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Saslis-Lagoudakis, Charilaos Haris. "Evolutionary perspectives on medicinal plant use." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553013.
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Previous studies have found similarities in medicinal plant use between geographic regions and cultures at different spatial scales. Furthermore, it has been shown that phylogeny constrains plant use and some lineages are richer in medicinal plants than others. This thesis investigates evolutionary and cross-cultural patterns in medicinal plant use using taxonomic and phylogenetic tools at different scales of human cultural proximity, plant phylogenetic relatedness and space. Between the ethnomedicinal floras of Nepal, the Cape of South Africa and New Zealand the most prominent plant families of plant use are recorded and compared, revealing some cases of common use across the three regions. Using comprehensive phylogenetic trees of the floras from the three regions, it is revealed that plants used in traditional medicine in all three regions come from significantly similar lineages. This finding is exploited to examine whether phylogenetic tools can predict medicinal plant use in one region from the medicinal plants used in another, demonstrating positive results. Medicinal plant use is also compared between 12 comparatively closely related ethnic groups in Nepal. In general more similar medicinal floras are found between ethnic groups that live in similar environments, rather than those with close cultural relationships. This result suggests that experimentation, rather than conservatism rules ethnobotany as humans migrate to new regions and come into contact with different cultures and floras, revealing the dynamic character of ethnomedicine. Finally, the ethnomedicinal uses of the pantropical genus Pterocarpus (Leguminosae) are recorded and the phylogenetic relationships within the genus are reconstructed. The combined study of taxonomic, phylogenetic, biogeographic and ethnobotanical information provides new insights into cross-cultural patterns in plant use, and phylogenetic tools for the discovery of new plant medicines are developed and tested. Overall, the use of explicit phylogenetic tools in this thesis confirms that plant use is significantly phylogenetically clustered. This finding is recovered at the family, genus and species level.
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SINGLA, ANUPAM. "ENHANCED BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN MEDICINAL PLANT USING PLANT TISSUE CULTURE." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18478.
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Bioactive chemicals are described as dietary components that affect people who consume those
substances in their physiological as well as cellular function. Flavonoids, anthocyanins,
tannins, berets, carotenoids, plant sterols and glucosinolates are all included. These may well
be present most often in fruits and vegetables; offer anti - oxidant, anti-inflammatory but also
antiviral activities; and therefore, can shield humans toward chronic disorders and metabolism.
These favorable effects empower researchers to create novel functional foods containing
prospective protective and healthful. Cardiovascular disease is the cardiac or blood vessel
dysfunctional action. An inadequate heart and blood vessel function boosts the heart attack
risk, heart failure, sudden death, stroke and heart rhythm disorders, resulting to diminished
standard of health and a shorter life expectancy. Plant tissue culture is an effective venue for
the generation of secondary metabolites along with its diverse implications. Diverse plant-
based strategies including such callus or suspension cultivation are utilized generally in the
synthesis of secondary plant metabolites. Several novel approaches which aim to have a rather
significant and neglected influence on secondary metabolite synthesis.
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Teixidor, Toneu Irene. "The evolution of medicinal floras : insights from Moroccan medicinal plant knowledge transmission." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75513/.
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Why some plants are used medicinally, and others not, is not yet totally understood; intrinsic, cultural and floristic factors may be important and their interactions are complex. Plants’ morphological, organoleptic and ecological traits have been evaluated elsewhere. This thesis focuses on the role of cultural transmission of knowledge across generations, societies and floristic environments. Using Morocco as a case study, this thesis describes medicinal plant use among understudied Tashelhit speakers in the High Atlas and specialist healers called ferraggat. The role of knowledge transmission is evaluated in a context of cultural change. Processes of transmission are also inferred from patterns of medicinal plant use regionally; a checklist for Moroccan medicinal plants is compiled and a new method based on biogeographic data is used to test a hypothesis about the influence of the Arab knowledge due to historical migrations into Morocco. Aspects of Ishelhin ethnobotanical knowledge are described through 254 vernacular plant names, which reflect local livelihoods and biodiversity values; 151 vernacular names for medicinal plants correspond to 159 botanical species and are found to treat 36 folk ailments. Men and women listed significantly different medicinal plants; herbal medicine is a women’s domain characterized by low specificity of herbal remedies and widespread use of mixtures. Medicinal plant use is guided by local concepts of health and illness including supernatural aetiologies, which also determine healthcare seeking behaviour. Belief in supernatural causes of illness and difficult access to biomedicine result in preference for ferraggat to treat childrens’ ailments in the High Atlas by a practice called frigg. Seventy plants were documented for this treatment, but emphasis on plants may be a recent substitute for remedies that used primarily wool and blood two generations ago. This is a shift in the objects of cultural meaningfulness in response to the increasing influence of orthodox Islam and state-sponsored modernisation, including public healthcare and schooling. Transmission of knowledge is underpinned by the prestige and legitimacy of alternative remedies and healing systems, which shift during socioeconomic and religious change. With biomedicine available, herbal remedies may not be preferred treatments, unless local explanatory models of illness are maintained. Meta-analysis of the Moroccan medicinal flora supports this view. Although I hypothesised that Saharo-Arabian plants would be overrepresented in the Moroccan medicinal flora, overrepresentation was not significant. Nonetheless, Arabic influence is evidenced through the Moroccan syncretic health system. The combination of pattern and process observation in the field and from macroscale analysis contributes to the understanding of how knowledge transmission shapes medicinal floras.
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Arendse, Melissa Liezel. "Medicinal plant use in the Dwarsrivier Valley, Stellenbosch." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4822.
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Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology)Plants have been used as medicine since antiquity. Passed on by word of mouth through the generations, this oral tradition is at risk of becoming extinct due to westernization and lack of documentation. The community in the Dwarsrivier valley is one such community who continues to use these medicinal plant remedies on a daily basis. However, these remedies are at risk of becoming extinct due to a lack of interest from the younger generation. The objectives of the study were to identify the plants used for medicinal purposes, provide an inventory and select several plants for elemental analysis and phytochemical screening. Individuals were selected based on their ethnobotanical knowledge and agreed to participate in the study. Over 40 individuals were interviewed from the four communities; Pniel, Lanquedoc, Meerlust and Kylemore. Of the 40 participants interviewed, 25 participants agreed to complete questionnaires. The survey yielded 53 plant species belonging to 31 families of which only 24 are indigenous. Although more exotic plants are used compared to indigenous, the indigenous plants were the more popular choice for medicinal use. Most plants belonged to the Lamiaceae family followed by Asteraceae, Alliaceae, Apiaceae and Rosaceae. The most popular plants in terms of ranking are Agathosma crenulata followed by Artemisia afra and Helichrysum petiolare. This is the first report of Protea cynaroides, Cissus rhombifolia, Canna spp. and Dilatris viscosa used for medicinal purposes.
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Madeo, M. "MEDICINAL PLANT RESPONSE TO ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC STRESS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/150114.
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Medicinal plants have always been considered a rich source of secondary metabolites that promote human health. Quality and property of medicinal plants strictly depend on secondary metabolites profile. They also play important roles in plant physiological processes and in ecological systems. The environment exerts a selective pressure on plants and these molecules actively participate to the plant response and adaptation. Amongst secondary metabolite, the phenolic compounds possess properties able to prevent oxidative stress. Therefore, an enhancement of the amount of phenolic compounds can be observed under different environmental factors.
With this project we aimed to study the phenolic compounds of the medicinal plant Achillea collina Becker ex Rchb. cv “SPAK”, and their implication in physiological and biochemical response to abiotic and biotic stresses. We seek the possibility to increase the synthesis of phenolics with health properties or useful as potential control agents of insect pests.
Abiotic stress. Hydroponic culture was used to evaluate the effect of long-term mineral, nitrogen starvation (abiotic stress) in A. collina. By means of HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and NMR techniques, the content and the qualitative profile of A. collina methanol soluble phenolics, were evaluated. We concluded that the methanol extracts of A. collina leaves and roots are rich in hydroxycinnamic acids such as chlorogenic acid (2.33 ± 0.3 mg g-1 Dw), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (10.7 ± 4.2 mg g-1 Dw) and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (0.88 ± 0.24 mg g-1 Dw). The content of hydroxycinnamic acids significantly increased in plants growth under mineral nitrogen starvation, respect to the control plants. Chlorogenic acid increased by 2.5 and 3-fold and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid increased by 8.5 and 35-fold in leaves and root, respectively.
Biotic stress. A. collina plants cultivated in soil were infested with the phloem feeders aphids. We set up the system (e.g., age of plant, type of the cage, number of insects per plant, duration of infestation) to co-cultivated the plants with specialist (Macrosiphoniella millefolii) and generalist (Myzus persicae Sulzer) aphids. Plant growth, water and total protein content were evaluated. Based on a preliminary assessment of phenolic fingerprint, further extractions and separations were performed on A. collina leaves, to obtained soluble and cell wall-bound fractions and their sub-classes. Our results showed that A. collina plants were strongly affected by aphid infestation. Twenty days after infestation, the fresh weight was twenty-fold and seven-fold increased, in control and infested plants. Water and protein content, condensed tannins and methanol soluble phenolics content, were not affected by the aphid infestation. Cell wall-bound phenolics content increased in infested plants. The main phenolics were found to be chlorogenic acid and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic in methanol soluble fraction, and caffeic acid in cell wall fraction. The chromatographic profiles showed that the main hydroxycinnamic acids were present in control and in both M. persicae and M. millefolli infested plants. The quantitative analysis indicated that the levels of chlorogenic acid and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, were 44% and 37% higher in M. persicae infested plants, respectively. The levels of chlorogenic acid and 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, were 27% and 39% higher in M. millefolli infested plants, respectively. Twenty days after infestation the content of caffeic acid was resulted 43% and 34% higher in M. persicae and M. millefolli infested plants, respectively. These differences should indicate the different evolutionary interaction between plant and generalist/specialist aphid. We hypotheses that the increase of these molecules may represent a plant resistance mechanism against aphid attack. Finally, a chemometric approach, by means multivariate statistical analysis, was applied on chromatogram profiles to verify whether there is difference between methanol soluble fraction of infested and non infested A. collina plants. The discriminant analysis showed a significant effect of phloem feeders aphids on soluble phenolic compounds and indicated two peaks, not yet identified, that separate control from infested plants.
In conclusion the model system developed to cultivate A. collina was useful to understand the metabolic basis of the environment interactions. The main hydroxycinnamic acids identified, were resulted increased in both abiotic and biotic stress, suggesting their implication in A. collina protection to environmental controversies.
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Helson, Julie Elizabeth. "Tropical host plant-insect relationships as guides to medicinally-active plants." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98723.
