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1
Leung, Kin-keung Kenneth. "Management and disposal of clinical waste /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18733992.
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Tam, Yiu-man. "Clinical waste management and its future development in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1745704X.
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Carpenter, William K. "Design of medical waste treatment systems employing bioremediation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42615.
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The design and development of a system for disinfecting medical waste at the site of origin is presented. Investigation of the current commercial systems that accomplish this task shows that they all expose the waste to physical conditions that are harmful to all forms of life. Further, most are very expensive to install and to operate. A recently developed biochemical process promises to effectively inactivate harmful pathogenic organisms economically and without the danger of extreme heat or poisonous chemicals.
The biochemical process is not yet fully developed. Nonetheless, the development of a marketable system to take advantage of this technology has been initiated. The motivation for developing this technology and the particular system that will employ it is presented.
A general overview of the system and components is presented. Previous and suggested future testing strategies are explained. Component interactions and process control are described.Master of Science
4
Maseko, Qondile. "Critical evaluation of medical waste management policies, processes and practices in selected rural hospitals in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013107.
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This thesis critically evaluates the policies, processes and practices of medical waste management in selected rural hospitals in the Eastern Cape. Medical Waste Management is a growing public health and environmental issue worldwide. Research shows large scale incapacity in dealing with medical waste in an efficient and sustainable fashion globally, which demonstrates that it is not merely a developing world problem alone. This study is conducted against the backdrop of an increasing medical waste crisis in South Africa. Although there are an abundance of studies on solid waste management, there is a lack of data and research particularly on medical waste management in rural hospitals. The crisis of medical waste management in South Africa is closely intertwined with the collapsing health care system and an overburdened natural environment. It is an undisputable fact that South Africa’s generation of medical waste far exceeds its capacity to handle it effectively. This thesis argues that the neglect of medical waste as an environmental-health issue and the absence of an integrated national medical waste management plan aggravate the medical waste problem in the country. In explaining the medical waste crisis, this thesis adopts a Marxist perspective which is based on the premise that industrial capitalist societies place economic growth and production at high priority at the expense of the natural environment; creating a society that is engulfed by high health risk due to the generation of hazardous and toxic waste. Industrial societies view themselves as superior and separate from the natural environment, whereas one cannot separate nature from society as they are interlinked. As society attempts to adopt a sustainable environmental approach towards environmental management, science and technology are enforced as a solution to environmental problems in order to continue developing countries’ economies whilst sustainably managing and protecting the environment, which is contradictory. This thesis emphasises that medical waste management is a socio-political problem as much as it is an environmental problem, hence the need to focus on power relations and issues of environmental and social justice. The results of the study identified gaps in policy framework nationally and institutionally on medical waste management. In addition, there were poor waste management practices due to poor training, inadequate infrastructure and resources as well as poor budget support.
5
Garg, Anil Kumar. "Design, installation and testing of a bioremediation-based system for treating regulated medical waste." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11242009-020330/.
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Heffner, Heather Ann. "Analysis of post-use hypodermic needle medical waste disposal." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131158/unrestricted/heffner%5Fheather%5Fa%5F200405%5Fms.pdf.
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Kuzmina, Ch, and O. Bevz-Biron. "Working out of a medical wastes treatment system in the Odessa region." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13066.
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Leung, Kin-keung Kenneth, and 梁健強. "Management and disposal of clinical waste." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253775.
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Tam, Yiu-man, and 譚耀敏. "Clinical waste management and its future development in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253544.
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Ramabitsa-Siimane, Ts'aletseng. "The identification of environmentally sound technologies for healthcare waste management in Lesotho." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05112006-114349.
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Abor, Patience Aseweh. "Medical waste management at Tygerberg hospital in the Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/782.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007This study examined the medical waste management practices of Tygerberg Hospital. The researcher made use of both primary and secondaiy data. Since this was a is study, the analysis is essentially descriptive.The results of this study revealed that both general and medical wastes are generated in the hospital. Tygerberg Hospital does not quantify medical waste. Segregation of medical wastes into infectious medical waste and non-infectious medical waste is not conducted according to definite rules and standards. The hospital does not label infectious waste with Biohazard symbol. Separation of medical waste and municipal waste is however practiced to a satisfactory extent. Wheeled trolleys are used for on-site transportation of waste from the points of production (different wards) to the temporary storage area. Staff responsible for collecting medical waste use almost complete personal protective equipment. The results of this study indicated that off-site transportation of the hospital waste is undertaken by a private waste management company. Waste is transported daily and small pickups are mainly used by the waste management company for transporting the waste to an off-site area for treatment and disposal. The final disposal of the medical waste is done by the private waste management company. The main treatment method used in the final disposal of infectious waste is incineration. Non-infectious waste is disposed of using land disposal method. The hospital does not recycle medical waste materials except white office paper and mixed office paper and the use of empty containers of antiseptics for the collection and temporary storage of sharps.The hospital does not provide training for staff members on the health and environmental effects of infectious waste. The waste management company's workers have also not received any formal training with regards to medical waste management. The study showed that Tygerberg Hospital does not have a policy and plan in place for managing medical waste. There is no definite policy or plan for purchasing the necessary equipment and for providing the facilities for the correct management of medical waste in the hospital. There are also no policies and guidelines regarding the recycling of medical waste products. There are a number of problems the hospital faces in terms of medical waste management, including; lack of necessary rules, regulations and instructions on the different aspects of collection and disposal of waste, intermingling of hazardous wastes with domestic waste in the hospital sometimes, failure to quantify the waste generated in reliable records, lack of use of coloured bags by limiting the bags to only one colour for all waste, the absence of a dedicated waste manager, the supervisor in charge of general services has waste management as part of his job schedule, and there is no committee responsible for monitoring the management of medical waste. From the results of this study, it is obvious that medical waste management is not practiced according to the World Health Organisation's (WHO's) recommended standards. There are some areas where medical wastes are not properly managed. It is imperative for significant investment in the proper management of medical waste in order to reduce the health risk it poses.
12
Hudgins, Douglas B. "Enzyme diffusion and cellulose breakdown in the bioremediation of medical waste." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41928.
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The disposal of infectious medical waste has become a major environmental concern.
New disposal methods are currently being investigated; one of these is a bioremediation
process which utilizes enzymes in a batch reactor to render the waste noninfectious. The
success of this biological process depends on (among other things) two mechanisms: the
diffusion of the disinfecting enzymes into small crevices within the waste stream and the
breakdown of cellulose-derived material by cellulase enzymes.
It was found that the waste stream contained a variety of small crevices which could possibly contain pathogens. Circulation in these crevices was restricted by their small openings and one must rely on diffusion of enzymes to disinfect their interiors. Numerical models for the diffusion of enzymes within one-dimensional and re-entrant crevices were developed and a method for comparing various re-entrant crevices was presented. From these models a conservative method for determining approximate disinfection times for the crevices was described. It was determined from this conservative method that most crevices within the waste will either be disinfected during the process or shortly thereafter.
This biological process also utilizes cellulases to breakdown the paper within the waste stream. Small-scale simulated waste experiments were conducted with cellulases to determine the increase in maximum mixable solids concentration and the mass reduction of the waste due to cellulase activity. The addition of cellulases to the slurry more than doubled the waste concentration which could be agitated and reduced the agitator shaft power by as much as 50% when compared to the simulated waste tests with no cellulase.
Significant mass reduction was also observed with the addition of cellulases to the slurries.
Small-scale breakdown experiments were conducted with and without cellulases using
newsprint as the substrate. These experiments were performed to determine the influence
of cellulose hydrolysis by cellulases on agitator power. A simple mathematical model was
developed and presented which described this phenomenon.
Master of Science
13
Lima, Marcio Milani Marques. "Subsídios para a minimização dos resíduos de serviços de saúde gerados na unidade hospitalar da UNIMED na cidade de Rio Claro - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-25012017-161134/.
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As proposições deste trabalho tiveram como objetivo fundamental orientar e/ou melhorar um sistema organizado de RSS (Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde), em qualquer estabelecimento gerador, com a finalidade de controlar, reduzir com segurança e economia, os riscos associados aos RSS. Para o desenvolvimento de tais aspectos, foi escolhido o Hospital Unimed, unidades I e II, por ser de porte médio. No desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram considerados três aspectos fundamentais: a organização do sistema de manuseio dos resíduos sólidos, os aspectos técnicos-operacionais, os recursos humanos necessários, determinando assim responsabilidades bem definidas com o intuito de reduzir ao máximo os riscos para a saúde e meio ambiente, atendendo as especificações exigidas pela legislação e colaborando assim com toda a comunidade para uma qualidade de vida cada vez melhor.The proposals of this work had as fundamental objective to orientate and/or to improve a system organized by HSW (HeaIth Service Wastes), in any generator establishment generated with the aim of controlling, reducing with insurance and economy the risks linked to HSW. To deveIopment of such aspects, Hospital UNIMED was chosen, Units I and lI, because it is a medium size hospital. In the development of this work, three fundamentaIs aspects were considered: The organization of the handIe system of the solids wastes, technical - operational aspects, the human resources necessaries, so determining well defined responsibiIities with the objective of reducing at rnaximum the health and environmentaI risks, taking into consideration the specifications demanded by the legislation and collaborating with all the community for a much better quality of life.
14
Günther, Wanda Maria Risso. "Gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde: a caracterização como instrumento básico para abordagem do problema." Universidade de São Paulo, 1993. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6134/tde-04042012-114301/.
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A problemática que envolve os resíduos de serviços de saúde vem ganhando espaço na mídia internacional a partir dos inúmeros acidentes ocorridos envolvendo resíduos desta natureza, como é o caso do incidente ocorrido nas praias de New Jersey e New York, no verão de 1988, ou mesmo o acidente radiativo ocorrido em Goiânia. Tais eventos provocaram grande reação na opinião pública preocupada com sua disposição inadequada, fato agravado com o advento da AIDS e sua rápida proliferação. A estratégia de gerenciamento utilizada para os resíduos perigosos, que segue os resíduos desde sua geração até seu destino final, mostra-se adequada também a resíduos de serviços de saúde. Da mesma forma a segregação na origem e a minimização são possíveis, baseando-se numa caracterização prévia que leve em consideração o risco potencial de infecção e possibilite, mediante uma graduação do risco inerente, uma classificação em distintas categorias. Este trabalho propõe, mediante revisão bibliográfica, levantar as polêmicas e as visões divergentes sobre o tema. Sugere uma proposta de metodologia para caracterização biológica e mostra suas dificuldades de implementação. Apresenta a caracterização destes resíduos como instrumento básico para se efetuar seu gerenciamento, o qual permitirá a minimização dos riscos ocupacionais, sanitários e ambientais devidos a este tipo de resíduos. Finalmente analisa criticamente os distintos trabalhos executados nos países latino-americanos, nos últimos vinte anos, sobre caracterização de resíduos hospitalares, ressaltando a metodologia empregada e os resultados a que chegaramMedical wastes have been given much space in the international midia, along with several disasters involving these wastes which occurred lately, namely the disaster at New Jersey and New York beaches, in the summer of 1988, or even the one occurred in Goiania, involving radioactive materials. These events brought about the concern of the public opinion with the inadequate disposal of theses wastes, specially when AIDS and its spreading is a reality. The management strategy used for hazardous wastes, which is, to track the waste from its generation to its final disposal, shows also adequate for medical wastes. Segregation at source and minimization also possible based on a previous characterization which includes both the potencial infection hazard and the classification of these wastes into categories of scaled inherent risks. The study presents a survey carried out on international literature to point out the different viewpoints and the controversial aspects of the matter. It suggests a methodology for the biological characterization of the wastes and points out the difficulties in implementing it. It states the characterization of the waste as a mean of providing the management of these wastes, with minimization of occupational, sanitary and environmental hazards. Finally, it critically analyses similar surveys performed in Latin America countries during the last twenty years, about characterization of hospital wastes, emphasizing the adapted methodology and the results obtained
15
Camargo, Ândrea Regina de. "O plano de gerenciamento dos resíduos dos serviços de saúde na atenção básica e ambulatório de especialidades do Sistema Único de Saúde no município de São Roque." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8524.
