. There was a high rate of antibiotics prescribing in the health centers often empirically which might exacerbate the antimicrobial resistance situation in the country. Large-scale study should be conducted to fully understand the prescribing pattern and identify the associated factors thereby design and implement appropriate interventions.

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Araya, Shambel, Abebe Edao Negesso, and Zemenu Tamir. "Rifampicin-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Among Patients with Presumptive Tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Infection and Drug Resistance Volume 13 (October 2020): 3451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/idr.s263023.

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Bizuwork, Ketema, Haile Alemayehu, Girmay Medhin, Wondwossen Amogne, and Tadesse Eguale. "Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Prevalence, Causal Agents, and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility." International Journal of Microbiology 2021 (July 17, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8418043.

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Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASBU) is an important health problem among pregnant women, particularly in low-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of ASBU and potential risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care centers in Addis Ababa. It also aimed to identify causal bacterial pathogens and to assess their antimicrobial susceptibility. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2019. Urine samples from a total of 281 pregnant women with no symptoms of urinary tract infection were tested for ASBU. Women whose urine samples carried greater than or equal to 105 colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria per milliliter of urine when grown on plate count agar were considered positive for ASBU. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from urine samples of women with ASBU using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was investigated using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method on Muller–Hinton agar plates. Of 281 pregnant women examined, 44 (15.7%) were positive for ASBU. Logistic regression analysis of the putative risk factors tested in the current study showed that none of them were significantly associated with the occurrence of ASBU ( p > 0.05 ). The most frequently isolated bacterial species were Escherichia coli 17 (30.2%), Proteus 13 (23.2%), and Enterococcus 11 (19.6%). All of the E. coli, Citrobacter, and Klebsiella isolates and 84.6% of Proteus were resistant to ampicillin. All bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested. Resistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 15 (88.2%) of E. coli, 13 (100%) of Proteus, and 8 (72.7%) of Enterococcus isolates. Resistance to as many as 7 antimicrobials among E. coli, 8 antimicrobials among Proteus, and 7 antimicrobials among Enterococcus isolates was recorded. Detection of ASBU in a substantial number of pregnant women in this study warrants the need for a detailed study on possible risks of developing symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) and associated complications. Multidrug resistance to several antimicrobials was observed in the majority of bacterial isolates. Regular assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens to commonly prescribed antimicrobials and implementation of prudent use of antimicrobials are recommended.

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Aynalem, Getasew A., Tadesse A. Bekele, and Feven A. Alemayehu. "Drug use evaluation of vancomycin at medical ward of Yekatit 12, hospital medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2018." International Journal of Scientific Reports 6, no. 10 (September 21, 2020): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20204029.

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Background: Drug use evaluation is an ongoing systematic process designed to maintain the appropriate medication during & after dispensing in order to assure appropriate therapeutic decision making and positive patient outcome.Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study design was conducted to analyze drug use of vancomycin by using medication charts and medical note of patients that were admitted in the medical ward of Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Patients who were admitted from medical ward and whose age were ≥18 years were eligible provided that they take Vancomycin during the study period were included and Patients with medical records of insufficient or illegible information’s were excluded. Structured check list was used for data collection, and the sample size was 169. Convenience sampling technique was used. Results: Among 169 patients 136 (80.5%) had empiric treatments, the remaining 33 (19.5%) had specific treatments. Among 169 patients 61 (36.1%) had Infection during his/her stay in hospital of which 47 (77%) were hospital acquired pneumonia, 169 patients 39 (23.08%) had Vancomycin indication for hospital acquired pneumonia followed by 21 (12.4%), 21 (12.4%), meningitis and PCP respectively. The finding indicated that only 135 (79.9%) were appropriate regarding frequency, 124 (73.4%) were appropriate regarding dose, 104 (61.6%) were appropriate regarding duration, and the appropriate indication were only 128 (75.7%).Conclusions: Vancomycine was mostly indicated as empiric therapy and only 135 (79.9%) were appropriately prescribed with respect to frequency, 128 (75.7%) were appropriate regarding indication and 124 (73.4%) were appropriate regarding to dose, 104 (61.6%) were appropriate regarding to duration. All physicians should prescribe drugs according to the guidelines.

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Kassu, Afework, Aster Tsegaye, Beyene Petros, Dawit Wolday, Ermias Hailu, Tesfaye Tilahun, Binyam Hailu, et al. "Distribution of Lymphocyte Subsets in Healthy Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Adult Ethiopians from Two Geographic Locales." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 6 (November 1, 2001): 1171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.6.1171-1176.2001.