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Previous studies have shown that: (1) plant defensive compounds may have medicinal properties; and (2) defensive compounds present in aposematic insects are often sequestered from their host-plant(s). This study addresses whether aposematic insects can be used as guides to detect plants containing medicinally-active compounds. First, ten tropical medicinally-active plants and ten non-active plants, selected using previous ICBG bioassay results, were observed regularly to determine their insect populations. Aposematic insects were found more frequently on active than non-active plants ( X2=8.167, P=0.01). Second, three aposematic insects feeding on Tithonia diversifolia were examined chemically to determine the fate of the plant's pharmaceutically-active compounds. They were not found to sequester or excrete these compounds. Therefore, using aposematic insects could increase the likelihood of finding plants with medicinally-active compounds; however, these insects may not necessarily utilize these compounds for defensive purposes. The underlying basis for this significant association between aposematic insects and medicinally-active plants requires further investigation.
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Weiss, Janna. "Diagnostic concepts and medicinal plant use of the Chatino (Oaxaca, Mexico) with a comparison of Chinese medicine /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Flanagan, Kelin. "Ethnobotany in Florida : Seminole cosmology and medicinal plant use." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1405.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Sciences
Anthropology
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Xego, Sibusiso. "Hydroponic propagation of Siphonochilus aethiopicus: an endangered medicinal plant." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2421.
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Thesis (MTech (Horticultural Sciences))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The increasing demand for medicinal plants has led into serious over-harvesting of wild populations and presents an opportunity for potential profitable cultivation. Production of medicinal plants in controlled environments particularly hydroponic technology provides opportunities for high quality biomass accumulation and optimizes production of secondary metabolites. Water availability and supplies are becoming scarce, thus search for innovative irrigation practices is desirable and vital. The proper irrigation interval and growing media can play a major role in increasing the water use efficiency. Thus, Siphonochilus aethiopicus was cultivated by means of the hydroponic technique, under various substrate combinations and watering regimes.
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Salim, Angela Aguslyarti. "Isolation and structural elucidation of bioactive compounds from Indonesian medicinal plants /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18695.pdf.
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Case, Olivia Hildegard. "An assessment of medicinal hemp plant extracts as natural antibiotic and immune modulation phytotherapies." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of medicinal hemp plant extracts to determine the antibacterial effects of indigenous Sansevieria species and exotic Cannabis sativa phytotherapy varieties. This study also assessed whether aqueous o
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GAUTAM, SHRUTI. "ENHANCED POLYPHENOL PRODUCTION IN MEDICINAL PLANTS USING TISSUE CULTURE." Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18481.
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Medicinal plants are an indispensable source of phytochemicals. Polyphenols are one of the most
prominent bioactive components produced by medicinal plants. Polyphenols are the plant’s
secondary metabolites which are secreted in response to any kind of abiotic or biotic stress. The
stress can be due to harmful UV rays, pathogen attack, infection, temperature variation, nutrient
deficiency or any kind of infection. These polyphenols are responsible for providing medicinal
properties to plants. The polyphenols are great therapeutic agents for humans and are widely
used for manufacture of herbal drugs. The polyphenols have found to be strong antioxidant
properties and protects epidermal layer from various damages. Polyphenols when either supplied
in diet or applied topically have found to be protective effects on skin. It is known to have anti-
inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti- carcinogenesis, anti- melanogenesis property. For meeting such
a high demand of polyphenols for therapeutic use, sustainable production of polyphenols is
necessary as their extraction from natural sources leads to extinction of rare medicinal plant
species. For this, the invitro plant tissue culture proves to be an efficient method of propagating
rare medicinal plants and optimizing various environmental conditions for maximizing the
production of polyphenols.
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Kudi, Ayuba Caleb. "Antiviral and antibacterial screening of some Nigerian medicinal plant extracts." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/29814.
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Plants from Northern Nigeria with a history of use in both human and veterinary traditional medicine have been investigated in vitro, for antiviral and antibacterial activity and their cytotoxicity against human cells in culture determined. Aqueous extracts were tested against poliovirus, astrovirus, human and Equine herpes simplex virus and canine and bovine parvovirus, using the microtitre plate inhibition test. Most of the extracts were non toxic to cells in culture and had activity against more than one virus at a dose rate of between 100 and 400 g/100. the most effective of the plant extracts were those of Bauhania thonningi, Anacardium occidentale, Boswelia dalzeilii, Dichrostacyls glomerata and Sterculia setigera, which were found to be active against all the viruses tested. In addition, most of the extracts were active against those Gram positive bacteria tested. Two of the plants, Anogeissus schimperi and Anacardium occidentale, had good antibacterial activity against the Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Attempts were made to isolate and identify the active components in these extracts with activity against both viruses and bacteria using the gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and thin layer chromatography. Activities were associated with fractions identified as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids and polyphenols and were found, either individually or in combination, to have antiviral action. A field trial of the active plant extracts was carried out using cattle with clinical diarrhoea and dysentery and comparing recovery patterns with similar administering extracts to cattle with clinically diagnosed diarrhoea animals treated with a broad spectrum gut-acting antibiotic, neomycin-sulphate. No significant difference (P=0.778) was seen between the extract and the antibiotic in efficacy of treatment.
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Chau, Yasmin-Pei(Yasmin-Pei Kamal). "Biosynthesis and medicinal chemistry of therapeutically promising plant natural products." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/122839.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, 2019Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Modern molecular biology, biochemical, and chemical techniques have made it possible to identify individual natural products that possess pharmacological activity from medicinal plants. While approximately 50% of all new FDA-approved small molecule therapeutics in the past 40 years were natural products or natural product analogs, challenges including limited natural resources and the difficulty of solving the total synthesis or semi-synthesis of natural products has limited our ability to harness the full diversity of chemical structures provided by nature to treat human diseases. One solution to these challenges is the elucidation of plant specialized metabolite biosynthetic pathways. Identifying and characterizing the enzymes involved in specialized metabolite biosynthesis will provide insight into the evolution of enzymes performing interesting chemistries and provide new tools for the enzymatic production of therapeutically promising natural products. The goal of this dissertation is to explore the aspects of both medicinal chemistry and the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways that can contribute to the development of novel therapeutics. First, we analyzed the structure-activity relationship of analogs of the the flavonoid icariin and identified analogs with improved potency in inhibiting human phosphodiesterase-5. We subsequently identified and characterized a novel flavonoid prenyltransferase and O-methyltransferase from the medicinal herb Epimedium sagittatum that is known to produce many bioactive prenylated and methylated flavonoids.
by Yasmin-Pei Chau.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering
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Kgatle, Dimakatso Thomas. "Isolation and characterization of antioxidant compounds from Cambretum apiculatum (Sond.) subsp apiculatum leaf extracts." Electronic thesis, 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08122008-114732/.
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Zhu, Min. "CNS active principles from selected Chinese medicinal plants." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339881.
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de, Boer Hugo J. "Snake Gourds, Parasites and Mother Roasting : Medicinal plants, plant repellents, and Trichosanthes (Cucurbitaceae) in Lao PDR." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Systematisk biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-168536.
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Background. Traditional plant use was studied in Lao PDR. Research focused on medicinal plant use by the Brou, Saek and Kry ethnic groups, traditional plant repellents against parasitic arthropods and leeches, and the phylogeny and biogeography of the medicinally-important snake gourd genus (Trichosanthes, Cucurbitaceae). Methods. The ethnobiology research used a combination of structured interviews, village surveys, botanical collecting, hydro-distillation, GC-MS analysis, literature studies, and laboratory experiments. The plant systematics research used a combination of morphological studies, molecular biology laboratory work, and phylogenetic, dating and biogeographical analysis. Results. Informants reported the use of close to 100 species to repel arthropods and leeches, many of which have constituents with documented efficacy. Brou, Saek and Kry informants use over 75 plant species for women’s healthcare, mainly during the postpartum period for steam sauna, steam bath, hotbed, mother roasting, medicinal decoctions and infusions, and postpartum diet. A molecular phylogeny of Trichosanthes and Gymnopetalum using a broad sampling of ~60% of their species and 4756 nucleotides of nuclear and plastid DNA shows that Gymnopetalum is nested within Trichosanthes. Fossil-calibrated Bayesian molecular dating of the Trichosanthes phylogeny reveals an early Oligocene origin of the genus, and many of the extant sections originating and diversifying during the Miocene. Biogeographical analysis shows a likely East or South Asian origin of Trichosanthes, with lineages diversifying and spreading throughout Australasia from the early Pliocene to the Pleistocene. Discussion. Traditional plant use in Lao PDR is common and widespread. The presence among the repellent species of economical alternatives to costly synthetic repellents is tenable, and the subject of ongoing studies. Postpartum traditions and medicinal plant use are essential parts of childbirth and postpartum recovery in these ethnic groups, and many other groups in Lao PDR. Efforts to improve maternal healthcare and reduce maternal and infant mortality need to integrate these traditions with modern notions of healthcare to achieve wider adoption. Documenting all possible uses of commonly used medicinal plant species shows that similarity in use between these ethnic groups is relatively low considering that they share, and have shared for many generations, the same environment and resources. A lack of effective cures leads to a process of continuous innovation, where effective cures are shared between cultures, but remedies of only cultural importance, or those under evaluation are culture-specific. The Trichosanthes phylogeny implies the merging of Gymnopetalum into Trichosanthes, and this is done using available names or new combinations. A synopsis of Trichosanthes, the new combinations, and a revision of the species in Australia, are made and presented. Conclusions. Traditional plant use is widespread in Lao PDR, and of significance to many people as a source of primary healthcare and inexpensive repellents. The important medicinal plant genus Trichosanthes includes Gymnopetalum, and has a complex biogeographic history with multiple colonization events of Australasia.
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BALCAZAR, Alejandro Lozano. "Hipótese da aparência na dinâmica do uso de plantas medicinais na Floresta Nacional do Araripe (Ceará, Nordeste do Brasil)." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4713.
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This search analyzes a pharmacopoeia under the optics of the apparency hypothesis. This hypothesis divides plants into apparent and not apparent ones, being the first, in a simple way, perennial woody plants, and the second herbaceous with short life cycle. The apparency hypothesis, when facing the ethnobotany, proposes a positive relationship between the availability of species (usually measured by phytosociological parameters) and its use value for people (calculated through ethnobotanical information). In the community of Caçimbas, settlement which uses plant resources from the Cerrado of the Araripe National Forest (FLONA-Araripe) in the State of Ceará, semi-structured interviews were used to obtain the inventory of medicinal plants, their collection site, diseases for which they are indicated, and calculate its use value, as well as their commercial and practical importance. During the process of botanical collections was set the habit of the plants and they also were featured into woody and non woody ones. The herbaceous habit and the woody plants had the greatest richness of etnoespécies, the herbaceous and non woody ones had the highest practical value, and anthropogenic areas resulted to be the main source of medicinal plants; herbs and trees had equal versatility in the treatment of diseases and they do not differ in regards to the use value. The trees stood out as the most commercially important. In addition, two vegetation plots were held at FLONA to test the relationship between phytosociological parameters and the use and commercial value of the medicinal plants. The commercial and use value were not correlated with the abundance, frequency or ecological importance index of the plants. This study provides information for the development and management plan of the Araripe National Forest, indicating how is the dynamic of use of medicinal plants resources by a nearby community, and allowing the analysis of the role of the FLONA in the cultural, practical and commercial dynamics of use of medicinal plants. This survey provides data on the use of medicinal plants in Brazilian semiarid, arriving with information about the application of the apparency hypothesis in understanding the dynamics of use of these resources.
