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1
Kochetkov, O. A., A. P. Panfilov, V. Yu Usoltsev, Vladimir N. Klochkov, S. M. Shinkarev, A. V. Simakov, and A. G. Tsovyanov. "RADIATION HYGIENE AND SAFETY OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 9 (March 27, 2019): 868–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-9-868-874.
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This article covers basic issues of the radiation protection in nuclear industry. It contains an overview of history of the national nuclear industry including the creation of industry-specific facilities (research centers, medical units etc.). Main stages of the creating the regulatory system for radiation protection, starting from the beginning of the industrial radiation protection, stages of introducing exposure limits and implementation of the radiation protection system in international documents are described. In 1996, for the first time, radiation protection requirements in Russia were documented in the form of the Federal Law 3-FZ of 09.01.1996 “Radiation Protection of the Public". A new stage of updating the global methodological foundation of radiation protection began in 2007. IRCP recommendations of 2007 moved from the legacy practice and intervention approach focused on the process to the approach based on characteristics of exposure situation. The evolvement of new technologies (specifically, in the field of reactor engineering and used nuclear fuel) in recent years requires a special focus on the safety of the personnel and the public. This stipulates the necessity of the appropriate radiation protection support of activities for the safe implementation of modern technologies. Handling of spent nuclear fuel and generated radioactive wastes, safe decommissioning of radiation hazardous facilities, radiation protection during operation of radiation facilities in nonstandard conditions are all the issues requiring specific examination. Regulatory and procedural documents on radiation protection of the personnel and the public during development and implementation of new technologies have been developed and approved as a result of long-term work of scientists and other professionals.
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Engelberg, Alan L., Gregory M. Piacitelli, Martin Petersen, John Zey, Richard Piccirillo, Philip R. Morey, Mark L. Carlson, and James A. Merchant. "Medical and industrial hygiene characterization of the cotton waste utilization industry." American Journal of Industrial Medicine 7, no. 2 (1985): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700070203.
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Kudaibergenov, N. "Complex Assessment of Medical and Social Risk Factors and Their Effect on the Health Condition of Children Working at Industrial Waste Landfills." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/41/15.
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The comprehensive assessment of medical and social risk factors and their impact on the health of children working at industrial waste landfills of the Kyrgyz Chemical Metallurgical Plant has presented. Various industrial and environmental factors were covered. To identify signs of environmental pollution by radioactive substances of natural and artificial origin the average values of gamma-radiation power levels have been examined. The hygienic, sociological, medical and statistical research methods are used. During the study, the social-hygienic and living conditions of life and work of children were studied. The selection of respondents conducted by random sampling. The health condition of children living in the region but not working at industrial waste landfills has studied to compare the data of a control group. An assessment of the physical and biological development of children in the experimental and control groups was carried out by measuring somatometric indicators (length and body weight, head circumference), as well as indicators of dynamometry and their external respiration function. The intensive morbidity rates of children have been studied. The article analyzes the impact of medical and social risk factors that adversely affect the health conditions of working children. It describes the various factors of the working environment and the labor process, which form the occupational risk of morbidity. An important part of the study was to assess the situation and identify possible causes that force families to involve children to work at industrial waste landfills.
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Odeigah, Peter G., Jide Ijimakinwa, Bimbo Lawal, and Rebecca Oyeniyi. "Genotoxicity Screening of Leachates from Solid Industrial Wastes Evaluated with the Allium Test." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 25, no. 3 (May 1997): 311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299702500312.
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Six solid wastes from the metal industry, from the chemical industry and from the production of pesticides were investigated for their toxic and genotoxic properties by using the Allium test. To simulate environmental conditions and better assess their environmental impact, the solid wastes were leached with water, and the water-extractable micropollutants were lyophilised before screening. The mean root lengths of onions exposed to different concentrations of the leachates were measured, and EC50 values were determined from the growth curves. The EC50 values of the wastes were ranked, in the order: organochlorine pesticide waste, settling tank sludge from a chemical company, paint sludge, lead slag, steel slag and aluminium slag. The leachates were also mitodepressive, and caused significant increases in the frequency of chromosome aberrations. These results demonstrate that the Allium test is a useful screening test for the evaluation and ranking of toxic industrial waste.
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Nour, Mona. "Functional properties and medical benefits of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels as agro-industrial wastes." EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY (Botany) 15, no. 2 (2019): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/egyjebb.20191130124643.
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Volokhonskii, L. A. "Technology and equipment for thermal degreasing and utilization of solid household, industrial, and medical wastes." Metallurgist 41, no. 3-4 (March 1997): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02767882.
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Ahn, Junho, Na Young Lim, Jeong Su Park, Yeonweon Choi, and Jong Hwa Jung. "Fabrication of calix[4]arene-attached mesoporous ammonium molybdophosphate–silica hybrid and its application as an adsorbent for cesium ions." New Journal of Chemistry 41, no. 8 (2017): 3196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6nj03533g.
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Bhatia, Shashi Kant. "Wastewater Based Microbial Biorefinery for Bioenergy Production." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 9214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169214.
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A continuous increase in global population is demanding more development and industrialization, which leads to the production of various waste such as municipal wastewater, agricultural waste, industrial waste, medical waste, electronic wastes, etc [...]
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Li, Jun Feng, and Jian Long Wang. "Solidification of 30% TBP-OK Waste by Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2782–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2782.
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Liquid organic radioactive waste is one kind of wastes from the use of radioisotopes in research centres, medical and industrial applications and also in nuclear power plants. Effective management of these liquid organic wastes is necessary in order to ensure their safe handling, processing, storage and disposal. Cementation for Tri-N-Butyl Phosphate/Odorless Kerosene (TBP/OK) solvents was studied. Emulsifiers were selected and compared. Calcium sulfoaluminate cement (SAC) was used in TBP/OK solidification. A prescription containing 20% (v/v) TBP/OK was obtained. And the compressive stretch is above 10MPa. The leach rates of Sr2+, Cs+, Co2+ were studied. Monolithic solids were formed.
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Zhu, Jian Xin, and Shao Guo Kang. "Development and Application of Plasma Technology for POPs Waste Treatment in China." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 638–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.638.
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Plasma is ionized gas-like substance, comprised by the e-deprived atoms and electron-positron. Plasma possess the characteristics of high energy, high thermal capacity, fast response and electric conversion efficiency, which shows unique advantages and good prospects for the effective disposal of POPs wastes. This paper introduced the basic principle and mechanism of plasma arc technology as a non-combustion technology; reviewed the development of application of plasma technology in the processing of HFC23, organic fluoride industrial waste, phenyl chlorosilane residue, medical waste, printed circuit board, chemical weapons and other hazardous wastes; analyzed the major technical and economic advantages and disadvantages for the plasma technologies in the POPs waste treatment; And corresponding comments and suggestions were proposed to promote the application of plasma technology for POPs waste disposal in China.
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Bień, January, Bartosz Morzyk, Katarzyna Wystalska, Piotr Celary, and Jolanta Sobik-Szołtysek. "The Treatment of Incineration Wastes with a Carbonate Waste Fraction from the Zinc-Lead Industry." Archives of Environmental Protection 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aep-2014-0001.
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Abstract The article presents the results of plasma vitrification of solid remnants from thermal waste treatment with and without the addition of a carbonate fraction obtained from lead-zinc ore flotation. The substrates used in the research were slags and ashes from medical waste treatment, incineration of municipal waste, sewage sludge as well as hazardous and industrial wastes. The plasma treatment resulted in acquiring products of different quality depending on the processed substrate. Most of the obtained products were of vitreous and homogenic build. Treatment of remnants from incineration of hazardous and industrial wastes resulted in obtaining heterogeneous and rough surfaced products. A 20% share of the carbonate fraction enabled the obtaining of a vitrified product with a glassy surface and fracture. Hardness of the obtained products was rated in Mohs scale and ranged from 6 to 6,5. Leaching tests showed a decrease in heavy metal concentration in the leachates from vitrificates with the addition of carbonate fraction compared to the ones with it.
