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1

Lim, Sun Mi, and Kye Hyun Kim. "Improvement of supportive systems for medically-underserved areas." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 65, no. 7 (July 10, 2022): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2022.65.7.449.

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Background: In order to encourage physicians to work in medically-underserved areas, it is imperative to provide financial incentives and appropriate supportive systems. This paper reviews the concept of medically-underserved areas in Korea is welestablished with reasonable criteria and that the budget and the policy direction of the manpower support are effective.Current Concepts: Some recommendations may be needed to expand the supportive policy for medically-underserved areas. First, the selection criteria for medically-underserved areas should be revised and the evaluation index improved. Second, it is imperative to secure consistency in the legal system by containing overall contents on the definition, criteria, designation procedure, and support matters of medically-underserved areas through the revision of the Public Health and Medical Service Act. This consistency may designate and support medically-underserved areas according to the subject and type through health care resources distribution and condition at the national level. Third, an integrated regional medical service plan should be prepared through the construction of an inter-medical institution cooperation system, effort, and cooperation among parties having diverse interests. Fourth, the incentive system should be improved to secure medical personnel in medically-underserved areas. Fifth, the introduction of untact medical services and related governmental support to the area having insufficient medical personnel is needed.Discussion and Conclusion: The Korean government should seek new supportive measures and models for physicians to continue working in medically-underserved areas.
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Tippets, E. A., and K. M. Westpheling. "Practice in medically underserved areas." Academic Medicine 68, no. 10 (October 1993): S67–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199310000-00049.

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Holmes, George M. "Increasing physician supply in medically underserved areas." Labour Economics 12, no. 5 (October 2005): 697–725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2004.02.003.

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Mandell, Gerald H. "Access to Care in Medically Underserved Areas." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 10 (September 14, 1994): 767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1994.03520100031018.

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Mandell, G. H. "Access to care in medically underserved areas." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 10 (September 14, 1994): 767d—767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.272.10.767d.

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Weir, Rosy Chang, Winston Tseng, Irene H. Yen, and Jeffrey Caballero. "Primary Health-Care Delivery Gaps among Medically Underserved Asian American and Pacific Islander Populations." Public Health Reports 124, no. 6 (November 2009): 831–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003335490912400611.

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Objectives. Asian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) historically have faced multiple social and racial/ethnic health disparities in the United States. We gathered national-level health-care data on AAPIs and examined medically underserved health service areas for them. Methods. We used 2000 U.S. Census data and the Bureau of Primary Health Care (BPHC) 2004 dataset for primary care physician full-time equivalents per 1,000 population, as well as AAPI population, AAPI poverty, and AAPI limited English proficiency, to develop an index of medically underserved AAPI counties (MUACs). The index identifies U.S. counties that do not adequately serve AAPIs. Results. We identified 266 counties of medically underserved health service areas for AAPIs across the nation, representing 12% of all U.S. counties. One hundred thirty-eight (52%) MUACs were not designated as BPHC medically underserved counties. Of these counties, 20 (14%) had an AAPI population of at least 10,000, and 29 (21%) had an AAPI population of at least 5,000. Conclusion. This project complements federal efforts to identify medically underserved health service areas and identifies U.S. counties that need new or expanded health services for medically underserved AAPIs.
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Scarbrough, Amanda W., Marianne Moore, Steve R. Shelton, and Regina J. Knox. "Improving Primary Care Retention in Medically Underserved Areas." Health Care Manager 35, no. 4 (2016): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hcm.0000000000000137.

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Wetherington, Jefferson Jackson, and Forrest Quinn Pecha. "Medically Underserved Populations: The Athletic Trainer's Role." Athletic Training Education Journal 15, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1947-380x-19-92.