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ABSTRACT Immunological values for 562 factory workers from Wonji, Ethiopia, a sugar estate 114 km southeast of the capital city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, were compared to values for 218 subjects from Akaki, Ethiopia, a suburb of Addis Ababa, for whom partial data were previously published. The following markers were measured: lymphocytes, T cells, B cells, NK cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. A more in depth comparison was also made between Akaki and Wonji subjects. For this purpose, various differentiation and activation marker (CD45RA, CD27, HLA-DR, and CD38) expressions on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were studied in 60 male, human immunodeficiency virus-negative subjects (30 from each site). Data were also compared with Dutch blood donor control values. The results confirmed that Ethiopians have significantly decreased CD4+ T-cell counts and highly activated immune status, independent of the geographic locale studied. They also showed that male subjects from Akaki have significantly higher CD8+ T-cell counts, resulting in a proportional increase in each of the CD8+ T-cell compartments studied: naı̈ve (CD45RA+CD27+), memory (CD45RA−CD27+), cytotoxic effector (CD45RA+CD27−), memory/effector (CD45RA−CD27−), activated (HLA-DR+CD38+), and resting (HLA-DR−CD38−). No expansion of a specific functional subset was observed. Endemic infection or higher immune activation is thus not a likely cause of the higher CD8 counts in the Akaki subjects. The data confirm and extend earlier observations and suggest that, although most lymphocyte subsets are comparable between the two geographical locales, there are also differences. Thus, care should be taken in extrapolating immunological reference values from one population group to another.

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Taffa, N., K. I. Klepp, J. Sundby, and G. Bjune. "Psychosocial determinants of sexual activity and condom use intention among youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646202760326480.

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Determinants of sexual activity and intentions for condom use were examined guided by the Attitude, Social influences, and Self-efficacy (ASE) model as a theoretical framework. A total of 561 in and out-of-school youth (15–24 years) in Addis Ababa completed a self-administered questionnaire. A third of them reported sexual intercourse in the past and half of the sexually active used condoms during recent intercourse. Being out-of-school, male, aged 20–24 years, alcohol use and khat (amphetamine-like substance) consumption predicted the likelihood of engagement in sexual activity. Of these variables, however, male sex was more associated with reported condom use during recent sexual intercourse. Self-efficacy, skills, and barriers predicted 23% of the variance in intentions to use condoms. Self-efficacy was also associated with past condom use. Psychosocial constructs predicted more variations in condom use intention for males than for females. In general, self-efficacy was found to be the strongest predictor of the constructs, whereas attitude and social influences were the weakest. The study implies that HIV/AIDS prevention programmes for young people in Ethiopia need to emphasize building assertive communication skills in sexual negotiations and condom use. Minimizing the gender gap in sexual relationships forms the cornerstone for such educational strategies.

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Bogale, Alemtsehay Adam, Abebe Feyissa Amhare, Jie Chang, Hewan Adam Bogale, Sintayehu Tsegaye Betaw, Negatu Tadesse Gebrehiwot, and Yu Fang. "Knowledge, attitude, and practice of self-medication with antibiotics among community residents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 17, no. 6 (May 24, 2019): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2019.1620105.

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Tesfaw, Habtamu Molla, Aster Tsegaye, and Fatuma Hassen. "Frequency of Specimen Rejection and $ssociated )actors at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa Ethiopia." Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Healthcare 2, no. 1 (October 5, 2015): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jmrh.2015.21001.

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Yeshi, Melisachew M., Rosemary H. Tambouret, and Elena F. Brachtel. "Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology in Ethiopia." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 137, no. 6 (June 1, 2013): 791–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2012-0491-ra.

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Context.—Most of the population in Ethiopia lives below the poverty line with severely limited access to health care. The burden of infectious diseases is high, but benign and malignant neoplasms are also encountered frequently. For diagnosis of palpable lesions in this setting, fine-needle aspiration biopsy is the method of choice. Objective.—To present findings from several patients from 3 major hospitals in Ethiopia who underwent fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Data Sources.—Representative cytopathology cases of routinely encountered problems are shown. Often patients present with clinically advanced lesions. Staffing, technique, and equipment used for fine-needle aspiration biopsy are described at Black Lion Hospital (Addis Ababa), the University of Gonder Hospital (Gonder), and Ayder Referral Hospital of Mekelle University in the Tigray region of northern Ethiopia. Conclusions.—Fine-needle aspiration biopsy is a highly effective method for diagnosis of mass lesions, especially in an environment with sparse health care resources, such as Ethiopia. This article illustrates the work of Ethiopian cytopathologists and emphasizes the constraints under which they perform their work.