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Liu, Kun, Hui Wang, Huayu Liu, Shuanxi Nie, Haishun Du, and Chuanling Si. "COVID-19: Challenges and perspectives for the pulp and paper industry worldwide." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 1, 2020): 4638–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.4638-4641.
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The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has made a huge impact on the global industrial supply chains. Undoubtedly, COVID-19 is posing severe challenges to the pulp and paper industry worldwide. On the other hand, this pandemic may provide unprecedented possibilities for the pulp and paper manufacturers in areas such as the increasing demand for personal hygiene paper products, food packaging products, corrugated packaging materials, medical specialty papers, etc.
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Abbott, David. "Disaster Public Health Considerations." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 15, no. 4 (December 2000): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00025267.
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AbstractThis paper provides an overview of disaster public health preparedness, response, and recovery activities with particular reference to examples that have occurred in California. It discusses the public health considerations from two aspects: 1) general public health effects; and 2) public and environmental health control measures. The latter discussion is divided into: 1) drinking water; 2) human wastes; 3) food; 4) personal hygiene; 5) mass care and shelter; 6) solid waste and debris; 7) hazardous materials; 8) injury prevention programs and public health information; 9) vector control; and 10) disease control and surveillance. Two tables summarize the disaster medical and health functions as they relate to public health.
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Yang, Zhendong, Zhenghua Liu, Aleksandra Sklodowska, Marcin Musialowski, Tomasz Bajda, Huaqun Yin, and Lukasz Drewniak. "Microbiological Sulfide Removal—From Microorganism Isolation to Treatment of Industrial Effluent." Microorganisms 9, no. 3 (March 16, 2021): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9030611.
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Management of excessive aqueous sulfide is one of the most significant challenges of treating effluent after biological sulfate reduction for metal recovery from hydrometallurgical leachate. The main objective of this study was to characterize and verify the effectiveness of a sulfide-oxidizing bacterial (SOB) consortium isolated from post-mining wastes for sulfide removal from industrial leachate through elemental sulfur production. The isolated SOB has a complete sulfur-oxidizing metabolic system encoded by sox genes and is dominated by the Arcobacter genus. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of elemental sulfur in the collected sediment during cultivation of the SOB in synthetic medium under controlled physicochemical conditions. The growth yield after three days of cultivation reached ~2.34 gprotein/molsulfid, while approximately 84% of sulfide was transformed into elemental sulfur after 5 days of incubation. Verification of isolated SOB on the industrial effluent confirmed that it can be used for effective sulfide concentration reduction (~100% reduced from the initial 75.3 mg/L), but for complete leachate treatment (acceptable for discharged limits), bioaugmentation with other bacteria is required to ensure adequate reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD).
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Thomas, Katherine M. "Health hazards in the paleontology laboratory." Paleontological Society Special Publications 4 (1989): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200004998.
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Recent medical literature has pointed out the health hazards associated with industrial wastes and by-products; however, little emphasis has been placed on the dangers inherent in scientific laboratories. These hazards range from direct contact with toxic chemicals and vapors to exposure to ionizing radiation. The damage may be acute or chronic; the effects temporary or residual. What follows is a summary of the common hazards, the basic management of laboratory trauma, and guidelines to prevent injury. The individual preceding chapters also contain safety information relative to the specific lab techniques discussed.
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Putri, Anggreany Haryani. "EFEKTIVITAS PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH MEDIS RUMAH SAKIT TERHADAP DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN HIDUP." KRTHA BHAYANGKARA 12, no. 1 (June 18, 2018): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31599/krtha.v12i1.31.
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The hospital is where the health services are operated and maintained with the utmost regard for the building and environmental hygiene aspect both physically, waste, liquid waste, clean water and insect/pest animals.Akantetapi to create the hygiene in hospitals is an attempt which is quite difficult and complex nature of the dealing with various aspects of, among others, culture/society behaviors, habits, environmental conditions, social and technological. Hospital waste is any waste generated by the activities of the hospital and other supporting activities.Hospital waste, in particular the infectious medical waste that has not been in the manage well will be catastrophic for the environment.Many hospitals have yet to manage infectious wastes according procedural should be.Not rare cases medical and non medical waste mixed giving rise to the problem of medical waste. Hospital waste processing can be done in various ways, by giving priority to sterilization, namely in the form of a reduction in volume, the use of sterilization must return with the first, recycling and processing.The most important thing in the processing of waste is the separation of waste, waste storage, handling of waste and waste disposal must be in accordance with the provisions of the regulations.So as not to give a negative impact to the environment.
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Babar, Md Reaj Khan, Shahana Parveen, Md Zakiul Hassan, Md Shariful Amin Sumon, Kanij Fatima Chanda, and Mahmudur Rahman. "Resource Constraint Hindering Infection Prevention and Control: Evidence From Tertiary-Care Public Hospitals in Bangladesh." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1003.
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Background: Despite gradual economic growth in Bangladesh, healthcare facilities are still resource limited and do not measure up to the standard to practice for infection prevention and control (IPC) in reducing the risk of hospital-acquired infections. We assessed the existing resources and facilities in tertiary-care public hospitals to guide a context-specific low-resource IPC intervention for routine use in Hospital wards. Methods: We conducted the study in 3 tertiary-care hospitals from November 2017 to January 2018. The study team collected data on existing facilities and resources associated with IPC strategy from hospital records, semi-structured interviews with different level healthcare staff (n = 176) and spot checks (n = 30). Results: The mean bed occupancy rates for study hospitals were 165%, 200%, and 150%, respectively, on admission days. Among study wards, medicine ward (230%) had the highest bed occupancy rate. Different types of patients were placed together in the wards, and there were no isolation areas for highly infectious patients. Moreover, 22%–58% posts of physicians, 15%–20% of nurses and 38%–42% of support staff were vacant against the authorized posts in these hospitals. There were no usable handwashing facilities for support staff, patients, and family caregivers; however, all the allocated handwashing facilities for physicians and nurses were functional. On average, 50% fewer surgical gloves were provided than were actually required. Although supplies of masks were available in the surgery theater, no supplies in general wards were recorded. Disposable nasal cannula for oxygen and nebulizer masks was unavailable; hence, providers had to reuse this equipment for multiple patients. Most of the autoclave machines (20 of 30) were nonfunctional; therefore, one-third of the surgical instruments could not be sterilized by autoclaving. None of the hospital wards followed the 3 steps of surface cleaning, and no segregation of hazardous wastes was observed. All kind of wastes were dumped in the selected open area within the hospital premises. Healthcare workers (n = 110) directly involved in patient care reported that hand hygiene is usually not possible between patient visits. High turnover of patients and shortage of healthcare staff were reported as major barriers to IPC practices, specifically hand hygiene and environmental cleaning. There was no active committee nor specific training program on IPC for healthcare staff. Conclusions: Existing resources and facilities of these hospitals did not support a standard IPC strategy. Coordination from policy level to implementation with proper allocation of resources is required to ensure a practical IPC strategy.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Філіпська, А. М., І. О. Власенко, and Н. І. Гудзь. "Aspects of the industrial manufacture of concentrates for haemodialysis." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 3 (June 23, 2021): 41–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.3.21.05.
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The import dependence of the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine on concentrates for hemodialysis determines the relevance of their manufacture. Elaboration of the transfer of drug development to industrial manufacture and, accordingly, the development of industrial technology of liquid acid concentrates for hemodialysis involves scaling the process, organization of production control, establishing critical points of the production and determining cleanliness classes for concentrates and risks, including ecological ones.
The aim of the work is to develop approaches to the development of technology for industrial manufacture of acid concentrates for hemodialysis, identification of risks in the technological process and quality control, as well as analysis of major ecological risks and development of methods for their reduction.
The object of the study was the regulatory and technical documentation regarding the requirements for hemodialysis concentrates, characterization of the hazard profile of acid concentrates as a source of pharmaceutical wastes and generalization of the information about them in the manufacture of acid concentrates. We used the results of our own experimental research on the development of concentrates. The system-survey method of research and content analysis were used in the analysis.