Esta pesquisa foi baseada na análise de uma farmacopéia sob a ótica da hipótese da aparência. Esta hipótese divide as plantas em aparentes e não aparentes, sendo, simplificadamente, as primeiras lenhosas perenes e as segundas herbáceas de ciclo de vida curto. A hipótese da aparência, quando virada para a etnobotánica, propõe uma relação positiva entre a disponibilidade das espécies (usualmente medida por parâmetros fitossociológicos) e o seu valor de uso para as pessoas (calculado por meio de informações etnobotânicas). Na comunidade de Caçimbas, povoado que utiliza recursos vegetais no cerrado da Floresta Nacional do Araripe (FLONA-Araripe) estado do Ceará, foram utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas para obter o inventário das plantas medicinais, seu local de coleta, doenças para as que são indicadas, e calcular seu valor de uso, valor comercial e importância prática. Durante coletas botânicas foi definido o hábito das plantas e também foram caracterizadas em lenhosas e não lenhosas. O hábito herbáceo e as lenhosas tiveram a maior riqueza de etnoespécies, as não lenhosas herbáceas são as de maior valor prático, e as zonas antropogênicas resultaram ser a principal fonte de plantas medicinais; ervas e árvores resultaram igualmente versáteis no tratamento de doenças e não se diferenciaram quanto ao valor de uso. As árvores se destacaram como as de maior importância comercial. Além disso, duas parcelas de vegetação foram realizadas na FLONA para testar a relação entre parâmetros fitossociológicos e o valor de uso e valor comercial das plantas medicinais. O valor de uso e valor comercial não se correlacionaram com a abundancia, freqüência e índice de valor de importância ecológico das plantas medicinais. O presente estudo fornece informação para o desenvolvimento do plano de manejo da Floresta Nacional do Araripe (FLONA-Araripe) indicando como é a dinâmica de uso de plantas medicinais por uma comunidade adjacente, e possibilitando a análise do papel da FLONA no valor cultural e importância prática e comercial das plantas medicinais. Esta pesquisa fornece dados sobre o uso de plantas medicinais no semiárido brasileiro, aportando com informações sobre a aplicação da hipótese da aparência na compreensão da dinâmica de uso desses recursos.
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Labriola, Christine. "Environment, Culture, and Medicinal Plant Knowledge in an Indigenous Amazonian Community." FIU Digital Commons, 2009. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/143.
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Diminishing cultural and biological diversity is a current global crisis. Tropical forests and indigenous peoples are adversely affected by social and environmental changes caused by global political and economic systems. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate environmental and livelihood challenges as well as medicinal plant knowledge in a Yagua village in the Peruvian Amazon. Indigenous peoples’ relationships with the environment is an important topic in environmental anthropology, and traditional botanical knowledge is an integral component of ethnobotany. Political ecology provides a useful theoretical perspective for understanding the economic and political dimensions of environmental and social conditions. This research utilized a variety of ethnographic, ethnobotanical, and community-involved methods. Findings include data and analyses about the community’s culture, subsistence and natural resource needs, organizations and institutions, and medicinal plant use. The conclusion discusses the case study in terms of the disciplinary framework and offers suggestions for research and application.
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Khatri, Taslimahemad [Mitwirkender], Pragna L. [Mitwirkender] Mori, Vijay R. [Mitwirkender] Ram, Pragnesh N. [Mitwirkender] Dave, and Balubhai A. [Mitwirkender] Golakia. "Neutraceutical, Phytochemical characterization and Antibacterial activity of Medicinal plant Moringa Oleifera." München : GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1067548262/34.
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Wu, Menghua. "Pharmacognostical studies on medicinal spices : ethnobotanical, bencaological and plant taxonomic studies." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1497.
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Hopkins, Allison Louise. "Medicinal plant remedy knowledge and social networks in Tabi, Yucatan, Mexico." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0041175.
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Baatjies, Lucinda. "In vitro cytotoxic effects of selected Nigerian medicinal plant extracts on cancer cell lines." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008191.
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Cancer is a disease that imposes a heavy burden on public health and poses a challenge to science. The World Health Organization estimates that 80 percent of people in developing countries of the world rely on traditional medicine for their primary health needs, and about 85 percent of traditional medicine involves the use of plant extracts. This is particularly true in Africa where a large percentage of the population depends upon medicinal plants for health care. Therefore, detailed screening and evaluation of bioactive substances for chemotherapeutic purposes of African plants are urgently warranted. Furthermore, this will serve to validate the efficacy and safety of African traditional medicine. The current study investigated the in vitro cytotoxic effects of 17 ethanolic extracts of the following 16 plants used in traditional anticancer medicine in Nigeria: Sapium ellipticum leaves, Sapium ellipticum stembark, Combretum paniculatum, Celosia trigyna, Pupalia lappacea, Justica extensa, Hedranthera barteri leaves, Alternanthera sessilis, Ethulia conyzoides leaves, Lannea nigritana stembark, Combretum zenkeri root, Combretum molle leaves, Adenanthera parvoniana, Lannea acida, Cyathula achyranthoides, Drymaria cordata, Cyathula prostrata, against HeLa cancer cells. Five of the most promising extracts (Sapium ellipticum leaves, Combretum paniculatum, Celosia trigyna, Drymaria cordata, Cyathula prostrata) were selected for further screening against HT29 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Of the five, the first two were investigated further based on their activities in the screening phase. The S. ellipticum leaf extract yielded IC50 values of 88.60 ± 0.03 and 93.03 ± 0.03 μg/ml against HeLa and MCF-7, respectively. The toxicity was also evaluated on normal cells and an IC50 of 77.66 μg/ml was obtained for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The IC50 values for proliferating and confluent Chang liver cells were both >125 μg/ml. These results suggest that the extract may be selective for specific cell types. Bio-assay guided fractionation of the S. ellipticum ethanolic extract yielded two active fractions; chloroform and ethyl acetate. Two compounds isolated from the chloroform extract were screened against the three cancer cell lines and found to be inactive. Three compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction and revealed IC50 values < 62.5 and < 31 μg/ml against MCF-7. Unfortunately these two compounds soon lost activity before any further work could be done on them and work was continued with the crude extract.
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Xie, Nan. "Extraction of triterpenoids saponins from Australian plant using supercritical fluids." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28852.
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It has been identified that triterpenoids saponins extracted from plants can have cardiovascular, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. The Australian Acacia plant has a broad range of triterpenoids saponins. Current methods for separation and isolation of triterpenoids saponins involve using a large amount of organic solvents, which can be a drawback of using the extract as a functional food and nutraceutical.
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Tshidino, Shonisani Cathphonia. "Efficacy of two medical plant extracts and metformin in the prevention of diet induced fatty liver." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/9066.
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Non‐alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD) is manifested in the absent of alcohol abuse. This disease is the major cause of liver failure and death among adults and children worldwide, including South Africa. Its increasing prevalence urges the need of therapeutic intervention. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the following: (1) The effect of 38.9% high fat diet (HFD)‐induced insulin resistance and fatty liver in male Wistar rats, (2) The efficacy of aqueous extracts from Sutherlandia frutescens leaves and Prunus africana bark and metformin in the treatment of HFDinduced insulin resistance and fatty liver. Male Wistar rats were fed on HFD (the HF group) or normal rat chow (the LF group) for 12 weeks. Even though the HFD‐fed rats had developed insulin resistance by week 12, fatty liver developed by week 16. After week 12, the HF group was divided into four groups of 6‐7 rats each and three of those groups were gavaged with either 0.125 mg P. africana extract/kg bwt/day (the HF+Pa group) or 50 mg S. frutescens extract kg bwt/day (the HF+Sf group) or 16 mg metformin/ kg bwt/day (HF+Met group), while kept on the same diet for an additional of 4 weeks, to investigate whether two medicinal plant extracts and metformin can prevent HFD to induce fatty liver or not. After 16 weeks, the liver histological images revealed that the HF group developed fatty liver in the form of both microsteatosis and macrosteatosis. Fatty liver was confirmed by significant increased liver total lipid (TL) and activities of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (cG6PD) and xanthine oxidase (XO), mitochondrial NADH oxidase (mNOX) and by a decrease (P<0.05) in the activities of the homogenate superoxide dismutase (hSOD) and mitochondrial complex II in the HF group, when compared to the LF group. Since the activities of mCS and cACL enzymes were not changed in the HF group, hence increased cG6PD activity in the HF group indicates that there was increased NADPH demand for lipid accumulation from activated NEFAs taken up by the liver from circulation and for maintenance of the NADPH‐dependent antioxidants and oxidants, respectively. The obtained data also show that mitochondria of the HFD‐fed rats adapted to an increase in energy availability, thereby compensation through decreasing complex II activity, to allow electron flux from β‐oxidation to respiratory chain in the HF group. Liver TL content was significantly decreased in the rats treated with metformin and P. africana extract, but not in the rats treated with S. frutescens when compared to the HF group (P < 0.05). However, the TL content remained >5% per liver weight in all treated groups. The present study demonstrates that these two plant extracts and metformin have different glucogenic and lipogenic effects from that presented by HFD alone when compared to the LFD alone. In conclusion, metformin and P. africana extract can attenuate HFD‐induced fatty liver without changing the dietary habits. Hence S. frutescens extract is less effective in the prevention of HFD‐induced fatty liver. A change in the dietary habits is recommended to be considered during the use of these three remedies in the treatment of HFD‐induced insulin resistance and fatty liver. All three treatments enhanced antioxidant capacity, and may improve insulin resistance and fatty liver mediated by the present HFD through different mechanism of actions in the liver.
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Samdumu, Faga B. "Characterization of antimicrobial compounds from Combretum paniculatum, a plant with proven anti-HIV replication activity." Electronic thesis, 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08032007-173831/.
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Mbandezelo, Mongikazi. "Bioactive compounds in a Manayi traditional medicinal product from East London." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2450.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemistry))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.In Africa, herbal medicines are often used as primary treatments for a variety of ailments and diseases including HIV/AIDS and for HIV-related problems. In general, traditional medicines are not well researched scientifically in controlled studies, and are poorly regulated. Since the pharmacological effectiveness of natural products is affected by several native and foreign factors, studies on the variations of chemical composition and biological activity of these medicines are necessary. The processes of investigating plants to identify chemical substances are of great interest to natural product researchers because there is a need to discover new drugs for treating old and new diseases. These facts underscore an urgent need to develop new anti HIV and AIDS drugs with fewer or no side effects. Research into drug discovery and development using natural products is increasingly becoming better established. Marine organisms as a source of natural products delivered numerous novel compounds with multiple pharmacological properties. Natural products give endless opportunities for discovering novel compounds that can be used as drugs or backbones of drug leads. Manayi is a natural product that has been used to treat and manage people with HIV, but no scientific studies have been done to prove its efficacy on the HIV under controlled conditions. For the purposes of this study, cooked and uncooked Manayi product was evaluated for its efficacy on HIV in vitro. Manayi samples were collected in East London, Eastern Cape and sequentially extracted with hexane, chloroform, dichloromethane, butanol, methanol, and water as a series of increasingly polar solvents for its bioactive chemical constituents.