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Debebe, Dawit, Fiseha Behulu, and Zerihun Getaneh. "Predicting children's blood lead levels from exposure to school drinking water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 4 (May 25, 2020): 595–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.248.

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Abstract Human beings could be exposed to impacts associated with heavy metals such as lead (Pb) through drinking water. The objective of this study was to evaluate quality of water consumed by kindergarten school children in Addis Ababa city, who are highly susceptible to issues related to heavy metals in water. Through conducting chemical analysis, using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (MP-AES), the level of lead (Pb) was measured at 38 selected schools in the city. Drinking water samples were taken from three water supply sub-systems: Akaki, Legedadi, and Gefersa. Results revealed the average Pb concentration in the city was 62.37 μg/L which is significantly higher than the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended threshold value of 10 μg/L. The children's blood lead levels and exposure to Pb were also calculated using the integrated exposure uptake bio-kinetic (IEUBK) model as per USEPA guidelines. Estimated geometric mean blood lead levels (BLLs) for each school ranged from 4.4 to 13.2 μg/dL. On average, the model predicted that 20% of children in the city will have blood lead levels above the WHO recommended 10 μg/dL. The study can be considered as an unprecedented piece of work as it addresses critical issues and methods to mitigate problems caused by high concentration of Pb in water supply distribution infrastructure.

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Mekuria, Legese A., Pythia T. Nieuwkerk, Alemayehu W. Yalew, Mirjam AG Sprangers, and Jan M. Prins. "High level of virological suppression among HIV-infected adults receiving combination antiretroviral therapy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Antiviral Therapy 21, no. 5 (2016): 385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3851/imp3020.

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TAFFA, NEGUSSIE, GUNNAR BJUNE, JOHANNE SUNDBY, PETER GAUSTAD, and ANETTE ALESTRØM. "Prevalence of Gonococcal and Chlamydial Infections and Sexual Risk Behavior Among Youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Sexually Transmitted Diseases 29, no. 12 (December 2002): 828–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007435-200212000-00015.

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Alemu, Ayinalem, Aman Yesuf, Betselot Zerihun, Melak Getu, Teshager Worku, and Zebenay Workneh Bitew. "Incidence and determinants of tuberculosis among HIV-positive individuals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective cohort study." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 95 (June 2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.053.

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Sahile, Zekariyas, Robel Tezera, Damen Haile Mariam, Jeffrey Collins, and Jemal Haider Ali. "Nutritional status and TB treatment outcomes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: An ambi-directional cohort study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): e0247945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247945.

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Background Remaining underweight during Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is associated with a higher risk of unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes and relapse. Previous studies conducted in Ethiopia found that bodyweight not adjusted for height at the start of treatment is associated with poor treatment outcomes. However, the association of body mass index (BMI) and weight change during treatment with treatment outcomes has not been studied. We aimed to investigate the association of BMI at the time of diagnosis and after two months of treatment and TB treatment outcomes. Methods Using an ambi-directional cohort study design (retrospective and prospective), a total of 456 participants were enrolled among 30 randomly selected public health centers residing within six sub-cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Data were collected using medical chart abstraction and face to face interviews. We compared TB treatment outcomes in persons with a body mass index (BMI) <18.5kg/m2 (underweight) versus persons with BMI ≥18.5kg/m2 (normal or overweight) at treatment initiation and after two months of treatment. Treatment was classified as successful in persons who were free of symptoms and had a negative sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli at the end of the 6-month treatment course. We analysed outcomes using univariable and multivariable logistic regression with 95% CI and p value< 0.05. Results Of enrolled study participants, 184 (40.4%) were underweight and 272 (59.6%) were normal or overweight. Body mass index (BMI ≥18.5kg/m2) at the start and second month of treatment were independent predictors for successful treatment outcome (AOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.05, 4.39) and (AOR = 3.55; 95% CI: 1.29, 9.73), respectively. The probability of treatment success among patients with BMI≥18.5kg/m2 at the start and second month of treatment was 92.9% and 97.1%, respectively versus 86.5% and 91.7% in patients with BMI<18.5kg/m2. Bodyweight not adjusted for height and change in the bodyweight after the second and sixth months of treatment were not significantly associated with treatment success. Conclusion In persons treated for TB disease, being underweight at baseline and after two months of treatment was a predictor for unsuccessful treatment outcomes. Nutritional assessment, counselling, and management are important components of TB treatment programs with the potential to improve treatment outcomes.

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Zewdie, Ayalew, Dejene Tagesse, Selam Alemayehu, Tesfaye Getachew, and Menbeu Sultan. "The Success Rate of Endotracheal Intubation in the Emergency Department of Tertiary Care Hospital in Ethiopia, One-Year Retrospective Study." Emergency Medicine International 2021 (March 19, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9590859.