On the basis of researches, it was to work up the approaches to the development of technology of industrial manufacture of acid concentrates. Requirements of various normative and technical documents for water for the manufacture were generalized, classes of cleanliness of industrial premises for the preparation of containers, preparation, filtering, and packing of solutions are offered. The scheme of pharmaceutical wastes of acid concentrates, which are formed during pharmaceutical development, industrial manufacture, and medical administration, is presented. The profile of their unsafety is given. Potential and real ecological risks in the manufacture of acid concentrates for hemodialysis and ways to minimize them are presented. The proposed stages of risk management for pharmaceutical waste during the manufacture of acid concentrates of hemodialysis include: determining the hazard profile of acid concentrates for the environment; identification of risks, as well as replenishment of knowledge about the hazard profile; planning and implementation of risk minimization measures as well as evaluation of the effectiveness of these risk reduction measures. Methods for eliminating the safety of pharmaceutical wastes of acid hemodialysis concentrates (dilution with water or electrolysis to obtain by-products) have been developed.
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Cimermanova, Michaela, Peter Pristas, and Maria Piknova. "Biodiversity of Actinomycetes from Heavy Metal Contaminated Technosols." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081635.
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Technosols are artificial soils generated by diverse human activities and frequently contain toxic substances resulting from industrial processes. Due to lack of nutrients and extreme physico-chemical properties, they represent environments with limited bacterial colonization. Bacterial populations of technosols are dominated usually by Actinobacteria, including streptomycetes, known as a tremendous source of biotechnologically important molecules. In this study, the biodiversity of streptomycete-like isolates from several technosols, mainly mine soils and wastes (landfills and sludge) in Slovakia, was investigated. The combination of basic morphological and biochemical characterisations, including heavy metal resistance determination, and molecular approaches based on 16S rRNA gene analysis were used for the identification of the bacterial strains. From nine isolates of Actinobacteria collected from different habitats, one was found to represent a new species within the Crossiella genus. Eight other isolates were assigned to the genus Streptomyces, of which at least one could represent a new bacterial species. Some isolates showed high resistance to Pb, Zn, Cu or Ni. The most tolerated metal was Pb. The results obtained in this study indicate that technosols are a prospective source of new actinomycete species resistant to heavy metals what underlines their bioremediation potential.
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Vivas, Monica Chavez, Luz Dary Caicedo, and Jorge Enrique Castillo. "Occurrence of β-Lactamase-Producing Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates in Water Sources in Cali City, Colombia." International Journal of Microbiology 2019 (September 8, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1375060.
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Introduction. Pollution by domestic, industrial, and hospital wastes of the artificial and natural waters of the city of Cali led us to investigate the presence of Gram-negative bacteria resistant to antibiotics in these aquatic ecosystems. Material and methods. We used culture-dependent methods and molecular techniques to investigate the prevalence and dynamics of β-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria in five areas located in channels and rivers that cross the city of Cali in January (dry season) and May (wet season). The association between the variables was determined by the chi-square test, using the statistical package SPSS vs 23.0. Results. The main species being Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas spp. with associated resistance to both cefoxitin and cefotaxime were observed in 73.3% isolates during the dry season. Most of the isolates belonged to antibiotype 3 (with resistance to 6 antibiotics), 51.2% in the dry season and 48.9% in the wet season, and they were found especially in the artificial waters of “Intersector Canal (CVC) Sur”. Conclusion. These results indicate that β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria are widespread in the environment in the aquatic ecosystem of Cali city. The artificial and natural waters that cross the city are finally discharged into the Rio Cauca; this river can then be considered as a medium for the spread of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes.
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El Morhit, Amina, Mohamed El Morhit, Nadira Mourabit, and Mimoun Zouhdi. "Biomedical Waste Management (BMW) Assessment at the RHC Regional Hospital in Tangier, Morocco." E3S Web of Conferences 240 (2021): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124002001.
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Biomedical waste is a real danger to public health and the environment. The quantity of this waste, mainly from hospitals, is constantly increasing, leading to various forms of pollution. This is a cross-sectional, observational study that took place in 2017. A questionnaire was submitted to nurses, doctors and those responsible for hospital hygiene and the operation of waste incinerators to assess the mechanisms and knowledge of medical staff in terms of biomedical waste management. It was confirmed that the hospital wastes are still poorly managed due to the absence of a plan or program for MPSD in all the structures studied, which attests to the non-application of the regulations in force and an inadequate internal management system in most laboratories. Due to the non-availability of health technicians and the lack of material resources in quality and quantity, a staff that is poorly informed about the regulations that apply to BMW, and a poorly recognized and disrespected BMW process that breaks even the clearest instructions regarding incineration and landfill disposal. It has become very urgent to adopt new strategies to be planned for an adequate training to be included for better medical waste management.
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Méndez-Líter, Juan A., Laura I. de Eugenio, Neumara L. S. Hakalin, Alicia Prieto, and María Jesús Martínez. "Production of a β-Glucosidase-Rich Cocktail from Talaromyces amestolkiae Using Raw Glycerol: Its Role for Lignocellulose Waste Valorization." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7050363.
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As β-glucosidases represent the major bottleneck for the industrial degradation of plant biomass, great efforts are being devoted to discover both novel and robust versions of these enzymes, as well as to develop efficient and inexpensive ways to produce them. In this work, raw glycerol from chemical production of biodiesel was tested as carbon source for the fungus Talaromyces amestolkiae with the aim of producing enzyme β-glucosidase-enriched cocktails. Approximately 11 U/mL β-glucosidase was detected in these cultures, constituting the major cellulolytic activity. Proteomic analysis showed BGL-3 as the most abundant protein and the main β-glucosidase. This crude enzyme was successfully used to supplement a basal commercial cellulolytic cocktail (Celluclast 1.5 L) for saccharification of pretreated wheat straw, corroborating that even hardly exploitable industrial wastes, such as glycerol, can be used as secondary raw materials to produce valuable enzymatic preparations in a framework of the circular economy.
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M. Nahiun, Khandakar, Bijoyee Sarker, Kamrun N. Keya, Fatin I. Mahir, Shahirin Shahida, and Ruhul A. Khan. "A Review on the Methods of Industrial Waste Water Treatment." Scientific Review, no. 73 (July 7, 2021): 20–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/sr.73.20.31.
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Nowadays environmental pollution is a great threat to us. Water resources are mostly polluted by industrial wastes. Among all other pollutions, water pollution is one of the most vital pollution caused by different sources like industrial, domestic, sewage, hazardous waste, municipal waste, medical waste, manufacturing waste, etc. Public concern over the impact of wastewater has increased. There are several methods for the treatment of wastewater. Among them, techniques like coagulation, adsorption, activated sludge are prominent. The use of aerobic wastewater treatment as a reductive medium is receiving attention for its low cost of operation and low cost of maintenance. The uses of low-cost adsorbents are also effective in wastewater treatment. The aerobic wastewater is effective in degrading the contaminants. There are different electrolytic techniques as well for wastewater treatment. This paper reviews the possible techniques available for the treatment of wastewater to remove contaminants such as halogenated hydrocarbon compounds, heavy metals, dyes, pigments etc. from the wastewater.
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Tanruean, Keerati, Watsana Penkhrue, Jaturong Kumla, Nakarin Suwannarach, and Saisamorn Lumyong. "Valorization of Lignocellulosic Wastes to Produce Phytase and Cellulolytic Enzymes from a Thermophilic Fungus, Thermoascus aurantiacus SL16W, under Semi-Solid State Fermentation." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7040286.