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16
Sattar, Mohamed Shaheen. "An environmental impact perspective of the management, treatment, and disposal of hazardous pharmaceutical compounds generated as medical waste at selected hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2012.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.Pharmaceuticals have been formulated to influence physiological systems in humans, animals, and microbes but have never been considered as potential environmental pollutants by healthcare professionals. The human body is not a barrier to chemicals, but is permeable to it. Thus after performing their in-vivo functions, pharmaceutical compound introduced into the body, exit mainly via urine and faeces. Sewage therefore contains highly complex mixtures of chemicals in various degrees of biological potency. Sewage treatment works including those in South Africa, on the other hand, are known to be inefficient in removing drugs from sewage and consequently either the unmetabolised pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites emerge in the environment as pollutants via several trajectories. In the environment, the excreted metabolites may even undergo regeneration to the original parent molecule under bacterial influence, resulting in "trans-vivo-pharmaceutical-pollution-cycles". Although all incinerators are known to generate toxins such dioxins and furans from the drugs they incinerate, all the medicines disposed by the hospitals under research, were incinerated, as the preferred option of disposal. The incineration process employed was found to be environmentally unsafe. Expired and unused medicines which the general public discard as municipal solid waste become landfilled. Because many landfill sites are not appropriately engineered, the unwanted drugs landfilled therein, leach into the surrounding ground water, which is the influent source of water treatment plants. Water treatment plants, including those in South Africa, are also inefficient in eliminating pharmaceutical compounds, releasing them in sub-therapeutic concentrations into potable tap water as pollutants, the full effects of which are yet to be determined.
17
Goetten, Luana Ferreira. "Sensibilização dos profissionais de saúde para redução de resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/835.
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O conhecimento das melhores alternativas para segregar os Resíduos de Serviço de Saúde e o reconhecimento da importância do correto gerenciamento, são fundamentais para melhorar as medidas de segurança e higiene nos serviços de saúde, reduzir o volume de resíduos contaminados e estimular a reciclagem dos resíduos comuns. O presente estudo teve como objetivo sensibilizar os Profissionais que trabalham em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBSs), localizadas na cidade de Foz do Iguaçu/PR, quanto ao gerenciamento adequado dos Resíduos Sólidos de Serviços de Saúde (RSSS). Na primeira etapa foi concebido e aplicado um levantamento (survey) para diagnosticar a percepção dos profissionais que atuam em dez UBSs. Em seguida, foi realizado um Evento Municipal para os Profissionais das UBS, utilizando palestras e várias atividades lúdicas, visando ensinar sobre a segregação correta e ecoeficiente de resíduos. Na continuidade da pesquisa, foi realizada uma avaliação in loco da situação do gerenciamento de RSSS em três UBSs, sendo constatadas algumas irregularidades. Foram realizados, para os profissionais das três Unidades, atividades de sensibilização visando o correto gerenciamento e a redução dos RSSS. Na pesquisa de percepção, o sentimento predominante dos respondentes, quanto à separação dos RSSS, foi o de insegurança, justificando a necessidade de maior conhecimento. A forma lúdica, utilizada nos eventos de sensibilização, foi aprovada pelos participantes para transmissão de conhecimentos. Isso pode ser confirmado pelas manifestações de risos e alegria, que puderam ser observadas, durante todas as atividades. As sensibilizações realizadas nas três Unidades foram avaliadas positivamente pelos participantes (55% dos Profissionais das Unidades), sendo que, a palestra e o teatro, foram as atividades consideradas mais interessantes pelos participantes. Os resultados desta pesquisa ratificam a importância e a evidência, que ainda, há muito por fazer no campo de informação, sensibilização e Educação Ambiental com relação a temática de RSSS. É importante que novos momentos de orientação e Educação Continuada sejam proporcionados aos trabalhadores na tentativa de torná-los sensíveis a importância que práticas corretas podem vir a trazer para a saúde, população e Meio Ambiente.Knowledge of the best alternatives to separate Health Service Waste and the recognition of the importance of proper management are the key to improving security and hygiene measures in health services. It is also important to reduce the volume of contaminated waste and encourage recycling common waste. The present study aimed at raising awareness among professionals working in Basic Units of Health (BHU), located in the city of Foz do Iguaçu, state of Paraná, regarding the proper management of Solid Waste in Health Services (SWHS). The first stage of the study involved the design and implementation of a survey to diagnose the perception of professionals working at ten BHU. Then, vas held a Municipal Event for the professionals of BHU. This event comprising lectures and various recreational activities aiming at teaching about the proper and eco-efficient waste segregation. In continuing research, a spot evaluation of the SWHS management at three BHU where some irregularities were noted. In three BHU, were performed activities to raise awareness for proper management and reduction this geration of SWHS. The prevailing sentiment of the survey respondents in relation to the separation of SWHS was insecurity what justifies the need for greater knowledge on the subject. Participants to transmit knowledge adopted a playful way, used in awareness-raising events. This is can be confirmed by the manifestations of laughter and joy that could be observed during all activities. The sensitization raising at the three Basic Units of Health were positively evaluated by participants (55% of the professionals of the units), and the lecture and the theatrical activities were the actions considered more interesting by the participants. These results confirm that yet, there is much to be done in the field of information, awareness and environmental education regarding the topic of medical wastes. It is important that new moments of Continuing Education and guidance are provided to workers in an attempt to make them sensitive to the importance of correct practices are likely to bring health, population and environment.
18
Sattar, Shaheen. "An environmental impact perspective of the management, treatment, and disposal of hazardous compounds generated as medical waste at selected hospitals in Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/802.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MTech(Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011.Pharmaceuticals have been formulated to influence physiological systems in humans, animals, and microbes but have never been considered as potential environmental pollutants by healthcare professionals. The human body is not a barrier to chemicals, but is permeable to it. Thus after performing their in-vivo functions, pharmaceutical compound introduced into the body, exit mainly via urine and faeces. Sewage therefore contains highly complex mixtures of chemicals in various degrees of biological potency. Sewage treatment works including those in South Africa, on the other hand, are known to be inefficient in removing drugs from sewage and consequently either the unmetabolised pharmaceutical compounds or their metabolites emerge in the environment as pollutants via several trajectories. In the environment, the excreted metabolites may even undergo regeneration to the original parent molecule under bacterial influence, resulting in “trans-vivo-pharmaceutical-pol ution-cycles”. Although all incinerators are known to generate toxins such dioxins and furans from the drugs they incinerate, all the medicines disposed by the hospitals under research, were incinerated, as the preferred option of disposal. The incineration process employed was found to be environmentally unsafe. Expired and unused medicines which the general public discard as municipal solid waste become landfilled. Because many landfill sites are not appropriately engineered, the unwanted drugs landfilled therein, leach into the surrounding ground water, which is the influent source of water treatment plants. Water treatment plants, including those in South Africa, are also inefficient in eliminating pharmaceutical compounds, releasing them in sub-therapeutic concentrations into potable tap water as pollutants, the full effects of which are yet to be determined.
19
Takayanagui, Angela Maria Magosso. "Trabalhadores de saúde e o meio ambiente: Ação educativa do enfermeiro na conscientização para gerenciamento e resíduos." Universidade de São Paulo, 1993. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/83/83131/tde-29072005-093924/.
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O presente trabalho aborda a questão dos resíduos de serviços (RSS), que representa um dos grandes problemas decorrentes da relação homem-meio ambiente. A partir do levantamento da situação dos RSS e da necessidade de orientação de sessenta e sete serviços de saúde de Ribeirão Preto, incluindo 100% dos hospitais e 30% de farmácias, laboratórios, ambulatórios e clínicas veterinárias que faziam parte da Coleta Especial e Incineração implantados, realizou-se um trabalho educativo com cento e vinte e sete trabalhadores de saúde, visando torná-los agentes multiplicadores do curso, em seus locais de trabalho. Para isso, foi utilizado o método de educação conscientizadora, visando facilitar aos trabalhadores de saúde adquirirem uma consciência ecológica crítica, capaz de tornálos agentes de mudança, interferindo positivamente nas questões específicas dos RSS. Dois meses após o curso, procedeu-se a uma avaliação final, onde puderam ser constatadas algumas mudanças nos serviços, a partir da conscientização de seus trabalhadores que, de um modo geral, passaram as informações obtidas no curso para seus colegas de trabalho. Concluiu-se que é imprescindível a criação de um sistema de educação continuada nos serviços de saúde de Ribeirão Preto, bem como um re-planejamento de suas instalações, visando melhor adaptação ao sistema de gerenciamento de RSS da cidade, considerado inadequado em 69,2% dos hospitais e em 100% dos ambulatórios. Como conclusão final, o trabalho também permitiu verificar as possibilidades e os limites da ação educativa do Enfermeiro, no campo da Educação Ambiental. Dentre as recomendações feitas, há a necessidade de que todos os serviços de saúde façam parte, imediatamente, do programa de Coleta Especial e Incineração de resíduos da cidade, o que foi constatado em cerca de apenas um terço deles. É preciso, também, que os órgãos públicos locais de controle e fiscalização dos serviços de saúde se reorganizem entre si e integrados com a Universidade, para uma 157 atuação mais efetiva sobre esses estabelecimentos, em relação ao gerenciamento dos RSS, destacando-se, assim, a contribuição da Universidade, não apenas para com o ensino e pesquisa, mas também estendendo seus conhecimentos à sociedade.The present study approaches the question of health service waste (HSW) which represents one of the great problems caused by the man-environment interaction. Based on a survey of the HSW situation and of the need to establish guidelines for 67 health services in Ribeirão Preto whith respect to waste management, including 100% of the hospitals and 30% of the drugstores, laboratories, ambulatories an veterinary clinics which participate in the Special Collection and Incineration Servive, an educational program was offered to 127 health workers in order to turn them into multipliers of the course at their work places. The method of consciousness-raising education was used in order to permit health workers to acquire a critical ecological awareness capable of turning them into agents of change by positively interfering with specific HSW questions. A final evaluation was performed two months after the course, which showed that some changes had been made in the services starting from the awareness of the workers who, in general, had transmitted the information acquired in the course to their coworkers. It was concluded that it is imperative to set up a continued education system in the health services of Ribeirão Preto, as well as to replan their installations in order to obtain a better adaptation to the city system of HSW management. The final conclusion of this study permited to verify the possibilities and the limits of education activity of nurse in the field of environmental education. This study proposes that all health services to immediately join the Special Collection an Incineration program of the city, which now serves only 1/3 of the health services, and the local public organs of control and inspection of health services should reorganize amongst themselves and join the University for a more effective action on these concerns in terms of HSW management.