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Background. Emergency medical care starts with airway assessment and intervention management. Endotracheal intubation is the definitive airway management in the emergency department (ED) for patients requiring a definitive airway. Successful first pass is recommended as the main objective of emergency intubation. There exists no published research regarding the success rates or complications that occur within Ethiopian hospitals emergency department intubation practice. Objective. This study aimed to assess the success rate of emergency intubations in a tertiary hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methodology. This was a single institute retrospective documentation review on intubated patients from November 2017 to November 2018 in the emergency department of Addis Ababa Burn Emergency and Trauma Hospital. All intubations during the study period were included. Data were collected by trained data collectors from an intubation documentation sheet. Result. Of 15,933 patients seen in the department, 256 (1.6%) patients were intubated. Of these, 194 (74.9%) were male, 123 (47.5%) sustained trauma, 65 (25.1%) were medical cases, and 13(5%) had poisoning. The primary indications for intubation were for airway protection (160 (61.8%)), followed by respiratory failure (72(27.8%)). One hundred and twenty-nine (49.8%) had sedative-only intubation, 110 (42.5%) had rapid sequence intubation, and 16 (6.2%) had intubation without medication. The first-pass success rate in this sample was 70.3% (180/256), second-pass 21.4% (55/256), and third-pass 7.4% (19/256), while the overall success rate was 99.2% (254/256). Hypoxia was the most common complication. Conclusion. The intubation first-pass success rate was lower than existing studies, but the overall intubation success rate was satisfactory.

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Abeje Tiruneh, Mesafint, Birhanu Teshome Ayele, and Kidanemariam G. Michael Beyene. "Knowledge of, and attitudes toward, codes of ethics and associated factors among medical doctors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Medicolegal and Bioethics Volume 9 (July 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/mb.s200096.

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Nadew, Solomon Shiferaw, Kidanemariam G/Michael Beyene, and Solomon Worku Beza. "Adverse drug reaction reporting practice and associated factors among medical doctors in government hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): e0227712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227712.

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Bitew, Adane. "Dermatophytosis: Prevalence of Dermatophytes and Non-Dermatophyte Fungi from Patients Attending Arsho Advanced Medical Laboratory, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Dermatology Research and Practice 2018 (October 3, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8164757.

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Background. Dermatophytosis is a disease of major public health problem around the globe causing a considerable morbidity. Objective. To study the prevalence of dermatophytosis and the spectrum of fungi implicated in causing the infection. Methods. Nail, skin, and scalp scrapings were collected from 318 patients and were used for microscopy and culture study. Fungal pathogens were identified by studying the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of their colonies. Result. Tinea capitis was the predominant clinical manifestation consisting of 48.1% of the cases. Among 153 patients with tinea capitis, 73.2% were in the age group of 1-14 years. Of 318 study participants, 213 (67.98%) were found to be positive for dermatophytosis microbiologically. Out of 164 fungal isolates, 86 were dermatophytes and 78 were non-dermatophyte fungi. Among 86 dermatophytes, T. violaceum represented 38.4% of dermatophyte isolates and 89.7% of the isolates were recovered from tinea capitis. Of 76 non-dermatophyte molds, Aspergillus spp., Scytalidium dimidiatum, and Cladosporium spp. were the most common isolates, respectively. Conclusions. Failure to detect or isolate fungal pathogens in a large number of clinical samples revealed the limitation of clinical diagnosis in differentiating dermatophytosis from other skin infections demonstrating that clinical diagnosis should be coupled with laboratory methods. Recovery of large number of non-dermatophyte fungi along with dermatophytes in our study showed that non-dermatophyte fungi are emerging as important causes of dermatophytosis, warranting the implementation of intensive epidemiological studies of dermatophytosis across the country.

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Steenbergh, K. E., S. Weinberg, L. Gebremedhin, and G. Sandhu. "Evaluating Residents’ Perceptions of Post-Graduate Training Programs at St Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia)." Annals of Global Health 83, no. 1 (April 7, 2017): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2017.03.315.

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Gebremariam, Alem, Adamu Addissie, Alemayehu Worku, Mathewos Assefa, Lydia E. Pace, Eva Johanna Kantelhardt, and Ahmedin Jemal. "Time intervals experienced between first symptom recognition and pathologic diagnosis of breast cancer in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e032228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032228.

