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Journal articles on the topic 'Medicinal plants (features pharmacology)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Dehsheikh, Anahita Boveiri, Mohammad Mahmoodi Sourestani, Paria Boveiri Dehsheikh, Javad Mottaghipisheh, Sara Vitalini, and Marcello Iriti. "Monoterpenes: Essential Oil Components with Valuable Features." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 11 (July 17, 2020): 958–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557520666200122144703.

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Medicinal plants have a wide range of secondary metabolites including monoterpene. These volatile compounds are the main components of essential oils, belonging to the isoprenoid group and possessing valuable features for plants and humans. This review provides comprehensive information on chemical structures and classification of monoterpenes. It describes their biosynthesis pathways and introduces plant families and species rich in noteworthy monoterpenes. Bio-activities, pharmacological and pesticide effects as well as their mechanism of action are reported. Applications of these compounds in various industries are also included.

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Hoseinkhani, Zohreh, Fathemeh Norooznezhad, Mohsen Rastegari-Pouyani, and Kamran Mansouri. "Medicinal Plants Extracts with Antiangiogenic Activity: Where Is the Link?" Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 10, no. 3 (May 11, 2020): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/apb.2020.045.

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Angiogenesis is a strictly controlled process defined as the formation of new blood vessels essential for certain physiologic and pathologic conditions where the latter includes tumor growth, development, and metastasis. Thus, inhibiting angiogenesis along with other anticancer strategies such as chemotherapy seems to be invaluable for reaching an optimal outcome in cancer patients. It has been shown that some natural plant-derived compounds are capable of preventing the formation of these new blood vessels in the tumor and also inhibit the proliferation and growth of the cancer cells. In this review, we intend to introduce plants with anti-angiogenic properties and discuss their related features.

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Jacques Britto N and Kesavi Durairaj. "Phytochemical profile and medicinal potentials of Lannea Coromandelica stem." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 3465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2490.

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In the history of humanity, great ancestors of Indian sub-continent used plants that possessed unique medicinal properties. They identified the plants from jungles and derived crude drugs out of them for treating infectious diseases. This treatment process was a tradition. In the recent century, this plant-based drug extraction, processing and refining began scientifically by pharmaceutical industries. In this new era, plants with medicinal features are being used in curing broad spectrum of diseases. Lannea Coromandelica (L.C.) is a medicinal plant that belongs to this category. Tribals extensively used it in treating various infectious diseases and common injuries. There have been very few studies on the leaves, barks, flowers, gums and mucilage of this tree. But no preliminary phytochemical composition of L.C. stem has been studied. Therefore, the current work focusses on the screening of the phytochemical profile of the stem of L.C. by the sequential ethanolic extract. Stems of L.C. were procured from Mettur, Tamil Nadu. Thirteen different components were qualitatively analyzed using standard procedures from 100g of L.C. stem extract. In this study, seven components were identified, and their percentage was estimated. Using GC-MS, 50 components were identified of which Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-methyl ester (1.0%) was the major component. The presence of these components in L.C. stem extract can be used in the treatment of different ailments through their antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activities.

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Guédon, Didier, Michèle Brum, Jean-Marc Seigneuret, Danièle Bizet, Serge Bizot, Edmond Bourny, Pierre-Albert Compagnon, et al. "Impurities in Herbal Substances, Herbal Preparations and Herbal Medicinal Products, IV. Heavy (Toxic) Metals." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 12 (December 2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301232.

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The main source of available forms of heavy metals (toxic metals) for the plant kingdom is anthropogenic, resulting from diverse activities such as metallurgic processing of ore, cement plants, uncontrolled discharge of sewage sludge, burning of fossil fuels and waste incineration plants, and leaded petrol. Agricultural chemicals (e.g. phosphate fertilizers containing cadmium) may also contribute to the contamination of cultivated plants. The main threats to human health from toxic metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury (organic forms, especially methylmercury) and arsenic (mineral form only), which have no known vital or beneficial effect on living organisms. As their toxicity often takes years to manifest and may go unsuspected, their toxicological risk is defined on the basis of the so-called Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) values. Beside anthropogenic causes, the main factors that may lead to high levels of toxic metals in medicinal plants are their availability in the soil with soil pH as the most important parameter for uptake by the plant. Indeed, genetic features of certain plant species show a tendency to accumulate certain trace elements, especially cadmium (“cadmium collector”). A very recent revision draft of the monograph “Herbal drugs” (Ph. Eur., 1433) includes acceptance criteria for lead, cadmium and mercury. This proposal is discussed in detail, based on literature data dealing with terrestrial plants and seaweed. Additionally, the need for inclusion of tests for inorganic impurities in quality control specification is examined, based on a risk assessment. As the daily intake of food supplements is very similar to the one of herbal remedies, it would be advisable to take into account the same acceptance criteria. The specific situation has also been considered of exotic herbal remedies, particularly those of Asian origin, which have been repeatedly reported to contain toxic levels of heavy metals and/or arsenic resulting in heavy metal poisoning.

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Obonga, Wilfred O., Philip F. Uzor, Emmanuel O. Ekwealor, and Sampson C. Nwabuko. "Comparative Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Ficus capensis, Aristolochia ringens, Albizia zygia and Lannea welwitschii." Dhaka University Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, no. 2 (January 10, 2018): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v16i2.35249.