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Agricultural wastes are lignocellulosic biomasses that contain high mineral and nutrient contents. This waste can be used as a raw material in industrial enzyme production by microbial fermentation. Phytase is an important enzyme used in animal feed to enhance the amount of phosphorus available for the growth and overall health improvement of monogastric animals. Fungi offer high potential as an effective source in the production of various extracellular enzymes. In this study, the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes (endoglucanase and xylanase) and phytase by a thermophilic fungus, namely Thermoascus aurantiacus strain SL16W, was evaluated using sixteen different Thai agricultural forms of waste under conditions of high temperature (45 °C). Semi-solid state fermentation was used in the production experiments. The results of this study reveal that the highest phytase activity (58.6 U/g substrate) was found in rice bran, whereas the highest degrees of activity of endoglucanase and xylanase were observed in wheat bran and red tea leaves at 19 and 162 U/g substrate, respectively. Consequently, the optimal conditions for phytase production of this fungus using rice bran were investigated. The results indicate that the highest phytase yield (58.6 to 84.1 U/g substrate) was observed in rice bran containing 0.5% ammonium sulfate as a nitrogen source with 10 discs of inoculum size at a cultivation period of 9 days at 45 °C and moisture content of 95%. Notably, the phytase yield increased by 1.71-fold, while endoglucanase and xylanase were also increased by 1.69- and 1.12-fold, respectively. Furthermore, the crude enzyme obtained from the optimal condition was extracted. The crude enzyme extract was then separately added to red tea leaves, rice straw, corncobs, palm residue, and peanut husks. Subsequently, total reducing sugar and phosphorus contents were determined. The results indicate that the highest level of reducing sugar (122.6 mg/L) and phosphorus content (452.6 mg/L) (p < 0.05) were obtained in palm residue at 36 and 48 h, respectively, after the addition of the crude enzyme extract. This study has provided valuable information on a potentially eco-friendly way to valorize agricultural waste into value-added products as industrial enzymes.
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Gekas, V., G. Baralla, and V. Flores. "Aplicaciones de la tecnología de membranas en la industria alimentaria/Applications of membrane technology in the food industry." Food Science and Technology International 4, no. 5 (October 1998): 311–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108201329800400504.
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Membrane technology has emerged as a useful tool for separations in the food industry over the last two decades. Ultrafiltration (UF), reverse osmosis (RO) and cross flow microfiltration (CFMF) are already well established technologies in the dairy industry. To a lesser extent the above unit opera tions are used in tomato juice concentration and clarification of juices and wine. Other important potential applications concern aroma recovery from fruit juices using pervaporation, treatment of food industry waste effluents such as brine/blanching/osmotic solution using nanofiltration and other unit operations and finally recovery of valuable compounds from food wastes aiming at their transformation to products of medical importance, using bioreactors coupled with unit operations. In addition to the applications, the limiting factors and guidelines for modelling are also given.
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Mulatu, Afrasa, Tesfaye Alemu, Negussie Megersa, and Ramesh R. Vetukuri. "Optimization of Culture Conditions and Production of Bio-Fungicides from Trichoderma Species under Solid-State Fermentation Using Mathematical Modeling." Microorganisms 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 1675. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081675.
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Agro-industrial wastes suitable for economical and high mass production of novel Trichoderma species under solid-state fermentation were identified by optimizing the culture conditions using a mathematical model and evaluating the viability of the formulated bio-product. Fourteen inexpensive, locally available, organic substrates and cereals were examined using a one-factor-at-a-time experiment. The fungus colonized nearly all substrates after 21 days of incubation, although the degree of colonization and conidiation varied among the substrates. A mixture of wheat bran and white rice (2:1 w/w) was found to support maximum growth of T. asperellum AU131 (3.2 × 107 spores/g dry substrate) and T. longibrachiatum AU158 (3.5 × 107 spores/g dry substrate). Using a fractional factorial design, the most significant growth factors influencing biomass production were found to be temperature, moisture content, inoculum concentration, and incubation period (p ≤ 0.05). Analysis of variance of a Box–Behnken design showed that the regression model was highly significant (p ≤ 0.05) with F-values of 10.38 (P = 0.0027, T. asperellum AU131) and 12.01 (p < 0.0017, T. longibrachiatum AU158). Under optimal conditions, maximum conidia yield of log10 (8.6) (T. asperellum AU131) and log10(9.18) (T. longibrachiatum) were obtained. For wettable powder Trichoderma species formulations, it was possible to maintain conidial viability at room temperature (25 °C) for eight months at concentrations above 106 CFU/g.
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Kardono, Kardono. "ANALISIS KIMIA LIMBAH B3 UNTUK MENENTUKAN EFISIENSI PENGHANCURAN DALAM UJI BAKAR DI INSINERATOR." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 13, no. 2 (December 13, 2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v13i2.1416.
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Salah satu cara efektif mengurangi limbah bahan berbahaya dan beracun (B3) yaitu dengan membakarnya dalam insinerator. Berbagai keuntungan pembakaran limbah dalam insinerator mendorong usaha memanfaatkannya untuk menghacurkan limbah B3 di Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup (Men-LH) no. 18/2009memungkinkan orang mendapat ijin pengolahan limbah B3 melalui insinerator, tetapi berdasarkan Keputusan Kepala BAPEDAL No.: Kep-03/1995, mereka harus memenuhi persyaratan efisiensi penghancuran (DRE) sebesar 99,99% atau lebih, dan juga persyaratan lainnya. Pembuktian efisiensi penghancuran dilakukan melalui kegiatanuji bakar (TBT). Sebelum uji bakar dilakukan, analisis kimia limbah harus dilakukan di laboratorium. Senyawa yang paling sulit terbakar dalam uji bakar dapat dipilih berdasarkan nilai bakar senyawa dari hasil analisis tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini analisis kimia dari tiga jenis limbah B3, sarung tangan terkontaminasi, lumpur dari instalasi pengolahan limbah dan limbah infeksius rumah sakit, telah dilakukan. Hidrokarbon organic utama (POHC) yang dianalisis dari ketiga limbah ini adalah 1.1 Dichlorethylene, 1.1.1 Trichloroethylene dan Tetrachloroethylene dengan konsentrasi masing-masing sebesar 1.411, 0.311, dan 0.166 mg/kg. Hasil perhitungan indek panas pembakarannya masing-masing adalah 38.45, 57.78 and 84.20. Jadi, Tetrachloroethylene merupakan POHC yang paling sulit terbakar sehingga terpilih sebagai wakil semua POHC yang mungkin terkandung dalam limbah B3 tersebut dalam uji bakar. Sampling untuk emisi Tetrachloroethylene menggunakan metode baku US EPA No. 30. Dalam uji bakar disarankan untuk mengukur emisi partikulat, logam-logam berat, asam khlorida (HCl) dan gas-gas emisi lainnya ((O2, CO, CO2, laju alir gas emisi, kadar air gas) dengan metode sampling baku. Data-data ini dapat digunakan untuk melakukan koreksi dan membantu dalam perhitungan hasil sampling. Kata Kunci: Limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3), Uji Bakar (TBT), Efisiensi Penghancuran (DRE), Indek Panas Pembakaran (I), Senyawa Hidrokarbon Organic Utama (POHC). AbstractOne effective way to reduce industrial hazardous wastes is to burn them in the incinerators. A variety of advantages of the waste incineration has caused businesses on employing incinerator for hazardous waste destruction in Indonesia. Regulation of the State Minister for the Environment No. 18/2009 allows business people to have licensesto treat hazardous waste through incinerator but according to the Decree of the Head of the Environmental Management Agency (BAPEDAL) No.: Kep-03/1995 they must meet requirement of achieving 99.99% or more destruction removal efficiency (DRE) and other requirements. A demonstration of achieving DRE is done through a trial burn test (TBT). Prior to TBT, the chemical analyses of the wastes need to be done in the laboratory.Themost difficult compund to be burned in the TBT can be selected based on concentrations and heating values of those results. In this research, chemical analyses of three kinds of waste, contaminated gloves, wasterwater treatment sludge, and infectious medical wastes, have been carried out. The principal organic hydrocarbons (POHCs) analyzedare found to be 1.1 Dichlorethylene, 1.1.1 Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene with the respective average concentrations of 1.411, 0.311, and 0.166 mg/kg. The respective calculated heat of combustion indexs are 38.45, 57.78 and 84.20. Thus, Tetrachloroethylene is a POHC that is most difficult to be burned and therefore it ischosen to be a representation of all POHCs of the wastes for TBT. Sampling method of Tetrachloroethylene emission uses US EPA Method 30 –Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST). During TBT it is also suggested to measure particulate, metals, chloride acid (HCl), and other emitted gases (O2, CO, CO2, gaseous emission rate, gas watercontent) with standard sampling methods. These data could be use to standarize and support the calculationn of the sampling results. Key words: Hazardous wastes, Trial Burn Test (TBT), Destruction Removal Efficiency (DRE), Heat of Combustion Index (I), Principal Organic Hydrocarbons (POHCs).