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Barateli, Luciana Oliveira. "Desenvolvimento de marcadores microssatélites para Stryphnodendron adstringens (barbatimão - Fabaceae)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/9034.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Stryphnodendron adstringens presents a wide geographical distribution, being predominant in regions of Cerrado sensu stricto and is popularly known as "barbatimão". It is a species widely used in herbal medicine because of its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antiulcerogenic potential. The Cerrado’s removal of vegetation cover reduces significantly the number of several native species, among them S. adstringens. Thus, it is important that efficient strategies for the use and conservation of this species are drawn. In order to provide molecular tools for studies of genetic diversity and conservation of S. adstringens, the present work had the objective of developing microsatellite markers for the species. Genomic DNA was obtained from leaf tissue using the CTAB protocol. The identification of the microsatellite regions and the design of the primers were performed using the QDD program modules. From the identified microsatellite regions, 20 pairs of primers were designed, 14 of which flank microsatellite regions composed of dinucleotides, four by tetranucleotides and two by pentanucleotides. Initially, four individuals were used for the standardization tests of the PCR protocol and annealing temperatures. Subsequently, 48 individuals were selected, distributed in three populations, to evaluate polymorphism via 6% polyacrylamide gel. Of the 20 pairs of primers evaluated, 16 presented polymorphic amplification products and four monomorphic amplification products. Considering the 16 polymorphic markers, the number of alleles varied between two (SadH19) and 13 (SadH13), with a mean of seven alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) and expected (He) and PIC values were 0.506, 0.543, 0.635, respectively. The mean Hmax value founded (65,519) indicates values of genetic diversity that can be considered medians for this set of loci evaluated in three populations of S. adstringens. On the other hand, although genetic diversity is median, this set of 16 polymorphic markers exhibited a ombined probability of paternity exclusion high (0.9999983) and combined probability of genetic identity low (3,49x10-15). The analysis of variance of allelic frequencies presented significant values for two of the three estimated statistics with f not significant 0.050, significant θ equal to 0,329 and F in the overall value also significant 0.360. Thus, it can be concluded that the panel of polymorphic markers developed for S. adstringens is highly informative and indicated for population genetic studies for the species. Another important factor is that these markers can be tested in other evolutionarily close species for the availability of microsatellite markers, without the need to develop new primers.
Stryphnodendron adstringens apresenta ampla distribuição geográfica, sendo predominante em regiões de Cerrado stricto sensu e é conhecida popularmente como “barbatimão”. É uma espécie utilizada na medicina fitoterápica por seu potencial anti-inflamatório, antibacteriano e antiulcerogênico. A retirada de cobertura vegetal do Cerrado diminui significativamente o número de diversas espécies nativas, dentre elas S. adstringens. Dessa forma, é importante que sejam traçadas estratégias eficientes para o uso e a conservação dessa espécie. A fim de disponibilizar ferramentas moleculares para estudos de diversidade genética e conservação de S. adstringens, o objetivo desse estudo foi desenvolver marcadores microssatélites e estimar o potencial informativo desses marcadores para subsidiar estudos de genética populacional da espécie. A identificação das regiões microssatélites e o desenho dos primers foram realizados usando o programa QDD. Inicialmente, foram utilizados quatro indivíduos para os testes de padronização do protocolo de PCR e temperaturas de anelamento. Posteriormente, foram selecionados 48 indivíduos, provenientes de três populações, para avaliação de polimorfismo via gel de poliacrilamida a 6%. A partir das regiões microssatélites identificadas, foram desenhados 20 pares de primers, sendo que 14 flanqueiam regiões microssatélites compostas por dinucleotídeos, quatro por tetranucleotídeos e dois por pentanucleotídeos. Dos 20 pares de primers avaliados, 16 apresentaram produtos de amplificação polimórficos e quatro monomórficos. Considerando os 16 marcadores polimórficos, o número de alelos variou entre dois (SadH19) e 13 (SadH13), com uma média igual a sete alelos por loco. Os valores das médias da heterozigosidade observada (Ho) e esperada (He) e do PIC foram iguais a 0,506, 0,543, 0,635 respectivamente. A proporção da diversidade máxima encontrada foi de 65%, o que indica valores de diversidade genética que podem ser considerados medianos para esse conjunto de locos avaliados em três populações de S. adstringens. Por outro lado, embora a diversidade genética seja mediana, esse conjunto de 16 marcadores polimórficos exibiu uma probabilidade de exclusão de paternidade combinada alta (0,999983) e uma probabilidade de identidade combinada baixa (3,49x10-15). A análise de variância das frequências alélicas apresentou valores significativos para duas das três estatísticas estimadas com f não significativo 0,050, θ significativo igual a 0,329 e F no valor global também significativo 0,360. Assim, pode-se concluir que o painel de marcadores polimórficos desenvolvidos para S. adstringens é altamente informativo e indicado para estudos genéticos populacionais para a espécie. Outro fator importante é que esses marcadores podem ser testados em outras espécies próximas evolutivamente para possível disponibilização de marcadores microssatélites, sem a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novos primers.
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Ajalla, Ana Cristina Araújo. "PRODUÇÃO DE MARCELA (Achyrocline satureioides (Lam) DC) EM CULTIVO SOLTEIRO E CONSORCIADO COM TANSAGEM (Plantago major L.)." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2006. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/66.
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Previous issue date: 2006-09-04Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and the production of marcela, biomass in culture single and joined with tansagem and to determine the best arrangement of plants of these medicinal species, in intercropping being aimed at the productive increase and economic return. Was constituted six treatments: two rows of marcela with space of 0,40 m (M040); two rows of marcela with space of 0,25 m (M0,25); two rows of plantain with space of 0,75 m (T0,75); three rows of plantain with space of 0,40 m (T0,40); two rows of marcela with space of 0,40 m with three rows of plantain (M0,40T0,40) in its sides; two rows of marcela with space of 0,25 with two rows of plantain (M0,25T75) in its sides. Design was randomized blocks with four replications. Any of treatments influenced heights of marcela plants neither of plantain. Maximum height of marcela was 0,78 m, under intercrop and spaced 0,25 m, while of plantain was 0,11 m, on 56 days after transplant, under intercrop with marcela spaced 0,75 m. Yields of aerial parts and of marcela flowers were not influenced by intercropping neither by plant arrangement, but they were smalest in the third date of harvest. Fresh mass of flowers were 2,51, 2,63 e 1,28 t ha-1, respectively, on 180, 210 and 225 days after transplant. Fresh mass of Plantain did not influenced by intercroping (average of 4,92 t ha-1), but it was bigger under the greater under space T0,40 (6,13 t ha-1), that in the T0,75 space (3,32 t ha-1). Land Equivalent Ratio of 1,6 M0,40T0,40 and M0,25T0,75 intercrops was 2,4, which indicates that the intercrop of both marcela and tansagem was effective. How mach the gross income, it observed value for M0,40T0,40 of R$ 10.755,00 and for M0,25T0,75 of R$ 14.582,00 corresponding we acréscimos it of 30% and 77% in the gross income, respectively
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produção de biomassa de marcela, em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com tansagem e determinar o melhor arranjo de plantas dessas espécies medicinais, em associação/ consorciação, visando o aumento produtivo e retorno econômico. Foram constituídos seis tratamentos: duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,40 m (M0,40); duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,25 m (M0,25); duas fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,75 m (T0,75); três fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,40 m (T0,40); duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,40 m alternadas com três fileiras de tansagem (M0,40T0,40); e duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,25 m alternadas com duas fileiras de tansagem (M0,25T0,75). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Para a marcela, foram feitas colheitas em três épocas, sendo analisadas como parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Nenhum dos tratamentos influenciou as alturas das plantas da marcela nem da tansagem. A altura máxima da marcela foi de 0,78 m, sob consórcio e espaçamento de 0,25 m, aos 210 dias após o transplante, enquanto a da tansagem foi de 0,11 m, aos 56 dias após o transplante, sob consórcio com a marcela e espaçamento de 0,75 m. As produções de partes aéreas sem flores e das flores da marcela não foram influenciadas pelo consórcio nem pelo arranjo de plantas, mas foram menores na terceira época de colheita. As massas frescas das flores foram de 2,51, 2,63 e 1,28 t ha-1, respectivamente, aos 180, 210 e 225 dias após o transplante. A massa fresca das folhas da tansagem não foi influenciada pelo consórcio (média de 4,92 t ha-1) mas foi maior sob o espaçamento T0,40 (6,13 t ha-1) do que sob o T0,75 (3,32 t ha-1). A Razão de Área Equivalente do consórcio M0,40T0,40, foi 1,6 e o de 0,25T0,75 foi 2,4 indicando que foi efetivo o consórcio entre a marcela e a tansagem. Quanto a renda bruta observou-se valores de R$ 10.755,00 para M0,40T0,40 e de R$ 14.582,00 para M0,25T0,75, correspondendo a acréscimos de 30% e de 77% no rendimento bruto, respectivamente
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Uyar, Pembegul. "Investigation Of Chemopreventive And Apoptotic Characteristics Of Turkish Medicinal Plant Rheum Ribes." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613153/index.pdf.
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Rheum species are medicinally important plants due to the presence of anthracene derivatives and in this study antioxidative, cytotoxic, apoptotic and chemopreventive characteristics of R. ribes extracts were evaluated. R. ribes shoot and root dry powder samples were prepared and extracted with ethyl acetate, ethanol and water. The extracts were revealed to be a potential scavenger of DPPH radicals and the chemical composition of the extracts was quantified by colorimetric determination of total phenol (GAE) and flavonoid (CAE) contents. HL&ndash60 cells were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of extracts up to 72 hr. R. ribes inhibited the surviv al of HL-60 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, shown by trypan blue and XTT. R. ribes caused HL-60 cells apoptosis via formation of phosphatidylserine externalization, as evidenced by flow cytometry. Exposure of HL-60 cells to higher concentrations of extracts for 72 h resulted in a shift of 87% of the cell population from normal to the early/late apoptotic stage. The R. ribes induced apoptosis may be partially attributed to the activation of caspase-3 and up-regulation of caspase-3 expression was detected in western blot. The significant release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria into the cytosol was observed. The mRNA expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was increased. The apoptosis was also demonstrated by DNA ladder and TUNEL. Chemopreventive effects of R.ribes were investigated at the gene level of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1, and GST enzyme activity against cDNB and concluded that R.ribes modulated activities of these enzymes generally at a time dependent level. T h ese findings suggest that Rheum ribes exhibits potential antioxidant and anticancer properties by inducing caspase-dependent cell death in HL-60 cells.