20
Manfredini, Kira Lusa. "Estado atual e propostas de melhorias no gerenciamento em resíduos de glutaraldeído, xileno e formaldeído em um hospital escola e em um laboratório universitário de anatomia." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2014. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/937.
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O presente trabalho visa contribuir para o encaminhamento de soluções, relativas ao gerenciamento de resíduos químicos em instituições de ensino e pesquisa e hospitalares. Estas instituições atuam, ou pelo menos devem atuar, como modelos das políticas de preservação ambiental e prevenção de riscos à saúde, com práticas sustentáveis e respaldadas nas normas vigentes, contribuindo para a formação de cidadãos comprometidos com a saúde ambiental e a qualidade de vida. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi caracterizar os compostos glutaraldeído, xileno e formaldeído, após o uso, oriundos de atividades de ensino e assistência à saúde, com vistas a propor melhorias no sistema de gerenciamento dos mesmos. A primeira etapa do trabalho envolveu o levantamento dos resíduos químicos gerados no hospital escola, em especial o xilol e o glutaraldeído, e no laboratório universitário de anatomia, especificamente o formaldeído em uso, quantificando-os e identificando o local de geração. Também foram avaliados o processo e o tratamento aplicados atualmente a cada um desses resíduos. Para a análise cromatográfica foram coletadas oito amostras mensais de glutaraldeído e xilol pós-uso no hospital escola e uma amostra de cada um dos cinco tanques em uso no laboratório universitário de anatomia, totalizando 16 amostras no hospital e 40 amostras no laboratório de anatomia. As degradações do glutaraldeído, xilol e formol foram de 9,19, 1,52 e 59,38 %, respectivamente. Como alternativa ao descarte convencional dos compostos de interesse sugere-se a reciclagem de solventes orgânicos. São apresentados também possíveis substitutos ao glutaraldeído, xilenos e formaldeído e uma proposta de melhorias de gerenciamento das substâncias.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-05-11T17:15:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Kira Lusa Manfredini.pdf: 2848598 bytes, checksum: 905fd594245f899daa737e6bb80b6aa8 (MD5)
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The present work aims to contribute to finding solutions concerning the management of chemical waste in universities, research institutions and hospitals. These institutions act, or at least should act as models of policies for environmental preservation and prevention of health risks, supported in the current regulations, contributing to the formation of citizens committed to environmental health and quality of life. The main objective of the present work was propose alternatives for the current chemical waste management system, particularly the compounds glutaraldehyde, xylene and formaldehyde after use, in a higher education institution and in a hospital school, in order to support decision-making as to minimize the risks to human and environmental health from the use and disposal of the same. The first step of the study involved a survey of chemical waste generated in the hospital school, especially xylene and glutaraldehyde, and in the university laboratory of anatomy, especially formaldehyde in use, quantifying them and identifying the generation site, and the process and the treatment currently applied to each one of these residues, through local direct observations and survey information from the Environmental Sanitation Institute of the Caxias do Sul University. The next step was the characterization compounds glutaraldehyde, xylene and formaldehyde as the purity (compared to standard substances) in order to analyze the degradation by use and the need ou not of disposal. For this purpose were collected 8 monthly samples of glutaraldehyde and xylene, after use in the hospital school, and formaldehyde in the university laboratory of anatomy. Were present two proposals: a review of the current method of disposal of the compounds glutaraldehyde, xylene and formaldehyde and the replacement thereof by other, smaller environmental impact and health, analyzing advantages and disadvantages of proposals, based on the literature, studies and practices carried out by other institutions. The chromatographic analyzes showed that the compounds glutaraldeyde and xylene have very purity (only 9.19 and 1.52 % of degradation, respectively) and can be reused by the institution, while formaldehyde degradation was high (59.38 %). The proposed alternatives prove to be very advantageous, according to the results obtained in the present study. The recycling of the compounds evaluated, in turn, implies directly in reducing the volume of toxic and hazardous materials that the institution sends to the final disposal.
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Garapati, Pavani Tushara. "Greencare - A Medical Waste Management Facility." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10785091.
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GreenCare is a medical waste management facility, located in Los Angeles, California and aims at effectively treating and managing all kinds of medical wastes. GreenCare’s business plan elaborates on how it is designed to safely and effectively handle the management of medical waste, by minimizing harmful byproducts, and emissions in the process. The aim of GreenCare is to offer disposal techniques including no-burn technologies that do not emit dioxin, mercury and other fatal pollutants, which differentiates GreenCare from other competitors in the market. The unique value proposition of GreenCare is to provide advanced ecological sensitive medical waste processing, and we aim to do this in a cost-competitive manner. It aims to lessen the ecological burden of medical waste in our communities, that is bound to create a positive impact on community health, in the long run. This business proposal gives the reader a thorough insight into the legal, regulatory issues and financial assumptions based upon which this proposal was designed.
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Alhadlaq, Abdullah Abdulaziz. "Investigation and development of a framework for medical waste management." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/11813.
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The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the largest country in the golf states and one of the richest oil producing countries. Saudi population is nearly 27million; in addition, Saudi Arabia receives millions of people from around the world for Islamic pilgrimages. Moreover, Saudi is hosting hundreds of thousands of international professionals and labourers. Hence, the country infrastructure and services have been in the top agenda to be modernized in order to cope with new demand for better quality of life for a rich country. The healthcare sector is one of the key sectors which requires a special on going attention, particularly medically generated waste. Therefore, this research work has been conducted to investigate the status of medical waste management in the capital city; Riyadh. The prime aim of this research work is to propose a strategic framework which can be used as a roadmap for the different stakeholders. This will contribute to the enforcement of better handling and treatment of medical waste and more importantly prevent and control the spread of diseases or harm might be caused by poor handling of medical waste. The aim of the research has been achieved through; the critical review and analysis of the relevant literature, which has revealed the noticeable gap and lack of scientific studies of the proposed field. Appropriately, the findings of the research has contributed to filling the gap of the knowledge as well as serving as a milestone for further research work in this very important field. By surveying Riyadh’s hospitals and other national and international reports has. This allowed the presentation of the facts and indications of the current status of medical waste in Riyadh City. To obtain in-depth knowledge and gather the important findings concerning the medical waste management, focused; interviews of different medical professionals from various hospitals were conducted. This research has revealed more important factors that need to be addressed. These findings were used to propose the framework, which has been formed to enable resolving the challenges of the integration, of the awareness element though Islamic principles, within the Saudi system. The proposed framework has been evaluated by committee of medical professionals and has been accepted as good roadmap and appropriate solution that address the main aim of this research work. Finally, the research work is just a step towards the establishment of a proper biomedical waste management system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Some recommendations for future implementation are suggested at the end of this thesis.
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Maia, Ana Maria de Sousa Ribeiro. "Resíduos sólidos infectantes : ação dos agentes de limpeza em estabelecimento de saúde pública." Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, 2014. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4127.
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The present study sought to establish relationships that exist between the management of solid waste with infectious cases of Infections Related to Health Care (IRHC) in the Adult Intensive Care Unit (ICU-A) of the Emergency Hospital of Sergipe (EHSE), this study aimed to assess the relationship between generators disease vectors found in the referenced industry and infectious waste generated in this health unit. Therefore, it is necessary to: determine how is the handling of infectious solid waste in the ICU-A of a EHSE sector ; identify how the management of infectious waste enables the development of vectors for IRHC , and finally check the preparation of professionals to manage these wastes . Should point out that this is an exploratory research and the field of knowledge was exploited by the inductive method. The literature and empirical basis, about the information necessary for the interpretation and analysis of data is delineated by access to the records of the Committee on Hospital Infection Control (CHIC), which contains the indices of nosocomial infection from 2008 to 2011 and the rules techniques and resolutions codified in chips summaries. Contacts with professionals working in ICU-A and CHIC, support staff and coordination respectively, were also established standardized interviews were conducted, which follow a prescribed script, see Appendix D. The instruments for data collection were used unstructured observation, the field notebook and camera for the purpose of use of the uses of expressions, fragments and images about the current functioning of infectious solid waste management, which are developed based on content analysis. As for the results it was found that among the types of waste generated in the ICU-A EHSE, the sharps are the ones that can be associated with the spread of infectious diseases, these arising from accidents at the time of its disposal, and its occurrence in mostly with housekeeping staff who deal with this type of waste that is commonly and improperly arranged by the clinic staff. However, it became clear that a correct and efficient management of such wastes may prevent scratches and damage in transforming health promotion, and the development of practices for the principles of reverse logistics.O presente estudo procurou estabelecer que relações existem entre o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos infectantes com os casos de Infecções Relacionadas à Assistência à Saúde (IRAS) na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Adulta (UTI-A) do Hospital de Urgência de Sergipe (HUSE), este estudo teve como propósito avaliar a relação entre vetores geradores de doenças encontrados no setor referenciado e os resíduos infectantes gerados nesta unidade de saúde. Para tanto, faz-se necessário: averiguar como é feito o manejo de resíduos sólidos infectantes no setor da UTI-A do HUSE; identificar de que forma o manejo de resíduos infectantes propicia o desenvolvimento de vetores para IRAS; e por fim verificar o preparo dos profissionais para o manejo desses resíduos. Convém pontuar que se trata de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório e o campo de conhecimento foi explorado pelo método indutivo. A pesquisa bibliográfica e de base empírica, acerca das informações necessárias para interpretação e análise dos dados se delineou mediante o acesso aos registros da Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar (CCIH), na qual constam os índices de infecção hospitalar de 2008 a 2011 e a normas técnicas e resoluções sistematizadas em fichas resumos. Também foram estabelecidos contatos com os profissionais que trabalham na UTI-A e na CCIH, pessoal de apoio e coordenação respectivamente, foram realizadas entrevistas padronizadas, as quais seguem um roteiro previamente estabelecido, ver apêndice D. Como instrumentos para a coleta de dados foram utilizados a observação não estruturada, o caderno de campo e a máquina fotográfica para efeito de utilização dos usos de expressões, fragmentos e imagens sobre o atual funcionamento da gestão de resíduos sólidos infectantes, sendo estas desenvolvidas com base na análise de conteúdo. Quanto aos resultados foi constatado que dentre os tipos de resíduos gerados na UTI-A do HUSE, os perfurocortantes são os únicos que podem estar associados à propagação de doenças infecciosas, estas, decorrentes de acidentes no momento de sua disposição, sendo sua ocorrência em maior parte com funcionários da limpeza que lidam com este tipo de resíduo e que é comumente disposto inadequadamente pela equipe clínica. No entanto, evidenciou-se que um gerenciamento correto e eficiente desses resíduos pode prevenir riscos e transformar dano em promoção da saúde, como o desenvolvimento de práticas voltadas para os princípios da logística reversa.
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Cunha, Grasiela Freire da. "Gestão de resíduos sólidos de serviço de saúde : estudo comparativos em unidade hospitalares de Aracaju/se." Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4224.