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Context Health care cost continues to rise; the US continues to spend dramatically more money than other developed nations per individual without increased health outcomes. More individuals are finding it harder to get access to a health care provider, especially those in medically underserved areas and populations. Objective To increase the knowledge of the athletic training educator about medically underserved populations and the roles athletic trainers (ATs) play as leaders in health care delivery. Background Current and future physician shortages are known and are only going to increase as more than one-third of current primary care physicians are expected to retire in the next 10 years. Forty percent of the population lives in areas that are medically underserved and designated by the government as areas of professional medical shortage; patients in these areas are primarily served by primary care physicians. Synthesis As with access to physicians, access to ATs has been shown to be based upon socioeconomic status and presents more challenges for the medically underserved. Early access to health care providers has shown to be important in adolescents, as negative health behaviors can carry into adulthood, leading to poorer health-related outcomes throughout life. Recommendation(s) To ensure that athletic training educational programs include opportunities to provide service to the medically underserved, education on social determinates of health, and the means by which ATs can fill critical holes in providing care for these patients. More research is needed to validate ATs' roles in providing quality health care. Additionally, more research is needed around how AT education can help meet patient needs. Conclusion(s) As the athletic training profession continues to evolve and responds to the growing demands of the complex health care system, access to an AT may provide a vital bridge to overall health care for patients within medically underserved populations.
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Park, Yeri, Mark H. Ryan, Sally A. Santen, Roy Sabo, Courtney Blondino, and Mary Lee Magee. "Nurturing the Student, Sustaining the Mission: 20 Years of the International/Inner-City/Rural Preceptorship Program." Family Medicine 51, no. 10 (November 7, 2019): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2019.358223.

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Background and Objectives: Specialized medical school educational tracks aim to increase the primary care workforce. The International/Inner-City/Rural Preceptorship (I2CRP) Program is unique in addressing multiple communities, a large cohort and applying the Self Determination Theory framework. This study examined program impact by analyzing the numbers of graduates matched into primary care and practicing in medically underserved communities. Methods: We compared the match list of I2CRP graduates between 2000 and 2017 (n=204) to non-I2CRP Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine (VCU SOM) graduates (n=3,037). We analyzed the matches into primary care, National Health Service Corps (NHSC) priority specialties, and NHSC priority plus general surgery. We searched a federal database to determine which graduates are practicing in workforce shortage areas. Results: Many more I2CRP graduates matched to primary care (71.1%), compared to non-I2CRP graduates (38.2%; P<.001). Within primary care, I2CRP graduates matched to family medicine more frequently than non-I2CRP graduates (36.3% vs 8.4%). Eighteen percent of posttraining I2CRP graduates work in rural areas and 41% work in medically underserved areas. Conclusions: I2CRP graduates are more likely to match to family medicine and primary care. I2CRP curriculum nurtures new medical students’ interest in primary care, and self-determination theory provides a framework to organize the program curriculum. The program’s impact endures as evidenced by participants’ continued work in underserved areas after residency. Increasing support for such programs may help address the primary care physician shortage in medically underserved areas.
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Kim, Sage J., Caryn E. Peterson, Richard Warnecke, Richard Barrett, and Anne Elizabeth Glassgow. "The Uneven Distribution of Medically Underserved Areas in Chicago." Health Equity 4, no. 1 (December 1, 2020): 556–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/heq.2020.0023.

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Thomas, Richard K., James A. Johnson, and Walter J. Jones. "The implications of physician “oversupply” for medically underserved areas." International Journal of Public Administration 14, no. 1 (January 1991): 19–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01900699108524701.

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Weir, Rosy, Stacy Lavilla, Winston Tseng, Luella Penserga, Hui Song, Sherry Hirota, Jeffrey Caballero, and Won Cook. "Limited English Proficiency as a Critical Component of the Department of Health and Human Services Proposed Rule for Medically Underserved Areas." AAPI Nexus Journal: Policy, Practice, and Community 9, no. 1-2 (2011): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36650/nexus9.1-2_163-175_weiretal.

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Medically underserved Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Other Pacific Islanders (AA&NHOPIs) and other racial/ethnic minorities are often left out of the health center system (OMB, 1997; Papa Ola Lokahi, 2007). The Department of Human and Health Services is updating its Proposed Rule, which determines key population health indicators for medically underserved areas (MUA) and health professional shortage designations. This is important as revisions could increase Community Health Center (CHC) health care access for underserved AA&NHOPIs. We recommend that Limited English Proficiency be used as one of the measures in determining MUAs, as it is a scientifically valid and available measure that can identify where underserved AA&NHOPIs and other minorities who face an added language barrier can access needed health services.
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Davis, Jennifer R., Sacoby Wilson, Amy Brock-Martin, Saundra Glover, and Erik R. Svendsen. "The Impact of Disasters on Populations With Health and Health Care Disparities." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 4, no. 1 (March 2010): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1935789300002391.