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Campbell, Shannon Michelle. "An Examination of Commercial Medicinal Plant Harvests, Mount Hood National Forest, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2000. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2245.
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During the past fifteen years, non-timber or special forest products have become an important economic resource in the Pacific Northwest. These products are primarily derived from understory species and contribute approximately $200 million to the regional economy. Medicinal plants are a little researched component of the non-timber forest product industry that relies on cultivated and wildcrafted (or wild-collected) medicinal plant species. This study examines the commercial extraction of wildcrafted medicinal plants from Mount Hood National Forest. Specifically, this study documents the medicinal plant species extracted from Mount Hood National Forest, their annual yield amounts, harvesting methods, and the changes in cover of target species after harvest.
This research uses survey data obtained from employees of two herbal companies and representatives of the U.S. Forest Service to describe medicinal plant extraction and administration as it pertains to the commercial extraction of plant species from Mount Hood National Forest. Field data were also used to examine changes in plant cover for four medicinal plant species (kinnikinnick, yarrow, Oregon grape and valerian) following harvest. Field results indicate that medicinal plant cover decreased significantly in all but one harvested sampling unit. Permanent unit markers were established at all the study sites to provide opportunities for long-term monitoring of target species responses to harvest.
Eleven medicinal plant species are commonly collected for commercial purposes from Mount Hood National Forest. The general lack of regulation and enforcement of commercial medicinal plant extraction coupled with an increasing demand for wildcrafted medicinal plants warrant a need for increased collaboration between regulatory agencies, herbal companies, and the general public. Additional management and research recommendations regarding the ecological impacts of medicinal plant removal are also presented.
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Glover, Denise M. "Up from the roots : contextualizing medicinal plant classifications of Tibetan doctors in Rgyalthang, PRC /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6487.
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Vries, Filicity Ann. "Synergistic effects of mixtures of fungicides and medicinal plant extracts against Botrytis cinerea." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6798_1372423235.
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We hypothesize that South African medicinal plants contain compounds that can act in synergism with synthetic antifungal compounds. Four fungicides - Sporekill&trade
, Rovral&trade
, Terminator&trade
and Teldor&trade
at doses 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mL L-1 and plant species Galenia africana, Elytropappus rhinocerotis and Tulbaghia violacea were tested aloneand in different combinations for their potency (efficacy) on radial growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea strains on potato dextrose plates. Four doses of plant extract for each of the respective plant species were used. A total of 48 combinations were tested for each strain. Mixtures of plant extracts were far more effective in controlling strains compared to the individual components alone, representing significant levels of in vitro synergistic interactions. Combinations of these components represent an attractive future prospect for the development of new management strategies for controlling B. cinerea. Since the in vitro tests of these mixtures showed inhibitory activity, the mixtures were tested for activity in assays on Granny Smith apples. In vitro tests can be used to screen mixtures to obtain information on their inhibitory activity on a pathogen, however, the environmental conditions of the fruit and the ability of the pathogen to grow into the fruit cannot be simulated in vivo. A series of two-fold doses of medicinal plant extracts were combined with fungicides to conduct decay inhibition studies. The incidence of gray mold was significantly reduced by mixtures of plant extracts and fungicides. Under conditions similar to those in commercial storage, a drench treatment with G. africana and Rovral&trade
significantly (p=0.05) inhibit gray mold on the apples and was more effective than the plant extract and fungicide alone. The treatments exerted synergistic effects and were markedly better than the components applied alone. The wound colonization assay was used for optimal decay control. In a drench, much higher volumes of the treatments are used to ensure that the components of the suspension are deposited evenly over the entire fruit surface. Drenching of fruit to apply other chemicals is an established practise in the pome (fleshy) fruit industry, and simplifies the commercial application of the mixtures, as no additional infrastructure at commercial packing houses will be required. This approach not only makes it possible to reduce fungicide concentrations while maintaining adequate decay control, but also ensures a reduction of the chemical residue on the fruit.
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Loundou, Paul-Marie. "Medicinal plant trade and opportunities for sustainable management in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2495.
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Thesis (MScConsEcol (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.Medicinal plants represent an important asset to the livelihoods of many people in developing countries. This is the case for South Africa where most of the rural and also urban communities rely on medicinal plants for their primary healthcare needs and income generation. Harvesting for domestic usage is not generally detrimental to the wild populations of medicinal plants. However, the shift from subsistence to commercial harvesting is posing unprecedented extinction threat to the wild populations of medicinal plants. The purpose of this investigation was to: (1) document the most traded/used species of medicinal plants in the Cape Peninsula, including parts used, sourcing regions, harvesting frequencies and seasons as well as the conservation status of these species; (2) to profile and investigate the rationales for the involvement of stakeholders in medicinal plants related-activities; and to (3) assess constraints and opportunities for sustainable management of medicinal plants in the Cape Peninsula. Triangulation techniques such as semi-structured questionnaires, formal and informal interactions with key informants from the Cape Peninsula and surroundings, personal observations and field visits were used to gather relevant data for this investigation. Accordingly, about 170 medicinal plant species were found to be actively traded or used in the study area. These species were mostly traded/used for their underground parts; shoot, barks and in many cases the whole plant is uprooted. The bulk of traded/used species were from the wild populations, harvested on monthly basis and the Western and Eastern Cape provinces acted as the main source regions. Some of the traded/used species are rare, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered and are declining from the wild. Nonetheless, there are subtitutes for some of these medicinal plant species. Traders and collectors were mainly men in the Cape Peninsula. Cultural considerations, economic conditions and the burden imposed by the number of dependents were the factors influencing local communities to engage in medicinal plants related-activities. Despite the fact that the majority of the informants acknowledged the decline of medicinal plants from wild stocks, an overwhelming number of them expected an upsurge in the future demand for natural remedy due to its popularity among South Africans. Similarly, the majority of the respondents were aware of the conservation status of the plants that they were using, but this did not prevent them from trading/using some protected species. Encouragingly, an overwhelming number of the informants were willing to use cultivated species and cultivate some of the most used medicinal plant species if seeds and land were freely provided. It is noteworthy that these results were influenced by the gender, age, category and time of involvement in medicinal plants, ethnicity and residence status of the respondents as well as the source of supply of medicinal plants. It is recommended that species that have been identified of concern should be prevented from further commercial harvesting. Competent conservation organizations like CapeNature should focus on practical skills development of people who have expressed willingness to cultivate medicinal plants or are already doing so, especially in plant propagation and basic gardening techniques.
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Pinho, Joao Paulo Melo de. "Estudo das propriedades antiespasmÃdicas e miorrelaxantes do Ãleo essencial de Ocimum Micranthum em traquÃias isoladas de ratos wistar." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5665.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorOcimum. micranthum Willd. à uma planta popularmente conhecida como alfavaca de folha miÃda ou estoraque sendo utilizada na medicina popular no tratamento de gripe, resfriados, febre, tosse, bronquites, nas infecÃÃes intestinais e estomacais, nas otites e como estimulante e carminativa. O presente estudo teve como objetivo mostrar a atividade do Ãleo essencial de Ocimum micranthum e seu principal constituinte, o cinamato de metila, em traquÃias isoladas de ratos Wistar. Foi evidenciado que tanto o OEOM quanto o cinamato de metila, nas concentraÃÃes de 1-1000 Âg/mL, nÃo interferem no tÃnus basal, no entanto sÃo capazes de reverter a resposta contrÃtil induzida por cloreto de potÃssio e carbacol com CI50 de 112 e 128,2 Âg/mL (para o OEOM) e 308 e 100 Âg/mL (para o cinamato de metila) respectivamente. . A concentraÃÃo de 100 Âg/mL OEOM, quando adicionada antes do agente contrÃtil, à capaz de atenuar a resposta mÃxima do KCl em traquÃias de ratos naÃve, fato que nÃo ocorreu quando a contraÃÃo foi induzida por carbacol na presenÃa de nitrendipina. Adicionalmente, em animais submetidos a modelos de asma pela OVA, o OEOM se mostrou mais ativo em animais desafiados do que apenas sensibilizados. Portanto, o mecanismo envolvido nos efeitos miorrelaxante e antiespasmÃdico do OEOM Ã, pelo menos em parte, devido à sua aÃÃo preferencial nos canais de cÃlcio operados por voltagem (VOCC). Seu principal constituinte, o cinamato de metila, parece estar envolvido nos efeitos miorrelaxantes do OEOM.
The Ocimum. micranthum Willd. is a plant popularly known as âalfavaca-de-folha-miÃdaâ or âestoraqueâ and is used in folk medicine to treat flu, colds, fever, cough, bronchitis, stomach and intestinal infections, ear infections and as stimulant and carminative. This study aimed to show the activity of its essential oil (EOOM) and of its main constituent, methyl cinnamate, in rat isolated trachea. It was shown that both the OEOM and methyl cinnamate (1-1000 Âg/mL) did not change the basal tone, but they were able to reverse the contractile response induced by potassium chloride or carbachol with IC50 of 112 and 128.2 Âg/mL (for EOOM) and 308 and 100 μg/mL (for methyl cinnamate), respectively. At 100 Âg/mL, added before the contractile agent, EOOM attenuated maximal response to KCl in trachea from naÃve rats. This effect did not occur when contraction was induced by carbachol in the presence of nitrendipine. Additionally, in animals subjected to an ovalbumin-sensitized model of asthma, EOOM was more active in challenged than in sensitized animals. In conclusion,th e myorelaxant and antispasmodic effects of the EOOM are due to its preferential action on voltage-operated calcium channels. Its major constituent, methyl cinnamte, appears to be involved in the pharmacological effects of the EOOM.