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ObjectivesThis study aimed to estimate the magnitude of patient and diagnostic delays and associated factors among women with breast cancer in Addis Ababa.DesignThis is a cross-sectional study.Settings and participantsAll women newly diagnosed with breast cancer in seven major healthcare facilities in Addis Ababa (n=441) were included in the study.Main outcomes and measuresPatient interval (time from recognition of first symptom to medical consultation) and diagnostic interval (time from first consultation to diagnosis). Patient intervals >90 days and diagnostic intervals >30 days were considered delays, and associated factors were determined using multivariable Poisson regressions with robust variance.ResultsThirty-six percent (95% CI [31.1%, 40.3%]) of the patients had patient intervals of >90 days, and 69% (95% CI [64.6%, 73.3%]) of the patients had diagnostic intervals of >30 days. Diagnostic interval exceeded 1 year for 18% of patients. Ninety-five percent of the patients detected the first symptoms of breast cancer by themselves, with breast lump (78.0%) as the most common first symptom. Only 8.0% were concerned about cancer initially, with most attributing their symptoms to other factors. In the multivariable analysis, using traditional medicine before consultation was significantly associated with increased prevalence of patient delay (adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.13, 95% CI [1.68, 2.71]). First consultation at health centres (adjusted PR = 1.19, 95% CI [1.02, 1.39]) and visiting ≥4 facilities (adjusted PR = 1.24, 95% CI [1.10, 1.40]) were associated with higher prevalence of diagnostic delay. However, progression of symptoms before consultation (adjusted PR = 0.73, 95% CI [0.60, 0.90]) was associated with decreased prevalence of diagnostic delay.ConclusionsPatients with breast cancer in Addis Ababa have prolonged patient and diagnostic intervals. These underscore the need for public health programme to increase knowledge about breast cancer symptoms and the importance of early presentation and early diagnosis among the general public and healthcare providers.

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Arega, Balew, Ermias Diro, Taye Zewude, Tadesse Getahun, Asnake Agunie, Philip Owiti, Mbazi Senkoro, and Saskia Van Henten. "High levels of scabies and malnutrition amongst orphans referred to a hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 06.1 (June 30, 2020): 48S—52S. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11712.

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Introduction: Orphans are at high risk for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and other comorbidities such as malnutrition. We investigated how many orphans suffered from scabies, other NTDs and malnutrition. Methodology: A descriptive study using medical records of orphans referred to a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from December 2014 to December 2018 was done. Files documenting NTDs were reviewed in detail for age, referral diagnosis, and nutritional status. Nutritional assessment was done using the WHO Standard growth curve, classifying children as stunted (height for age Z score < -2SD or wasted (weight for length Z score < -2SD). Results: Of the 852 orphans referred, 23.1% (196/852) was diagnosed with scabies, amongst which 28.1% (55/196) had multiple episodes. The median age (interquartile range) of the children with scabies was 3 (2-5) months. 85.2% (169/196) of the orphans with scabies were stunted and /or wasted. No other NTDs were reported. All of the scabies cases identified were not documented in the referral letter of the orphanage. Conclusions: There is ongoing transmission of scabies among children in the orphanage. Amongst orphans with scabies, an alarmingly high percentage was malnourished. Referrals from orphanages may provide an opportunity to detect NTDs and this is being missed.

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Muhammed, Oumer Sada, Getachew Alemkere, and Beshir Bedru Nasir. "Antimicrobial Sensitivity Pattern of Isolates from Neonatal Sepsis in Yekatit 12 Teaching Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal 36, no. 1 (November 3, 2020): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/epj.v36i1.8.

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Sepsis is one of the commonest reasons of neonatal deaths. It is accountable for about 30 - 50% of the whole baby deaths in the developing ountries. The current study aimed to assess drug susceptibility patterns of isolates from cases of neonatal sepsis. Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted among 132 neonates admitted to Yekatit 12 teaching hospital with the diagnosis of sepsis and who had a positive result for culture and sensitivity test. Data was collected through medical chart review using data abstraction tool. The data was analyzed using excel and reported using descriptive tables. Gram-negative bacteria were the commonest organisms identified 124 (93.9%), followed by gram-positive isolates (6.1%). Klebsiella (87.9%) was the predominant gram-negative bacteria. Of the gram-positive organisms, coagulase negative staphylococci (3.03%) were the commonest pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (2.27%). Among the gram-negative isolates, overall sensitivity was high to meropenem (96.0%), amikacin (94.3%) and amoxicillin + clavulanate (74.2%) but sensitivity was very low to ampicillin (2.7%), and amoxicillin (7.3%).Generally, the isolated pathogens were resistant to commonly used antibiotics in the study setting and resistance of gram-positive pathogens Against penicillins and cephalosporins was also high. Hence, rational and tailored antibiotic use based on the susceptibility data is recommended and regular antibiotic susceptibility surveillance should be conducted. Keywords: neonatal sepsis, cross-sectional study, antibiotics, culture, sensitivity, resistance

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Mengistu, Zuriyash, Ahmed Ali, and Teferi Abegaz. "The pattern of orthopedic fractures and visceral injury in road traffic crash victims, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 24, 2021): e0253690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253690.