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ABSTRACTContext:A disaster is indiscriminate in whom it affects. Limited research has shown that the poor and medically underserved, especially in rural areas, bear an inequitable amount of the burden.Objective:To review the literature on the combined effects of a disaster and living in an area with existing health or health care disparities on a community's health, access to health resources, and quality of life.Methods:We performed a systematic literature review using the following search terms: disaster, health disparities, health care disparities, medically underserved, and rural. Our inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed, US studies that discussed the delayed or persistent health effects of disasters in medically underserved areas.Results:There has been extensive research published on disasters, health disparities, health care disparities, and medically underserved populations individually, but not collectively.Conclusions:The current literature does not capture the strain of health and health care disparities before and after a disaster in medically underserved communities. Future disaster studies and policies should account for differences in health profiles and access to care before and after a disaster.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:30-38)
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Le, Lisa D., Isabel Rose Paulk, David R. Axon, and Jennifer M. Bingham. "Comprehensive Medication Review Completion in Medically Underserved Areas and Populations." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 32, no. 3 (2021): 1301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2021.0133.

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Correa, E., D. Calmes, and K. E. Wolf. "WHY DO PHYSICIANS CHOOSE TO PRACTICE IN MEDICALLY UNDERSERVED AREAS?" Journal of Investigative Medicine 55, no. 1 (January 2007): S155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042871-200701010-00492.

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Young, Donna. "Loan repayments help pharmacists provide care in medically underserved areas." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 60, no. 21 (November 1, 2003): 2186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/60.21.2186.

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Santen, Richard J. "Patients with diabetes in rural underserved areas." Open Access Government 40, no. 1 (October 25, 2023): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-040-10840.

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Patients with diabetes in rural underserved areas Richard J. Santen, MD, Emeritus Professor of Medicine at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, delineates the characteristics of patients with diabetes residing in rural underserved areas, including the role of meal replacements for weight loss. Patients with diabetes residing in rural, economically challenged and medically underserved areas generally lack endocrinologists for consultative evaluation and management. (1,2) One solution to the problem is recruiting retired endocrinologists to care for these patients by telemedicine. This can be facilitated by partnering with rural, community health clinics. In the United States, a Federal program funds 1,400 rural clinics and supports the providers and clinical educators to instruct patients regarding diabetes mellitus management, nutrition, laboratory testing, and radiology. My experience over the last six years, as a partially retired endocrinologist, indicates that such a program is beneficial and results in lowering the hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with diabetes (3).
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Fifolt, Matthew, Lisa C. McCormick, Michelle Carvalho, Laura Lloyd, and Melissa Alperin. "Connecting Public Health Students to Rural and Underserved Areas: Promoting Health Equity Through Field Placement Experiences." Health Promotion Practice 21, no. 4 (October 4, 2019): 535–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839919879924.

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There is an increasing demand for public health workers due to the unmet needs of the poor and underserved populations. However, through field placement experiences, students can actively engage in their own learning while also addressing critical needs of rural and medically underserved populations. In this mixed-methods evaluation, we explored experiences of emerging public health practitioners who participated in the Region IV Public Health Training Center’s Pathways to Practice Scholars program between 2014 and 2018. Based on student confidence level ratings and descriptions of field placement experiences, scholars participated in meaningful and enriching field placement experiences in rural areas or on behalf of medically underserved populations. Across all eight Council on Linkages Core Competency Domains, students recorded increased pre- to post-confidence scores, and for many, the field placement experience appeared to affirm their interest in addressing the needs of these communities in the future.
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Gonzalez Bravo, Carolina, Shakoora A. Sabree, Kimberly Dukes, Morolake J. Adeagbo, Sarai Edwards, Kasey Wainwright, Sienna E. Schaeffer, Aneli Villa, Aloha D. Wilks, and Martha L. Carvour. "Diabetes care in the pandemic era in the Midwestern USA: a semi-structured interview study of the patient perspective." BMJ Open 14, no. 3 (March 2024): e081417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081417.

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ObjectivesTo understand patients’ experiences with diabetes care during the COVID-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on rural, medically underserved, and/or minoritised racial and ethnic groups in the Midwestern USA.DesignCommunity-engaged, semi-structured interviews were conducted by medical student researchers trained in qualitative interviewing. Transcripts were prepared and coded in the language in which the interview was conducted (English or Spanish). Thematic analysis was conducted, and data saturation was achieved.SettingThe study was conducted in communities in Eastern and Western Iowa.ParticipantsAdults with diabetes (n=20) who were fluent in conversational English or Spanish were interviewed. One-third of participants were residents of areas designated as federal primary healthcare professional shortage areas and/or medically underserved areas, and more than half were recruited from medical clinics that offer care at no cost.ResultsThemes across both English and Spanish transcripts included: (1) perspectives of diabetes, care providers and care management; (2) challenges and barriers affecting diabetes care; and (3) participant feedback and recommendations. Participants reported major constraints related to provider availability, costs of care, access to nutrition counselling and mental health concerns associated with diabetes care during the pandemic. Participants also reported a lack of shared decision-making regarding some aspects of care, including amputation. Finally, participants recognised systems-level challenges that affected both patients and providers and expressed a preference for proactive collaboration with healthcare teams.ConclusionsThese findings support enhanced engagement of rural, medically underserved and minoritised groups as stakeholders in diabetes care, diabetes research and diabetes provider education.
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Liaw, Winston, Andrew Bazemore, Imam Xierali, John Walden, and Philip Diller. "Impact of Global Health Experiences During Residency on Graduate Practice Location: A Multisite Cohort Study." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-13-00352.1.