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Zonyane, Samkele. "The antimicrobial interactions of Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa and Eucalyptus globulus combination and their chemical profiling." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95465.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In traditional medicine, there is a long-standing culture of combining herbal drugs to increase the therapeutic efficacy. The improved medical action is thought to be due to synergistic interactions between different plant bioactive components. The aim of this study was to test the pharmacological interactions in a medicinal plant combination which consisted of Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa and Eucalyptus globulus. The rationale for the analysis of this particular mixture is that it had noteworthy antibacterial activity and exhibited the highest activity out of seven medicinal plant mixtures previously investigated. Using chromatographic analysis, the phytochemistry of the plants was also assessed. The chloroform: methanol (1:1; v/v) extracts or hydo-distilled essential oils (A. crenulata and E. globulus) were screened individually and in combinations (double and triple plant combination) for activity against five respiratory pathogens using a microdilution assay. The antimicrobial interactions in combinations were assessed with the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) and the isobolograms. The organic extracts generally showed the highest antimicrobial activity with E. globulus having the highest activity with MIC values below 1 mg ml-1 representing noteworthy activity. The overall activity of the aqueous extracts was poor. The essential oil activity of E. globulus was mostly noteworthy (0.5 to 2 mg ml-1) while A. crenulata essential oil displayed moderate activity (1 to 4 mg ml-1). The ΣFIC values for double combinations (1:1) of A. crenulata with D. viscosa, A. crenulata with E. globulus and D. viscosa with E. globulus were calculated from the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data and the interactions were classified as synergistic, additive, indifferent and antagonistic. The highest synergistic interactions observed were for a 1:1 combination of A. crenulata with E. globulus against K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and B. subtilis with ΣFIC values of 0.07. There was only one incident of antagonism noted in the study for D. viscosa with E. globulus (1:1) against C. neoformans with ΣFIC value of 4.25. The double combinations against selective pathogens (K. pneumoniae, S. aureus and E. coli) were further analysed for interactions using isobolograms. Mostly, the antimicrobial interactions as presented by the isobolograms were congruent with FIC results which further validated the occurrence of relevant antimicrobial interactions in those combinations. The ΣFIC values for triple combinations (1:1:1) revealed mostly synergistic interactions. When the triple combinations were analysed further against certain pathogens based on the predictions of the Design of Experiments software program (MODDE 9.1®), the MIC values remained the same despite the different combinations that were tested Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used for a quick chemical fingerprinting of the plant extracts. This was followed by a bio-autographic assay. The chemical profiles of the organic extracts and essential oils from two of the study aromatic plants (A. crenulata and E. globulus) were further analysed with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) respectively. For combined plant extracts, a multivariate data analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was used to determine the relationship of the chemical make-up of combinations with that of individual plant extracts. According to the TLC analysis, E. globulus extracts had more compounds than the other two plants in the study. For the bio-autographic assay, E. globulus and combinations that included this plant showed greater inhibition zones than A. crenulata and D. viscosa. For the LC-MS analysis, PCA and HCA showed a close relationship between A. crenulata with D. viscosa, D. viscosa with E. globulus and the triple combination. Twenty one components were identified in the essential oil of A. crenulata representing 88.83% of the total oil composition. The oil was dominated by oxygen-containing monoterpenes (46.25%). In the essential oil of E. globulus, twenty six compounds were identified making up to 95.62% of the oil composition. Oxygen-containing monoterpenes (32.98%) also dominated the E. globulus essential oil. There was no great variation in essential oil metabolites of the individual plants and their combination as shown by both PCA and HCA. The enhanced in vitro antimicrobial activity and pharmacological interactions (synergy and additivity) in some of the combinations (double and triple) that were tested in this study adds scientific support to the use of medicinal plant combinations in Western Cape traditional medicine. The metabolic profiles of plants in combination might be unique due to interaction of the different plant bioactive molecules and thus result into defined antimicrobial activity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In tradisionele geneeskunde is dit ’n lank bestaande kultuur om kruiemiddels te kombineer om die terapeutiese werking daarvan te verhoog. Dié verbeterde mediese werking word toegeskryf aan die oënskynlik sinergistiese interaksies tussen verskillende bioaktiewe plantkomponente. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die farmakologiese interaksies in medisinale plantkombinasies van Agathosma crenulata, Dodonaea viscosa en Eucalyptus globulus te bestudeer. Daar is op die ontleding van hierdie spesifieke mengsel besluit omdat dit oor beduidende antibakteriese waarde beskik en omdat dit uit sewe medisinale plantmengsels wat voorheen bestudeer is, as die doeltreffendste een aangewys is. Die fitochemie van die plante is ook met behulp van chromatografiese ontleding beoordeel. Deur middel van ’n mikroverdunningstoets is die chloroform:metanol- (1:1; v/v-)ekstrakte of hidrogedistilleerde vlugtige olies (A. crenulata en E. globulus) individueel sowel as in kombinasie (dubbele en drievoudige plantkombinasies) nagegaan vir hul werking met betrekking tot vyf respiratoriese patogene. Die gekombineerde antimikrobiese interaksies is met behulp van fraksioneel stremmende konsentrasie (FIC) en isobologramme ondersoek. Die organiese ekstrakte het oor die algemeen die meeste antimikrobiese aktiwiteit by E. globulus getoon, met MIC-waardes onder 1 mg ml-1 wat as noemenswaardige aktiwiteit beskou is. Die algehele aktiwiteit van die waterekstrakte was swak. Die vlugtige-olieaktiwiteit van E. globulus was merendeels noemenswaardig (0,5 tot 2 mg ml-1), terwyl die vlugtige olie van A. crenulata matige aktiwiteit getoon het (1 tot 4 mg ml-1). Die ΣFIC-waardes vir dubbelkombinasies (1:1) van A. crenulata en D. viscosa, A. crenulata en E. globulus, en D. viscosa en E. globulus is uit die minimum stremmende konsentrasie (MIC) bereken en die interaksies is as sinergisties, additief, neutraal en antagonisties geklassifiseer. Die sterkste sinergistiese interaksies is by ’n 1:1-kombinasie van A. crenulata en E. globulus met betrekking tot K. pneumoniae, S. aureus en B. subtilis opgemerk, met ΣFIC-waardes van 0,07. Die studie het slegs een geval van antagonisme opgelewer, naamlik by D. viscosa en E. globulus (1:1) met betrekking tot C. neoformans, wat ’n ΣFIC-waarde van 4,25 geregistreer het. Die werking van die dubbelkombinasies met betrekking tot gekose patogene (K. pneumoniae, S. aureus en E. coli) is voorts met behulp van isobologramme vir interaksies nagegaan. Die antimikrobiese interaksies wat uit die isobologramme geblyk het, was meestal in pas met FIC-resultate, wat die bestaan van tersaaklike antimikrobiese interaksies in daardie kombinasies verder bevestig het. Die ΣFIC-waardes vir die drievoudige kombinasies (1:1:1) het meestal sinergistiese interaksies aan die lig gebring. Toe die drievoudige kombinasies verder op grond van die voorspellings van die sagteware Design of Experiments (MODDE 9.1®) met betrekking tot sekere patogene ontleed is, het die MIC-waardes onveranderd gebly, ondanks verskillende toetskombinasies. Dunlaagchromatografie (TLC) is vir ’n vinnige chemiese ontleding van die plantekstrakte gebruik en is gevolg deur ’n bio-outografiese toets. Die chemiese profiele van die organiese ekstrakte en vlugtige olies van twee van die aromatiese plante in die studie (A. crenulata en E. globulus) is verder met vloeistofchromatografie-massaspektrometrie (LC-MS) en gaschromatografie-massaspektrometrie (GC-MS) onderskeidelik ontleed. Vir gekombineerde plantekstrakte is veelveranderlike-ontleding in die vorm van hoofkomponentontleding (PCA) en hiërargiese groepsontleding (HCA) gebruik om die verhouding van die chemiese samestelling van kombinasies in vergelyking met dié van individuele plantekstrakte te bepaal. Volgens die TLC-ontleding beskik E. globulus-ekstrakte oor meer verbindings as die ander twee plante in die studie. Vir die bio-outografiese toets het E. globulus en kombinasies daarmee groter stremmingsones as A. crenulata en D. viscosa getoon. In die LC-MS-ontleding het PCA en HCA op ’n hegte verhouding tussen A. crenulata en D. viscosa, D. viscosa en E. globulus, en die drievoudige kombinasie daarvan gedui. Een-en-twintig komponente is in die vlugtige olie van A. crenulata gevind, wat 88,83% van die algehele oliesamestelling uitmaak. Die olie is deur suurstofhoudende monoterpene (46,25%) oorheers. Die vlugtige olie van E. globulus het 26 verbindings opgelewer, wat 95,62% van die oliesamestelling uitmaak. Suurstofhoudende monoterpene (32,98%) het ook die vlugtige olie van E. globulus oorheers. Nóg PCA nóg HCA het op enige beduidende variasie in die metaboliete van die vlugtige olies van die individuele plante en hul kombinasies gedui. Die verhoogde in vitro- antimikrobiese aktiwiteit en farmakologiese interaksies (sinergie en additiwiteit) in van die kombinasies (dubbel én drievoudig) wat in hierdie studie getoets is, bied wetenskaplike stawing vir die gebruik van medisinale plantkombinasies in Wes-Kaapse tradisionele geneeskunde. Die metaboliese profiele van plantkombinasies kan verander weens die interaksie van die verskillende bioaktiewe plantmolekules, en kan baie bepaalde antimikrobiese aktiwiteit tot gevolg hê.
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Elmestiri, Fatma M. "Evaluation of selected Libyan medicinal plant extracts for their antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/615.
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In different parts of the world, the use of medicinal plants has always been important in the therapeutic armory of mankind and remains an important source for the discovery of new bio-active compounds. Libya constitutes an apt example where medicinal plants are widely used. While some individual plant species such as Ginkgo biloba have been investigated in some detail, there is relatively little information available concerning the antioxidant potential and anticholinesterase activities of plant species in general and Libyan plants in particular. In this study twenty three Libyan medicinal plants were chosen for the study of antioxidant capacity and phenolic content. Aqueous plant extracts were screened for their antioxidant activity using the FRAP, TEAC and DPPH methods. These methods enable high-throughput screening of potential antioxidant capacity. Results show that of these twenty three plants, hot and cold extracts of Myrtus communis, Quercus robur and Syzygium aromaticum exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity in all tests and this is higher than that of the green tea control. It is suggested that the efficacy of these plants could be explained, at least in part, by their antioxidant activity. A selection of ten Libyan plants which have various ethnobotanical uses were evaluated for anticholinesterase activity. Most plants screened showed some inhibitory activity with either or both acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. Digestion is an initial step involving changes in pH and activity of proteolytic enzymes. Plant extracts were evaluated for possible changes in antioxidant properties and anticholinesterase activity using an artificial digestion technique. Most extracts showed an increase in antioxidant activity after the final pancreatin step although results varied with the antioxidant assay used. However, almost all anticholinesterase activity was lost at the HC1 stage of the in vitro digestion procedure. Testing in vitro bioavailability of plant extracts is a useful step in evaluating in vivo bioavailability.
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Battu, Ganga Rao. "Anti-inflammatory and phytochemical studies of a Kenyan traditional medicinal plant, Commiphora kua." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366837.
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Moradi, Parviz. "Use of metabolomics to study water deficit stress on the medicinal plant thyme." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4881/.
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Thyme is one of the best known genera because of its diverse medicinal and culinary uses. To understand plant response to drought, a range of genotypes of thyme was examined including Thymus vulgaris, T. serpyllum, T. daenensis, T. kotchyanous, T. capitata and T. zygis. Drought stress was imposed on 30 day old plants and some morpho-physiological traits were measured. Together these traits indicated that T. serpyllum was the most tolerant and T. vulgaris the most susceptible populations. Metabolite profiling using direct-infusion FT-ICR mass spectrometry identified differences in both polar and non-polar fractions. These results suggested that mechanisms adapting thyme to drought may include osmotic adjustment, ROS scavenging, cellular components protection, membrane lipid changes and hormone activity in which the key metabolites were proline, betaine, mannitol, sorbitol, ascorbate, JA, SA, ABA precursor, unsaturated fatty acids and tocopherol. Profiling of volatiles using GC/MS, showed an increasing-decreasing trend at major terpenes apart from thymol, alpha-cubebene and germacrene in sensitive plants. These results suggests that tolerant and susceptible populations of thyme employing different strategies in response to drought. In conclusion, the combination of metabolite profiling and physiological parameters contributed to a greater understanding of the mechanisms of thyme plant response at metabolomics level.