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The object of this research was to analyze the waste management of health services in hospitals located in the city of Aracaju/SE. Specifically, sought to describe the procedures for segregation, packaging, collection, storage, transportation, treatment and final disposal of the solid waste management, analyze the degree of officials knowledge of the hospitals on the management of such wastes and perform comparative analysis of management practices in hospitals RSS, verifying their compliance with Resolution No. 306/2004 of ANVISA. This is a descriptive and exploratory study, whose research strategy adopted was multiple case study. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured questionnaire application, on-site observation, with the help of script and document analysis. The research population consisted of 285 professionals from the clinical staff (doctors, nurses, technicians and nursing assistants) and hygienist of the three hospitals studied, defined by non-probability sampling by quotas. Data were analyzed with SPSS software, content analysis and triangulation of data. It was found that all healthcare facilities searched showed problems related to inadequate segregation of waste. The three hospitals surveyed have the same procedures with respect to segregation, packing, collection, storage, transportation, treatment and final disposal of the solid waste management. In two establishments, the locations used for external storage of waste do not meet current standards. Private hospitals had the solid waste management plan duly updated and structured and seek to meet current standards and their applicability correct. It was noted, however, that the respondents, in all hospitals, have low level of knowledge about issues related to the management of solid waste management held by health facilities. In general, it was found that establishments assessed implement a policy requiring training, using attractive and efficient mechanisms for training of professionals involved in the management of solid waste management.O objeto central desta pesquisa é analisar a gestão dos resíduos sólidos de serviços de saúde (RSS) em unidades hospitalares localizadas na cidade de Aracaju/SE. Especificamente, busca: descrever os procedimentos de segregação, acondicionamento, coleta, armazenamento, transporte, tratamento e disposição final dos RSS; analisar o grau de conhecimento dos funcionários das unidades hospitalares sobre a gestão desses resíduos e efetuar análise comparativa das práticas de gestão dos RSS nas unidades hospitalares pesquisadas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritivo-exploratória, cuja estratégia de pesquisa adotada foi estudo de casos múltiplos. A coleta de dados foi realizada através de aplicação de questionário semiestruturado, observação in loco, com auxílio de roteiro e com análise de documentos. A população pesquisada é formada por 285 profissionais pertencentes à equipe clínica (médicos, enfermeiros, técnicos e auxiliares de enfermagem) e higienizadores dos três hospitais analisados, definidos através da técnica de amostragem não probabilística por cotas. As técnicas utilizadas para a análise dos dados foram o software SPSS, a análise de conteúdo e a triangulação dos dados. Verificou-se que todas as unidades de saúde pesquisadas apresentaram problemas com relação à segregação inadequada dos resíduos. Os três hospitais pesquisados apresentam os mesmos procedimentos com relação à segregação, acondicionamento, coleta, armazenamento, transporte, tratamento e disposição final dos RSS. Em dois estabelecimentos, os locais utilizados para o armazenamento externo dos resíduos não atendem às normas vigentes. Os hospitais privados apresentaram o PGRSS devidamente atualizado e estruturado e procuram atender às normas vigentes e sua correta aplicabilidade. Constatou-se, entretanto, que os profissionais entrevistados, em todos os hospitais, possuem reduzido grau de conhecimento sobre as questões relacionadas à gestão dos RSS realizada pelas unidades de saúde. De um modo geral, verificou-se que os estabelecimentos avaliados necessitam implantar uma política de capacitação, com utilização de mecanismos atrativos e eficientes para o treinamento dos profissionais envolvidos no manejo dos RSS.
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Tolosana, Sandra. "Aspects of medical waste disposal in the Cape Peninsula." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26572.
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Hazardous waste management practices at ten medical institutions in Cape Town were studied and tests undertaken to determine concentrations of specific chemicals and radioactivity in liquid effluent outflows, as well as emissions from incinerators. To investigate the sewage outflow for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), N, pH and heavy metals, a continuous sampler was installed at two hospitals and a Medical School. Samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry for As, Hg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe. Mercury levels ranged from l-70μg l⁻¹, exceeding the Environmental Target Quality of 0.04μg l⁻¹, and the South African General Effluent Standard of 20μg l⁻¹ . All other heavy metals were below General Effluent Standard Limits. In addition, a sludge sample from the Athlone Wastewater Plant was tested for Hg, realising 6mg kg⁻¹ on a dry weight basis, which was within Department of Health (DOH) Guidelines of 10 mg kg⁻¹. Samples of incinerator bottom ash analysed for heavy metal content gave Hg concentrations of 1.1-4.0mg kg⁻¹, and Zn concentrations of 5.1-11.0g kg⁻¹. Incinerator ash was also analysed for radio-activity and substantial levels of ¹²⁵I (332-650 bq kg⁻¹ ), and Ga⁶⁷ (9186bq kg⁻¹) recorded, which exceeded the South African limits of 200bq kg⁻¹. In Cape Town, hospital incinerators are old, burn large amounts of plastics and produce toxic emissions. They are all situated in residential or inner-city areas, and even though there is legislation dealing with emissions and chemical waste, these laws are not being enforced. Based on the above results, an investigation was carried out to assess attitudes to and knowledge of hazardous waste in the ten institutions. One thousand questionnaires were administered to staff, and the data from the 80% response rate statistically analysed. Results suggest that there is an urgent need for an holistic approach to toxic waste management, encompassing enforceable legislation coupled with on-going educational programmes and strong support from top management and all levels of staff.
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LUCIANI, FABIO. "Medical waste managment in dentistry through enzime fuel cells." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203209.
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Although waste is traditionally assessed as a polluting thing which need to be reduced or lessened, its management is a necessity wherever human beings live. Every year, global energy request increases. While oil products actually fulfil the great part of the energy demand, the growing difficulty in meeting it and, as a consequence, all the pollution and global warming problems are driving scientific research to an alternative and renewable energy.
Waste contain a significant energy amount; if we could employ them and convert them into a reusable form, we might provide either to supply clean energy and to resolve the waste global problem. This issue is felt in a dental surgery too, because it concerns dangerous and infectious-risk waste disposal.
The possibility of the employment of pieces of waste and consequently of their inside energy converting can represent a turning point in the clear energy field, gaining an enormous benefit for the environment and significantly lowering waste management costs. In recent years, Enzymatic Biofuel Cells (EFC), with substantial and green advantages have become a promising power source being distinguishable among the alternative energy conversion systems. Nowadays, since fossil fuel depletion and global climate change have started to threaten our existence and future, extensive research has been devoted on finding alternative energy resources and developing more efficient and environmentally friendly processes for energy storage and conversion. The current work focuses on enzymatic biological fuel cells (EFC), which are designed to convert the chemical energy of the fuel into electricity in a sustainable manner. The aim of our study is to develop enzymatic fuel cells using the infectious-risk special waste, such as blood and saliva, as fuels. Considering that blood contains glucose, the EFC devices development can be developed through the preparation of a glucose-oxidized (GOx) based bioanode, immobilized on an electrode surface. During our research we developed an Enzimatic Fuel Cell prototype and we evaluated its ability to harvest energy from the blood and the saliva inside the risk-infectious medical waste and to employ it in order one day to help the energy requirements of a consulting room.
This device is based on GOx as biocatalyst and either Nafion orlow cost mambranes based on polyaromatic polymers were used as polymer electrolytes. Moreover, we also have explored the performance of single chamber configuration, which directly eliminate the use of membranes, to assess the applicability of EFCs for dentistry waste management.
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Braga, Lígia de Oliveira. "Diagnóstico do processo de descarte dos resíduos químicos do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz em Recife/PE." Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, 2013. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4285.
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The waste generation is a current problem and part of human life. The increase of waste grows every day associated with the advancement of technology and industrial production. In this context, are part of the health services, as organizations need to incorporate new concepts to acquire new behaviors in their care processes where issues of environmental preservation and protection of public health need to be highlighted. This challenge has generated public policies and regulations that has assumed great importance as a pillar of sustainable development. These regulations classify healthcare waste generated and have protocols for their management. Within this classification, fall into the chemical waste that is becoming a challenge with regard to the use, disposal and reuse when possible. Thus, this study aims to develop a general diagnosis of the current situation of the management of chemical waste
generated at the University Hospital of Pernambuco. Therefore, it was used as the objectives, research is an exploratory-descriptive, as possessing procedure for collecting data literature, field survey, case study and documentary research. The instruments used were the interview guidelines and on-site observation. Given the above and from the survey, we noted the confirmation of the hypotheses on the issues of waste chemicals are not managed according to current legislation, there is no involvement of professionals in planning actions that generate these wastes and that in carrying processes are not taken into account aspects related to the possible chemical waste generated. It can be concluded that although there is a segregation of waste types in the other groups, chemical residues are not treated as such. Needs through the Environmental Education and a new management model train and train practitioners to seek change in the handling of chemical waste. The process of training of professionals and update them need to be continuously and grounded in Environmental Education for the development of new concepts and behavior change that leads to environmental management, considering sustainable development. Why refer to a topic relevant to the issues of environmental and
public health, we want to, with the results, cooperate with the academic community showing the problem of chemical waste generated in health services, seeking viable changes to the processes that made generate these wastes, with no loss in quality of care and activities for research.A geração de resíduos é uma problemática atual e faz parte da vida humana. O aumento de resíduos cresce a cada dia associado ao avanço da tecnologia e da produção industrial. Neste contexto, inserem-se os serviços de saúde que, como organizações, precisam incorporar novos conceitos para adquirir novos comportamentos em seus processos assistenciais onde as questões da preservação do meio ambiente e da proteção da saúde pública precisam ser destacadas. Tal desafio tem gerado políticas públicas e regulamentações que vem assumindo grande importância como eixo para o desenvolvimento sustentável. Estas regulamentações classificam os resíduos de serviços de saúde gerados e dispõem de protocolos para seu manejo. Dentro desta classificação, enquadram-se os resíduos químicos que vem se tornando um desafio no que diz respeito ao uso, descarte e reuso, quando possível. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo geral elaborar um diagnóstico da situação atual do gerenciamento dos resíduos químicos gerados em um Hospital Universitário de Pernambuco. Para tanto, foi utilizada, quanto aos objetivos, uma pesquisa do tipo exploratório-descritiva, possuindo como procedimento para coleta de dados a pesquisa bibliográfica, o levantamento de campo, o estudo de caso e a pesquisa documental. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a entrevista em pautas e a observação in loco. Diante do exposto e a partir da pesquisa realizada, evidenciamos a confirmação das hipóteses levantadas em relação às questões dos resíduos químicos não serem gerenciados seguindo a legislação atual, de não existir envolvimento por parte dos profissionais no planejamento das ações geradoras destes resíduos e de que na realização dos processos não são levados em conta os aspectos relacionados aos possíveis resíduos químicos gerados. Pode-se concluir que apesar de existir a segregação dos tipos de resíduos dos outros grupos, os resíduos químicos não são tratados como tais. Precisa-se através da Educação Ambiental e de um novo modelo de gestão capacitar e treinar os profissionais para buscar mudança no manejo dos resíduos químicos. O processo de formação dos profissionais e a atualização dos mesmos precisam ser de modo contínuo e embasado na Educação Ambiental para a concepção de novos conceitos e para a mudança de comportamento que leve à gestão ambiental, considerando o desenvolvimento sustentável. Por se referir a um tema relevante para as questões de saúde pública e ambiental, deseja-se, com os resultados alcançados, colaborar junto à comunidade acadêmica mostrando a problemática dos resíduos químicos gerados nos serviços de saúde, buscando alterações viáveis para os processos realizados que geram estes resíduos, sem que haja perda na qualidade da assistência prestada e das atividades voltadas para pesquisa.