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Abstract Background The impact of global health experiences on practice location is not clear. Objective We studied whether participants in global health tracks (GHTs) and global health electives (GHEs) were more likely to practice in underserved areas. Methods Our study used the 2010 American Medical Association Masterfile to evaluate the practice location of 999 graduates (1980–2009) from 5 family medicine programs. The variable of interest was participation in a GHT or GHE. Outcome measures were percentage of graduates practicing in (1) health professional shortage areas, (2) medically underserved areas or populations, (3) rural areas, (4) areas of dense poverty, and (5) any rural or underserved area. We also examined whether availability of a GHT or GHE in the program affected nonparticipants' practice location. Results Sixty-four percent (112 of 174) of participants practiced in areas of dense poverty compared with 56% (463 of 825) of nonparticipants (P = .04). Those graduating after GHT implementation were more likely to practice in a rural or underserved area compared with those graduating before implementation. After controlling for potential confounders, GHT participants were not more likely to work in an underserved area. Conclusions Graduates of programs with global health experiences were more likely to practice in an underserved or rural area. Making these experiences available may affect participants and nonparticipants.
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McDougal, Laney, Paul Foster Johnson, Lynne Kirk, and Kevin B. Weiss. "The ACGME Framework for Medically Underserved Areas and Populations and Graduate Medical Education." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 15, no. 2 (April 1, 2023): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-23-00119.1.

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Martinez, Amanda. "Christian Healthcare in Medically Underserved North Philadelphia." Christian Journal for Global Health 9, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v9i1.633.

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With an unfortunate number of underserved communities throughout the world, it would be remiss to overlook the prevalence of ones located right in the backyards of America. Most residents of these communities suffer disproportionately from health disparities. They are often lower income, non-white residents of dense, and diverse urban neighborhoods, like ones located in North Philadlphia.1 Most of the residents of North Philadelphia lack basic health care services, live in households with incomes at or below 200% of the poverty level, and nearly one in five people lack health insurance, resulting in communities that are designated as a Federal Medically Underserved Areas.2 Since 1989, a health center, Esperanza, has been dedicated to serving the members of the North Philadelphia community through an intentional and faith-based approach. Today, its director, Susan Post, has continued to carry out the mission of Esperanza through efforts that highlight purposeful proximity.
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Polednak, Anthony P. "Later-Stage Cancer in Relation to Medically Underserved Areas in Connecticut." Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 11, no. 3 (2000): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2010.0802.

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Johnston, Rebecca. "Providing Interlibrary Loan to Health Workers in Medically Underserved Rural Areas." Journal of Interlibrary Loan,Document Delivery & Electronic Reserve 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j474v17n03_07.

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Toner, John A., Della K. Ferguson, and Regina Davis Sokal. "Continuing interprofessional education in geriatrics and gerontology in medically underserved areas." Journal of Continuing Education in the Health Professions 29, no. 3 (2009): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chp.20029.

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Barclift, Songhai C., Elizabeth J. Brown, Sean C. Finnegan, Elena R. Cohen, and Kathleen Klink. "Teaching Health Center Graduate Medical Education Locations Predominantly Located in Federally Designated Underserved Areas." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 8, no. 2 (May 1, 2016): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-15-00274.1.