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The present study was aimed at a comparative study of the phytoconstituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of four medicinal plants, Ficus capensis, Aristolochia ringens, Albizia zygia and Lannea welwitschii. The leaf of F. capensis and stem bark of A. ringens, A. zygia and L. welwitschii were extracted using methanol. Phytochemical analysis was done spectrophotometrically. Three in vitro antioxidant tests-hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydroxyl (DPPH) scavenging models were employed. Antimicrobial test was done by agar diffusion method against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiela pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans and Aspergittus spp. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the most abundant phytoconstituents were flavonoids (F. capensis and A. zygia), reducing sugar, terpenoids, alkaloids and tannins. In the antioxidant models, A. zygia was found to produce the least IC50 in two of the models (NO and DPPH). Results of the antimicrobial tests showed that A. zygia showed a broader spectrum of activity than other plants. This study has shown that these plants possess antioxidant and antimicrobial activities which further justify their usage in traditional medicines. A. zygia featured prominently in these activities. Also flavonoids could be responsible for the bioactivities of these plants.Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 16(2): 147-157, 2017 (December)

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Papp, Nóra, Tímea Bencsik, Kitti Németh, Kinga Gyergyák, Alexandra Sulc, and Ágnes Farkas. "Histological Study of Some Echium vulgare, Pulmonaria officinalis and Symphytum officinale Populations." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 10 (October 2011): 1934578X1100601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100601017.

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Plants living in different ecological habitats can show significant variability in their histological and phytochemical characters. The main histological features of various populations of three medicinal plants from the Boraginaceae family were studied. Stems, petioles and leaves were investigated by light microscopy in vertical and transverse sections. The outline of the epidermal cells, as well as the shape and cell number of trichomes was studied in leaf surface casts. Differences were measured among the populations of Echium vulgare in the width and height of epidermis cells in the stem, petiole and leaf, as well as in the size of palisade cells in the leaves. Among the populations of Pulmonaria officinalis significant differences were found in the length of trichomes and in the slightly or strongly wavy outline of epidermal radial cell walls. Populations of Symphytum officinale showed variance in the height of epidermal cells in leaves and stems, length of palisade cells and number of intercellular spaces in leaves, and the size of the central cavity in the stem. Boraginaceae bristles were found to be longer in plants in windy/shady habitats as opposed to sunny habitats, both in the leaves and stems of P. officinalis and S. officinale, which might be connected to varying levels of exposure to wind. Longer epidermal cells were detected in the leaves and stems of both E. vulgare and S. officinale plants living in shady habitats, compared with shorter cells in sunny habitats. Leaf mesophyll cells were shorter in shady habitats as opposed to longer cells in sunny habitats, both in E. vulgare and S. officinale. This combination of histological characters may contribute to the plant's adaptation to various amounts of sunshine. The reported data prove the polymorphism of the studied taxa, as well as their ability to adapt to various ecological circumstances.

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Angioi, Roberta, Aoife Morrin, and Blánaid White. "The Rediscovery of Honey for Skin Repair: Recent Advances in Mechanisms for Honey-Mediated Wound Healing and Scaffolded Application Techniques." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (June 3, 2021): 5192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11115192.

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Honey is a honey-bee product obtained mainly by the enzymatic processing of nectar from a variety of plants, which leads to the wide range of colours and flavours available on the market. These organoleptic and nutritional features are influenced by the chemical composition, which in turn depends on the botanical origin. Bioactive compounds account for honey beneficial activity in medical applications, which explains the extensive use of honey in ethno-pharmacology since antiquity, from cough remedies to dermatological treatments. Wound healing is one of the main therapeutic uses of honey, and various design options in pharmaceutical technology such as smart delivery systems and advanced dressings are currently being developed to potentiate honey’s valuable properties for better performance and improved final outcome. In this review, we will focus on the latest research that discloses crucial factors in determining what properties are most beneficial when considering honey as a medicinal product. We will present the most recent updates on the possible mechanisms responsible for the exceptional effects of this ageless therapeutical remedy on skin repair. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art in application techniques (incorporation into scaffolds as an alternative to direct administration) used to enhance honey-mediated wound-healing properties are explored.

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Dembitsky, Valery M., Dmitri O. Levitsky, Tatyana A. Gloriozova, and Vladimir V. Poroikov. "Acetylenic Aquatic Anticancer Agents and Related Compounds." Natural Product Communications 1, no. 9 (September 2006): 1934578X0600100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0600100914.

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Although acetylenes are common as components of terrestrial plants, it is only within the last 30 years that biologically active polyacetylenes having unusual structural features have been reported from aquatic organisms: cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, invertebrates, and other sources. Naturally occurring aquatic acetylenes are of particular interest since many of them display important biological activities and possess antitumor, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifouling, antifungal, pesticidal, phototoxic, HIV inhibitory, and immuno-suppressive properties. There is no doubt that they are of great interest, especially for the medicinal and/or pharmaceutical industries. This review presents structures and describes cytotoxic and anticancer activities of more than 230 acetylenic metabolites isolated from aquatic organisms. With the computer program PASS some additional biological activities are also predicted, which point toward possible new applications of these compounds. This review emphasizes the role of aquatic acetylenic compounds as an important source of leads for drug discovery.