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Grachev, M., Yu Salenko, G. Frolov, and B. Moroz. "On the Categorization of Radiological Terrorism Threats." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 64, no. 6 (November 10, 2019): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2019-64-6-37-43.
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Purpose: To develop approaches to categorizing (ranking) radiological terrorism (RT) threats on the basis of expert assessment of the possibility (likelihood) of the implementation of certain RT scenarios and assessment of their medical and hygienic consequences.
Results: Five categories of RT threats are highlighted. The first (most hazardous) threat category includes situations related to the use of radioactivity dispersing devices (RDD), including the “dirty bomb”. It is shown that the creation of a potential threat of radiation exposure to people at the thresholds of deterministic effects may require the activity of radionuclides in RDD in the range of several hundred TBq. The second category of threats includes scenarios of RT related to the placement of high dose rate radionuclide sources in areas of permanent location or mass gathering of people. The third category of threats includes situations when radionuclide sources maliciously place (enclose) into technological equipment and processes, which leads to radioactive contamination of the environment, industrial and socially significant facilities (water treatment plants, warehouses of food and raw materials), manufactured products. It is shown that in the case of the implementation of such RT scenarios, the dose criteria that require protective measures for the public are unlikely to be achieved. The fourth category of threats includes the physical impact on radioactive materials in the nuclear reactors, fuel element storage pools, and radioactive waste storage facilities. The fifth category of threats includes scenarios of RT related to the use of improvised nuclear devices or nuclear weapons by terrorists.
Conclusion: Threats of categories I–III, given the combination of the possibility of implementing RT scenarios and the scale of medical and hygienic consequences, are estimated as relatively high. Threats of category IV and V due to the extremely low probability of their implementation have the lowest rating, despite the great and even catastrophic nature of the consequences.
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Tulliani, Jean-Marc, Barbara Inserra, and Daniele Ziegler. "Carbon-Based Materials for Humidity Sensing: A Short Review." Micromachines 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2019): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi10040232.
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Humidity sensors are widespread in many industrial applications, ranging from environmental and meteorological monitoring, soil water content determination in agriculture, air conditioning systems, food quality monitoring, and medical equipment to many other fields. Thus, an accurate and reliable measurement of water content in different environments and materials is of paramount importance. Due to their rich surface chemistry and structure designability, carbon materials have become interesting in humidity sensing. In addition, they can be easily miniaturized and applied in flexible electronics. Therefore, this short review aims at providing a survey of recent research dealing with carbonaceous materials used as capacitive and resistive humidity sensors. This work collects some successful examples of devices based on carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon black, carbon fibers, carbon soot, and more recently, biochar produced from agricultural wastes. The pros and cons of the different sensors are also discussed in the present review.
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Cappelletti, Martina, Alessandro Presentato, Elena Piacenza, Andrea Firrincieli, Raymond J. Turner, and Davide Zannoni. "Biotechnology of Rhodococcus for the production of valuable compounds." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 104, no. 20 (September 12, 2020): 8567–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10861-z.
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Abstract Bacteria belonging to Rhodococcus genus represent ideal candidates for microbial biotechnology applications because of their metabolic versatility, ability to degrade a wide range of organic compounds, and resistance to various stress conditions, such as metal toxicity, desiccation, and high concentration of organic solvents. Rhodococcus spp. strains have also peculiar biosynthetic activities that contribute to their strong persistence in harsh and contaminated environments and provide them a competitive advantage over other microorganisms. This review is focused on the metabolic features of Rhodococcus genus and their potential use in biotechnology strategies for the production of compounds with environmental, industrial, and medical relevance such as biosurfactants, bioflocculants, carotenoids, triacylglycerols, polyhydroxyalkanoate, siderophores, antimicrobials, and metal-based nanostructures. These biosynthetic capacities can also be exploited to obtain high value-added products from low-cost substrates (industrial wastes and contaminants), offering the possibility to efficiently recover valuable resources and providing possible waste disposal solutions. Rhodococcus spp. strains have also recently been pointed out as a source of novel bioactive molecules highlighting the need to extend the knowledge on biosynthetic capacities of members of this genus and their potential utilization in the framework of bioeconomy. Key points • Rhodococcus possesses promising biosynthetic and bioconversion capacities. • Rhodococcus bioconversion capacities can provide waste disposal solutions. • Rhodococcus bioproducts have environmental, industrial, and medical relevance.
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Ławińska, Katarzyna, Wioleta Serweta, and Remigiusz Modrzewski. "Qualitative Evaluation of the Possible Application of Collagen Fibres: Composite Materials with Mineral Fillers as Insoles for Healthy Footwear." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, no. 5(131) (October 31, 2018): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2536.
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The research presented in this paper focuses on determination of the physical and mechanical properties of composites made on the basis of natural polymer, i.e., crushed collagen fibres which are waste from the leather industry. Mineral supplements such as dolomite, bentonite and kaolin were the filling of the composite produced. Their application was dictated by increasing the application range, and we strove to optimise the composition of the composite in terms of physical and mechanical properties determined in static tensile tests. An analysis of the water absorption capacity was also carried out in order to select optimal compositions which have the best properties. The test results indicate extensive application possibilities of the composites produced, one of which is in footwear insoles, whose quality is an important element determining the hygienic qualities of shoes due to the high density of sweat glands in the plantar part of the foot. This research indicates the possibility of individual development of the composite properties of collagen fibres and mineral supplements in terms of their application, taking into account the medical aspect.
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Malkova, I. L., and P. Yu Sitnikov. "STRESS REACTION OF PUBLIC HEALTH OF THE KAMBARKA REGION (UDMURTIA) TO PLACING OBJECTS OF ECOLOGICAL RISK." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 30, no. 3 (October 29, 2020): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2020-30-3-267-277.
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An analysis of the dynamics of medical and statistical indicators of the Kambarka region showed a pronounced negative reaction of demographic processes to the placement and functioning of environmental risk objects: a chemical weapons destruction plant (2003-2009) and its conversion to an industrial and technical complex for processing, utilization and neutralization of wastes of I-II hazard classes (2019). The demographic situation in the Kambarka region over the past decades is characterized as the tensest among the cities and districts of the Udmurt Republic. The forecast for its development for the coming years is extremely unfavorable, which is manifested, first of all, in pronounced depopulation. The psychological reaction of the district’s population to the construction and launch of a chemical weapons destruction facility was reflected in the maximum death rate and natural population decline in Udmurtia. The stress response of demographic indicators to the placement of a complex for hazardous waste management can be more pronounced and more extended in time.
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Srivastava, Richa, Anamika Tewari, Lalit K. S. Chauhan, Dinesh Kumar, and Shrawan K. Gupta. "Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Municipal Sludge." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 33, no. 1 (February 2005): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119290503300105.
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Municipal wastes originating from urban and industrial areas have become a major source of soil, ground and surface water pollution. These undesirable agents in our environment significantly interact with our flora and fauna. The aim of this study was to test samples of municipal sludge (MS) for their ecotoxicological potential by using sensitive bioassays involving a plant, Vicia faba, and the earthworm, Eisenia foetida. A 10% leachate of MS was prepared for the experiments, and V. faba seedlings were exposed to three leachate concentrations (2.5%, 5% and 10%) for 5 days. The findings revealed chromosome aberrations during the metaphase as well as the anaphase of cell division, and inhibition of the mitotic index, which reflects that MS originating from domestic and other human activities may be genotoxic to the living organisms of the ecosystem. Abnormalities in chlorophyll content, plant growth, root length, shoot length and root/shoot length ratio in V. faba clearly indicated the toxicity of the sludge. Behavioural and reproduction studies with E. foetida also provided evidence for the toxic nature of the MS.
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Graham, Jay P., and Keeve E. Nachman. "Managing waste from confined animal feeding operations in the United States: the need for sanitary reform." Journal of Water and Health 8, no. 4 (June 8, 2010): 646–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.075.