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Background Road Traffic crash injury is one of the main public health problems resulting in premature death and disability particularly in low-income countries. However, there is limited evidence on the crash fractures in Ethiopia. Objective The study was conducted to assess the magnitude of road traffic crash fractures and visceral injuries. Methods A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 420 fracture patients. Participants were randomly selected from Addis Ababa City hospitals. The study was carried out between November 2019 and February 2020. Data were collected using a questionnaire and record of medical findings. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was carried out. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences Institutional Review Board. Confidentiality of participants’ information was maintained. Results The study found out that the majority 265 (63. 1%) of fracture cases were younger in the age group of 18 to 34 years. Males were more affected—311(74.0%). The mortality rate was 59(14.1%), of those 50(85.0%) participants were males. The major road traffic victims were pedestrians—220(52.4%), mainly affected by simple fracture type -105(53.3%) and compound fracture type—92(46. 7%). Drivers mainly suffered from compound fracture type -23 (59.0%). One hundred eighty-two (43.3%) of fracture patients had a visceral injury. Homeless persons who sit or sleep on the roadside had a higher risk of thoracic visceral injury compared to traveler pedestrians (AOR = 4.600(95%CI: 1.215–17.417)); P = 0.025. Conclusion Visceral injury, simple and compound fractures were the common orthopedic injury types reported among crash victims. Males, pedestrians, and young age groups were largely affected by orthopedic fracture cases. Homeless persons who sited or slept on the roadside were significant factors for visceral injury. Therefore, preventing a harmful crash and growing fracture care should be considered to reduce the burden of crash fracture.

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Shah, Sarita, Meaza Demissie, Lauren Lambert, Jelaludin Ahmed, Sileshi Leulseged, Tekeste Kebede, Zenebe Melaku, et al. "Intensified Tuberculosis Case Finding Among HIV-Infected Persons From a Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 50, no. 5 (April 2009): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0b013e318196761c.

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Muluneh, Mikyas Arega, Abayneh Birlie Zeru, Behailu Tariku Derseh, and Abebaw Molla Kebede. "Survival Status and Predictors of Mortality among Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Patients in Saint Peter’s Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2021 (September 3, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6696199.

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Background. Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is tuberculosis that is resistant to at least both rifampicin and isoniazid. The World Health Organization as reported in 2019 revealed that Ethiopia is among the 20 countries with the highest estimated numbers of incident MDR-TB cases. However, supporting evidence is limited in the study area after the Ethiopian national strategic plan for tuberculosis prevention and control is started. Objective. To determine survival status and predictors of mortality among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients treated in Saint Peter’s Specialized Hospital at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2020. Methods. An institutional retrospective cohort study was conducted using all MDR-TB patients who were enrolled in Saint. Peter’s Specialized Hospital from January 01, 2015, to December 31, 2017. A pretested data extraction form that had 5 items for sociodemographic and 15 items for the measurement of clinical characteristics of 484 MDR-TB patients was used. STATA software version 14.2 was used for data cleaning and analysis. A variable that fitted in the bivariable Cox proportional hazard model at p value <0.25 was used in the final multivariable Cox proportional hazard model, and independent predictors of time to event were determined at a p value of 0.05. Result. A total of 484 patients were followed up for 5,078 person-months. Among the total patients, nearly half, 238 (48.8%), were males. The median age of patients was 30 years (interquartile range (IQR), 24–39), and 56 (11.6%) were aged between 1 and 19 years. During the follow-up period, 315 (65.1%) patients were cured, 125 (25.8%) completed treatment, 24 (5%) died, and 20 (4.1%) were lost to follow-up. The overall cumulative probability survival of the patients at the end of treatment was 94.85% (95% confidence interval (CI): 92.38%–96.53%). The independent predictors of time to death were being anemic (AHR = 3.65; 95% CI: 1.36, 9.79), having clinical complication (AHR = 3; 95% CI: 1.2, 7.5), and being HIV infected (AHR = 5.8; 95% CI: 2.2, 15.7). Conclusions. MDR-TB patients’ survival rate was high in St Peter’s Specialized Hospital. MDR-TB patients with anemia, HIV coinfection, and clinical complications had higher risk of mortality. So, prevention and controlling of anemia, HIV/AIDS, and clinical complications will reduce the mortality of MDR-TB patients.