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Shui, Siyuan. "Pyrolysis of medical waste and the pyro gas combustion system." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-204873.
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This report reviews the different types of medical waste and associated medical waste generation data by geographic regions. Incineration methods and non-incineration methods, together with their associated technologies, are reviewed in detail. Among all the methods, pyrolysis technologies are, in principle, technically and politically attractive due to less pollution and toxic products emissions as compared to other methods (especially traditional incineration methods). In this report, the data are organized and analyzed from a series of pyrolysis tests carried out by KTH according to a technology concept developed by Bioincendia AB. A combustion system for the pyro gas treatment is built based on the small-scale induction pyrolysis machine. The concept of the pyro gas combustion system is expressed through the block diagram and the boundary conditions are estimated according to the test data and the literature. The result of theoretical calculation indicates the boundary conditions of system are in reasonable range. The critical parameters of heat exchange unit increase the building of whole system.
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Brauneis, Jacqueline Nicole. "The Sterilization and Recycling of Medical Waste: A Plant Design." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144181.
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Severo, Eliana Andréa. "Análise do gerenciamento ambiental nos hospitais de Caxias do Sul - RS." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2010. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/973.
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As atividades dos estabelecimentos de assistência terciária à saúde geram diariamente toneladas de resíduos hospitalares. A eficiência do setor de saúde é questionada, acerca da gestão dos resíduos hospitalares, visto ser tema emergente na problemática ambiental. Atualmente contamos com práticas de gestão e o apoio da legislação vigente que atuam no intuito de diminuir as saídas e dar uma destinação correta aos resíduos gerados nos hospitais. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a gestão ambiental nos Hospitais de Caxias de Sul, frente aos instrumentos legais e normativos vigentes no Brasil. Para tanto, foram descritas as técnicas de gerenciamento utilizadas, assim como foi verificado os problemas e os benefícios advindos dessas técnicas de gestão. A metodologia utilizada foi de caráter qualitativo exploratório, sob a forma de estudo de múltiplos casos, baseando-se na aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade com o responsável técnico pelo gerenciamento ambiental no hospital. Para análise e interpretação dos dados, o método utilizado se deu de acordo com a análise de conteúdo. Os principais resultados indicam que os Hospitais utilizam o Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde (PGRSS), considerando os princípios que conduzem à minimização, que visam o tratamento e a disposição final dos resíduos de serviços de saúde (RSS). O PGRSS está embasado nas diretrizes dos órgãos de meio ambiente e de saúde. Os problemas encontrados no gerenciamento ambiental estão ligados à conscientização e, comprometimento de funcionários e médicos, além do destino dos efluentes líquidos hospitalares. Os benefícios encontrados abarcam a redução de resíduos, o uso de materiais ambientalmente corretos, a redução de custos, a eliminação de desperdícios, a criação de programas de cunho ambiental, contribuindo para a preservação dos recursos naturais, da saúde humana e do meio ambiente. Cinco hospitais (71%) possuem o PGRSS atualizado, onde se faz cumprir as etapas de segregação, acondicionamento, coleta, armazenamento, transporte, tratamento e disposição final de RSS, estando de acordo com a legislação. No entanto, no que diz respeito aos efluentes líquidos hospitalares, cinco hospitais (71%) não estão de acordo com a legislação vigente. O setor hospitalar de Caxias do Sul pode ainda contribuir muito para o desenvolvimento sustentável, trazendo soluções eficientes para o destino dos efluentes líquidos hospitalares, no afã não só de adequar à legislação vigente, ou baratear os custos de tratamento e disposição final, mas também aderir a políticas de sustentabilidade.Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-08-06T17:44:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eliana Andrea Severo.pdf: 1374790 bytes, checksum: c554661833b2c1fcac51ed902bb688b6 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-06T17:44:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eliana Andrea Severo.pdf: 1374790 bytes, checksum: c554661833b2c1fcac51ed902bb688b6 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior.
The activities of the elderly health assistance institutions generate tons of hospital residues daily. The efficiency of the health sector is questioned, concerning the management of hospital residues, as an emergent subject in the environmental problematic. Currently we count on management practices and the support of the current laws that are designed with the intention to diminish the outputs and to give a correct destination to the residues generated in the hospitals. The present search has the objective to analyze the environmental management process in the hospitals of Caxias de Sul, in reference to the effective legal and normative instruments existing in Brazil. For this, were described the management techniques, as well as were verified the problems and the benefits occurring from these management techniques. The methodology used for this research is exploratory with a qualitative character, under the form of multiple cases study; based on the application of half-structuralized in depth interviews with the responsible for environmental management in each hospital. For the analysis and interpretation of data was used a content analysis method. The main results of the research indicate that each hospital uses a Health Service Residue Management Plan (PGRSS), considering the principles that lead to minimize, treat and finally dispose of the health services residues (RSS). The PGRSS is oriented by the guidelines of National Health and Environment Agencies. The problems found in relation to environmental management are about the awareness and commitment of employees and doctors, beyond the proper treatment of the hospitals’ liquid effluents. The benefits encountered refer to the reduction of residues, the use of environmentally correct materials, the reduction of costs, the elimination of wastefulness, the creation of environmental programs; which contribute to the preservation of natural resources, human health and the environment. Five hospitals (71%) of Caxias de Sul possess an updated PGRSS, where is being monitored and implemented the stages of segregation, preservation, collect, storage, transport, treatment and final disposal of RSS, in accordance with the legislation. However, in respect to the effluent hospital liquids, in five hospitals (71%) the situation is not in accordance with the current law. The hospital sector of Caxias do Sul can still contribute to sustainable development, bringing efficient solutions for the exit use of the hospitals’ liquid effluents; not only with the desire to adjust themselves to the current law, or to lower the price of treatment and disposal, but also to adhere to sustainable organizational policies.
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Helal, Nayazi. "Medical waste sharps injuries : research methodology and hospital waste disposal practices in the rapidly developing desert Emirate of Abu-Dhabi." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2011. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843136/.
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This project aimed to assess the magnitude and risk factors for sharps injuries from handling medical waste in five public hospitals in Abu Dhabi. The study populations formed two groups: medical waste handlers and healthcare staff. A review of the international literature on relevant studies illustrated the circumstances in other countries and pointed to areas for study in Abu Dhabi. The regulatory structures for safeguarding the health and safety of workforces in health care in technologically advanced nations were examined so as to allow the most effective regulatory framework to be developed and proposed for the medical institutions in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, taking account of its own social and industrial circumstances. The populations selected for study, representative samples of the healthcare staff and medical waste handlers in the five hospitals, were investigated through a holistic and multidimensional approach, using qualitative and quantitative methods. The methods included; field observational visits to the participant hospitals (for observation and interviews of the staff): and cross-sectional studies, for which questionnaires were used. The results described the demographic characteristics of the two study populations, highlighting their age structures, nationalities, lengths of experience, and permanence or transience. Their use of safety equipment, exposures to education and training in occupational health and safety, frequencies and experience of injuries, and the risk factors for those injuries were investigated. These variables were analyzed to ascertain the sub-groups most vulnerable to the injuries from sharps and needle sticks. The findings highlighted issues which required to be resolved in order to improve the efficiency of the handling and managing of medical waste and to diminish the associated risks for the healthcare staff and medical waste handlers in these hospitals. The positive responses from managements and staff during this study showed the value of careful planning for the investigations in order to obtain the full support of the managements and willing cooperation of the workforces. The results identified several areas where deeper and continuing studies appeared essential in order to obtain light on the many components of the collaborative national aim of having a healthy, active and consequently productive workforce through a sound system of health protection of the hospitals workforce as a significant component of the nation's healthcare system.
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Plernpis, Kanchanabul Jiraporn Chompikul. "Infectious waste management of health centers in Muang district, Kanchanaburi province /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd415/5038003.pdf.
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Kuzborska, Zyta. "Medicinos atliekų susidarymas ir tvarkymas sveikatos priežiūros įstaigoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20140626_185859-64698.
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SANTRAUKA Vilniaus universiteto Medicinos fakultetas Reabilitacijos, sporto medicinos ir slaugos institutas Slaugos magistrantūros programa MEDICINOS ATLIEKŲ SUSIDARYMAS IR TVARKYMAS SVEIKATOS PRIEŽIŪROS ĮSTAIGOJE Slaugos magistro baigiamasis darbas Darbo autorė: Zyta Kuzborska Darbo vadovas: doc. dr. Saulius Vainauskas Vilnius, 2009 m. Pagrindinės sąvokos: medicinos atliekos, pavojingos atliekos. Temos aktualumas: pastaruoju metu didėjantys medicinos atliekų kiekiai verčia atlikti papildomus atliekų judėjimo ligoninėje tyrimus, nustatyti, ar taikomi būdai užtikrins greitą ir patikimą atliekų naikinimą ir žmonių saugą. Darbo tikslas: įvertinti medicinos atliekų susidarymą ir tvarkymą Viešojoje įstaigoje Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikose. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrineti medicinos atliekų teisinę bazę. Medicinos atliekų teisinės bazės analizė; 2. Nustatyti medicinos atliekų susidarymo kiekį per metus Viešojoje įstaigoje Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikose; 3. Įvertinti medicinos atliekų rūšiavimo, tvarkymo ir utilizacijos kelius. Tyrimo objektas ir metodika. Tyrimo objektas – Viešoji įstaiga Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikos. Tyrimui atlikti buvo pasirinktas anketinės apklausos metodas. Respondentai parinkti naudojant netikimybinės atrankos atsitiktinį patogųjį būdą. Tyrime dalyvavo 103 respondentai. Gauti atsakymų variantai buvo apdorojami kiekybiniu būdu. Duomenys įvertinti „SPSS for Windows 13.0“ programa. Svarbiausi... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]SUMMARY Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine Institute of Rehabilitation, Sport Medicine and Nursing Master’s degree Nursing Programme THE FORMATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE MEDICAL WASTE IN THE HEALTH CARE INSTITUTION Master’s degree final scientific research work Author of the master’s degree scientific research work: Zyta Kuzborska Head of the master’s degree scientific research work: doc. dr. Saulius Vainauskas Vilnius, 2009 Keywords: medical waste, dangerous waste. Subject relevance: Recently medical waste amounts are increasing therefore it is necessary to make extra researches of waste movement in the hospital. To evaluate if applied methods will secure fast and secure waste disposal and human safety. The aim of the work: „To evaluate medical waste formation and management in the Public institution Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos.“ The targets of the work: 1. To analyse medical waste juridical basis. The analysis of medical waste juridical basis. 2. To estimate medical waste formation amounts per year in the Public institution Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos. 3. To value medical waste sorting, management and utilization ways. The object and methodology of the research: The object of the research - Public institution Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Klinikos. Questionnaire method was used for the investigation. 103 respondents took place in the investigation. Get answers versions were processed using the quantitative way. The data... [to full text]
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Clark, Andrea L. "Waste Management Minimization Strategies in Hospitals." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5064.