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Wu, Yanyan, Cong Li, Henny C. van der Mei, Henk J. Busscher, and Yijin Ren. "Carbon Quantum Dots Derived from Different Carbon Sources for Antibacterial Applications." Antibiotics 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10060623.

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Nanoparticles possess unique features due to their small size and can be composed of different surface chemistries. Carbon quantum dots possess several unique physico-chemical and antibacterial activities. This review provides an overview of different methods to prepare carbon quantum dots from different carbon sources in order to provide guidelines for choosing methods and carbon sources that yield carbon quantum dots with optimal antibacterial efficacy. Antibacterial activities of carbon quantum dots predominantly involve cell wall damage and disruption of the matrix of infectious biofilms through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to cause dispersal of infecting pathogens that enhance their susceptibility to antibiotics. Quaternized carbon quantum dots from organic carbon sources have been found to be equally efficacious for controlling wound infection and pneumonia in rodents as antibiotics. Carbon quantum dots derived through heating of natural carbon sources can inherit properties that resemble those of the carbon sources they are derived from. This makes antibiotics, medicinal herbs and plants or probiotic bacteria ideal sources for the synthesis of antibacterial carbon quantum dots. Importantly, carbon quantum dots have been suggested to yield a lower chance of inducing bacterial resistance than antibiotics, making carbon quantum dots attractive for large scale clinical use.

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Avram, Speranta, Alin Puia, Ana Maria Udrea, Dan Mihailescu, Maria Mernea, Anca Dinischiotu, Florin Oancea, and Johan Stiens. "Natural Compounds Therapeutic Features in Brain Disorders by Experimental, Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics Methods." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 78–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666181031123127.

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Background:: Synthetic compounds with pharmaceutical applications in brain disorders are daily designed and synthesized, with well first effects but also seldom severe side effects. This imposes the search for alternative therapies based on the pharmaceutical potentials of natural compounds. The natural compounds isolated from various plants and arthropods venom are well known for their antimicrobial (antibacterial, antiviral) and antiinflammatory activities, but more studies are needed for a better understanding of their structural and pharmacological features with new therapeutic applications. Objectives:: Here we present some structural and pharmaceutical features of natural compounds isolated from plants and arthropods venom relevant for their efficiency and potency in brain disorders. We present the polytherapeutic effects of natural compounds belonging to terpenes (limonene), monoterpenoids (1,8-cineole) and stilbenes (resveratrol), as well as natural peptides (apamin, mastoparan and melittin). Methods:: Various experimental and in silico methods are presented with special attention on bioinformatics (natural compounds database, artificial neural network) and cheminformatics (QSAR, drug design, computational mutagenesis, molecular docking). Results:: In the present paper we reviewed: (i) recent studies regarding the pharmacological potential of natural compounds in the brain; (ii) the most useful databases containing molecular and functional features of natural compounds; and (iii) the most important molecular descriptors of natural compounds in comparison with a few synthetic compounds. Conclusion:: Our paper indicates that natural compounds are a real alternative for nervous system therapy and represents a helpful tool for the future papers focused on the study of the natural compounds.

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Stanilova, Marina, Rossen Gorgorov, Antoaneta Trendafilova, Milena Nikolova, and Antonina Vitkova. "Influence of Nutrient Medium Composition on in vitro Growth, Polyphenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Alchemilla mollis." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 6 (June 2012): 1934578X1200700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200700618.

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Alchemilla mollis (Buser) Rothm. (Rosaceae) is a high-mountain medicinal plant growing in the Balkan Peninsula, with only one population in Bulgaria. Alchemilla plants (Lady's mantle) are commonly used in traditional medicine for treatment of many gynecological diseases. The commercial drugs “Herba Alchemillae” induce a rapid regeneration of skin epithelium and have styptic and anti-inflammatory actions. Because of the high content of phenolic compounds (tannins and flavonoids) and the ecological plasticity of the species, field cultivation or in vitro biomass production of A. mollis are possible alternatives to its collection from nature. Four MS based nutrient media differing in the concentration of the minerals and supplemented with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and benzylaminopurine (BAP) were tested in order to examine their influence on the shoot multiplication effectiveness and the antioxidant activity of A. mollis, and also the possible relation between these parameters under the conditions of in vitro culture. The cultures grown for two months on these media differed significantly in their multiplication rates ( p<0.001), as well as in their morphological features – height, leaf color and root development. Methanol extracts of in vitro cultivated and ex vitro adapted and acclimated on Vitosha Mt. (1500 m a. s. l.) plants were analyzed for tannin and flavonoid content and for free radical scavenging activity. The contents of flavonoids and tannins in the in vitro cultures of A. mollis cultivated on the four tested media differed significantly ( p<0.05). The highest flavonoid content was found in the shoots cultivated on the control MS medium, as well as in the ex vitro adapted plants. The antioxidant activity of the in vitro cultures correlated positively with the concentrations of the PGRs in the respective media, and the ex vitro adapted plants had the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 13.1±1.9 μg/mL) commensurable with that of the commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) used as a positive control, with an IC50 of 12.65 μg/mL.