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Alemu, Amelewerk. "Magnitude and Factors Affecting Out-of-Pocket Medical Expenditure among Outpatients in ST.Paul Hospital Millennium College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Health Economics and Policy 4, no. 1 (2019): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.hep.20190401.14.

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Yeshwondm, Mamuye, Nigatu Balkachew, Bekele Delayehu, and Getahun Mekonen. "Seroepidemiology study of cytomegalovirus and rubella among pregnant women at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences 26, no. 5 (September 19, 2016): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v26i5.4.

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Biku, Teshale, Tangute Demas, Negat Woldehawariat, Meaza Getahun, and Altayework Mekonnen. "The effect of teaching without pedagogical training in St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." Advances in Medical Education and Practice Volume 9 (December 2018): 893–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/amep.s167944.

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Derbew, M., B. Hunter, H. M. Blumberg, C. Del Rio, D. H. Mariam, D. Comeau, and K. Maura. "A qualitative assessment of the rapid scale up of medical students in Ethiopia: An evaluation at Addis Ababa University." Annals of Global Health 81, no. 1 (March 12, 2015): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.02.834.

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Feyisa, Zelalem Tadese, and Berhanu Teshome Woldeamanuel. "Prevalence and associated risk factors of gastritis among patients visiting Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): e0246619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246619.

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Background The health of individuals is not only the absence of disease checked medically, but also encompasses social and psychological aspects. Any departure from the state of physiological, psychological, or social well-being was affected by different factors. However, all contributory factors were not equally responsible for affecting disease. This study was undertaken as a search for the relative effects of sociocultural and individual behavioral factors contributing to acute and chronic gastritis patients visiting Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC). Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out on 364 patients visited SPHMMC in the study. Primary data were collected through an interview schedule tool with an exit approach by validating questions pertaining to sociocultural and individual behavioral factors. The status of gastritis was measured as whether patients had Helicobacter Pylori infection, signs and symptoms indicated gastritis that occurred, and persisted for less than a month, greater than a month, or none of the signs and symptoms. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and multivariable ordinal logistic regression model were used to identify the predictors of gastritis severity. P-value ≤ 0.05 was declared as an indicator of statistically significant. Results The prevalence of gastritis in the study area was 78.8%. Specifically, 48.9% and 29.9% had acute and chronic gastritis, respectively. The study found that low income and taking medicinal drugs was slightly significantly contributed to higher gastritis status; however, being younger age was slightly significantly contributed to lower gastritis status. Furthermore, the results indicated that eating spiced foods (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 1.508; 95% CI: 1.046, 2.174), lack of physical exercise regularly (AOR = 1.780; 95% CI: 1.001, 3.168), stress (AOR = 2.168; 95% CI: 1.379, 3.4066), and substance use (AOR = 1.478; 95% CI: 1.093, 1.999) were significantly contributed to higher gastritis status. Conclusions The findings suggested that women should take enough rest and sleep well, men refrain from involvement in any risky behaviors, young people and those who earn low income per month should equip with knowledge and understanding on how to practice good health behaviors, eating foods on time, avoiding eating spiced food frequently, doing physical exercise regularly, and taking medicinal drugs according to physician advice are recommended.

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Merga Duffa, Yamirot, Kumera Terfa Kitila, Dereje Mamuye Gebretsadik, and Adane Bitew. "Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Uropathogens Isolated from Pediatric Patients at Yekatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Microbiology 2018 (October 2, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8492309.