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Confined food-animal operations in the United States produce more than 40 times the amount of waste than human biosolids generated from US wastewater treatment plants. Unlike biosolids, which must meet regulatory standards for pathogen levels, vector attraction reduction and metal content, no treatment is required of waste from animal agriculture. This omission is of concern based on dramatic changes in livestock production over the past 50 years, which have resulted in large increases in animal waste and a high degree of geographic concentration of waste associated with the regional growth of industrial food-animal production. Regulatory measures have not kept pace with these changes. The purpose of this paper is to: 1) review trends that affect food-animal waste production in the United States, 2) assess risks associated with food-animal wastes, 3) contrast food-animal waste management practices to management practices for biosolids and 4) make recommendations based on existing and potential policy options to improve management of food-animal waste.
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Komyshan, І. V., О. D. Sarhosh, A. V. Aleksejeva, and О. V. Katrushov. "HYDRO-HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF FRESH WATER IN POLTAVA REGION FOR DRINKING AND RECREATIONAL USE." Medical and Ecological Problems 24, no. 1-2 (April 29, 2020): 12–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/mep.2020.24.1-2.03.
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The problem of providing the needs of the population of Ukraine with quality drinking water in the XXI century from the actual becomes a sharp one. The question is not only the reduction of quantitative volumes unleavened water, which is threatened by a crisis of drinking water supply to certain regions of the country, and also that it is the first place to act quality of natural waters, which does not satisfy modern hygienic requirements. This is due to the increased pollution of natural water basins by industrial waste, agricultural production and municipal water consumption. In the medical and ecological-hygienic aspect, the issues of obligate contamination of water sources with global toxicants of organic and inorganic nature, disinfection of drinking and economic waters, sewage treatment, water preparation, etc. are the foremost issues. In this work, data from the State Environmental Protection Department in the Poltava region (2010 - 2017), Statistical materials of the sanitary-epidemiological situation in the water supply of the region were used. According to the Poltava regional water resources department, the river network of the Poltava region includes: one large river - the Dnieper, which flows within the region on a 145 km long section, 8 medium rivers with a total length of 1360 km (Psel, Khorol, Vorskla, Sula, Uday, Orzhitsa, Oril, Merla) and 1771 small rivers, watercourses and streams with a total length of 11501 km. The main aquifer horizons suitable for drinking use in the region are: Quaternary (alluvial) Poltava, Kharkiv, Buchak, Sineman-Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic. In total in the Poltava region there are more than 200 thousand shaft wells, which are used by about 605 thousand people (36% of the population). In 56% of wells, a significant excess of nitrate content was detected. Nitrates fall into the horizons of groundwater with human and animal waste (from non-concreted cesspools), and excessive nitrogen fertilization. In general, provision of the Poltava region with unleavened water for drinking and recreational purposes can be considered sufficient. But in relation to qualitative indicators there are problematic periods - the hot season is unfavorable for water supply of settlements on the water intake from the Dniprodzerzhynsk reservoir basin. For the population using the underground water-mountain umbrellas (upper water, Poltava and partially Kharkiv), these problem periods are spring and autumn, when there is more intense pollution of these horizons by the flow of meltwater and rainwater.
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Ann Glass Geltman, Elizabeth, and Nichole LeClair. "Variance in State Protection from Exposure to NORM and TENORM Wastes Generated During Unconventional Oil and Gas Operations: Where We Are and Where We Need to Go." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 28, no. 2 (February 6, 2018): 240–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048291118755387.
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Radioactive materials for the medical, technological, and industrial sectors have been effectively regulated in the United States since as early as 1962. The steady increase in the exploration and production of shale gas in recent years has led to concerns about exposures to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) and Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) in oil and gas waste streams. This study applied policy surveillance methods to conduct a cross-sectional fifty-state survey of law and regulations of NORM and TENORM waste from oil and gas operations. Results indicated that seventeen states drafted express regulations to reduce exposure to oil and gas NORM and TENORM waste. States with active oil and gas drilling that lack regulations controlling exposure to NORM and TENORM may leave the public and workers susceptible to adverse health effects from radiation. The study concludes with recommendations in regard to regulating oil and gas NORM and TENORM waste.
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Jagannathan, Sveta V., Erika M. Manemann, Sarah E. Rowe, Maiya C. Callender, and William Soto. "Marine Actinomycetes, New Sources of Biotechnological Products." Marine Drugs 19, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19070365.
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The Actinomycetales order is one of great genetic and functional diversity, including diversity in the production of secondary metabolites which have uses in medical, environmental rehabilitation, and industrial applications. Secondary metabolites produced by actinomycete species are an abundant source of antibiotics, antitumor agents, anthelmintics, and antifungals. These actinomycete-derived medicines are in circulation as current treatments, but actinomycetes are also being explored as potential sources of new compounds to combat multidrug resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Actinomycetes as a potential to solve environmental concerns is another area of recent investigation, particularly their utility in the bioremediation of pesticides, toxic metals, radioactive wastes, and biofouling. Other applications include biofuels, detergents, and food preservatives/additives. Exploring other unique properties of actinomycetes will allow for a deeper understanding of this interesting taxonomic group. Combined with genetic engineering, microbial experimental evolution, and other enhancement techniques, it is reasonable to assume that the use of marine actinomycetes will continue to increase. Novel products will begin to be developed for diverse applied research purposes, including zymology and enology. This paper outlines the current knowledge of actinomycete usage in applied research, focusing on marine isolates and providing direction for future research.
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Wang, Xi Qin, and Bo Yu. "Screening Test of Shimeji Substrate with Spent Bleaching Clay (SBC) from Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2286.
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As one of the edible mushrooms currently promoted in China, shimeji is quite nutritious, and regular use can bring anti-inflammatory, anticancer, lowering blood pressure and other medical effects, which is well received by consumers at home and abroad. This study made full use of industrial spent bleaching clay (SBC) to replace cottonseed hull, wheat bran and other costly traditional cultural materials for shimeji production. Generating economic benefit can not only promote the development of edible mushroom industry, but also solve the problem of environmental pollution by wastes. This paper set six additives with respectively 0% - 40% SBC substrate formula, took shimeji production experiment, and analyzed and compared the substrate formula suitable for both mycelial growth and its application effect. The experimental results showed that among all the substrate with different proportions of SBC, all treated mycelium were in a good growth state, and formulae with SBC had no incidence of contamination to shimeji mycelium. After comparative screening tests, it can be found that the carbon-nitrogen proportion of Formula-5 formula added with 40% SBC is the most suitable for shimeji growth, which can obviously increase its growth rate, shorten the breeding cycle, reduce the production costs and improve the economic benefits.
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Dr. K. Dhanalakshmi, P. Hemalatha,. "EXPLORATION ON GREEN COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IOT IN HEALTH, EDUCATION AND INDUSTRY." INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY 9, no. 2 (March 20, 2021): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/itii.v9i2.295.
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To improve the protection of economyas well as environment, Green communication is used in Health, Education, Industry, as well as Ecosystem for overcoming the stumbling blocks which destroy the IoT’s ecofriendly as well as sustainable nature of the sources of energy. Followed by that, to meet these problems, green communication technologies started to decrease the losses of energy as well as decrease electronic -wastes and contaminations; for example, energy-aware tags, green cloud models, as well as resource-constrained data centers. Energy-aware decreased RFID tags with least possible frequencies employed to efficientlytrackpatients, hospital bed allotments, automatically distributing the pills, managing attendances at the entrances in various institutes, tracking children at school, digital library cards, managing supply chains. Adding to that, the green cloud employs effective switching as well as VM techniques to save energy, thereforeemployedto efficiently storeas well as retrieve of medical, institutional, as well as industrial data. Following that, green data centers alongside the least carbo footprints as well asconsuming power assistingMedical field, Educational, Industrial needsthrough saving the price for managing repositories. Though there are benefits, it is crucial to investigate it better using the new green computing technologies for IoT.This paper describesdifferent trade-offs whilemaking green IoTbe sustainable.It finds out an efficient platform to start new studies to demonstrate new and innovative green communication solutions for IoT in Health, Education, Industry.