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ТИШКИНА, Е. А., and В. Е. СУХИН. "ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF ROSA ACICULARIS L. IN THE URBANIZED ENVIRONMENT OF RADUZHNY." Леса России и хозяйство в них, no. 4(75) (December 21, 2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.51318/fret.2020.21.24.008.

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Экологические исследования показывают, что сохранение в городах условий природной среды, оптимальных для жизни человека, возможно лишь путем поддержания на высоком уровне жизнедеятельности растений на территории урбанизированной среде. Объектом изучения неслучайно выбрана роза иглистая Rosa acicularis Lindl. Данный вид высоко ценится в фармакологии, а также является ценным лесомелиоративным и декоративным кустарником. Цель работы – исследование эколого-биологических особенностей Rosa acicularis в урбанизированной среде г. Радужного. Изучено пять фрагментов ценопопуляции розы на основе комплексного изучения организменных и популяционных признаков особей. Изучение биологических и экологических особенностей Rosa acicularis выявило поливариантность организменных и популяционных параметров фрагментов ценопопуляции в условиях урбаносферы г. Радужного. Установлено статистически, что с повышением сомкнутости древостоя увеличиваются доля генеративной фракции и возраст особей. Одной из особенностей розы иглистой является ее высокая теневыносливость, поэтому она встречается при полноте соснового древостоя 0.6–0.9, но с увеличением плотности фрагментов ценопопуляции ухудшается и жизненность растений. Устойчивость местообитаний характеризуется в способности спонтанно поддерживать непрерывный цикл смены поколений. Исследованные фрагменты ценопопуляции Rosa acicularis являются нормальными и неполночленными с одновершинными и двухвершинными левосторонними онтогенетическими спектрами, которые способны формировать самоподдерживающиеся за счёт семенного и вегетативного размножения в течение несколько поколений местообитания и распространяться на значительной территории. Локальное нарушение в местообитании, связанное с произрастанием розы в урбанизированной среде г. Радужного, практически не сказывается на устойчивости лекарственного вида. Это подтверждает плотность, виталитетность, возрастная структура и организменные параметры вида, однако среди изученных местообитаний розы реальным оптимумом являются растения, растущие в сосняке мшисто-ягодниковом, где антропогенное влияние сводится к минимальному воздействию. Environmental studies show that the preservation of urban environmental conditions that are optimal for human life is possible only by maintaining a high level of plant activity in an urbanized environment. The object of study was chosen Rosa acicularis Lindl not by chance. This species is highly valued in pharmacology, and is also a valuable forest-reclamation and ornamental shrub. The aim of the work is to study the ecological and biological features of Rosa acicularis in the urbanized environment of Raduzhny. Five fragments of the rose coenopopulation were studied on the basis of a comprehensive study based on the organizational and population characteristics of individuals. The study of the biological and ecological features of Rosa acicularis revealed the polyvariance of the organismal and population parameters of coenopopulation fragments in the urbanosphere of Raduzhny. It was found statistically that the proportion of the generative fraction and the age of individuals increases with an increase in the closeness of the stand. One of the features of the Rosa acicularis is its high shade tolerance, so it occurs when the fullness of the pine stand is 0,6–0,9, but with an increase in the density of fragments of the coenopopulation, the vitality of plants also worsens. Habitat resilience is characterized by the ability to spontaneously maintain a continuous cycle of generational change. The studied fragments of the coenopopulation of Rosa acicularis are normal and incomplete with one-vertex and two-vertex left-sided ontogenetic spectra, which are able to form self-sustaining habitats due to seed and vegetative reproduction over several generations and spread over a large territory. Local disturbance in the habitat associated with the growth of roses in the urbanized environment of the city of Raduzhny practically does not affect the stability of the medicinal species. This confirms the density, vitality, age structure and organizational parameters of the species, but among the studied habitats of the rose, the real optimum is plants growing in the mossy-berry pine forest, where the anthropogenic impact is reduced to a minimum.

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Kennedy, Brenda V., and H. Roy Krouse. "Isotope fractionation by plants and animals: implications for nutrition research." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68, no. 7 (July 1, 1990): 960–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y90-146.

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The isotopic compositions of animal tissues, minerals, and fluids reflect those of ingested food and water and inhaled gases. This relationship is illustrated by a review of data pertaining to five light elements of biological interest (carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulphur). Processes affecting the isotopic composition of inorganic compounds in reservoirs are summarized, and isotope fractionation during transfer of elements from these inorganic reservoirs through progressive trophic levels of food webs is discussed. Variability of δ values within and among individuals, populations, and species of plants and animals is attributed to at least six factors: locality, dietary selectivity, biochemical composition of food, isotope effects in metabolic processes, turnover rates, and stress. Features of a variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are used to illustrate basic concepts. Future research should seek to clarify specific mechanisms affecting δ values during the transfer of elements through food webs.Key words: food webs, stable isotopes, isotope fractionation, ecosystems.

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Ramesh G, Pratyusha, Sivasankari S, and Malini Evangeline Rose. "Evaluation and Assessment of Efficient Psidium Guajava and Mentha Piperita Fresh Leaves Juice for Perio Pathogens." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 25, 2020): 828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4081.