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During the delivery of healthcare services, hospital employees use enormous amounts of water, energy, and nonbiodegradable carcinogenic plastics. In the U.S., hospital staff generate an average of over 7,000 tons of waste per day at an average cost of $0.28 per pound for the disposal of regulated medical trash, which if efficiently managed or reduced, could result in substantial cost savings. Using the organizational learning and the transaction cost economics theories as the conceptual frameworks, the purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore strategies healthcare leaders used to minimize their waste management operational costs. Data were collected using semistructured interviews with 4 managers at a healthcare system in the Midwestern United States and reviewing financial documents as well as the participants' hospital website. Based on the thematic analysis, 4 primary themes emerged: (a) engaged leadership, (b) incorporate sustainability into the mission, vision, and values of the organization, (c) create an organizational culture of sustainability, and (d) innovation. Because society's health is largely dependent on the environment around them, these findings could assist hospital leaders in the implementation of cost-effective waste management strategies and contribute to positive social change.
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Berto, Daniel Neves. "Elementos da cadeia de suprimentos de materiais médicohospitalares sob o enfoque da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/86091.
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A Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) entrou em vigor no Brasil em agosto de 2010. Devido à sua recente implantação, muitas organizações ainda estão se adaptando às novas visões que esta lei propõe sobre a gestão dos resíduos no país. A cadeia de suprimentos de materiais médico-hospitalares também faz parte dessa gama de organizações em adaptação, onde novos desafios a respeito da gestão dos resíduos têm surgido. Devido ao tipo de resíduo gerado nas atividades de saúde, o assunto ganha importância e merece atenção especial por parte dos agentes dessa cadeia de suprimentos. Boa parte dos resíduos gerados em atividades de saúde é considerada resíduo perigoso, por esse motivo, os objetivos da PNRS, como a redução do volume e da periculosidade desses resíduos, podem exercer pressões sobre os agentes envolvidos na fabricação, consumo e descarte dos mesmos. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar como ocorre a gestão da cadeia de suprimentos de materiais médico-hospitalares no estado do Rio Grande do Sul sob o enfoque da PNRS. Para isso, foram abordados agentes de três níveis dessa cadeia: 1- fornecedores de materiais médico-hospitalares, 2- hospitais e 3- empresas de tratamento de resíduos de saúde. Com a finalidade de enriquecer a visão dessa cadeia, abordaram-se também alguns órgãos governamentais relacionados às questões de resíduos. Buscou-se identificar na cadeia, a existência ou não de colaboração entre os agentes, dificuldades e oportunidades na gestão de resíduos e produtos e processos relacionados às questões de resíduos. O método utilizado foi o estudo de caso e a coleta de dados se deu por meio de entrevistas com gestores de diferentes agentes da cadeia de suprimentos de materiais médico-hospitalares no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram abordadas 11 instituições pertencentes à cadeia mencionada, das quais foram entrevistados 17 profissionais. Foi possível identificar a ausência de colaboração com os fornecedores da cadeia, e a colaboração incipiente entre os demais membros. Também foi possível identificar dificuldades como o aumento da descartabilidade dos produtos, a má segregação e a falta de tratamento adequado aos produtos químicos. As oportunidades foram apresentadas como possibilidade de intervenção do governo sobre as questões na forma de estímulo ao desenvolvimento de produtos menos agressivos e aumento das pressões legais sobre os agentes. Entre os produtos e processos destacaram-se os produtos que contenham matérias-primas menos agressivas na destinação final, a logística reversa e a substituição do consumo de produtos por serviços.The Brazilian National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW) entered into force in August 2010. Due to its recent implementation, many organizations are still adjusting to new visions that this law proposes in terms of waste management in the country. The supply chain of medical and hospital supplies is also part of this group of organizations that are currently in adaptation, and where new challenges regarding waste management have emerged. Due to the type of waste generated in health activities, this issue becomes important and deserves special attention from the agents of this supply chain. Much of the waste generated in health activities is considered a hazardous waste, and for that reason, the objectives of NPSW, such as reducing the volume and hazard of the waste, can put pressure on those involved in the production, consumption and disposal of this kind of waste. This study therefore aimed to identify the management of the medical and hospital supply chain in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, under the approach of NPSW. To achieve the objectives, different agents were approached, representing the three levels of the chain: 1 - suppliers of medical and hospital material, 2 - hospitals and 3 - companies specialized in the treatment of health waste. In order to enrich the results, governmental bodies were also addressed on their views towards health waste issues. Overall, the aim was to identify the existence or absence of collaboration between agents, the difficulties and opportunities in waste management and finally, the products and processes related to waste issues within this supply chain. The case study method was used and data was collected through interviews with managers of different agents in the supply chain of medical and hospital supplies in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In total, 17 professionals from 11 health-related institutions were interviewed. As main results, it was possible to identify the absence of cooperation with the suppliers of the chain, and incipient collaboration between the remaining members. It was also possible to identify difficulties, as the increasing disposability of products, poor segregation and lack of adequate treatment for chemical products. The opportunities were presented as a possibility for governmental intervention - that could act as stimulus for the development of less aggressive products and increase the legal pressure on chain agents to comply with the legislation. Among the products and processes investigated, interviewees highlighted products containing raw materials that are less aggressive in their final disposal, reverse logistics and replacement of consumer products for services.
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Brunet, Nicolas. "Study of a valorisation process for biomass industrial waste involving acid cooking and enzymatic hydrolysis." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-278738.
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Lignocellulosic biomass has potential to chip in the chemical and biofuels supplies in future societies,even though lignocellulose is a recalcitrant structure that has to be treated in several steps. After theirproper life cycle, wood-derived materials such as particleboards have few outcomes today apart fromenergy recovery for heat production. Then, they may be used as lignocellulosic biomass sources in theproduction of molecules of interest. Fermentation from wood-derived monosaccharides imposespreliminary sugar retrieval, for instance through pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis. This studyfocuses on the potential of particleboards waste for chemical and biofuel production by comparingsaccharification through simulated steam explosion pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis betweennative and particleboard-derived wood, with an insight in subsequent fermentation by Saccharomycescerevisiae. Urea-Formaldehyde bound particleboard was investigated, as well as some aspects ofMelamine-Urea-Formaldehyde bound particleboard. Pre-treatment resulted in apparition of lignocellulosic degraded compounds in a much larger extent innative wood than in particleboard, which seemed to be only superficially impacted. Formation ofdegraded compounds from sugars – furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural – was enhanced when pretreatmentwas prolonged. Removal of a substantial fraction of the adhesive contained in theparticleboards was observed, leading to comparable concentrations in free urea, its degradedproducts, and formaldehyde between native wood and particleboards during enzymatic hydrolysis.Enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulases and hemicellulases highlighted a critical role of pre-treatment toenhance final yields, both in native wood and in Urea-Formaldehyde particleboard. Adding 20 minutessteam-explosion type pre-treatment at 160 °C resulted in glucose yields increase from 18.5 % to 32.8% for native wood and from 15.6 % to 37.4 % for particleboard. Prolonging pre-treatment residencetime to 35 minutes resulted in much better glucose extraction for native wood but only slight progressfor the particleboard, as glucose yields reached 64.5 % and 41.1 % respectively. Maximalconcentrations achieved were 277 and 184 mg/gbiomass respectively. Fermentation brought to light high inhibition from both native wood and particleboard sources ofmedia, which were attributed to components or degraded products of lignocellulose that were notanalysed in this project. Ethanol was formed during fermentation, with reduced productivity butincreased yields as compared with the control sample. Inhibition was so strong that no difference couldbe given between native and particleboard wood. In this situation, no inhibition potential of resin orits degradation products could be proved.Lignocellulosic biomassa har potential att bidra till kemikalier och biobränsletillförsel i framtidasamhällen, trots att lignocellulosa är en rekalcitrant struktur som måste behandlas i flera steg. Idagträmaterial som spånskivor bara används för energiåtervinning och värmeproduktion efter deraslivscykel. De kan därför användas som råvara för framställning av värdefulla molekyler.Fermenteringsprocesser behöver frisättningen av trä monosackarider genom förbehandlingsprocesseroch enzymatisk hydrolys. Studien fokuserar på potentialen för avfall från spånskivor för kemisk ochbiobränsleproduktion. Vi har jämfört sackarifiering mellan nativt trä och spånskivor genom simuleradångaxplosion och enzymatisk hydrolys, med en inblick i efterföljande fermentering av Saccharomycescerevisiae. Spånskivor bunden av urea-formaldehyd undersöktes, liksom vissa aspekter av spånskivorbundna med melamin-urea-formaldehyd. Förbehandlingen producerade högre koncentration av lignocellulosa nedbrytningsprodukter frånnativt trä jämfört med spånskivor. Bildningen av nedbrytningsprodukter från sockerarter - furfural och5-hydroxymethylfurfural - ökade med längre förbehandlingar. En väsentlig fraktion av limmet borttogsfrån spånskivorna, vilket ledde till jämförbara koncentrationer i fri urea, dess nedbrytningsprodukteroch formaldehyd mellan naturligt trä och spånskivor under enzymatisk hydrolys. Enzymatisk hydrolys med cellulaser och hemicellulaser avslöjade den kritiska rollen av förbehandlingför att förbättra utbytet, både i naturligt trä och i urea-formaldehyd spånskiva. Längre (20 minuter)ångexplosion vid 160° C resulterade i högre glukosutbytet (från 18,5% till 32,8% för naturligt trä ochfrån 15,6% till 37,4% för spånskivor). Förlängning av uppehållstiden före behandlingen till 35 minuterresulterade i mycket bättre glukosekstraktion för nativt trä (64,5%) men endast liten framsteg förspånskivan (41,1%). Detta resulterade i maximalt utbyte av 277 mg Glc/g biomassa och 184 mg Glc/ gbiomassa för nativt trä och spånskivor, respektive. Fermentering visade hög hämning från lignocellulosa nedbrytningsprodukter som inte analyserades iprojektet för både nativt trä och spånskällor för media. Etanol bildades under fermentering medreducerad produktivitet men ökade utbyten jämfört med kontrollprovet. Hämningen var så stark attingen skillnad kunde ges mellan naturligt trä och spånskivor. I denna situation kunde ingenhämningspotential för lim eller dess nedbrytningsprodukter bevisas.
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Raphela, S. F. "Treatment and disposal of medical waste in rural and urban clinics within Polokwane municipality of South Africa." Journal for New Generation Sciences, Vol 12, Issue 2: Central University of Technology, Free State, Bloemfontein, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/663.