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Cádiz-Gurrea, María de la Luz, Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa, Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez, Noelia Guerrero-Muñoz, María del Carmen Villegas-Aguilar, Sandra Pimentel-Moral, Fernando Ramos-Escudero, and Antonio Segura-Carretero. "LC-MS and Spectrophotometric Approaches for Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds from Peru Cocoa By-Products for Commercial Applications." Molecules 25, no. 14 (July 11, 2020): 3177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143177.
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Peru is one of the main areas where there are large cocoa crops with special relevance to the economy of this country. In fact, cocoa is a major, economically important, international crop which has been linked to several benefits, such as anti-allergenic, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-thrombotic, cardioprotective and vasodilatory properties, relating to its bioactive compound content. However, in cocoa industrial processing, several residues or wastes, which are commonly discarded generating a negative impact on the environment, are produced in large amounts. Some of the cocoa by-products, which go underutilized, could be a good source of bioactive compounds with high utility for the development of innovative products in nutraceutical, medical or pharmaceutical industries. For this reason, the aim of this study is to qualitatively determine the phytochemical composition of husk and bean extracts from different cocoa-growing areas and processes from Peru by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we aim to evaluate their phenolic and flavan-3-ol contents and antioxidant capacities for the purpose of highlighting the potential of cocoa by-products from these cultivars as functional ingredients. In total, 49 chemical compounds were detected in the analyzed extracts. Comparing both husks and beans, bean extracts were characterized by high content in flavonoids whereas husk extracts had a higher content of phenolic acids. The presence of these compounds together with the bioactivity results suggest that these matrices may be further studied for their revaluation in the development of high added-value products in nutraceutical, medical, and pharmaceutical industries.
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SZYPERSKI, THOMAS. "13C-NMR, MS and metabolic flux balancing in biotechnology research." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 31, no. 1 (February 1998): 41–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583598003412.
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The European Federation of Biotechnology defines biotechnology as ‘the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms, cells, parts thereof and molecular analogues for products and services’. Biotechnology thus focuses on the industrial exploitation of biological systems and is based on their unique expertise in specific molecular recognition and catalysis. The enormous potential for drug synthesis, design of biomedical diagnostics, large-scale production of biochemicals including fuels, food production, degradation of resistant wastes and extraction of raw materials will very likely make biotechnology, along with electronics and material sciences, one of the key technologies of the 21st century. From the chemical engineer's point of view, the living system participating in a biotechnological process is the central unit that catalyses chemical reactions. It exhibits a complex dependence on the bioprocess parameters, and the engineer focuses on these parameters to achieve optimal control (Hamer, 1985; Bailey & Ollis, 1986). For the natural scientist, the living system itself is in the centre of interest, so that attempts to optimize a bioprocess aim at its appropriate redesign by genetic manipulations. The increase in penicillin production by strain improvement based on random mutagenesis, which was pursued from 1940 to the mid 1970s, represents an early contribution of life scientists to improve a bioprocess that is of utmost medical importance (Hardy & Oliver, 1985).
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Tsyganchuk, O. M. "State sanitary and anti-epidemic rules and norms of medical waste management." Infusion & Chemotherapy, no. 3.2 (December 15, 2020): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.32902/2663-0338-2020-3.2-300-302.
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Background. Hands are a favorable environment for bacterial colonization. The microflora of skin is divided into resident and transient. The latter gets to the hands of healthcare workers (HCW) by the contact during professional activities during various diagnostic and treatment procedures, as well as by the contact with contaminated objects. General requirements for hand hygiene include short nails, absence of false nails, absence of infected skin injuries (or covered injuries) on the hands and forearms, absence of jewelry or watch. If there is visible dirt, the hands should be washed with usual soap. As for disinfection, it is divided into focal (current and final) and preventive (planned and according to the epidemic indications). Not only the hands of the HCW, medical devices, surfaces and furniture, but also medical waste (MW) should be disinfected.
Objective. To describe the features of disinfection and MW management.
Materials and methods. Analysis of the literature on this issue.
Results and discussion. After use, the syringes are disinfected together with the needles without caps and collected in waterproof and puncture-proof containers. When using containers for sharp objects, it is allowed to fill them for 3 days. Medical devices should be immersed in a disinfectant solution immediately after use; the solution should cover the tools at least 1 cm above their surface. Containers with disinfectant solutions must be marked with the name of the solution, its concentration, purpose, exposure time, date of preparation and expiration date. Disinfectants are divided into halide-containing, alcohol-containing, aldehyde-containing, oxidizing, detergent and composite. Decamethoxine – an antiseptic and antifungal drug for topical use – is widely used for disinfection. The mechanism of action of this solution is to disrupt the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria and fungi by binding to phosphatide groups of membrane lipids. The problem of MW is a major problem in the domestic health care system. Ukraine annually produces about 400 thousand tons of MW, 100-120 thousand of which are dangerous. The risks caused by MW are divided into infectious, chemical and radiation-associated. Categories of MW include category A – epidemically safe MW, B – epidemically dangerous MW, C – toxicologically dangerous MW, D – radiologically dangerous MW. The waste management system includes its collection and sorting; marking; disinfection; transportation within the institution; utilization or disposal (category A only). For each type of waste there are special types of containers and markings regulated by normative documents. Category A waste include household waste of all departments of the hospital, except infectious; waste that have not had contact with biological fluids of the body; food waste of all departments of the hospital, except infectious. Food waste is collected separately from other waste. When collecting MW of B category (used medical instruments; items contaminated with blood or other biological fluids; organic MW of patients; food waste of infectious departments), it is forbidden to cut or destroy this waste, to remove needles from syringes, to spill or compact MW, to install containers for waste collection at a distance of less than 1 m from heating appliances. Category C waste includes drugs, substances for diagnostics, and disinfectants; batteries; items containing mercury and heavy metals; wastes generate as a result of operation of transport, lighting systems, etc. Collection and temporary storage of waste, associated with cytostatics and genotoxic drugs, as well as all MW produced as a result of their preparation (category C), is not allowed without decontamination. It is also needed to decontaminate the workplace. Any work with such waste should be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment in the special ventilated rooms. Category D waste management is implemented in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of Ukraine on radioactive waste management and radiation safety standards.
Conclusions. 1. The problem of MW is a significant problem of the domestic health care system. 2. Categories of MW include category A – epidemically safe MW, B – epidemically dangerous MW, C – toxicologically dangerous MW, D – radiologically dangerous MW. 3. The waste management system includes their collection and sorting; marking; disinfection; transportation within the institution; utilization or disposal (category A only).
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Al-Dabbagh, Riadh. "Waste management strategy and development in Ajman, UAE." Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 6 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021005.
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Population growth, social and industrial activities have increased significantly, resulting in an increase in the quantities of wastes in UAE in specific the Emirate of Ajman. Most of the waste is still not thoroughly treated and ends up in municipal landfills, where organic waste generates many gases such as methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Currently, little of the waste is burned, and the rate of municipal waste recycling has been rapidly rising. Waste management in the Ajman is coordinated through local authorities. For this purpose the UAE has set Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to measure its performance against its targets of 2021. To support the national efforts, Ajman is continuously seeking to adopt vital initiatives and projects that are positively affecting all aspects of life. Waste issues are handled through recycling and converting waste to energy and resources, new technologies and improved waste separation and collection systems. Ajman Municipality and Planning Department has initiated plans and efforts in waste management, including converting waste to energy, treating wastewater, and controlling the movement of hazardous waste. The programs are implemented with the aim to reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of the city, including by paying particular attention to air quality and all types of waste. The paper presents an overview of the waste situation and the management practices according to the Municipality's plans and strategies. It is concluded that Ajman still lacks an infrastructure for organic waste recycling for residents. This organic waste is a significant contributor to methane emissions from landfills. Challenges are to be solved, such as the lack of adequate waste sorting and recycling facilities in the Emirate and weak community culture to adopt waste sorting. Many practices started to be implemented by the Municipality, for instance, creating an incinerator used to treat non-chemical medical waste generated from hospitals & clinics. As a result, Ajman has witnessed a reduction in the quantity of waste dumped in the landfill.