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The research was assessed to evaluate the efficacy of fresh juice of Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita against selected aerobic and anaerobic bacterial strain. The fresh juice was extracted and evaluated for its antimicrobial activity on anaerobic pathogens like Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. Long before since from the ancient time, humankind depended on the trees and herbs for medicines to alleviate ailments, search for better health, fragrance, flavours and food. In ancient time human beings depended on animals and plants for his food, shelter demand etc. Over 5000 years, peoples of India and China kept on the use of plants for food as well as to protect from disease. Most of the dental problems are due to microorganism (Oral Pathogens) like Fusobacterium, Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Eubacterium, Bacteroids, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus etc. Microbial debridement might uproot pathogenic living being due to their area. Previously, subepithelial gingival tissues, crevicular epithelial cells, other anatolian dialect features entangling sufficient defiant. The results indicate that Psidium guajava and Mentha piperita leaves shows significant Antimicrobial activity due to the presence of flavonoids. This work is more useful in health Mentha Piperita Fresh Leaves Juice for Perio Pathogens.

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Brezani, Viliam, Karel Smejkal, Jan Hosek, and Veronika Tomasova. "Anti-inflammatory Natural Prenylated Phenolic Compounds - Potential Lead Substances." Current Medicinal Chemistry 25, no. 10 (April 9, 2018): 1094–159. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867324666170810161157.

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Background: Natural phenolics are secondary plant metabolites, which can be divided into several categories with the common structural feature of phenolic hydroxyl. The biological activity of phenolics is often modified and enhanced by prenylation by prenyl and geranyl; higher terpenoid chains are rare. The type of prenyl connection and modification affects their biological activity. Objective: This review summarizes information about prenylated phenols and some of their potential sources, and provides an overview of their anti-inflammatory potential in vitro and in vivo. Method: The literature search was performed using SciFinder and keywords prenyl, phenol, and inflammation. For individual compounds, an additional search was performed to find information about further activities and mechanisms of effects. Result: We summarized the effects of prenylated phenolics in vitro in cellular or biochemical systems on the production and release of inflammation-related cytokines; their effects on inhibition of cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases; the effects on production of nitric oxide, antiradical and antioxidant activity; and the effect on the inhibition of the release of enzymes and mediators from neutrophils, mast cells and macrophages. The information about the antiphlogistic potential of prenylated phenolics is further supported by a review of their action in animal models. Conclusion: Almost 400 prenylated phenols were reviewed to overview their antiinflammatory effect. The bioactivity of several prenylated phenols was confirmed also using in vivo assays. A pool of natural prenylated phenols represents a source of inspiration for synthesis, and prenylated phenols as components of various medicinal plants used to combat inflammation could be their active principles.

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Krasnov, E. A., V. A. Raldugin, and E. Yu Avdeeva. "Medicinal plants." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 43, no. 11 (November 2009): 613–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-010-0364-2.

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Syrov, V. N., M. P. Yuldashev, N. V. Tursunova, and Z. A. Khushbaktova. "Medicinal plants." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 44, no. 2 (June 2010): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-010-0399-4.

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Zhao, Yue, Bocheng Yan, Zhaoyu Wang, Mingjing Li, and Wei Zhao. "Natural Polysaccharides with Immunomodulatory Activities." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 20, no. 2 (March 17, 2020): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557519666190913151632.

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Natural polysaccharide is a kind of natural macromolecular which can be extracted from plants, fungi, algae, animals, and bacteria. The monosaccharide compositions and glucosidic bonds of polysaccharides from different origins vary substantially. Natural polysaccharides have been shown to possess complex, important and multifaceted biological activities including antitumor, anticoagulant, antioxidative, antiviral, immunomodulatory, antihyperlipidemic and antihepatotoxic activities. Their properties are mainly due to their structural characteristics. It is necessary to develop polysaccharide immunomodulators with potential for preventive or therapeutic action. The present paper summarizes the structural features, immunostimulatory activity and the immunomodulatory mechanisms of natural polysaccharides. In particular, it also provides an overview of representative natural polysaccharide immunomodulators.

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Balakireva, Anastasia V., Natalia V. Kuznetsova, Anastasiia I. Petushkova, Lyudmila V. Savvateeva, and Andrey A. Zamyatnin Jr. "Trends and Prospects of Plant Proteases in Therapeutics." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 3 (March 26, 2019): 465–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666171123204403.

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The main function of proteases in any living organism is the cleavage of proteins resulting in the degradation of damaged, misfolded and potentially harmful proteins and therefore providing the cell with amino acids essential for the synthesis of new proteins. Besides this main function, proteases may play an important role as signal molecules and participate in numerous protein cascades to maintain the vital processes of an organism. Plant proteases are no exception to this rule. Moreover, in contrast to humanencoded enzymes, many plant proteases possess exceptional features such as higher stability, unique substrate specificity and a wide pH range for enzymatic activity. These valuable features make plant-derived proteolytic enzymes suitable for many biomedical applications, and furthermore, the plants can serve as factories for protein production. Plant proteases are already applied in the treatment of several pathological conditions in the human organism. Some of the enzymes possess antitumour, antibacterial and antifungal activity. The collagenolytic activity of plant proteases determines important medical applications such as the healing of wounds and burn debridement. Plant proteases may affect blood coagulation processes and can be applied in the treatment of digestive disorders. The present review summarizes recent advances and possible applications for plant proteases in biomedicine, and proposes further development of plant-derived proteolytic enzymes in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.

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20

Verpoorte, R., and P. P. Dihal. "Medicinal plants of surinam IV. Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 21, no. 3 (December 1987): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90107-3.

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21

Zhatova, H. O., L. M. Bondarieva, and Y. V. Koplyk. "Features of the rhiospheric microbiota of medicinal plants." Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University. The series: Agronomy and Biology, no. 4(38) (December 25, 2019): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32845/agrobio.2019.4.9.

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Medicinal plants are the source of biologically active compounds that are in constant demand for the pharmacological industry. Active production of plant secondary metabolites is possible only under optimal conditions of plant growth and development. The state of medicinal plants is controlled not only by genotype and environmental conditions but by the qualitative and quantitative composition of their microbiota as well. The study of the structure and function of the rhizospheric communities of medicinal plants is important for obtaining of high quality medicinal raw materials. Microorganisms are the constant companions of higher plants, which can be used as a medicinal raw material. The rhizosphere microbiota is highly specific, even between different varieties of the same plant species. Each plant species has a specific microbiome of the rhizosphere, depending on the existing soil community. The rhizosphere of medicinal plants is marked by a special highly specific microbiome due to the specificity of root exudates. Active cell secretion of the roots provides nutrient substrates with microorganisms that form strong associations both inside the root tissues and on the root surface as well as in the soil around the roots. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of medicinal plants of different systematic groups on the composition of the microbial communities of the rhizosphere. The experiments were conducted in 2018–2019 at the nursery medicinal plant plot of the Department of ecology and botany of Sumy National Agrarian University. Ecological-trophic groups of microorganisms associated with the roots of medicinal plants in the experiment were represented by ammonifying bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and bacterias that destroyed of plant residues (cellulose-destroying bacteria). In the analysis of the total number of microorganisms of the rhizosphere revealed differences in the quantitative and qualitative composition of microbiota, due to the specific features of a medicinal plant. Positive influence on the development of microflora in the area of the roots and individual ecological-trophic groups had Mentha longifolia (L)., and a negative effect was observed in plants of Bergenia crassifolia L. It has been established that the number of microorganisms and the diversity of ecological-trophic groups is due to the belonging of a medicinal plant to a particular taxon. The number of microorganisms and their diversity decreased in the direction of: Mentha longifolia – Lysimachia vulgaris – Aristolochia clematitis – Achillea submillefolium – Bergenia crassifolia.

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22

Fakim, Ameenah G. "Medicinal Plants of Mauritius." International Journal of Crude Drug Research 28, no. 4 (January 1990): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13880209009082837.

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23

Farnsworth, NR, O. Akerele, and AS Bingel. "Medicinal plants in therapy." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 19, no. 3 (May 1987): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90016-x.

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24

Schultes, Richard Evans. "Medicinal plants and folklores." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 34, no. 2-3 (September 1991): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90055-i.

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25

Romano, Barbara, Giuseppe Lucariello, and Raffaele Capasso. "Topical Collection “Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants”." Biomolecules 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11010101.

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The use of remedies based on medicinal plants continues to expand rapidly around the world, with many people now resorting to this type of product for the treatment and prevention of several pathologies [...]

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26

El Haouari, Mohammed, and Juan A. Rosado. "Medicinal Plants with Antiplatelet Activity." Phytotherapy Research 30, no. 7 (April 6, 2016): 1059–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5619.

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27

Szabó, Krisztina, Szilvia Sárosi, Beatrix Cserháti, and Antal Ferenczy. "Can Glandular Hair Density be a Breeding Marker for Origanum Vulgare subsp. Hirtum with High Essential Oil Content?" Natural Product Communications 5, no. 9 (September 2010): 1934578X1000500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500918.

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Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum (Link) Ietswaart is an essential oil rich plant traditionally used as oregano. Based on the interest of the essential oil producing sector, in 2000 we have started a breeding program of O. vulgare subsp. hirtum. Plant material for our breeding work consists of 6 progeny. Individual evaluation of the plant material was carried out in 2008-2009 with the primary aim of finding mother plants with appropriate morphological features, high essential oil content (>7%) and with carvacrol as the main essential oil component. Among the survey of morphological characteristics special attention was given to glandular hair density in order to test the usability of it as a morphological marker for screening progeny for high essential oil content. The characteristics of the progeny can be described with high variability ensuring the possibility of a good selection base. Evaluating the morphology, essential oil content and constitution of the individuals, 20 plants were selected on the grounds of their high (7-8.6%) essential oil content, high ratio (70-93%) of carvacrol in the essential oil and typical morphological features of O. vulgare subsp. hirtum. From the results of glandular hair density it can be stated that the correlation between glandular hair density of the upper, middle and lower leaves either on vegetative or generative shoots and essential oil content was never strong enough (correlation coefficient ≤ 0.5) to use it exclusively as a morphological marker for individual selection.

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28

Шевченко, Тетяна Леонідівна, and Людмила Анатоліївна Глущенко. "Features of the use of natural medicinal plants." Agroecological journal, no. 2 (April 27, 2018): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.2.2018.157853.

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29

Dawre, M. S. "Medicinal plants of India." British Homoeopathic journal 79, no. 3 (July 1990): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-0785(05)80346-1.

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30

Murai, Yoshinori, Hiroaki Setoguchi, Eiichiro Ono, and Tsukasa Iwashina. "Flavonoids and their Qualitative Variation in Calystegia soldanella and Related Species (Convolvulaceae)." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 3 (March 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000313.

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Coastal species are exposed to severe environmental stresses, e.g. salt and UV-B. The plants adapt themselves to such harsh environment by controlling morphological features and chemical defense systems. Flavonoids are known as efficient anti-stress polyphenols produced by plants. Most flavonoids show antioxidant activity, and their properties are important for plants to survive under high-stress conditions such as those in a coastal area. Among the compounds, ortho-dihydroxylated flavonoids act as strong antioxidants. In this survey, we elucidated the flavonoid composition of a seashore species Calystegia soldanella, which is distributed not only on the seashore, but also by the inland freshwater lake, Lake Biwa. Seven flavonol glycosides, i.e. quercetin 3- O-rutinoside, 3- O-glucoside, 3- O-rhamnoside and 3- O-apiosyl-(1→2)-[rhamnosyl-(1→6)-glucoside], and kaempferol 3- O-rutinoside, 3- O-glucoside and 3- O-rhamnoside were isolated from the leaves of C. soldanella. In addition, it was shown that the quercetin (Qu) to kaempferol (Km) ratio of coastal populations was higher than that of lakeshore populations. In general, these differences of Qu/Km ratio depend on flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) transcription. RT-PCR analysis suggested that F3′H of C. soldanella is regulated translationally or post-translationally, but not transcriptionally. Furthermore, quantitative and qualitative differences in flavonoid composition occurred among three Calystegia species, C. soldanella, C. japonica and C. hederacea.

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31

Mukhopadhyay, Nabarun, V. Sampath, Sameer Pai, U. V. Babu, and Richard Lobo. "Antiarthritic Medicinal Plants: A Review." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology 12, no. 1 (2019): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2019.00068.4.

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32

Desai, Avni, Ghulam Qazi, Ramesh Ganju, Mahmoud El-Tamer, Jaswant Singh, Ajit Saxena, Yashbir Bedi, Subhash Taneja, and Hari Bhat. "Medicinal Plants and Cancer Chemoprevention." Current Drug Metabolism 9, no. 7 (September 1, 2008): 581–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138920008785821657.

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33

Gromovaya, V. F., G. S. Shapoval, I. E. Mironyuk, and N. V. Nestyuk. "Antioxidant properties of medicinal plants." Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 42, no. 1 (January 2008): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11094-008-0050-9.

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34

Houghton, P. J., and J. Manby. "Medicinal plants of the Mapuche." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 13, no. 1 (March 1985): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(85)90063-7.

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35

Atta-Ur-Rahman and Khurshid Zaman. "Medicinal plants with hypoglycemic activity." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 26, no. 1 (June 1989): 1–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(89)90112-8.

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36

Ríos, J. L., and M. C. Recio. "Medicinal plants and antimicrobial activity." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 100, no. 1-2 (August 2005): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.04.025.

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37

Firdous, Sayeed Mohammed, and Dippayan Sautya. "Medicinal plants with wound healing potential." Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 13, no. 1 (February 10, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjp.v13i1.32646.

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<p class="Abstract">Wound occurs due to disruption of soft tissues that results from injury. Recently many medicinal plants have been demonstrated for wound healing potential through in vivo and in vitro preclinical models and their mechanisms of wound healing has also been reported. Medicinal plants have been reported to show wound healing potential via angiogenesis, activation of NF-κB, favoring pro-inflammatory cytokines, increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and alpha 1 type 1 collagen, and anti-oxidant activity. Thus, in this review, an attempt was made to give an insight into the recently reported medicinal plants with wound healing mechanisms which could be beneficial in therapeutic practice and development of new wound healing drugs for human use.</p>

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38

Jadhav, Hemant R., and K. K. Bhutani. "Antioxidant properties of Indian medicinal plants." Phytotherapy Research 16, no. 8 (2002): 771–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1063.

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39

Zavala S., Miguel A., Salud Pérez G., and Rosa M. Pérez G. "Antimicrobial screening of some medicinal plants." Phytotherapy Research 11, no. 5 (August 1997): 368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(199708)11:5<368::aid-ptr109>3.0.co;2-6.

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40

Esquivel, Baldomero. "Rearranged Clerodane and Abietane Derived Diterpenoids from American Salvia Species." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 6 (June 2008): 1934578X0800300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800300628.

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The genus Salvia L. (Tribe Mentheae) is the largest of the Lamiaceae with 1000 species widespread throughout the world. Phytochemical studies of several Salvia species have established an interesting chemical profile for the genus including sterols, flavonoids and triterpenoids. However, the most characteristic secondary metabolites of the genus are diterpenoids. One of the most distinguishing features of Salvia genus is the number of rearranged diterpene skeletons isolated from these plants. Until now, over 30 rearranged diterpene skeletons have been described for both Old and New World representatives of the genus. In this review, a survey of recent literature data regarding rearranged clerodane and abietane diterpenoids from American Salvia species is presented.

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41

Rogozea, Liliana. "Medicinal Plants Usage in Our Days." American Journal of Therapeutics 25, no. 4 (2018): e487-e488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mjt.0000000000000795.

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42

Rocha, Sonia, Daniela Ribeiro, Eduarda Fernandes, and Marisa Freitas. "A Systematic Review on Anti-diabetic Properties of Chalcones." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 14 (April 29, 2020): 2257–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666181001112226.

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: The use of anti-diabetic drugs has been increasing worldwide and the evolution of therapeutics has been enormous. Still, the currently available anti-diabetic drugs do not present the desired efficacy and are generally associated with serious adverse effects. Thus, entirely new interventions, addressing the underlying etiopathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, are required. Chalcones, secondary metabolites of terrestrial plants and precursors of the flavonoids biosynthesis, have been used for a long time in traditional medicine due to their wide-range of biological activities, from which the anti-diabetic activity stands out. : This review systematizes the information found in literature about the anti-diabetic properties of chalcones, in vitro and in vivo. Chalcones are able to exert these properties by acting in different therapeutic targets: Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP-4); Glucose Transporter Type 4 (GLUT4), Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), α-amylase, α-glucosidase, Aldose Reductase (ALR), Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK). Chalcones are, undoubtedly, promising anti-diabetic agents, and some crucial structural features have already been established. From the Structure-Activity Relationships analysis, it can generally be stated that the presence of hydroxyl, prenyl and geranyl groups in their skeleton improves their activity for the evaluated anti-diabetic targets.

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43

Palit, Gautam, and P. Dharmani. "Exploring Indian medicinal plants for antiulcer activity." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 38, no. 2 (2006): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.24613.

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44

Balakrishnan, V. "Exploring Indian medicinal plants for antiulcer activity." Indian Journal of Pharmacology 38, no. 3 (2006): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.25818.

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45

Bhutani, Kamlesh Kumar, Rahul Birari, and Kausik Kapat. "Potential Anti-obesity and Lipid Lowering Natural Products: A Review." Natural Product Communications 2, no. 3 (March 2007): 1934578X0700200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0700200316.

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Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally, with more than 1 billion adults overweight - at least 300 million of them clinically obese. In Ayurveda, obesity is called ‘medoroga’. The detailed features and treatments of the disease have been described in an old Ayurvedic text, Charak and Sushrut Samhita. There are some native plants that are commonly used for the treatment of obesity in Ayurveda. Unfortunately, only few medications are available in the market, with side effects and unacceptable efficacy. With the current view that botanical drugs can be developed faster and more cheaply than conventional single entity pharmaceuticals, the review mainly focuses on the rationality of their use with appropriate literature data support.

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46

Tejashree Kantak, Swapnil Borage, and Priyanka Shelotkar. "Ayurvedic management for COVID-19 – A review." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (December 28, 2020): 1551–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3716.

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As the corona pandemic has emerged, researchers around the globe are working on finding specific treatment for it. But till date, no conclusive specific treatment has been found, and we are following the protocols with symptomatic management. Ayurveda is an ancient science of healing, with highly sophisticated literature about diseases, their pathogenesis, clinical features, and management. The evaluation of different modalities for treating COVID-19 pandemic patients is the foremost aim of the study. For review, we used the knowledge of the ancient classics and past literature regarding human treatment guidelines mentioned in Ayurveda classics, for prevention and treatment of communicable diseases, to provide appropriate direction in the prevention of COVID-19. The thorough review has been done, of literature, Samhitas(Ayurveda Classics), and research articles which were published between January and June 2020 by PubMed, Google Scholar, WHO, Ministry of AYUSH. The opinions of experts have also been referred to. As individuals with lower immunity have a higher risk of COVID-19, so the herbal Rasayana(Rejuvenating) drug, which has proven immunomodulatory activity, is also included in the given study. The Review for Ayurveda formulations, which might help in preventing the progression of COVID-19, has also been made. The Indian herbs are widely utilized in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines or formulations or in the form of drinks to manage various respiratory disorders such as cough, cold, and flu. Hence, these drugs are formulated by using active parts of the plants, which are used for preventing and treating the COVID-19. These formulations are immunity modulators and they prevent the spread of the virus, by intruding at a different stage of virus multiplication in the infected person.

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47

Forestieri, A. M., F. C. Pizzimenti, M. T. Monforte, and G. Bisignano. "Antibacterial activity of some African medicinal plants." Pharmacological Research Communications 20 (December 1988): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-6989(88)80835-x.

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48

Larhsini, M., L. Oumoulid, H. B. Lazrek, S. Wataleb, M. Bousaid, K. Bekkouche, and M. Jana. "Antibacterial activity of some Moroccan medicinal plants." Phytotherapy Research 15, no. 3 (May 2001): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.815.

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49

Ibrahim, A. M. "Anthelmintic activity of some sudanese medicinal plants." Phytotherapy Research 6, no. 3 (May 1992): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650060312.

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50

Akah, P. A. "Abortifacient activity of some Nigerian medicinal plants." Phytotherapy Research 8, no. 2 (March 1994): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650080212.

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