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Published ArticleThe objective of the study was to assess the medical waste management practices used by clinics located in the Polokwane Municipality, South Africa. The clinic personnel were not informed prior to the visit. A walkthrough survey was conducted on-site where potential health and safety risks were identified and noted. The health care personnel in charge of specific clinics completed the questionnaires providing general and detailed information about the treatment and disposal of medical waste. Frequencies and percentages were calculated from the data obtained. Data obtained indicate that (i) medical waste was not segregated from general waste in most of the clinics, (ii) rural clinics were burning medical waste with general waste inside the clinic yard (iii) there was no sufficient collection and transport of medical waste in clinics, (iv) sharps were disposed at various hospital incinerators and (v) most of the clinics did not have storage facilities for medical waste.
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Klangsin, Pornwipa. "Medical waste treatment techniques used by hospitals in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36298.
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Leu, Jiunn-Yih, and 呂俊毅. "Collection System Planning of Infectious Medical Wastes." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33328115449019656297.
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Liang, Yung-Cheng, and 梁永政. "Performance evaluation of steam sterilization for medical wastes." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49582607527196208540.
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碩士中國醫藥大學
環境醫學研究所碩士班
95
Incineration at specially permitted sites is currently the major treatment method for medical wastes in Taiwan. This poses a problem of dioxin emission with a high emission factor of 40 ~ 60 times higher than for the mass-burn incineration of domestic wastes due to high chlorine content in wastes and unstable operation associated with relatively small throughput. Moreover, transportation of medical wastes is costly (30~50 NT/kg) because of the requirement of storage at a low temperature of 4 oC. The treatment practice is therefore moving toward non-incineration such as steam sterilization to decode the waste classification followed by mass-burn incineration or landfill. Although regulation has been promulgated in Taiwan for steam sterilization for years, only 3% prefer the non-incineration method, probably due to lack of a technical guideline and audit system to gain the trust from publics. The rapid readout biological indicator (RRBI) manufactured by 3M Co. has been widely accepted as a performance evaluator in USA. However there are several types of RRBI and their test conditions may be confusing. This study conducted a national survey in Taiwan and concluded that RRBI had been incorrectly used at a rate of 16.1% (n = 31). The consequence of misuse was further evaluated with a bench-scale test at 121 oC by partial sterilization of gravity displacement and measured by rapid readout (1~3 hr) followed by color change (24~48 hrs) for confirmation. The results showed a conformance rate of 75.3% (n=150) between the two types of measurement for correct use (Attest 1292) and 40.7% (n=150) for incorrect use (Attest 1291). This suggests a false-negative rate of 59.7% (n=150) when an incorrect type of RRBI is used. Performance evaluation was also conducted using a commercial-scale steam sterilizer with four types of measurement (rapid readout, color change, chemical indicator, and plate count). The purpose was to evaluate the effect of steam barrier on sterilization at two operating conditions of 121G (121 oC for 60 minutes with gravity displacement) and 132 V (132 oC for 45 minutes with vacuum). Scrambled newspaper and empty syringe was packed inside the waste bags and used to achieve a filling ratio of 75% in the autoclave. Two of Attest 1292 and 3 of 1243 chemical indicator (CI) were placed in each of the three test models: inside bag (IB), inside bag and needle (IBN) and outside bag (OB) to simulate different degree of steam barrier. Four replicates were conducted for the performance test. After completion of the operation, one RRBI was measured by rapid readout followed by color change and another underwent the heterogeneous plate count (HPC) procedure to obtain the Log kill estimate. The results showed that 121G test gave a positive ratio of 0%, 75%, and 75% for the three test models of OB, IB, and IBN, respectively, according to the three types of BI measurements. The average log kill reached an acceptable magnitude of 5.0 for OB but was reduced to 1.7 or less for both IB and IBN, suggesting a serious steam barrier problem was encountered due to containerization of the bag and needle. However, no steam barrier was observed for 135V with a positive ratio of 0% and log kill >5 for all the three test models. Accordingly, it is suggested that 135V must be used to avoid the steam barrier problem. Results of the four types of measurement are all in agreement to each other. However, a false negative rapid readout is possible due to inadequate incubation time and/or inadequate level of initial microbial density. Theoretical analysis was performed in this study but laboratory work remains to be studied.
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Cesarotti, Dennis. "Comprehensive assessment of the recycling potentials for the waste streams of small quantity generators." 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/48049641.html.
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Liu, Hou-Wu, and 劉厚吾. "A performance evalution of commercial steam sterilizers for medical wastes in Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13341660210572464036.
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碩士中國醫藥大學
環境醫學研究所碩士班
97
The US Clean Air Act prohibits incineration of regulated medical wastes in general incinerators due to the high chlorine content (2.7%) of the wastes and the unstable operation conditions of the general incinerators. Under general conditions, the emission factor of dioxin can be as high as 3,000 μg I-TEQ/ton of medical wastes, i.e. 40 times of that from general refuse incineration. In Taiwan most medical wastes are being incinerated, resulting in very low material recovery. The Taiwan Environment Protection Administration has set a goal of recovery to be 45% for all types of municipal wastes by the year 2020. At present, only 2.5% of medical wastes are treated by sterilization and are recovered. The purpose of this study was to propose the use of a rapid readout method as an indicator of sterilization performance to sterilization of medical wastes and hence increase the recovery rate of medical waste materials. This study tested the effectiveness of a sterilization indicator under field conditions in sterilization facilities throughout Taiwan. In each facility, the effectiveness of a chemical indicator (CI) and a biological indicators (BI) were compared at 4 sampling sites: 1) challenge pack at the cold spot (CPC), 2) challenge pack at the middle chamber (CPM), 3) inside the bag (IB), and 4) inside the syringe in bag (IBS). The BI was monitored as a rapid readout (1~3 hr) and as a color change (24 hr). The effectiveness of BI was also tested by heterogeneous plate counts (HPC) using a pour plate technique. The CI was scored by degrees of color changes. The test results indicated that, among 10 sets of autoclaves being tested, 7 sets met the national microbial reduction standard (log kill ≧ 5), and three sets did not. Using CPC as the reference site, in 8 autoclaves evaluated, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in log kill between CPC and the other three sampling sites. Since CPC site gave a lower log kill, it was considered a relatively conservative reference site. In comparison with HPC, the sensitivity was 97.8% for the BI rapid readout, 90.7% for the BI color change, and 95.6% for the CI readout. In consideration of waste recycling, we also evaluated the sterilization efficiency for 3 types of plastic medical wastes (soft bag, soft tubing, and syringe) at two operating conditions: 121 oC/60 min by gravity displacement (121G) and 135 oC/45 min by vacuum displacement (135V). The results based on the two indication methods indicated that all the 121G tests failed to meet the national standard, whereas all the 135G tests complied with the standard. In addition, the sterilization efficiency of CPC was equivalent to those tested inside the three types of plastic wastes. This study concluded that 1) the current practice of medical waste sterilization in Taiwan needs improvement, 2) standard operation and auditing procedure need to be established, 3) the use of challenge pack with CI and BI appeared to be a reliable and convenient method, and 4) sterilization at 135 oC by vacuum displacement for 45 minutes is a viable pretreatment method for medical waste recycling.
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Olaniyi, Foluke Comfort. "Development of Intervention Strategies for Management of Medical Waste in Vhembe District, South Africa." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/1515.
Full textAbstract:
PhD (Public Health)Department of Public Health
Medical waste is a special type of hazardous waste generated from healthcare facilities. Mismanagement of this waste has a negative impact on healthcare workers, patients and their relatives, medical waste handlers and the community. South Africa, like many other developing countries, is resource-constrained in the management of medical waste and poor practices have been reported across the country, especially in the urban health facilities that have received more attention from researchers. This study was conducted to explore the practices and challenges of medical waste management in Vhembe District, a largely rural district in Limpopo province and develop intervention strategies for better management of the waste in the District. A convergent parallel approach of mixed method design was adopted to achieve the objectives of this study. The target population included the main stakeholders of medical waste management in the district: the Department of Health, healthcare facilities and the waste management company responsible for the treatment and disposal of medical waste in Limpopo Province. The study population from the Department of Health included representatives from the medical waste management section while the waste management company was represented by the manager of the company in Limpopo Province. The samples for the healthcare facilities were drawn from fifteen randomly selected healthcare facilities in the district and included the administrative heads, medical waste generators and medical waste handlers. The study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1 was a qualitative study during which the administrative heads of the selected healthcare facilities, personnel directly involved in medical waste management at the healthcare facilities as well as the representatives from the Department of Health and waste management company were engaged in in-depth interviews. This phase also involved voice recording, observations, field documentation and taking of relevant pictures. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze the data obtained. During phase 2 (quantitative study), a semi-structured questionnaire was employed for data collection from medical waste generators and handlers at the healthcare facilities. A total of 229 questionnaires were retrieved from the participants and were analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25.0. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed; Chi-square and Cramer’s V tests were used to determine the associations between dependent and independent variables, as well as the strength of association where significant relationships exist. Statistical significant level was set at p<0.05 and the results are presented in tables and graphs. The results from both phases were interpreted and discussed simultaneously. Respondents and participants were assured of anonymity of their identities and confidentiality of the information they provided. They were given adequate information about the study and only those who volunteered participated in the study after appending their signatures on the informed consent form. In phase 3, the Medical Research Council Framework was used to develop intervention strategies for improved medical waste management in Vhembe District based on the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) and Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal (PESTEL) analysis techniques. The study revealed inefficient practices of medical waste management in all the healthcare facilities. Rate of medical waste generation was 338.15kg/day, 19.2kg/day and 15.5kg/day of HCRW from the hospitals, community health centers and clinics respectively. Segregation practices were poor, and only 28.4% of respondents rated their healthcare institutions as being excellent with medical waste segregation. The type of occupation was found to be significantly associated with exposure to training (p=0.000) and the level of knowledge about medical waste management (p=0.000). Also, the use of personal protective equipment was found to be significantly associated with training (p=0.011). Transportation and temporary storage were not done according to the recommendation in the guidelines and incineration was the main means of treatment of the waste. The final product of waste treatment is being disposed into an hazardous waste landfill. The challenges encountered in the process of managing medical waste include lack of adequate funding and budget for medical waste management, ineffective and irregular training of healthcare workers, non-compliance to medical waste management guidelines, insufficient bins, substandard central storage rooms, insufficient personal protective equipment and unavailability of Hepatitis B vaccine. The strength, weakness, opportunities and threats of medical waste management in Vhembe District were analyzed and specific intervention strategies were developed to improve on the strength, minimize the weakness, take advantage of the opportunity and combat the threats. The developed strategies were validated. This study provides the evidences of poor management of medical waste in Vhembe District, and shows the need for urgent intervention measures to be put in place. We therefore recommend that the intervention strategies proposed here be evaluated and implemented to mitigate the untoward effects of poor medical waste management among healthcare workers and the community as a whole.
NRF
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Lin, Feng-Chien, and 林豐乾. "The investigation of health status among health care workers exposed to infectious medical wastes." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33918306480913291686.