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Lyashenko, V. I., A. A. Gurin, A. V. Shevchenko, and I. A. Lisovoi. "Perfection of nature protection technologies and means for dust suppression of mining and metallurgical production tailings surfaces." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-12-15-26.
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Perfection of technologies and means of mining and metallurgical plants tailings dumps surfaces dust suppression is directed at improving of ecological safety and solves important scientific, practical and social tasks. Analysis of existing technologies of tailing dumps dust formation surfaces fixing made. Main results of perfection of biological reclaiming technologies – complex of ameliorative, agricultural and technical measures for soil fertility and economic value restoration quoted. Results of industrial approbation of developed technology at PAO “Yuzhny GOK” (Ukraine) tailing dumps presented. It was proposed to make the biological reclaiming of used Krivbass tailing dumps of iron ore mining and concentration plants by sowing of broom kohia seeds. Sowing of it at chernozem in April–May for conditions of Ukraine central part will enable to prevent the tailings dust blowing-off in 4–5 months thanks to its intensive growing. In 3–4 years the reclaimed land can be returned back for economic utilization. Methods of ambrosia control considered. It was recommended the land covered by ambrosia to sprinkle by natural bischofite solution (NBS) using the consumption at least 0.08 l per 1 kg of ambrosia biomass. The NBS has the IV-th class of danger and used in medicine as a medical mean, can be used for ambrosia control at the territories of cities, resorts, near roads, round fields etc. The NBS density should be at least 1250 kg/m2. With lower density, the consumption of the solution should be increased. Ambrosia leaves fading after treatment by NBS during dry weather will take place in 3 days, their drying up – at least in 7 days. Ambrosia growing and extension after drying up will not happen. Cost of ambrosia treatment by NBS at average density of covering 5 kg/m2, having solution price 960 grivna/ton will not exceed 40 grivna per 100 m2. It was shown, that implementation of developed technologies, means and methods of dust formation control at existing and conserved tailing dumps will enable to decrease the level of air pollution by dust, to improve the personal working conditions and ecological situation in arears of mining and metallurgical plants wastes stocking.
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"Incinerators for medical wastes." Filtration & Separation 31, no. 2 (March 1994): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0015-1882(94)80286-6.
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Najdenski, Hristo, Viacheslav Ilyin, Plamen Angelov, Venelin Hubenov, Denis Korshunov, Veselin Kussovski, Lyudmila Dimitrova, and Ivan Simeonov. "LABORATORY BIODEGRADATION OF POTENTIAL CELLULOSE WASTES GENERATED DURING LONG-TERM MANNED SPACE MISSIONS." Ecological Engineering and Environment Protection, March 20, 2019, 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32006/eeep.2019.1.7178.
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Anaerobic microbial biodegradation of cellulose containing wastes generated during the long-term manned space missions is a key technological approach for resolving the problem of wastes accumulated onboard of the spacecraft. Herewith are presented data on the possibilities of structurally stable multispecies microbial consortia originating from methanogenic bioreactors to decompose different cellulose substrates – filter paper, medical gauze and vegetable mix as potential cellulose wastes during space missions. The rates of biodegradation processes carried out at mesophilic and thermophilic conditions are not only measured and compared but are providing new opportunities for development of technology for microbial biodegradation of cellulose-rich organic wastes. Moreover, the studies have shown that paper and gauze hydrolysis with the help of cellulolytic bacterial communities can be an effective component of utilization of cosmonaut hygiene items. Biodegradation of plant wastes by community of anaerobic bacteria is promising and applicable tool also under terrestrial conditions. Light microscopy of bacterial communities reveals the presence of Gram-positive spore forming bacilli (short and long forms, bipolar and dividing cells) and typical clostridia forms.
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Han, Mei-Ling, Jing Yang, Ze-Yang Liu, Chun-Rui Wang, Si-Yu Chen, Ning Han, Wen-Yao Hao, Qi An, and Yu-Cheng Dai. "Evaluation of Laccase Activities by Three Newly Isolated Fungal Species in Submerged Fermentation With Single or Mixed Lignocellulosic Wastes." Frontiers in Microbiology 12 (June 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.682679.
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Three newly isolated fungal species, namely, Cerrena unicolor Han 849, Lenzites betulina Han 851, and Schizophyllum commune Han 881, isolated from their native habitats in Wulingshan National Nature Reserve of Hebei Province of northern China, were screened for laccase production with single or mixed lignocellulosic wastes. C. unicolor Han 849 was found to express the highest levels of laccase with single or mixed lignocellulosic wastes compared with L. betulina Han 851 and S. commune Han 881. The highest laccase activity from the mixed fungal culture of C. unicolor Han 849 and S. commune Han 881 or L. betulina Han 851 on Firmiana platanifolia was 1,373.12 ± 55.93 and 1,144.85 ± 34.97 U/L, respectively, higher than that from other tested conditions. L. betulina Han 851 or S. commune Han 881 mixed with other species was also helpful for accelerating laccase secretion due to reach maximum enzyme activity quickly. The treatment of mixing different species, including the mixture of two or three species, was obviously conducive to the improvement of laccase activity on Firmiana platanifolia. These results revealed that the fungal co-culture and the mixed lignocellulosic wastes contribute to the improvement of laccase activities and enhance laccase activities within a short period. These findings would be helpful for providing a new method for rapid production of low-cost laccase and for optimization of integrated industrial laccase production.
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Nnolim, Nonso E., Chibuike C. Udenigwe, Anthony I. Okoh, and Uchechukwu U. Nwodo. "Microbial Keratinase: Next Generation Green Catalyst and Prospective Applications." Frontiers in Microbiology 11 (December 18, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.580164.
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The search for novel renewable products over synthetics hallmarked this decade and those of the recent past. Most economies that are prospecting on biodiversity for improved bio-economy favor renewable resources over synthetics for the potential opportunity they hold. However, this field is still nascent as the bulk of the available resources are non-renewable based. Microbial metabolites, emphasis on secondary metabolites, are viable alternatives; nonetheless, vast microbial resources remain under-exploited; thus, the need for a continuum in the search for new products or bio-modifying existing products for novel functions through an efficient approach. Environmental distress syndrome has been identified as a factor that influences the emergence of genetic diversity in prokaryotes. Still, the process of how the change comes about is poorly understood. The emergence of new traits may present a high prospect for the industrially viable organism. Microbial enzymes have prominence in the bio-economic space, and proteases account for about sixty percent of all enzyme market. Microbial keratinases are versatile proteases which are continuously gaining momentum in biotechnology owing to their effective bio-conversion of recalcitrant keratin-rich wastes and sustainable implementation of cleaner production. Keratinase-assisted biodegradation of keratinous materials has revitalized the prospects for the utilization of cost-effective agro-industrial wastes, as readily available substrates, for the production of high-value products including amino acids and bioactive peptides. This review presented an overview of keratin structural complexity, the potential mechanism of keratin biodegradation, and the environmental impact of keratinous wastes. Equally, it discussed microbial keratinase; vis-à-vis sources, production, and functional properties with considerable emphasis on the ecological implication of microbial producers and catalytic tendency improvement strategies. Keratinase applications and prospective high-end use, including animal hide processing, detergent formulation, cosmetics, livestock feed, and organic fertilizer production, were also articulated.
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Bennett, David G., Alan J. Hooper, Sylvie Voinis, and Hiroyuki Umeki. "The Role of the Engineered Barrier System in Safety Cases for Geological Radioactive Waste Repositories: An NEA Initiative in Co-operation with the EC." MRS Proceedings 932 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-932-120.1.
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Radioactive waste derives from all phases of the nuclear fuel cycle and from the use of radioactive materials in industrial, medical, military and research applications; all such wastes must be managed safely. The most hazardous and long-lived wastes, such as spent nuclear fuel and waste from nuclear fuel reprocessing, must be contained and isolated from humans and the environment for many thousands of years. Many Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) member countries are, therefore, researching plans for the management of long-lived radioactive waste in engineered facilities, or repositories, located deep underground in suitable geological formations.
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Saravanan, V. and Vijayakumar, S. "Production of biosurfactant by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PB3A using agro-industrial wastes as a carbon source." Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21161/mjm.56813.
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