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ABSTRACT The Teaching Health Center Graduate Medical Education (THCGME) program is an Affordable Care Act funding initiative designed to expand primary care residency training in community-based ambulatory settings. Statute suggests, but does not require, training in underserved settings. Residents who train in underserved settings are more likely to go on to practice in similar settings, and graduates more often than not practice near where they have trained.Background The objective of this study was to describe and quantify federally designated clinical continuity training sites of the THCGME program.Objective Geographic locations of the training sites were collected and characterized as Health Professional Shortage Area, Medically Underserved Area, Population, or rural areas, and were compared with the distribution of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)–funded training positions.Methods More than half of the teaching health centers (57%) are located in states that are in the 4 quintiles with the lowest CMS-funded resident-to-population ratio. Of the 109 training sites identified, more than 70% are located in federally designated high-need areas.Results The THCGME program is a model that funds residency training in community-based ambulatory settings. Statute suggests, but does not explicitly require, that training take place in underserved settings. Because the majority of the 109 clinical training sites of the 60 funded programs in 2014–2015 are located in federally designated underserved locations, the THCGME program deserves further study as a model to improve primary care distribution into high-need communities.Conclusions
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Xu, G., J. Veloski, M. Hojat, R. M. Politzer, H. K. Rabinowitz, and S. L. Rattner. "Factors influencing primary care physicians?? choice to practice in medically underserved areas." Academic Medicine 72, no. 10 (October 1997): S109???11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199710000-00060.

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Xu, G., J. Veloski, M. Hojat, R. M. Politzer, H. K. Rabinowitz, and S. L. Rattner. "Factors influencing primary care physiciansʼ choice to practice in medically underserved areas." Academic Medicine 72, Supplement 1 (October 1997): S109—S111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199710001-00037.

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Kemnitz, M. C., and K. L. Muehler. "Dietetic Internship Program Utilizes Service-Learning Model to Impact Medically Underserved Areas." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 106, no. 8 (August 2006): A47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2006.05.137.

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Ruffolo, Mary C., Daicia Price, and Andrea Smith. "Building a Community–Academic Partnership to Expand Workforce Development in Underserved, High-Need/High-Demand Areas." Public Health Reports 138, no. 1_suppl (May 2023): 9S—15S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00333549221138852.

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This case study highlights the partnership development between a large, urban, public, community-based behavioral health system and an academic program. Using principles of partnership building and facilitators that enhance partnership building, we describe the process of initiating, building, and sustaining the partnership. The Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) workforce development initiative was the primary catalyst for the partnership development. The public, community-based behavioral health system is located in an urban, medically underserved area and health care professional shortage area. The academic partner is a master in social work (MSW) program in Michigan. We assessed partnership development by using process and outcome measures that captured changes in the partnerships and in implementation of the HRSA workforce development grant. The goals of this partnership were to develop the infrastructure to support the training of MSW students, expand workforce skills in integrated behavioral health, and increase the number of MSW graduates who work with medically underserved populations. During 2018-2020, the partnership trained 70 field instructors, engaged 114 MSW students in HRSA field placements, and developed 35 community-based field sites (including 4 federally qualified health centers). The partnership provided training for field supervisors and for HRSA MSW students and developed new courses/trainings focusing on integrated behavioral health assessment/intervention practices, trauma-informed care, cultural awareness, and telebehavioral health practices. Of 57 HRSA MSW graduates who responded to a postgraduation survey, 38 (66.7%) were employed in medically underserved, high-need/high-demand urban areas. Partnership sustainability was helped by formal agreements, regular communication, and a collaborative decision-making approach.
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Hwang, Min Hye, and Hye Kyung Lee. "Influence of cognitive function and social support on health-related quality of life of elderly men in partial medically underserved rural areas: A cross-sectional study." Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing 25, no. 2 (May 31, 2023): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17079/jkgn.2302.05001.

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Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors influencing the health-related quality of life of elderly men in partial medically underserved rural areas. Methods: The subjects included 182 elderly men aged 65 or older living in the jurisdictions of the Health Care Centers in G, I, and J Myeon, which were medically underserved rural areas in Gongju City, South Korea. Data were collected on October 31 to November 1, 2020, and were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and hierarchical linear regression. Results: The subjects’ scored mean 24.20±3.29 points out of 30 in cognitive functions and mean 17.08±9.40 out of 60 in social support. The influential factors included three chronic diseases (β=-.50, p<.001), two chronic diseases (β=-.30, p<.001), one chronic disease (β=-.21, p<.001); fair subjective health status (β=.24, p<.001); good subjective health status (β=.25, p<.001); cognitive functions (β=.17, p=.004); aged 80 or older (β=-.16, p=.006); and brushing teeth three times per day or more (β=.14, p=.009) with an explanatory power of 53.8%. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop chronic disease management and cognitive function enhancement programs to identify factors influencing the health-related quality of life of elderly men in partial medically underserved rural areas and thus improve their health-related quality of life.
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Kaku, Atsushi, and Akira Matsushita. "A web-based cross-sectional survey of selective medical school admissions for medically underserved areas." An Official Journal of the Japan Primary Care Association 38, no. 1 (2015): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14442/generalist.38.31.