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Wilkin, Peter John. "Transmission and commoditisation of medicinal plant knowledge in the marketplaces of Oruro, Bolivia." Thesis, University of Kent, 2014. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/47918/.
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This thesis analyses how Andean people’s knowledge of medicinal plants and the relationship between environment and health is represented, transmitted and commoditised in the marketplaces of the department of Oruro, Bolivia. Considering the increase in urban population and their dependence on marketplaces for medicinal plant remedies, this thesis examines the role of marketplaces and the importance of specialist stallholders in the transmission of knowledge. The central research site of Oruro is a multi-cultural city located on the Andean plateau in southwest Bolivia, a population of Spanish, Quechua and Aymara speakers with a pluralistic medical system. Fieldwork was carried out over 18 months with market stallholders in Oruro combining quantitative and qualitative methods with ethnographic documentation of knowledge transmission events. This thesis found that medicinal plant marketplaces in Oruro are highly regulated social systems that incorporate Andean socio-economic mechanisms, including ritual performance for the transmission of cultural knowledge, and the regulation of resource distribution and use. The development of a ‘chemical landscape’ model demonstrated that social exchange and trade between ecosystems and altitudinal zones broadens the spectrum of medicinal compounds available, contributes to the complexity of herbal mixtures and can limit exploitation of local plant populations. The market stallholders use specialist classifications that identify chemical properties, toxicity and variations between plant species and ecological regions. Plant classifications varied with the context and location in which they were used, and humoral classification enabled the selection and combination of plants in mixtures and justified remedy efficacy for specialists and non-specialists. Andean cultural beliefs including complementary opposites enabled transmission of knowledge on the medicinal properties of plants between highland consumers and lowland producers, and defined traditional Andean mixture efficacy. These findings demonstrate that, although state intervention and identity politics are redefining perceptions of medicinal knowledge, the market exchange system centred in Oruro city creates localised specialist knowledge and continuity of cultural knowledge transmission.
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Karade, D. "Chemoinformatics based investigation of plant metabolites for their medicinal and crop protection values." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR National Chemical Laboratory, 2021. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/6005.
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SANTORO, Flávia Rosa. "Plantas medicinais, redundância utilitária e resiliência de sistemas médicos locais na caatinga." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2014. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5262.
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The Utilitarian Redundancy Model (URM) infers about socioecological systems resilience based on an ecological model. According to this model, the redundancy of species with the same utilitarian function ensures systems resilience. Under this perspective, the study about resilience of local medical systems (LMS) allows one to detect essential matters in order to understand how local communities can hold themselves and evolve in specific environments, especially where the access to natural resources and public health is limited. This dissertation aims to investigate the resilience of two LMS in Caatinga and to test some URM predictions. Therefore, our questions are based in features that give LMS resilience which follow the model's predictions: Do medicinal categories have redundancy prevalence? In the same medicinal category, are the redundant species used in the absence of preferred species? Is redundancy bigger in more severe and/or more frequent illnesses? Is information about illness treatment shared? The results show that the medical systems are highly specialized. However, when there is redundancy, the redundant species are the main strategy used when a disturbance occurs. This confirms an URM assumption in which redundancy ensures the maintenance of therapeutic functions. The redundancy of an illness was founded to be related to its frequency of occurrence, what guarantees the maintenance of medicinal functions in usual events. Despite this fact, the low rates of sharing we have found and the little redundancy in severe illnesses evidence points of vulnerability in the system. Based in our data, we might suggest that the studied LMS are mainly structured by means of specialists individual experiences and that the addition of new plants follows the illness dynamics of occurrence and considers life-threatening in the treatment. Under this perspective, the low sharing and the little redundancy in serious illnesses might reflect a system's evolutionary process feature.
O Modelo de Redundância Utilitária (MRU) se inspira em um modelo ecológico para inferir sobre a resiliência de sistemas socioecológicos. Segundo o modelo, a redundância de espécies com mesma função utilitária assegura a resiliência de um sistema. Nessa perspectiva, a análise da resiliência de sistemas médicos locais (SML) pode revelar pontos essenciais para compreender como comunidades locais conseguem se manter em determinados ambientes, principalmente onde o acesso a saúde pública e a recursos naturais é limitado. Esta dissertação visa investigar a resiliência de dois SMLs inseridos na Caatinga e testar algumas predições do MRU. Dessa forma as perguntas levantadas se baseiam em características que conferem resiliência ao SML a partir das premissas do modelo: Há predomínio de redundância nas categorias medicinais? Espécies redundantes são utilizadas na ausência das espécies preferidas da mesma categoria medicinal? Há maior redundância em enfermidades mais graves e/ou mais frequentes? Há compartilhamento das informações sobre o tratamento das enfermidades? Os sistemas médicos se mostraram altamente especializados, no entanto, quando há redundância, as espécies redundantes são empregadas na ocasião de um distúrbio, confirmando uma previsão do MRU em que a redundância garante a manutenção das funções terapêuticas. Foi encontrado que a redundância de uma enfermidade está associada com a sua freqüência de ocorrência, o que assegura a manutenção das funções medicinais em eventos recorrentes. No entanto, o baixo compartilhamento encontrado e a pouca redundância de plantas em enfermidades graves mostram pontos de vulnerabilidade do sistema. Com base em nossos dados, podemos sugerir que os SMLs estudados são estruturados principalmente através de experiências individuais dos especialistas, e que o acréscimo de novas plantas acompanha a dinâmica de ocorrência das enfermidades e considera o risco de vida no tratamento. Sob essa perspectiva, o baixo compartilhamento e a pouca redundância em enfermidades graves podem refletir uma característica do processo evolutivo que o sistema se encontra.
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Saylor, Melissa Anne. "Isolation of plant-derived signal transduction inhibitors : potential antitumor agents." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30989.
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Ncise, Wanga. "Environmental stress effects on the phytochemistry and bioactivity responses of a South African medicinal bulbous plant, Tulbaghia violacea Harvey (Alliaceae)." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2854.
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Thesis (MTech (Horticulture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Deteriorating living and environmental conditions have contributed to the increasing prevalence of diseases in plants and animals. In humans, accumulation of abnormally high levels of free radicals in the tissues has been implicated in many non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, arthritis, ischemia, gastritis, obesity and asthma. Worldwide, there is recognition of need to improve plant and animal health. Tulbaghia violacea (Alliaceae) is a medicinal plant that is extensively harvested by traditional healers in the wild for its medicinal uses and if this practice continues, it may result in an unsolicited decline of the species in situ. Therefore, there is a need for cultivation of this species. Plant cultivation in a controlled environment for conservation purposes as well as the enhancement of yield and quality is gaining favour among farmers and consumers. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effects of altering the growing conditions by applying environmental stresses on the plant growth, antifungal and antioxidant activities of T. violacea, with the view of enhancing the future cultivation of this species for pharmaceutical companies, traditional healers and the horticulture industry. This study was divided into two parts, and the first part, which was further sub-divided into two separate preliminary experiments, is presented in chapter three. Simultaneous assessments of the effects of i) varied pH levels (pH 4, pH 6, pH 8) and ii) light intensity on plant growth, antioxidant-content and -capacity of extracts of T. violacea were carried out. The second part of the thesis consisted of a more detailed assessment of the above-mentioned independent variables and interactions thereof on plant growth, and antifungal activity of extracts of T. violacea. Results obtained from the first part of the study, showed that plants exposed to pH 6 showed a marked increase in plant height (from 25-37 cm) after 2 months of treatment although, generally, the variations of the different growth parameters among the pH treatments were not significant (p > 0.05). Antioxidant-contents and -capacity were not significantly different (p > 0.05) when pH treatments were compared. However, a high polyphenol content value (of 3 mg/g) occurred in leaves of plants exposed to pH 8. Overall, comparatively, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in antioxidant-content and -capacity when pH treatments. In the light experiment, decreasing light intensity led to the elongation of plant height. A higher mean shoot length of 34.6 cm was obtained under low light compared to normal light (26.5 cm) two months post-treatment. The results obtained in this study indicated that light had a significant affect (p < 0.05) on the vegetative growth of this species. In contrast, normal light intensity yielded higher antioxidant-content and -capacity. The polyphenol and flavanol content were fluctuating between the averages of 5.8 mg/g to 8.5 mg/g. Overall, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the antioxidant-content and -capacity when low and normal light intensity treatments compared. In conclusion, both normal light intensity and at pH 8 induced better antioxidant results. In the second part of the study, chapter four, one-month old T. violacea plantlets were grown under two light intensities (low light and normal light) in a greenhouse and concurrently exposed to varying pH levels: pH 4, pH 6 and pH 8. Plants exposed to normal light received natural sunlight through the roof of the greenhouse, while low light intensity (40% reduction) was achieved using shade nets. Plants were drip irrigated with Nutrifeed fertilizer. Plant growth parameters such as height and fresh and dry weights were determined. Leaf samples were analysed for macro-and micro-nutrients contents. Antifungal tests were carried out on the plant extracts from the various treatments in an antifungal bioassay (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]). The experimental data collected were analysed using one and two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey HSD was used to separate the means at p < 0.05 level of significance. Varied effects of different pH levels (4, 6 and 8) and light intensities (low and normal) on plant height, and fresh and dry weights were recorded in the current study. A significant interactive (df, 2; F = 0.001; p < 0.001) effect between pH and light on fresh weight was observed. The results revealed that there was a significant difference (df, 2, 57; F = 12.63; p < 0.001) in dry weights with plants under normal light intensity and pH 4 treatment (8.285 ± 0.802 g) producing the highest dry weight. There was a significant interaction (df, 2; F = 6.4; p < 0.001) between pH and light intensity on plant dry weight. Extracts from plants grown under normal light intensity showed stronger antifungal activity at pH level 4, and MIC values ranged from 0.18 ± 0 to 0.375 ± 0.04 mg/ml at 6h and 1.5 ± 0 to 0.97 ± 0.18 mg/ml at 18h. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the interactive effects of pH and light intensity on the growth of T. violacea. These findings also confirmed that it is possible to enhance the cultivation of T. violacea under greenhouse conditions. Chapter 5 focused on the interactive effects of pH and watering regime on plant growth, nutrient uptake and antifungal activity of T. violacea plant extracts, grown hydroponically. The results showed that there were significant differences (p < 0.05) on plant growth parameters amongst the different watering regimes under normal light intensity. Broadly, two trends occurred in the results: firstly, more macro-nutrients were taken up by plants in the higher frequency watering intervals as opposed to higher tissue micronutrient nutrient values for plants grown under the lower light intensity conditions. The levels of N, P, K, Mg nutrient uptake differed significantly in plants (p < 0.001) among watering interval periods. On the other hand, plants simultaneously exposed to extended watering intervals of 21-day and low light intensity showed more bioactivity of the crude extracts against F. oxysporum in the MIC bioassay. Based on the current results, a combination of shorter watering interval and normal light intensity favoured plant growth and development, while plants grown under low light intensity with longer watering interval showed good bioactivity. Broadly, these results demonstrated that varying pH, light intensity, and watering regime can influence plant growth, secondary metabolite contents and antifungal activity of crude extracts of T. violacea. These findings will contribute to the current body of knowledge around cultivation of indigenous medicinal plants. The study will further benefit the conservation of medicinal plant initiatives, increased income of small-scale farmers and potentially promote indigenous knowledge by increasing the availability of South African medicinal plants.