Full textAbstract:
碩士長榮大學
職業安全與衛生研究所
94
Health care industry is essential for taking care of people’s health welfare. During the process of medical treatments, medical wastes, including the infectious ones, are produced. Regulations and rules have been set not only for managing the infectious wastes produced from OPD (out patient department) and medical wards, but also for storing, planning, transporting, intermediate processing and final processing of these wastes. There are little researches discussing the health conditions of personnel who generate the infectious wastes, such as doctors and nurses, who contact and process the infectious specimen, such as medical technicians, and who dispose the waste such as environmental cleaners or janitors. The goal of this research focuses on the health conditions of the above mentioned health care personnel under exposure of infectious medical wastes. This is a cross-sectional study that samples staffs from seven local hospitals located in Yunlin, ChiaYi and Tainan counties as well as the attendants of the 2004 Training Conference of National Health Care Environmental Health and Safety Technique of Pollution Controls. There were total 495 health care personnel participating in this study. Among these medical institutes, we randomly sampled the organizational personnel including nurses, infection control personnel, medical/nursing assistants, medical technicians, waste water process personnel, solid waste process personnel, janitors, administrators and pharmacists. A structured questionnaire was developed and distributed to the participants for data analysis. Contents of the investigation include the participant’s workplace exposures, personal protections, trainings, perception of stress, physical health and related personal information. During the inquiry, the author started from walking through some of the hospitals to inspect how the infectious wastes were produced, transported and processed. Afterward, the questionnaire was designed and administered to the selected samples. Data analysis was carried out by SAS. In addition to descriptive analysis and correlation analysis, we use Logistic Regression to calculate Odds Ratios. Moreover, we also proceed with the multivariable analysis by controlling for the potential confounders. After controlling for the quantity of each contact to the medical infectious wastes and the usage of glove protection, the result of multivariate analysis showed that there were dose-response relationship between hour of weekly contact with the infectious medical wastes and skin symptoms of reddish, itching, rash or blisters, and skin dry or cracking. Also, hour of weekly contact was also associated with contact dermatitis. In addition, after controlling for the quantity of each contact, there was also a dose-response relationship between hour of weekly contact and soreness or reddish swollen of the eye. Examining the weekly hour of contact, according to the type of exposure, medical technicians and infectious control personnel were having the highest hour of weekly contact, followed by infectious waste generation personnel and infectious medical waste collection and process personnel. For the respiratory related symptoms and diseases, after controlling for the hour of weekly contract, smoking status, and usage of protection mask, quantity of each contact was associated with respiratory symptoms of wheeze and shortness of breath, odor smelling and coughing while contact with the infectious medical wastes, and respiratory diseases of chronic bronchitis and asthma. Examining quantity of each contact, according to the type of exposure, infectious medical waste collection and process personnel were having the highest quantity of each contact, followed by medical technicians and infectious control personnel and, then, infectious waste generation personnel. We hope that, due to our study, the administrators of the health care industry are able to protect their personnel to shorten the contact time of the infectious medical wastes. They can also design the work to reduce their workers’ exposure to the infectious wastes via improvement of environmental conditions and personal protection enforcement. In so doing, it is expected that the discomfort and illness at skin, eyes and respiratory system among the medical personnel can be greatly decreased.
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Lin, Chien-Kuang, and 林建光. "Enhancement of Cementation Processes Treating Copper-Bearing Wastes from Medical Electronics Printed Circuit Board." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07715786846844123234.
Full textAbstract:
碩士元培醫事科技大學
環境工程衛生系碩士班
104
A copper-bearing waste generated from the micro-etching process of medical electronics printed circuit board ( PCB ) was studied by iron cementation technology in a practical chemical plant. Operation parameters include initial copper ion concentrations ( 15, 23, 30 g/L) and pH values ( pH = 1, 2, 3, 4) were assessed. Results showed that, within the range from 15 to 30 g/L of copper ion concentration, the reaction rate decreased with increasing the initial concentration. In addition, the higher the pH value the slower the copper cementation rate. And at pH = 4, the rate is as low as about 40 %, compared to the other pH values. It is attributed that, presumably as the pH of the solution increases, the cemented copper may have deposited onto the iron surface forming a passivation diffusional layer, resulting in the blocking of solid-liquid interface mass transfer. To further investigate factors for the cementation rate, an electrode was placed inside the cementation reactor in laboratory. A series of electric currency (0.10A,0.20 A, 0.25 A, 0.30 A) was employed to regulate the adequate electrons supplies. Experimental results show that the higher the electric currency, the larger the cementation rate. In addition, as the initial copper concentration increased from 15 g/L to 30 g/L, the cementation rate decreased nearly 50 % under uniform current conditions. At a constant supply of electron from the electrode surface, a thicker diffusion layer may have formed to hinder the movement of copper ions at higher concentration, resulting in a decrease of replacement rate. An increase of electron currency showed a similar trend, from 15~38 % to 10 %. To enhance the cementation rate, varied electrode surface was tested at 15 g/L as initial copper ion concentration. The electrode surface area doubled from 23.87cm2 to 47.74cm2 and electric currency varied from 0.10 A to 0.30A. Results showed that the cementation rate is effectively increased at 3 % to 8 %. Based on the results obtained from this study, it is suggested that initial copper ion concentration and pH value are the two important factors to the conventional copper-iron cementation operation. Supplying electric currency and controlling the electrode surface play a positive role to the enhancement of cementation rate. Thus, it is applicable for these factors to integrate a “custom-design” cementation treatment for the copper-bearing wastes.
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Mahasa, Pululu Sexton. "An assessment of medical waste management practices in the North-eastern Free State, South Africa / Pululu Sexton Mahasa." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/14277.
Full textAbstract:
The proper handling and disposal of medical waste in accordance with national
guidelines is very important. This study was undertaken to investigate the state of medical waste and management practices in different hospitals in the north-eastern Free State Province, South Africa. A random sample of ten (10) hospitals was selected. Observation of operations was carried over a period of six months. A stratified random sample of 138 staff members spread across the ten medical facilities was selected and face-to-face interviews were conducted. The hospitals were grouped into 3 categories namely large, medium and small in terms of the number of hospital beds. Data collection through observation and covered waste generation, storage, handling, transportation, treatment and management procedures. Data analysis made use of SPSS to generate descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients and t-tests in hypothesis testing. The findings reveal that medical personnel do not treat medical waste as specified in official guidelines, there is no formal
training for personnel, medical waste is not a key priority, there are low levels of
environmental awareness, inappropriate treatment of waste at some sites, and inadequate budget allocations for medical waste management. These findings indicate that there is an urgent need for addressing issues of awareness for managers, better on-the job training for personnel, better systems for on-ward conveyance of waste from facilities to official medical waste treatment plants, an up-grade of existing incinerators and a consistent schedule of data capture should be implemented.Thesis (Msc Env Science) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013
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Makhura, Ramadimetja Rosina. "Knowledge and practices of health care workers on medical waste disposal in Mapulaneng Hospital in the Ehlanzeni District of South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1639.
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Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016.Background: Health care workers produce various types of waste in the course of rendering health care services. Each classification of waste must be disposed according to the prescribed guidelines. Improper disposal of waste may pose a danger to employees, patients and the environment. Health care workers must have adequate knowledge on disposal of medical waste. This study was therefore done to determine the knowledge and practices of health care workers on medical waste disposal. Objectives: This study aims to determine the knowledge and practices of health care workers on medical waste disposal at a hospital in the Mpumalanga Province in South Africa. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional research approach was used at a regional hospital for the Mpumalanga Province in the Bushbuckridge Municipality under the Ehlanzeni District. The study respondents included professional nurses, enrolled nurses, enrolled nursing assistants, medical doctors, dental health and allied health staff. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires analysed using International Business Management Statistical Package for Social Sciences 22 (IBM SPSS 22). Results: The results show that a high percentage of health care workers did not have adequate knowledge regarding disposal of medical waste but disposed medical waste appropriately. The results further show that knowledge and practice of health care workers had no association with age, gender and years of experience. There is an association between professional category and knowledge and practice of healthcare workers. Conclusion: Disposal of medical waste is the responsibility of all health care workers. There should be regular training of all categories of health care workers to improve their knowledge on disposal of medical waste and minimise the risks associated with improper waste management. This will further increase compliance with the guidelines of disposal of medical waste. Key words: Health care workers, medical waste, knowledge, practice, disposal
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Netshifhefhe, Nditsheni Mavis. "Management of medical waste by professional nurses at three selected hospitals in Thulamela Municipality, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/980.
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Malebatja, Samuel Mashao. "Knowledge and practices of health care workers on medical waste disposal at George Masebe Hospital, Waterberg District, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1745.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016Introduction The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge and practices of health care workers on medical waste disposal at George Masebe Hospital, Waterberg District, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Method A cross sectional study was conducted and simple random sampling was used to select participants. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaire which where total of 141 participants were sampled using the Slovin formula. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Version 22 and both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to answer the study objectives. Results The study shows that 43% of the respondents had good knowledge on medical waste disposal, 13% were not sure and 44% had insufficient knowledge. Forty nine percent (49%) of the respondents practiced safe medical waste disposal, 4, 3% were moderate in practice and 46, 1% had insufficient practice in place. There was no statistical significant relationship between knowledge and practice of medical waste disposal control measures of health care workers. Conclusion The study concluded that knowledge of the respondents on medical waste disposal was insufficient, there were satisfactory medical waste practices and there was no relationship between knowledge and practice.
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Heunis, Louis Barend. "The quantification of medical waste from the point of generation to the point of disposal: case studies at three private hospitals in Pretoria." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23143.
Full textAbstract:
The South African Waste Information System (SAWIS) was developed by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) in 2005. This is a system used by government and industry to capture routine data on the tonnages of waste generated, recycled and disposed of in South Africa on a monthly and annual basis. All waste producers and waste management organisations should contribute to this national waste database and should accurately monitor the types and quantities of waste produced and handled. According to DEAT (2006) the need for Data verification is important. DEAT (2006:59) defined the term Data Verification as: "assessing data accuracy, completeness, consistency, availability and internal control practices that serve to determine the overall reliability of the data collected."
The aim of the study is to determine a procedure, as well as the nature and extent of internal and external source documents, which could be used in the reconciliation of medical waste quantities from generation to disposal. The key objectives are to determine whether the selected hospitals keep internal records of the quantities of medical waste generated; to reconcile the waste quantities on the internal records with the external records, such as the collection certificates, invoices and waste incineration certificates; to ascertain whether the quantity of medical waste generated is equal to the quantity of waste incinerated and disposed of to determine the ratio factor between the quantity of medical waste before incineration and the quantity of the residue (ashes) after incineration, and to make recommendations on the reconciliation of waste quantities from the point of generation to the point of disposal.
The results of the study indicate that the destruction certificate is the proof that the waste that was on-site collected by the service provider has been disposed /treated. Especially as an internal control measure. The health care risk waste (HCRW) management record keeping of quantities of weight as per Hospital A, Hospital B and Hospital C allows the opportunity to analyse the weight per month and per Hospital and per category and to make comparisons. The weakness or the gap however still exist that the waste is not weighed at the point of origin, but at the point where the waste service provider collects the waste onsite. It is from this point onwards that the service level agreement between the hospital and the waste service provider and the document management system and the tracking receipt and the waste collection documents (WCD) becomes relevant and where the quantities of waste per category are for the first time recorded. The hypothesis as stated in Chapter 1 was proven valid.
The study concludes that reconciliation and comparison between the collection certificate and the destruction certificate and the monthly invoice is therefore possible, but the risk of mixing of waste and the understating or overstating of waste quantities is still not overcome.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental management)