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Oh, Su Hyun, and Jin Suk Kim. "Strategies to enhance public health doctor system in South Korea." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 67, no. 6 (June 10, 2024): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2024.67.6.415.

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Background: South Korea’s public health doctor system requires physicians to provide primary healthcare in medically underserved areas, such as rural regions, as an alternative to mandatory military service. Recently, concerns have arisen over the decline in the number of public health doctors available in these underserved areas. This study reviews issues related to the public health doctor system and proposes strategies for enhancing its management.Current Concepts: The annual number of public health doctors has steadily decreased by approximately 46.6%, from 1,962 in 2008 to 1,048 in 2022. According to the survey, the reasons behind this decline include the lengthy service period of 36 months compared to the 18-month military service, poor working conditions, low financial support, unreasonable manpower deployment, and uncertain social status.Discussion and Conclusion: Several recommendations can enhance the effectiveness of the public health doctor system. First, the mandatory service period of 36 months should be shortened, and a military training period of 1–2 months should be incorporated into the overall service duration. Second, ensuring appropriate working hours, including holidays, along with improved working conditions and reasonable financial support and compensation, is essential. Third, the role of public health doctors should shift from solely providing basic primary healthcare to acting as public health managers in local communities. Lastly, a long-term plan should be developed to establish various types of medical institutions in medically underserved regions.
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Malayala, Srikrishna Varun, Deepa Vasireddy, Paavani Atluri, and Ram Sanjeev Alur. "Primary Care Shortage in Medically Underserved and Health Provider Shortage Areas: Lessons from Delaware, USA." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 12 (January 2021): 215013272199401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150132721994018.

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Objective: To examine the reasons contributing to the physician shortage in the country’s medically underserved areas using the state of Delaware as a focus state. Method: A literature review regarding the shortage of physicians with data compilation from Delaware Department of Public Health (DPH) and Delaware Health and Social services (DHSS) was performed. A review of the “Conrad 30 J1 VISA waiver program,” the most important and primary supplier of physicians to underserved areas of the state was performed. A survey interviewing the physicians recruited through this program to identify any challenges faced by them was designed and conducted. Results: The number of primary care physicians providing direct patient care in Delaware in 2018 had declined about 6% from 2013. The average wait time to see a PCP was 8.2 days in 1998 as compared to 23.5 days in 2018. Forty-six percent of physicians serving in HPSAs in Delaware are IMGs recruited through the J1 VISA waiver program. Eighty percent of these IMGs are actively considering leaving the United States due to anxieties around physician immigration policies, mainly “Immigration backlog.” Conclusion: The existing programs to recruit physicians to underserved areas seem to be inadequate. The state and the hospital systems should be able to utilize the J1 program to its full potential and focus on retaining these physicians after their assigned services. As the challenges of IMGs continue to worsen every day; the medical societies, hospitals, the state and federal government should advocate for policies that resolve these challenges.
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Felton, Julia W., Anahi Collado, Katherine M. Ingram, Kelly Doran, and Richard Yi. "Improvement of Working Memory is a Mechanism for Reductions in Delay Discounting Among Mid-Age Individuals in an Urban Medically Underserved Area." Annals of Behavioral Medicine 53, no. 11 (April 7, 2019): 988–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaz010.

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Abstract Background Delay discounting, or the tendency to devalue rewards as a function of their delayed receipt, is associated with myriad negative health behaviors. Individuals from medically underserved areas are disproportionately at risk for chronic health problems. The higher rates of delay discounting and consequent adverse outcomes evidenced among low-resource and unstable environments suggest this may be an important pathway to explain health disparities among this population. Purpose The current study examined the effectiveness of a computerized working memory training program to decrease rates of delay discounting among residents of a traditionally underserved region. Methods Participants (N = 123) were recruited from a community center serving low income and homeless individuals. Subjects completed measures of delay discounting and working memory and then took part in either an active or control working memory training. Results Analyses indicated that participants in the active condition demonstrated significant improvement in working memory and that this improvement mediated the relation between treatment condition and reductions in delay discounting. Conclusions Results suggest that a computerized intervention targeting working memory may be effective in decreasing rates of delay discounting in adults from medically underserved areas (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03501706).
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Na, Baeg Ju, Jin Yong Lee, and Hyun Joo Kim. "Are public health physicians still needed in medically underserved rural areas in Korea?" Medicine 96, no. 19 (May 2017): e6928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000006928.

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Jayasekera, Channa R., Ryan B. Perumpail, David T. Chao, Edward A. Pham, Avin Aggarwal, Robert J. Wong, and Aijaz Ahmed. "Task-Shifting: An Approach to Decentralized Hepatitis C Treatment in Medically Underserved Areas." Digestive Diseases and Sciences 60, no. 12 (October 14, 2015): 3552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10620-015-3911-6.

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Evans, Adrianna, Molly Lynch, Mihaela Johnson, and Natasha Bonhomme. "Assessing the newborn screening education needs of families living in medically underserved areas." Journal of Genetic Counseling 29, no. 4 (March 30, 2020): 658–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgc4.1252.

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39

Bradshaw, Justin T., Telyn Peterson, Lawsen M. Parker, Zeke Richards, Chad J. Skidmore, Kevin Brighton, Maxton W. Muir, et al. "A Prospective Analysis of the Simplified Student Sight Savers Program on Open-Angle Glaucoma Cost Burden in Underserved Communities." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 10 (May 20, 2022): 2903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11102903.

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(1) Background: Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Unfortunately, no noticeable symptoms exist until mid- to late-stage glaucoma, leading to substantial costs to the patient and the healthcare system. (2) Methods: The Student Sight Savers Program, an initiative started at Johns Hopkins University, was designed to meet the needs of community screening for glaucoma. Several medical students at the Rocky Vista University in Saint George, Utah, were trained, and screened patients at local fairs and gathering places using a modified version of this program. Patients found to have elevated pressure (>21 mmHg) or other ocular abnormalities were referred for an ophthalmological examination. (3) Results: Individuals from medically underserved areas/populations (MUA/Ps) were nearly three times as likely to have elevated intraocular pressure as individuals not in underserved areas (p = 0.0141). A further analysis demonstrates that medical students can help reduce medical costs for patients and the healthcare system by providing referrals to ophthalmologists and reaching populations that are not usually screened for glaucoma. (4) Conclusions: Allowing medical students to perform community-based glaucoma screening events in MUA/Ps using handheld tonometers may decrease the cost burden associated with late diagnosis, and raise awareness about glaucoma, especially in underserved populations.
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Khandelwal, C. M., J. Mizell, and E. Pace. "Practice Patterns in Arkansas: Does Selection of Students From Medically Underserved Areas Increase Rural Medical Service?" Journal of Surgical Research 179, no. 2 (February 2013): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2012.10.742.

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41

Goldsmith, Laurie J., and Thomas C. Ricktts. "Proposed Changes to Designations of Medically Underserved Populations and Health Professional Shortage Areas: Effects on Rural Areas." Journal of Rural Health 15, no. 1 (December 1999): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.1999.tb00597.x.

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42

Myers, C. Daniel, Edith C. Kieffer, A. Mark Fendrick, Hyungjin Myra Kim, Karen Calhoun, Lisa Szymecko, Lynnette LaHahnn, et al. "How Would Low-Income Communities Prioritize Medicaid Spending?" Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 45, no. 3 (February 20, 2020): 373–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-8161024.

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Abstract Context: Medicaid plays a critical role in low-income, minority, and medically underserved communities, particularly in states that have expanded Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. Yet, the voices of underresourced communities are often unheard in decisions about how to allocate Medicaid's scarce resources, and traditional methods of public engagement are poorly suited to gathering such input. We argue that deliberative public engagement can be a useful tool for involving communities in setting Medicaid priorities. Method: We engaged 209 residents of low-income, medically underserved Michigan communities in discussions about Medicaid spending priorities using an exercise in informed deliberation: CHAT (CHoosing All Together). Participants learned about Medicaid, deliberated in small groups, and set priorities both individually and collectively. Findings: Participants prioritized broad eligibility consistent with the ACA expansion, accepted some cost sharing, and prioritized spending in areas—including mental health—that are historically underfunded. Participants allocated less funding beyond benefit coverage, such as spending on healthy communities. Participants perceived the deliberative process as fair and informative, and they supported using it in the policy-making process. Conclusion: The choices of participants from low-income, medically underserved communities reflect a unique set of priorities and suggest that engaging low-income communities more deeply in Medicaid policy making might result in different prioritization decisions.
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Nakamura, Akihisa, Eiji Satoh, Tatsuya Suzuki, Soichi Koike, and Kazuhiko Kotani. "Future Possible Changes in Medically Underserved Areas in Japan: A Geographic Information System-Based Simulation Study." Journal of Market Access & Health Policy 12, no. 2 (June 3, 2024): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmahp12020010.