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Background. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered as the most common bacterial infection seen among the pediatric patients. Objective. This study was carried out in order to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection in pediatric patients, identify bacterial uropathogens responsible for the infection, and study the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study designed and conducted from January to April 2014. Clean-voided midstream urine specimens were obtained from 384 pediatric patients less than or equal to 15 years in sterile universal bottles. Urine collected from each patient was inoculated onto CLED and blood agar plates using a calibrated inoculating loop with a capacity of 0.001 ml. Inoculated plates were incubated for 24–48 hours at 37°C at inverted position aerobically. Bacterial isolates were indentified and characterized by Gram stain and by using an array of standard routine biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out by using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. Frequency distribution tables were used to describe the findings. Logistical regression was also used to estimate crude odds ratio (COR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of positive responses to the different variables, and P values less than 0.05 were taken as statistically significant. Result. In this study, a total of 384 patients (199 males and 185 females) aged less than or equal to 15 years from whom urine samples were collected were enrolled. Of these patients, 61 (15.9%) had significant bacteriuria. Of the 185 females, 36 (19.5%) came up with positive cultures, while 25 (12.6%) of the 199 males had significant bacteriuria, and the largest number of study subjects were below the age of 3 years, and the largest positive culture was obtained from this age group, accounting for 35 (57.4%.) out of 61 positive cultures. Bacterial species belonging to six genera were isolated and identified from 61 positive cultures, and the genera were Escherichia, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus, Proteus, Acinetobacter, and Enterococcus. E. coli was isolated in 28 cases (49.5 %), followed by Klebsiella spp. in 17 cases (27.9%), Staphylococcus spp. in 5 patients (8.2%.) (S. aureus in one and coagulase-negative staphylococci in 4 cases), Enterococcus in 7 cases (11.5%), Proteus spp. in 3 cases (4.9%), and Acinetobacter in one case (1.6%). Of the bacterial isolates, E. coli was found out to be the most common pathogen followed by Klebsiella spp. Furthermore, E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were the most common pathogens in female patients accounting for 71.4% and 64.7%, respectively. Regarding susceptibility tests, E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were not 100% susceptible to any of the 11 antibiotics tested. Acinetobacter spp. had 100% resistance to three antibiotics: gentamicin (GN), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXM), and augmentin (AMP). But they were 100% susceptible to ciprofloxacin (CIP), cefuroxime (CXM), norfloxacin (NOR), and ceftazidime (CAZ). On the contrary, Proteus spp. was 100% sensitive to all drugs except to nitrofurantoin. Species of Enterococcus had resistance of 71.4% to chloramphenicol (C) and 85.7% to both SXM and erythromycin. S. aureus was 100% susceptible to almost all drugs, while coagulase-negative staphylococci were not as susceptible as S. aureus. Multidrug resistance to two or more drugs was observed in 73.7% of the bacterial isolates. Conclusion. This study determined the prevalence of urinary tract infection in pediatric patients and highlighted the major bacterial uropathogens involved in UTI for the first time in the country. Furthermore, bacterial pathogen species and their frequency was consistent with the usually reported pattern, with E. coli being the most common organism isolated in cases of urinary tract infections followed by Klebsiella spp. Most of the bacterial isolates were multidrug resistant, and it is therefore suggested that appropriate antimicrobials should be administered to reduce the risk of multidrug resistant organisms developing and avert ineffectiveness of antibiotics. This condition indicates that antibiotic selection should be based on knowledge of the local prevalence of bacterial organisms and antibiotic sensitivities rather than empirical treatment. The present study indicated that ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefotaxime (CTX), cefuroxime (CXM), clindamycin (DA), and ceftriaxone (CRO) were the best antibiotics for the treatment of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial uropathogens, respectively, in the study area relatively.

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Dye, Timothy D., Solomon Bogale, Claire Hobden, Yared Tilahun, Teshome Deressa, and Anne Reeler. "Experience of Initial Symptoms of Breast Cancer and Triggers for Action in Ethiopia." International Journal of Breast Cancer 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/908547.

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Abstract:

Objective. This study assessed the initial experiences, symptoms, and actions of patients in Ethiopia ultimately determined to have breast cancer.Methods. 69 participants in a comprehensive breast cancer treatment program at the main national cancer hospital in Ethiopia were interviewed using mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches. Participants’ narratives of their initial cancer experience were coded and analyzed for themes around their symptoms, time to seeking advice, triggers for action, and contextual factors. The assessment was approved by the Addis Ababa University Faculty of Medicine Institutional Review Board.Results. Nearly all women first noticed lumps, though few sought medical advice within the first year (average time to action: 1.5 years). Eventually, changes in their symptoms motivated most participants to seek advice. Most participants did not think the initial lump would be cancer, nor was a lump of any particular concern until symptoms changed.Conclusion. Given the frequency with which lumps are the first symptom noticed, raising awareness among participants that lumps should trigger medical consultation could contribute significantly to more rapid medical advice-seeking among women in Ethiopia. Primary care sites should be trained and equipped to offer evaluation of lumps so that women can be referred appropriately for assessment if needed.

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Mussie, K. "Exploring local realities: Healthcare workers’ perspectives on the management and control of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 101 (December 2020): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.244.

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Kelly, Caitrin M., Holly Vins, Jennifer O. Spicer, Brittney S. Mengistu, Daphne R. Wilson, Miliard Derbew, Abebe Bekele, et al. "The rapid scale up of medical education in Ethiopia: Medical student experiences and the role of e-learning at Addis Ababa University." PLOS ONE 14, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): e0221989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221989.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Medical telematics – Ethiopia – Addis Ababa'

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