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Pruissen, Megan Colleen. "Evaluation of plant extracts : artemisia afra and annona muricata for inhibitory activities against mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019845.
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus (HIV) have a high prevalence in South Africa. The development and spread of drug resistant tuberculosis is a serious problem which is exacerbated by tuberculosis (TB) co-infection in HIV patients. Traditional medicinal plants like Annona muricata and Artemisia afra are used for respiratory ailments and antiviral therapies respectively. The aim of this study was to evaluate Annona muricata (ethanolic extract) and Artemisia afra (ethanolic and aqueous extracts) for inhibitory activities against M. tuberculosis and HIV. In vitro bioassays for anti-TB activity included: microplate alamar blue assay (MABA), flow cytometry and ρ-iodonitrotetrazolium chloride assays while anti-HIV activity was determined using an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase colorimetric ELISA kit and an HIV-1 integrase colorimetric immunoassay. Cytotoxicity of plant extracts were assessed by the MTT assay on Chang Liver and HepG2 cells. Potential synergistic effects were determined using the basis of Combination Index. Potential interactions of plant extracts with drug metabolic pathways were evaluated with the Glutathione-S-Transferase assay kit as well as the CYP3A4 assay kit. A. muricata ethanolic extract exhibited anti-TB activity with MIC 125 μg/mL. MABA was shown to be the most sensitive and effective method for the detection of anti-TB activity. Artemisia afra aqueous extract showed HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibition exhibiting ˃85 percent inhibition at 1 mg/mL while the ethanolic extracts of A. afra and A. muricata showed inhibition of HIV-1 integrase activity at ˃86.8 percent and ˃88.54 percent respectively at concentrations >0.5 - 4 mg/mL. The aqueous extract of A. afra displayed inhibition of HIV-1 integrase ˃52.16 percent at 0.5 mg/mL increasing to 72.89 percent at 4 mg/ml of the extract. A. muricata was cytotoxic at an IC50 of 30 μg/mL and 77 μg/mL on Chang Liver and HepG2 cells respectively, whilst A. afra aqueous and ethanol extracts were not cytotoxic to both cell lines. The ethanolic extract of A. muricata showed both antagonistic and synergistic properties at various IC values, when used in conjunction with rifampicin. A. afra ethanolic extract interrupted GST activity while aqueous extracts of A. afra and A. muricata had a slight effect. All extracts interrupted CYP3A4 activity, however the ethanolic extracts of A. muricata and A. afra showed greater inhibition than the aqueous extract of A. afra. These extracts should be investigated further as they could be an important source of compounds for treatment of M. tuberculosis and HIV respectively.
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Callis, Kristine Lee. "The History of Plant Use in Laos: Analysis of European Accounts of Plant Use for Primarily Religious and Medicinal Purposes." NCSU, 2005. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07012005-111631/.
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A Review of manuscripts written by European explorers and colonists affords the opportunity to develop a clearer understanding both of types of plants employed and their significance in religion and medicine during the 16th to 19th centuries. This paper is a distillation of accounts by thirteen European explorers, written between 1545 until 1861, about Laos and the Lao people in Siam. All of the references to plants and plant use have been extracted for an analysis of which plants European explorers viewed being used traditionally in Laos during this time period and information on how these plants were used and collected. Many of the plants described in the texts were medicinal in nature and some have been examined for modern pharmaceutical use. These pharmaceutical studies have substantiated the effectiveness of historical medicinal plant use. The texts also describe plants that were used in religious ceremonies and that continue to play an important role in Lao culture. Future comparative analysis of these early records with modern day observations of plant use should prove productive in formulating assessments of Traditional Environmental Knowledge loss and the impact of this loss on daily life. Understanding the plants that are important to native Lao in the past can lead to better methods of conservation in the future.
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Thakare, Mohan N. "Pharmacological Screening of Some Medicinal Plants as Antimicrobial and Feed Additives." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/10052.
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The following study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial and feed additive potential of medicinal plants. Ethanol extracts of different medicinal plants including Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Zingiber officinale (Ginger), Piper nigrum (Black Pepper), Cinnamomum cassia (Cinnamon), Thymus vulgaris (Thyme), Laurus nobilis (Bay leaf), and Syzgium aromaticum (Clove) were tested using the disc diffusion method for their antimicrobial activity against the common poultry pathogens E. coli, S. typhimurium, E. faecium, and E. faecalis. Cinnamon extract (CE), at 130 mg/disk, exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. typhimurium, and E. faecalis. Thyme extract (TE), at 30 mg/disk, exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli, E. faecium, and E. faecalis while the remaining medicinal plants extracts showed no activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the cinnamon and thyme ranged from 31.25 to 250 mg/ml by the dilution method. From this in vitro antibacterial study, cinnamon and thyme were selected for a 21-d feeding trial in broilers to study their influence on feed consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion. There were 6 dietary treatments groups: 1) negative control (NC) containing no plant extracts or antibiotic, 2) positive control (PC) containing BMD (bacitracin) at 50g/ton of feed, 3) Diet 1 plus low level of cinnamon extract (LCE) at 290 gm/100 kg of feed, 4) Diet 1 plus high level of cinnamon extract (HCE) at 580 gm/ 100 kg of feed, 5) Diet 1 plus low level of thyme extract (LTE) at 290 gm/100kg of feed, and 6) Diet 6 plus high level of thyme extract (HTE) at 580 gm/100 kg of feed. No significant changes in body weight gain were observed with the cinnamon extracts compared to the NC or PC at 7, 14, or 21 d. The HTE reduced body weight gain compare to the NC and PC at 7, 14, and 21 d (P < 0.02). No difference in feed efficiency was observed with any of the treatments except LCE which reduced feed efficiency compared to other treatments. No difference in feed consumption was found among any of the treatments. These results suggest that cinnamon and thyme have antibacterial activity in vitro, and thyme has an activity that reduces body weight. Since cinnamon caused no significant change in body weight gain compared to positive or negative controls, it warrants further study as a substitute for antibiotics in the diet.Master of Science
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FERREIRA, JÚNIOR Washington Soares. "Seleção de plantas medicinais : um estudo sobre a estrutura e funcionalidade de sistemas médicos locais." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2015. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/4506.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This thesis analyzed the selection of plants in local medical systems based on two main investigative axes. In the first axis we investigated the role of the local perception of illness in the selection of medicinal plants. In the second axis we seek to understand the relationships among the factors availability and resource efficacy in the differential use of medicinal plants. For this, we conducted interviews with local experts in two communities located in the municipality of Crato, Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were applied with the experts to obtain information on medicinal plants, illnesses in which plants are used, symptoms perceived by people for each illness and the perception of informants on the effectiveness of each plant mentioned. In addition, a participatory workshop was held to access the perceptions of informants on the relationship between illnesses. In a second step, the experts conducted a ranking of most used plants for each illness and then they indicated the criteria used to justify the position of each plant in the ordering. The local perception of illnesses is important in the selection of medicinal resources as the repertoire of medicinal plants varies as informants perceive different subtypes of the same illness. Furthermore, it was observed that people tend to select plants based on the perception of symptoms of illnesses, since illnesses sharing symptoms also share a common set of plants. It was also observed that the factors (1) perceived availability and (2) the perceived therapeutical efficacy were important in the differential use of medicinal plants; however, the two factors are not necessarily correlated in the differential use. Furthermore, the perceived efficacy cannot always be associated with the recognition of organoleptic properties. The present findings allow us to advance in the understanding of the factors involved both in structure and functionality of local medical systems, such as the local perception of illnesses, the availability and the efficacy of the medicinal resource efficacy.
A presente tese analisou a seleção de plantas em sistemas médicos locais, tomando como base dois eixos investigativos. No primeiro eixo, investigamos o papel da percepção local de doenças na seleção de plantas medicinais. No segundo eixo, buscamos entender as relações entre os fatores disponibilidade e eficácia do recurso no uso diferencial de plantas medicinais. Para isso, realizamos entrevistas com especialistas locais em duas comunidades localizadas no município do Crato, Ceará, no nordeste brasileiro. Com os especialistas, foram aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas para obter informações sobre as plantas medicinais, as doenças em que as plantas são empregadas, os sintomas percebidos pelas pessoas para cada doença e a percepção dos informantes sobre a eficácia medicinal de cada planta mencionada. Além disso, uma oficina participativa foi realizada para acessar as percepções dos informantes sobre as relações entre as doenças. Em um segundo momento, os especialistas realizaram um ordenamento das plantas mais usadas para cada doença e, em seguida, indicaram o critério utilizado para justificar a posição de cada planta no ordenamento. A percepção local de doenças é importante na seleção de recursos medicinais, já que o repertório de plantas medicinais varia quando os informantes percebem subtipos diferentes de uma mesma doença. Além disso, foi observado que as pessoas tendem a selecionar plantas com base na percepção dos sintomas das doenças, uma vez que doenças que compartilham sintomas apresentam também um conjunto de plantas comuns. Observou-se também que os fatores disponibilidade percebida e a percepção de eficácia terapêutica foram critérios que se destacaram no uso diferencial de plantas medicinais, no entanto, os dois fatores não necessariamente estão correlacionados no uso diferencial. Ademais, nem sempre a percepção de eficácia pode estar associada com o reconhecimento de propriedades organolépticas. Os presentes achados nos permitem avançar na compreensão dos fatores que estão envolvidos tanto na estrutura como na funcionalidade de sistemas médicos locais, tais como a percepção local de doença, a disponibilidade e eficácia do recurso medicinal.
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Essack, Magbubah. "Screening extracts of indigenous South African plants for the presence of anti-cancer compounds." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8767_1210844967.
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Early man dabbled with the use of plant extracts to cure ailments. This practice has been passed down from generation to generation and today more than 50% of the world'sdrugs are natural products or derivatives thereof. Scientists have thus established a branch of research called natural product research. This branch of research involves the identification and purification of secondary metabolites with a specific biological activity. The methodology involves the screening of plant products for a specific biological activity, purification of the biologically active natural product by separation technology and structure determination. The biologically active natural products is then further scrutinized to serve as a novel drug or lead compound for the development of a novel drug. This research exploited this research methodology.
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Martins, Aline Redondo. "Morfoanatomia, germinação e perfil quimico de especies de Smilax L. (Smilacaceae)." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314883.
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Orientadores: Beatriz Appezzato da Gloria, Wagner VilegasTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Não informado.
Abstract: Not informed.
Doutorado
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal