Journal articles: 'Medicine – Egypt – History'

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Supady, Jerzy. "Medicine in Ancient – Egypt." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 9, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6903.

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The history of ancient Egypt covers three millennia before Christ. Some information about medicine in the papyri, confirms the occurrence of the diseases known nowadays and the use of magical and rational treatments (healers – priests).

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Geropeppa, Maria, Dimitris Altis, Nikos Dedes, and Marianna Karamanou. "The first women physicians in the history of modern Greek medicine." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 17, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.17.1.3.

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In an era when medicine in Greece was dominated by men, at the end of the 19th and during the first decades of 20th century, two women, Maria Kalapothakes [in Greek: Μαρία Καλαποθάκη] (1859-1941) and Angélique Panayotatou [in Greek: Αγγελική Παναγιωτάτου] (1878-1954), managed to stand out and contribute to the evolution of medicine. Maria Kalapothakes received medical education in Paris and then she returned to Greece. Not only did she contribute to several fields of medicine, but also exercised charity and even undertook the task of treating war victims on many occasions. Angélique Panayotatou studied medicine at the University of Athens and then moved to Alexandria in Egypt, where she specialized in tropical medicine and also engaged in literature. Panayotatou became the first female professor of the Medical School of Athens and the first female member of the Academy of Athens. In recognition for their contributions, Kalapothakes and Panayotatou received medals and honors for both their scientific work and social engagement.

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David, Rosalie. "Ancient Egyptian Medicine: The Contribution of Twenty-first Century Science." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 89 (September 2013): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.89.s.9.

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Preserved human remains from ancient Egypt provide an unparalleled opportunity for studies in the history of disease and medical practices. Egyptian medical papyri describe physiological concepts, disease diagnoses and prescribed treatments which include both ‘irrational’,(magical) and ‘rational’ (surgical and pharmaceutical) procedures. Many previous studies of Egyptian medicine have concluded that ‘irrational’ methods predominated, but this perception is increasingly challenged by results from scientific studies of ancient human remains (including autopsy, radiology, endoscopy, palaeohistology and immunological and molecular analyses), and plant materials. This paper demonstrates the significant contribution being made by multidisciplinary studies to our understanding of disease occurrence and medical treatments in ancient Egypt, and considers the feasibility of developing epidemiological comparisons of ancient and modern data sets that will provide acceptable historical contexts for contemporary disease studies.

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Cuno, Kenneth M. "Khaled Fahmy, In Quest of Justice: Islamic Law and Forensic Medicine in Modern Egypt." Turkish Historical Review 11, no. 1 (November 5, 2020): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18775462-01101001.

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Cuno, K. M. "LIAT KOZMA. Policing Egyptian Women: Sex, Law, and Medicine in Khedival Egypt." American Historical Review 118, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/118.1.292.

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Kaspruk, Lyudmila Ilyinichna. "Some interesting facts from the history of medicine." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 12 (December 20, 2020): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2012-08.

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A huge number of unexpected and interesting facts are associated with the history of the development of medicine, some of them are generally known, while the majority of people might have never even heard of others. Sometimes these facts led to the greatest discoveries, for example, in the case of the discovery of penicillin, and in other cases they could go completely unnoticed. Today we invite you to find out who invented the quarantine, which cough medicine was considered the most effective for many years, and what is the «placebo» effect, which, as it turned out, works even on dogs. It may be of interest to you that not long ago, a little over 100 years ago, mercury was considered a cure for all diseases, and it was proposed to treat syphilis by infecting a patient with malaria. In the days of ancient Rome, every wealthy Roman had to have his own slave doctor, and the higher the professionalism of the forced doctor was, the more authority his owner enjoyed. Did you know, for instance, that the first contraceptive came to us from Ancient Egypt? At that time, it was a fragment of a spongy soft core of papyrus, saturated with an acidic substance that kills sperm. The substance was made from sour milk and crocodile excrement — indeed, the most common ingredients were used, which could be easily found in every Egyptian backyard.

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Mestyan, Adam. "Policing Egyptian Women - Sex, Law, and Medicine in Khedivial Egypt." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 40, no. 4 (October 2013): 469–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2013.853968.

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Zink, Albert, U. Reischl, H. Wolf, A. G. Nerlich, and Robert Miller. "Corynebacterium in ancient Egypt." Medical History 45, no. 2 (April 2001): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300067740.

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Prestel, Joseph Ben. "Khaled Fahmy. In Quest of Justice: Islamic Law and Forensic Medicine in Modern Egypt." American Historical Review 125, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 1118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz978.

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Ayer, Amit, Alexander Campbell, Geoffrey Appelboom, Brian Y. Hwang, Michael McDowell, Matthew Piazza, Neil A. Feldstein, and Richard C. E. Anderson. "The sociopolitical history and physiological underpinnings of skull deformation." Neurosurgical Focus 29, no. 6 (December 2010): E1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.9.focus10202.

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In this report, the evidence, mechanisms, and rationale for the practice of artificial cranial deformation (ACD) in ancient Peru and during Akhenaten's reign in the 18th dynasty in Egypt (1375–1358 BCE) are reviewed. The authors argue that insufficient attention has been given to the sociopolitical implications of the practice in both regions. While evidence from ancient Peru is widespread and complex, there are comparatively fewer examples of deformed crania from the period of Akhenaten's rule. Nevertheless, Akhenaten's own deformity, the skull of the so-called “Younger Lady” mummy, and Tutankhamen's skull all evince some degree of plagiocephaly, suggesting the need for further research using evidence from depictions of the royal family in reliefs and busts. Following the anthropological review, a neurosurgical focus is directed to instances of plagiocephaly in modern medicine, with special attention to the conditions' etiology, consequences, and treatment. Novel clinical studies on varying modes of treatment will also be studied, together forming a comprehensive review of ACD, both in the past and present.

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Kwiecinski, Jakub. "The Dawn of Medicine: Ancient Egypt and Athotis, the King-Physician." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 56, no. 1 (2013): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2013.0001.

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LEV, EFRAIM. "Medieval Egyptian Judaeo-Arabic Prescriptions (and the edition of three medical prescriptions)." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 18, no. 4 (October 2008): 449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186308008663.

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The literature on medicine in medieval Muslim countries in general and in Egypt in particular is vast and detailed. Yet study and assessment of the practical aspects of medicine in the Mediterranean society of the Middle Ages requires examination of authentic, practical medical knowledge. At present this can be extracted mainly from the prescriptions found in the Cairo Genizah; these supply a different and valuable dimension. On the importance and the potential of research into the medical aspects of the Genizah documents, mainly prescriptions, Goitein wrote in 1971 that “these prescriptions have to be examined by experts in the history of medicine”.

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Worthing, Michael A., and Hector H. Sutherland. "The composition and origin of massicot, litharge (PbO) and a mixed oxide of lead used as a traditional medicine in the Arabian Gulf." Mineralogical Magazine 60, no. 400 (June 1996): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1996.060.400.12.

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Lead and lead minerals have been used for medical purposes throughout human history. For example, galena was used as an eye salve in pre-Dynastic Egypt and by the ancient Indian civilisations of Mohendro-Daro and Harappa some 3200 to 2800 B.C. (Nriagu, 1983). The use of lead and other heavy metals and their compounds in Ayurveda, the Hindu system of medicine, can be traced back to the first century A.D. when Jain and Buddhist healers began to encourage the use of these substances instead of animal products (Mukherjee, 1992).

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Maksimovic, Jovan, and Marko Maksimovic. "From history of proctology." Archive of Oncology 21, no. 1 (2013): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aoo1301028m.

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The authors of this paper presented the key moments in the development of proctology, a medical discipline which is an integral part of surgery, whose development path was inseparable from the historical development of operational medicine. Even in the ancient Egypt, proctology was an important branch of medicine. Out of eight of so far known medical papyri in the history of proctology, the most important one is the Beatty`s (Chester Beatty) papyrus from the 13th century BC, which is actually a short monograph on diseases of the anus and their treatment. In the ancient period, operative proctology reached the highest level in the time of Hippocrates. In detail, and with special care, the operative procedures of the large intestine, primarily perianal fistula and hemorrhoids were described in the Hippocratic writings. One of the most famous Roman medical writers, Celsus (Cornelius Celsus Asullus) described the surgery of hemorrhoids by their ligature and the surgery of anorectal fistula in two ways: ligation of the fistula channel by string of raw flax and fistula incision through the probe placed through the fistula channel. Doctors of the 18th and the 19th century introduced into practice some more complicated surgical procedures in the treatment of anorectal diseases. The French surgeons were the leaders. In 1710, Littr? performed, for the first time, anus praeter naturalis and Jacques Lisfranc (1790-1847) pioneered the method of perineal resection of the rectum for cancer. The first rectoscope was constructed in 1895 and in 1903 it was introduced into practice by Kelly (Kelly Howard Atwood). A sudden progress in the diagnosis and treatment of anorectal diseases occurred after the Second World War and the trend has continued to this day.

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Ibrahim, S. A., A. Abdel Maksoud, and M. F. Nassar. "Nutritional stunting in Egypt: which nutrient is responsible?" Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 8, no. 2-3 (June 15, 2002): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2002.8.2-3.272.

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We looked at the relationship between linear growth retardation and deficiencies of certain nutrients in Egyptian children. A group of 107 stunted children aged between 10 and 18 years were subjected to history-taking, physical examination and laboratory investigations. Selected cases were referred to radiology for assessment of bone age. Thirty-nine children were enrolled as controls. Serum haemoglobin, alpha-tocopherol, retinol and magnesium levels were significantly decreased in stunted children compared with the controls. Serum zinc levels were also lower in the stunted group but not significantly so. We conclude that several nutrient deficiencies occur simultaneously in stunted children and all of them may be responsible for stunting.

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Forshaw, Roger. "Hesyre: The First Recorded Physician and Dental Surgeon in History." Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 89 (September 2013): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.89.s.10.

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Hesyre was a high court official in ancient Egypt and lived about 2650 bc during the reign of King Djoser. He managed to combine religious as well as secular posts, and has the distinction of being the first recorded physician and firstknown dentist in history. Healthcare developed at an early period in ancient Egyptian history as is supported by the evidence from the skeletal and mummified remains, from the artistic record, as well as from inscriptional and textual sources. These textual sources, the medical papyri, provide details of medical procedures undertaken, drugs employed and treatments provided - some of which have influenced modern medical practice. What we know about Hesyre comes from his impressive tomb at Saqqara, the walls of which are brightly decorated with items of daily life. Additionally, the tomb contained six fine wooden panels listing Hesyres titles, among them those relating to his practice of medicine and dentistry.

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Trevisanato, Siro I. "Did an epidemic of tularemia in Ancient Egypt affect the course of world history?" Medical Hypotheses 63, no. 5 (January 2004): 905–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2004.05.015.

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MILWRIGHT, MARCUS. "The balsam of Matariyya: an exploration of a medieval panacea." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 66, no. 2 (June 2003): 193–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x03000119.

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The products derived from the balsam tree (probably a cultivar of Commiphora opobalsamum [L.] Engl.) were employed extensively in medicine during the medieval period. This article presents a preliminary survey of the Arabic and European texts which discuss the varied medical uses of balsam. The analysis of the medical applications of balsam is organized into broad categories according to groups of illnesses and treatments. Although other sources of medicinal oleo-resin were available in the medieval period, the balsam gathered from the trees in the walled plantation at Matariyya in Egypt enjoyed a pre-eminent status. It is argued that the great regard shown to balsam in medieval medicine must be seen in the wider context of the history and legends associated with Matariyya and the earlier plantations in Palestine.

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Rubin, Avi. "In Quest of Justice: Islamic Law and Forensic Medicine in Modern Egypt by Khaled Fahmy." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 94, no. 1 (2020): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2020.0019.

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BAREKET, ELINOAR. "The head of the Jews (ra'is al-yahud) in Fatimid Egypt: a re-evaluation." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 67, no. 2 (June 2004): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x04000138.

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The debate concerning the Head of the Jews (ra'is al-yahud) in the Fatimid kingdom, which has interested researchers since the late nineteenth century, has yet to reach a final conclusion. Today's researchers usually argue that this position was established in Egypt at the end of the eleventh century with the final fall of the Palestinian Yeshiva; prior to this the Head of the Jews was the gaon of Palestine, appointed by the Fatimid Imam. More recently a new argument has emerged, re-embracing the approach of J. Mann, who argued that the position of the Head of the Jews was established at the beginning of Fatimid rule (late tenth century), and the person to hold the position was a Jewish courtier from the field of finance or medicine, appointed by the Imam to be the supreme leader for all Jews in the Fatimid kingdom: Rabbanites, Karaites and Samaritans. This old–new notion is yet to be clearly proven. Such views are mainly supported by circumstantial analysis of logical arguments that arise from the Geniza documents, without real written proof, but the Geniza is known for surprises and it is possible that we will soon find unequivocal proof to show that the Head of the Jews in the Fatimid kingdom was indeed a Jewish courtier appointed by the Imam, since the beginning of the Fatimid rule over Egypt, Palestine and Syria at the end of the tenth century.

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Lucarelli, Rita. "Mummies, Magic and Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Multidisciplinary Essays for Rosalie David by Campbell Price, et al." Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft 13, no. 1 (2018): 136–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mrw.2018.0009.

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ElAwady, Heba, Alkasem AlGameel, Tamer Ragab, and Nasser Hassan. "Congenital anomalies in neonates in Fayoum Governorate, Egypt." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 27, no. 8 (August 26, 2021): 790–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/emhj.21.033.

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Background: The worldwide incidence of congenital anomalies (CAs) is estimated at 3–7%, but actual numbers vary widely among countries. Birth defects are the most common causes of infantile mortality, accounting for ~25% of all neonatal deaths. Aims: To determine the prevalence of congenital anomalies in neonates in Fayoum Governorate; to classify malformations; and to clarify the association between congenital anomalies and possible risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1000 infants in the neonatal intensive care unit and outpatient clinics of Fayoum University Hospital and Fayoum General Hospital during August 2017 to April 2018. Detailed history, clinical examination and relevant investigations were performed. Results: The prevalence of CAs was 7.4%. Major malformations accounted for 78.4% and minor malformations 21.6%. The most common CAs involved the cardiovascular system (32.4%), followed by musculoskeletal anomalies (18.9%), chromosomal anomalies (10.8%), anomalies of the central nervous system (9.5%), gastrointestinal tract (6.8%), genital system (5.4%), eyes, head and neck (5.4%), respiratory system (4.1%), multisystems (2 or more) (4.1%), and renal and urinary systems (2.7%). 82.4% of cases were from rural areas, 62.1% were male, 36.5% were female and 1.4% were ambiguous. 85.1% of neonates with malformations were full term. Conclusion: Cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and chromosomal anomalies were the most common CAs in our study. Positive consanguinity, poor attendance at antenatal clinics, rural residence and multiparty were the most common risk factors associated with CAs.

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Gad, Ashry, Ahmed Mohamed Amin Mandil, Aida A. R. Sherif, Zahira M. Gad, and Sunny Sallam. "Compliance with antituberculosis drugs among tuberculosis patients in Alexandria, Egypt." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 3, no. 2 (March 15, 1997): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1997.3.2.244.

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Tuberculosis is an important reemerging disease with increasing global morbidity and mortality. Tuberculosis control is hindered by patient noncompliance with treatment regimens. To study compliance to antituberculosis drug regimens, 172 patients diagnosed with tuberculosis during the first three months of 1995 were investigated. The patients were interviewed at their homes during July and August 1995. More than one-third [34.9%] of the patients were not adhering to the antituberculosis drug regimen. Factors increasing drug compliance included:disease symptoms, knowledge about the disease, family history of tuberculosis and hospitalization. More information about the disease and the importance of compliance should be provided to tuberculosis patients at the time of diagnosis and initiation of therapy. Supervision of drug administration by health care personnel is stressed

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Alan Mikhail. "The Nature of Plague in Late Eighteenth-Century Egypt." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82, no. 2 (2008): 249–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.0.0031.

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Abdelhafiz, Ahmed S., Walaa A. Khairy, Merhan A. Fouda, Rania M. Labib, Eman A. Sultan, Hany H. Ziady, and Douaa M. Sayed. "Knowledge, Attitude, and Opinions of Egyptian Medical Students Toward Biobanking Issues." Innovations in Digital Health, Diagnostics, and Biomarkers 1, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36401/iddb-20-08.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Biobanking is an emerging concept in Egypt. Medical students represent important future stakeholders in the research community. The objective of this work was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and opinions of Egyptian medical students toward biobanking issues. Methods We designed a structured survey about these issues, which was communicated online with medical students at three universities in Egypt. Results A total of 315 of 364 questionnaires were completed. More than half the students have heard the term “biobanking” before. Approximately 77% had a general positive attitude toward the concept of biobanking; however, only 57.7% were willing to participate with their own or family samples. The positive attitude toward donation was significantly higher in participants with negative family history of inherited diseases (p = 0.02). Conclusion Although some students had limited knowledge of biobanking, they had a positive attitude toward the concept in general. However, this was not reflected in a similar attitude toward donating biospecimens, especially in those with a family history of inherited disease. Moreover, they expressed concerns about data protection and samples sharing with different stakeholders. Taking all these into account, educational activities about biobanking should be given to medical students to fill the knowledge gap on the subject.

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Swanepoel, Magdaleen. "The Development of the Interface between Law, Medicine and Psychiatry: Medico-Legal Perspectives in History." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 12, no. 4 (June 26, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2009/v12i4a2742.

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Medicine and law were related from early times. This relation resulted as a necessity of protecting communities from the irresponsible acts of impostors. Various legal codes dealing with medical malpractice existed in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Islam, Greece, Rome, Persia and India. Over the course of the past 30 years, interest in the history of psychiatry has boomed. Much of this proliferation of interest has taken place under the broad influence of postmodernism and has resulted in multiple and diverse histories that no longer seek to provide a linear narrative of constant evolutionary progress. Rather, these new histories explore and disrupt taken for granted assumptions about the past and provide a starting point for discussion and debate about the some of the very foundations of mental health care in South Africa. As a matter of practical importance knowledge of how knowledge accrues and knowledge of the mistakes of the past is of prime importance in preventing similar mistakes in present and future work. An important reason for specifically understanding historical psychiatry is the fact that many of the uncertainties experienced in the present are a direct result of decisions made in the past. The key issue is that while it is tempting to experience current psychiatric and legal approaches towards the mentally disordered as natural and permanent, an understanding of the past helps mental health and legal practitioners to see things in a different perspective. Psychiatric and legal approaches towards the mentally disordered have changed over time and can undoubtedly also be changed in future. Therefore, the research conducted in this article focuses on the history and development of law and psychiatry including prehistoric times, the Arabian countries, the Nile Valley as well as Greece and Rome.

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Ryle-Hodges. "Law, Medicine, and the Meaning of the Modern State in Nineteenth-Century Egypt: Bringing History and Humanity to Bear on Ideology." Bustan: The Middle East Book Review 10, no. 2 (2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/bustan.10.2.0144.

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Darwish, Rania K., Alireza Haghighi, Zeinab S. Seliem, Sonia A. El-Saiedi, Nora H. Radwan, Dina F. El-Gayar, Nesrine S. Elfeel, Mohamed Abouelhoda, and Dina A. Mehaney. "Genetic study of pediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Egypt." Cardiology in the Young 30, no. 12 (October 5, 2020): 1910–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951120003157.

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AbstractPaediatric cardiomyopathy is a progressive and often lethal disorder and the most common cause of heart failure in children. Despite their severe outcomes, their genetic etiology is still poorly characterised. The current study aimed at uncovering the genetic background of idiopathic primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a cohort of Egyptian children using targeted next-generation sequencing. The study included 24 patients (15 males and 9 females) presented to the cardiomyopathy clinic of Cairo University Children’s Hospital with a median age of 2.75 (0.5–14) years. Consanguinity was positive in 62.5% of patients. A family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was present in 20.8% of patients. Ten rare variants were detected in eight patients; two pathogenic variants (8.3%) in MBPC3 and MYH7, and eight variants of uncertain significance in MYBPC3, TTN, VCL, MYL2, CSRP3, and RBM20.Here, we report on the first national study in Egypt that analysed sarcomeric and non-sarcomeric variants in a cohort of idiopathic paediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients using next-generation sequencing. The current pilot study suggests that paediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Egypt might have a particular genetic background, especially with the high burden of consanguinity. Including the genetic testing in the routine diagnostic service is important for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, proper patient management, and at-risk detection. Genome-wide tests (whole exome/genome sequencing) might be better than the targeted sequencing approach to test primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients in addition to its ability for the identification of novel genetic causes.

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Holmes, Brooke. "Philippa Lang, Medicine and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt (Leiden: Brill, 2013), pp. xiii, 318, $151.00, hardback, ISBN: 978-9004218581." Medical History 57, no. 4 (September 23, 2013): 596–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2013.35.

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MOSHENSKA, GABRIEL. "Unrolling Egyptian mummies in nineteenth-century Britain." British Journal for the History of Science 47, no. 3 (September 4, 2013): 451–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087413000423.

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AbstractThe unrolling of Egyptian mummies was a popular spectacle in mid-nineteenth-century Britain. In hospitals, theatres, homes and learned institutions mummified bodies, brought from Egypt as souvenirs or curiosities, were opened and examined in front of rapt audiences. The scientific study of mummies emerged within the contexts of early nineteenth-century Egyptomania, particularly following the decipherment of hieroglyphics in 1822, and the changing attitudes towards medicine, anatomy and the corpse that led to the 1832 Anatomy Act. The best-known mummy unroller of this period was the surgeon and antiquary Thomas Pettigrew, author of the highly respected History of Egyptian Mummies. By examining the locations, audiences and formats of some of Pettigrew's unrollings this paper outlines a historical geography of mummy studies within the intellectual worlds of nineteenth-century Britain, illuminating the patterns of authority, respectability, place and performance that Pettigrew and his colleagues navigated with varying degrees of success.

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El-Masry, Ragaa, Noha Essam, and Magda Ghoneim. "Unmet need for family planning among women in rural Egypt." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 4 (March 23, 2018): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20181199.

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Background: Although Egypt has a strong family planning program; the downward trend in the unmet need has been reversed recently. Thus the present study aimed to assess the magnitude of unmet need for family planning, its common reasons and the associated factors among women of reproductive age group.Methods: this is a community-based cross sectional household survey study conducted in Awish El-Hagar village, Mansoura, Egypt during the year 2015-2016. Using an interviewer questionnaire; 394 rural women in childbearing period were surveyed via a systematic random sampling technique with the help of the outreach community health workers affiliated to Awish El-Hagar family medicine center.Results: The overall prevalence rates of unmet need for family planning and contraceptive use were 11.2% and 69.5% respectively, while the total demand for family planning was 80.7%. Infrequent sex (27.3%), fear from the side effects (25%) and husband opposition (15.9%) were the most frequent reasons for non-use of family planning methods among unmet need women. Logistic regressions explored that risk factors for unmet need women were having husband disapproved family planning, having only girls, perception that having >3 children to be ideal, working, having husband with the main family planning decision maker, with no past history of unintended pregnancy and having only boys.Conclusions: A considerable proportion of Egyptian women still have an unmet need for family planning that need to be addressed by more effective family planning and health education programs together with improving counseling strategies and enforcing the role of outreach workers.

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Harust, Yu V., and B. O. Pavlenko. "Historical and legal aspects of medical human development." Legal horizons, no. 17 (2019): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:23.

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The history of medicine and the history of mankind have a common long-standing past. In this article, based on our thorough and thorough research, we highlight the historical and legal foundations of the development of medicine and humanity. We began our research precisely from the earliest times (the Neanderthals, who lived about 350-35 thousand years ago), that is, from the time of human birth. Based on the analysis of the results of archaeological, anthropological studies and historical sources, we have legally proved that, from the earliest stages of human development, medicine existed alongside the primordial person. Humanity has evolved, and so has medicine. Quite meaningfully, we have explored ancient Egyptian medicine, which is the oldest of the officially documented medical systems that existed from the XXXIII century BC. BC to 525 BC It was the most advanced for its time and even included simple non-invasive surgery, fracture treatments and a large set of pharmacopoeia. Ancient Egyptian medicine influenced many of the following medical systems of the Ancient World, including the Greek. Researching the state of medicine in Ancient Egypt, we came to the conclusion that treatment not only helped people, but sometimes, on the contrary, greatly harmed the health of patients. For example, many recipes include the mandatory use of manure, which contains fermentation products and mold, which is very dangerous for the body. However, despite these negative results, we can say that medical practice in ancient Egypt was quite advanced. The Egyptians understood that the disease needed to be treated with pharmaceuticals, and sometimes to undergo surgery. The study of this period has made it possible to conclude that medicine develops inseparably in connection with human development, and society uses the acquired medical knowledge for its own well-being. The study of the development of medicine and humanity of ancient India, gives reason to argue that due to advanced medical education, society has come to the conclusion that medicine is a component of human life and the key to its development and continuation. It was during this period that humanity moved to a new stage of health care when control of medicine by the state came to light. It is in India that public institutions have begun to consider the medical sector one of the main tools for ensuring the well-being of citizens. And in ancient China, medicine gained state support and became the basis for the development of society on a par with religion. Medical education received a tremendous boost. The knowledge given to the world of medicine by the doctors of Ancient Greece, led by Hippocrates, became the basis of all modern practical medicine. The results obtained in our study, based on historical facts, prove that medicine originated with the appearance of man and subsequently existed and evolved with the development of man. Keywords: history, humanity, medicine, medical activities, medical education.

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Haynes. "Gender and the Making of Modern Medicine in Colonial Egypt, by Hibba Abugideiri." Victorian Studies 54, no. 4 (2012): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/victorianstudies.54.4.736.

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Novikov, Mikhail, and Tatyana Perfilova. "“It was a man of labor”: in memory of M.M. Khvostov." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10-4 (October 1, 2020): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi84.

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The publication is devoted to the analysis of the scientific work of the famous Russian historian, a graduate of the Imperial Moscow University, M.M. Khvostov, who made a serious contribution to the development of theoretical and methodological foundations of historical science, as well as to the study of socio-economic problems of the historical process in ancient civilizations and especially in Hellenistic Egypt. Previously unexplored aspects of its scientific and professional culture are revealed. An application is formulated for the creation of a detailed study on the image of historical science in the interpretation of the kazan professor within the framework of the “new” history of intellectual thought.

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Kelly, J., and S. Mahalingam. "Surgical treatment of head and neck cancers in the ancient world." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 129, no. 6 (May 25, 2015): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215115001218.

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AbstractObjective:This paper attempts to chart the history of head and neck cancers and their surgical treatment, starting from ancient Egypt and concluding with Galen.Conclusion:The ancient Egyptians appear to have treated head and neck cancers with local applications. The ancient Greek corpus contains a reference to treating pharyngeal carcinoma with cautery, but the description is too vague to establish the diagnosis conclusively. The ancient Romans moved away from surgical treatments, with Galen establishing a prejudice against surgery that would last through the Middle Ages.

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Inowlocki, Didier. "In Quest of Justice: Islamic Law and Forensic Medicine in Modern Egypt, written by Khaled Fahmy." Studia Islamica 115, no. 2-3 (December 21, 2020): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19585705-12341428.

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Sayed, Amal SM, Safaa S. Malek, and Mostafa FN Abushahba. "Seroprevalence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus in dromedaries and their traders in upper Egypt." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 02 (February 29, 2020): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10862.

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Introduction: Camel trade in Egypt depends mainly on importation. Seemingly healthy imported camels are responsible for the ingress of serious diseases into Egypt. A striking example of this concerning public health globally is the Middle East respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) which causes case fatalities of over 34%. Here, we determined the seroepidemiological situation of the MERS-CoV in imported camels and their traders in Upper Egypt. Methodology: Sera of sixty-three dromedaries and twenty-eight camel traders were recruited (January 2015-December 2016). The age, gender, and sampling locality of each sampled camel and human were obtained. Semi-quantitative anti-MERS-CoV IgG ELISAs which utilize the purified spike protein domain S1 antigen of MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV S1) were used to detect specific IgG antibodies against the virus. Results: The data showed that 58.73% of imported camels and 25% of traders had antibodies specific to MERS-CoV. Interestingly, like seroreactive camels, all seropositive humans were apparently healthy without any history of developing severe respiratory disease in the 14 days prior to sampling. Having specific antibodies among the examined camel sera was significantly different (P < 0.0001) in relation to various sampling localities, gender and age groups. In contrast, the seropositivity rate of MERS-CoV IgG in humans did not differ significantly by any of the studied factors. Conclusions: The current study provides the first serological evidence of occupational exposure of humans to MERS-CoV in Africa. Additionally, it reports that imported camels could be implicated in introducing MERS-CoV into Egypt. Accordingly, application of strict control measures to camel importation is a priority.

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Panchenko, Sergey Borisovich. "History of formation and development of laboratory diagnostics." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 12 (December 20, 2020): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2012-01.

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Clinical laboratory diagnostics is a medical diagnostic specialty that provides a set of studies of the biomaterial of the human body with the aim of further comparing the results with the data of a clinical examination and establishing a diagnosis. Thanks to laboratory research, practical healthcare has the opportunity to receive about 70% of the volume of objective diagnostic information necessary for the timely adoption of the correct clinical decision, the appointment of appropriate treatment, and subsequently ensuring control over the effectiveness of its implementation. The object of research in laboratory diagnostics is an individual, and the subject of research is the biomaterial obtained from him (saliva, urine, semen, blood, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, exudate, etc.) [3]. The history of the development of laboratory diagnostics has more than one hundred years. The earliest information that has come down to us, which can be considered a prototype of laboratory diagnostics, refers to Ancient Egypt. In the “Surgical Papyrus”, the information was found on the possible conduct of a visual analysis of biological fluids - this paper provides a description of the state of cerebrospinal fluid in injured patients. At the same time, the first mentions of parasitology appeared — there is an assumption that Muslims do not eat pork, as many years ago they discovered the presence of parasites in it. The work “Forecast”, which belongs to the pen of Hippocrates, contains a rather detailed description of the properties and macroscopic characteristics of urine, feces and sputum in normal conditions and in various diseases. However, the emergence of laboratory diagnostics as an independent branch of medicine occurred much later, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

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Anwar, Wagida A., Maha El Gaafary, Samia A. Girgis, Mona Rafik, Wafaa M. Hussein, Dalia Sos, Isis M. Mossad, Arnaud Fontanet, and Laura Temime. "Hepatitis C virus infection and risk factors among patients and health-care workers of Ain Shams University hospitals, Cairo, Egypt." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): e0246836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246836.

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Background Hospitals are suspected of playing a key role in HCV epidemic dynamics in Egypt. This work aimed at assessing HCV prevalence and associated risk factors in patients and health-care workers (HCWs) of Ain Shams University (ASU) hospitals in Cairo. Methods We included 500 patients admitted to the internal medicine or surgery hospital from February to July, 2017, as well as 50 HCWs working in these same hospitals. Participants were screened for anti-HCV antibodies and HCV RNA. A questionnaire was administered to collect data on demographic characteristics and medical/surgical history. For HCWs, questions on occupational exposures and infection control practices were also included. Results The overall prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies was 19.80% (95% CI: 16.54–23.52) among participating patients, and 8.00% (95% CI: 0.48–15.52) among participating HCWs. In HCWs, the only risk factors significantly associated with anti-HCV antibodies were age and profession, with higher prevalence in older HCWs and those working as cleaners or porters. In patients, in a multivariate logistic regression, age over 50 (aOR: 3.4 [1.9–5.8]), living outside Cairo (aOR: 2.1 [1.2–3.4]), admission for liver or gastro-intestinal complaints (aOR: 4.2 [1.8–9.9]), and history of receiving parenteral anti-schistosomiasis treatment (aOR: 2.7 [1.2–5.9]) were found associated with anti-HCV antibodies. Conclusions While HCV prevalence among patients has decreased since the last survey performed within ASU hospitals in 2008, it is still significantly higher than in the general population. These results may help better control further HCV spread within healthcare settings in Egypt by identifying at-risk patient profiles upon admission.

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Afifi, M. "Adolescents’ use of health services in Alexandria, Egypt: association with mental health problems." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 10, no. 1-2 (March 17, 2004): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2004.10.1-2.64.

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The study assessed patterns of health service use by adolescents and the association with mental health problems in Alexandria, Egypt. A systematic stratified r and om sample of 1577 school students aged 14-19 years completed a self-report questionnaire about demographic and health status, use of health services in the previous year, and the Children’s Depression Inventory and the Adolescent Self-Report Aggression Scale. Overall, 97.1% of students reported using school health clinics once or more in the year before the study, 93.7% primary health centres, 16.8% mental health services and 13.6% other health services. A history of organic illness in the previous year [OR = 1.80], having depressive symptoms [OR = 2.93] and having aggressive symptoms [OR = 5.53] were significantly associated with frequent use of health services [

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Abdel Fattah, M., A. Zaki, A. Bassili, M. El Shazly, and G. Tognoni. "Breast self-examination practice and its impact on breast cancer diagnosis in Alexandria, Egypt." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 6, no. 1 (February 15, 2000): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2000.6.1.34.

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This study estimated the frequency of breast-self examination practice and its possible relation to the stage of the disease at diagnosis and patient-related delay in diagnosis among newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. Breast self-examination was practised in 10.4% of cases. It was performed by patients from higher socioeconomic levels and those with a positive family history of breast cancer or benign breast mass. There was significant association between failure to practise breast self-examination and diagnostic delay. We emphasize the need for breast self-examination awareness campaigns as a key measure for ensuring earlier diagnosis and hence better prognoses for breast cancer patients in our community

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Nutton, Vivian. "Death on the Nile: Disease and the Demography of Roman Egypt (review)." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 77, no. 3 (2003): 693–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2003.0131.

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Alexander, Stephen PH. "Barriers to the wider adoption of medicinal Cannabis." British Journal of Pain 14, no. 2 (May 2020): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2049463720922884.

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The use of Cannabis-based preparations for medicinal use has waxed and waned in the multi-millennial history of human co-existence with the plant and its cultivation. Recorded use of preparations from Cannabis is effectively as old as recorded history with examples from China, India and Ancient Egypt. Prohibition and restriction of availability allowed a number of alternatives to take the place of Cannabis preparations. However, there has been a worldwide resurgence in medicinal Cannabis advocacy from the public. Media interest has been piqued by particular evocative cases. Altogether, therefore, there is pressure on healthcare professionals to prescribe and dispense Cannabis-based preparations. This review enunciates some of the barriers which are slowing the wider adoption of medicinal Cannabis.

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Wafa, E. W., R. S. Yahya, M. A. Sobh, I. Eraky, M. El-Baz, H. AM El-Gayar, A. M. Betbeder, and E. E. Creppy. "Human ochratoxicosis and nephropathy in Egypt: A preliminary study." Human & Experimental Toxicology 17, no. 2 (February 1998): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719801700207.

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This preliminary study was designed in a trial to delineate the size of the problem of ochratoxicosis and its relation to genesis of lesions mounting to end stage renal disease (ESRD) or urothelial tumors in Egypt. This study comprised five groups of patients having renal diseases of different presentations; they are: patients with (ESRD) under conservative medical treatment (group 1), patients with (ESRD) under treatment with regular hemodialysis (group 2), renal allograft recipients (group 3), patients with nephrotic syndrome (group 4) and patients with urothelial tumors (group 5). In addition, two reference groups: potential related donors for renal transplantation (group 6) and healthy control with negative family history of renal disease (group 7). For all groups, laboratory, radiological and histopatho-logical evaluation of kidney status were carried out coupled with determination of ochratoxin A level in serum, in urine and in biopsy specimens of patients with urothelial tumors. High ochratoxin serum levels were found in patients with ESRD (groups 1 and 2) (P50.01), higher serum levels were detected in the group without dialysis (group 1) in comparison with the reference groups possibly due to ochratoxin. A clearance by dialysis. Ochratoxin A was detected in serum and urine of renal transplant recipients (group 3) (P50.01) and especially higher levels were found in patients with nephrotic syndrome (group 4) (P50.001). For the group with urothelial tumor (group 5), positive serum, urine and tissue biopsy specimens for ochratoxin levels were found (P50.01). The results could lead to the conclusion that ochratoxin A could be correlated to the genesis of renal disease leading to (ESRD) or causing urothelial cancer. A thorough and in depth study of the problem of ochratoxicosis and renal disease causation in Egypt is now recommended.

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koenig, leah. "Reaping the Faith." Gastronomica 8, no. 1 (2008): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2008.8.1.80.

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This article explores the connections between the Islamic faith, farming, and ethical eating through the lives of two Muslim farmers (Zaid and Haifa Kurdieh) in upstate New York. It focuses on the concept of Tayyib, which some Muslims view as a mandate to eat sustainably and healthily, and compares Tayyib with the significantly more widespread Muslim eating mandate, Halal. It traces the history of faith and farming throughout other religious traditions including Judaism and Christianity. Additionally, it touches upon Zaid and Haifa's struggles to secure visas for Muslim farm workers from Jordan and Egypt to work as apprentices on their farm.

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Pollard, Lisa. "Liat Kozma, Policing Egyptian Women: Sex, Law and Medicine in Khedival Egypt, Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2011. Pp. 174. $29.95 (ISBN 978-0-815-63281-8)." Law and History Review 31, no. 1 (February 2013): 270–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073824801200079x.

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Kwiecinski, Jakub M. "Merit Ptah, “The First Woman Physician”: Crafting of a Feminist History with an Ancient Egyptian Setting." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 75, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/jrz058.

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Abstract Merit Ptah is widely described as “the first woman physician and scientist” on the Internet and in popular history books. This essay explores the origins of this figure, showing that Merit Ptah came into being in the 1930s when Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead misinterpreted a report about an authentic ancient Egyptian healer. Merit Ptah gradually became a prominent figure in popular historical accounts during second-wave of feminism, and, in the twenty-first century she appeared in Wikipedia and subsequently spread throughout the Internet as a female (sometimes black African) founding figure. The history of Merit Ptah reveals powerful mechanisms of knowledge creation in the network of amateur historians, independently from the scholarly community. The case of Merit Ptah also pinpoints factors enabling the spread of erroneous historical accounts: the absence of professional audience, the development of echo chambers due to an obscured chain of knowledge transmission, the wide reach of the Internet, the coherence with existing preconceptions, the emotional charge of heritage, and even – in the case of ancient Egypt – the tendency to perceive certain pasts through a legendary lens. At the same time, the story of Merit Ptah reveals how important role models have been for women entering science and medicine.

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Mansour, H. Elsayed, S. Gamal Arafa, and W. Abdelfatah Shehata. "Systemic lupus erythematosus with inflammatory bowel disease-ulcerative colitis: case report." Lupus 27, no. 7 (January 10, 2018): 1198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961203317751857.

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A 30-year-old female presented to the rheumatology outpatient clinic of the Internal Medicine Department, Ain Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, complaining of a large right leg ulcer consistent with pyoderma gangrenosum. There was history of recurrent attacks of bleeding per rectum of one-year duration. During hospitalization she noticed blurring of vision in the left eye with diffuse blackish discoloration of the feet and toes, consistent with small-vessel vasculitis. Colonoscopy with biopsy and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease-ulcerative colitis (IBD-UC). Meanwhile, the patient fulfilled the SLICC classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): recurrent oral ulcers, positive antinuclear antibody testing, proteinuria >0.5 gm/24-hour urine, positive test for lupus anticoagulant and consumed C3 complement component. Herein we report a rare case of coexistence of SLE and IBD-UC.

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Alazab, Raed M., and Abdel Raouf M. Almohsen. "Obesity indices as a risk factor of skin diseases: A Case-control study conducted in Cairo, Egypt." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 5, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v5i2.28309.

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Overweight and obesity are two major health problems that have been recognized worldwide which affect all ages and have many negative health effects. WHO in year 2010 reported that in Egypt the prevalence of overweight among women is 76% compared to 64.5% for male while the prevalence of obesity among women is 48% compared to 22% for male. The aim of the study was to determine the most prevalent skin diseases among the studied over-weight and obese patients and to examine if overweight and obesity are risk factors for skin diseases. A case-control was carried out on 250 overweight and obese patients compared with another 250 normal weight patients as controls. The participants were selected from the outpatient dermatology clinic of Al Hussein University hospital, Faculty of medicine, Alazhar University, Egypt. All patients were subjected to medical history, clinical dermatological examination and measurement of obesity indices. The most prevalent skin diseases among the studied cases were: striae (68.4%), planter hyperkeratosis (61.6%), skin tags (61.2%), acanthosis nigricans (53.6%), intertrigo (53.6%), tinea pedis (41.2%) with statistical significance difference compared to controls. As a result, overweight and obesity might be a risk factor for some skin diseases. Dermatologists must work with primary health care physicians and nutritional specialists to reduce incidence of obesity or reduce the effects of obesity on the skin.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.5(2) 2015: 23-29

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Dietrich, S. "Earliest historic reference of ’tinnitus’ is controversial." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 118, no. 7 (July 2004): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215041615182.

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Tinnitus, that is defined as ’ringing in the ear’, is and has probably always been a very common phenomenon in the health history of mankind. A variety of pathomechanisms for its onset has been proposed in the past and this trend sees no stopping. Precise pathomechanisms still remain unclear. From the historical point of view, tinnitus is a very interesting topic but there is a lack of scientific enquiries. As its earliest historic reference, the Papyrus Ebers is often cited. By reviewing the original source, however, it is very unlikely that this contains the earliest historic reference of tinnitus. It is rather likely indeed that tinnitus was a known symptom in the ancient Egypt but it has never been exclusively been written down. This article reviews data provided by this fascinating historical period on the questionable reference and highlights the impact of history on the modern status of tinnitus.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Medicine – Egypt – History'

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