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Background: A decrease in populations could affect healthcare access and systems, particularly in medically underserved areas (MUAs) where depopulation is becoming more prevalent. This study aimed to simulate the future population and land areas of MUAs in Japan. Methods: This study covered 380,948 1 km meshes, 87,942 clinics, and 8354 hospitals throughout Japan as of 2020. The areas outside a 4 km radius of medical institutions were considered as MUAs, based on the measure of areas in the current Japanese Medical Care Act. Based on the population estimate for a 1 km mesh, the population of mesh numbers of MUAs was predicted for every 10 years from 2020 to 2050 using geographic information system analysis. If the population within a 4 km radius from a medical institution fell below 1000, the institution was operationally assumed to be closed. Results: The number of MUAs was predicted to decrease from 964,310 (0.77% of the total Japanese population) in 2020 to 763,410 (0.75%) by 2050. By 2050, 48,105 meshes (13% of the total meshes in Japan) were predicted to be new MUAs, indicating a 31% increase in MUAs from 2020 to 2050. By 2050, 1601 medical institutions were tentatively estimated to be in close proximity. Conclusions: In Japan, the population of MUAs will decrease, while the land area of MUAs will increase. Such changes may reform rural healthcare policy and systems.
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Olmos-Ochoa, Tanya T., Isomi M. Miake-Lye, Beth A. Glenn, Emmeline Chuang, O. Kenrik Duru, David A. Ganz, and Roshan Bastani. "Sustaining Successful Clinical-community Partnerships in Medically Underserved Urban Areas: A Qualitative Case Study." Journal of Community Health Nursing 38, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370016.2021.1869423.

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Chevillard, Guillaume, and Julien Mousquès. "Medically underserved areas: are primary care teams efficient at attracting and retaining general practitioners?" Social Science & Medicine 287 (October 2021): 114358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114358.

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Tavernier, Laura A., Pamela D. Connor, Diane Gates, and Jim Y. Wan. "Does exposure to medically underserved areas during training influence eventual choice of practice location?" Medical Education 37, no. 4 (April 2003): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2003.01472.x.

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Bardenheier, Barbara H., Hussain R. Yusuf, Jorge Rosenthal, Jeanne M. Santoli, Abigail M. Shefer, Donna L. Rickert, and Susan Y. Chu. "Factors Associated with Underimmunization at 3 Months of Age in Four Medically Underserved Areas." Public Health Reports 119, no. 5 (September 2004): 479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phr.2004.07.005.

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Kisilevzky, Nestor, and Henrique Elkis. "Provision of a Mobile Uterine Artery Embolization Service to Medically Underserved Areas in Brazil." Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 22, no. 4 (April 2011): 490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2010.12.012.

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49

Allen, John M., Janel P. Soucie, Lisa Vandervoort, Carolynn N. Komanski, and Carinda J. Feild. "Prevalence of Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences in Medically Underserved and High Social Vulnerability Areas." American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 87, no. 8 (August 2023): 100234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100234.

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Chastain, Daniel B., S. Travis King, and Kayla R. Stover. "Infectious and Non-infectious Etiologies of Cardiovascular Disease in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection." Open AIDS Journal 10, no. 1 (June 6, 2016): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010113.

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Background:Increasing rates of HIV have been observed in women, African Americans, and Hispanics, particularly those residing in rural areas of the United States. Although cardiovascular (CV) complications in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have significantly decreased following the introduction of antiretroviral therapy on a global scale, in many rural areas, residents face geographic, social, and cultural barriers that result in decreased access to care. Despite the advancements to combat the disease, many patients in these medically underserved areas are not linked to care, and fewer than half achieve viral suppression.Methods:Databases were systematically searched for peer-reviewed publications reporting infectious and non-infectious etiologies of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients. Relevant articles cited in the retrieved publications were also reviewed for inclusion.Results:A variety of outcomes studies and literature reviews were included in the analysis. Relevant literature discussed the manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of infectious and non-infectious etiologies of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients.Conclusion:In these medically underserved areas, it is vital that clinicians are knowledgeable in the manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of CV complications in patients with untreated HIV. This review summarizes the epidemiology and causes of CV complications associated with untreated HIV and provide recommendations for management of these complications.
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