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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Medicine – Philosophy – History'
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1
Kassell, Lauren. "Simon Forman's philosophy of medicine : medicine, astrology and alchemy in London, c.1580-1611." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270851.
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Normandin, Sebastien. "Visions of vitalism : medicine, philosophy and the soul in nineteenth century France." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100666.
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Vitalism is an underappreciated and often misunderstood idea. This thesis seeks to explore the historical origins and meanings of vitalism in 19th century France; tracing the transition from medical vitalism in the Montpellier School in the late 18th and early 19th century to a largely philosophical vitalism in the late 19th century, emblemized by Henri Bergson.<br>I argue that the decline of medical vitalism was brought about by the rise of scientific medicine, the experimentalism of physiologists like Claude Bernard and the growing influence of positivism in late 19th century France. I see the seminal moment of this transition from a metaphysical to a scientific world-view in the materialism-spiritualism controversy of the 1850s, which was sparked by the development of modern biology and the experimental life sciences.<br>Despite its general disappearance from mainstream medicine and science, vitalism continued to have echoes in a number of fields in the 20th century, and remains a concept relevant to our contemporary circumstances.
3
Shelton, Paul Hunter. "The cook as physician : medical philosophy, nutrition, and diet in England, 1450-1650 /." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-040212/.
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Walmsley, Jonathan Craig. "John Locke's natural philosophy (1632-1671)." Thesis, Boston Spa, U.K. : British Library Document Supply Centre, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.286485.
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Rossouw, Theresa Marie. "A dialectical interpretation of the history of Western medicine : perspectives, problems and possibilities." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53240.
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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The health of the medical profession hangs in the balance. Scepticism, mistrust and legal
restraints have entered its hallowed corridors and are threatening its integrity and
independence. There are myriad seemingly intractable moral dilemmas that doctors,
ethicists and judges are trying to resolve with the aid of available principles and rules of
ethical discourse; yet, the answers remain elusive. Hegel, the eighteenth century
philosopher, postulated that perplexity only exists because we do not look at the world
correctly: because we tend to think in an oppositional way, we abstract from the complex
interrelation of things. He therefore suggested that one should step back and think
reflectively about the problem and seek the one-sided assumptions that led to the
impasse. My proposition is that at the heart of many of the current medical dilemmas lies
the opposition between paternalism and autonomy. These two fundamental concepts
arose out of two different traditions, and now, because they have been abstracted from the
contexts and histories that inform them, seem to be diametrically opposed.
Paternalism arose out of the ethics of competence that originated in ancient Greece. The
art of medicine was still in its infancy and physicians had to prove their ability and
benevolence to a mistrustful public. Demonstration of competence became a necessary
component of any successful practice. As the power of medicine grew with the scientific
and technological advances of the Enlightenment, professionals' authority and
competence were reinforced and systematically fostered a paternalistic attitude at the
expense of adequate protection of the individual. In response to the power differential
found in the political and social arena, individual human rights were promulgated in the
eighteenth century. In the medical sphere, the culture of rights was translated into, among
others, the fundamental right to autonomy. Patients now have the right to decide on
interventions and treatment in accordance with their own conception of a good life.
Paternalism thus developed out of a societal system that embraced the virtues and
communal responsibility within the bounds of the polis of antiquity; autonomy arose out
of the designs of the Enlightenment where the individual was hailed supreme. Remnants of both traditions are evident in contemporary medicine, but they have been abstracted
from their original purpose and meaning, leading to perplexity and antagonism.
Following the Hegelian method of dialectic, I postulate a thesis of paternalism, and in
response to this, an antithesis of autonomy. I attempt to show that an intransigent
insistence on one side or the other will only serve to strengthen the paradox and fail to
lead to an acceptable solution. I aim to develop a synthesis where both concepts are
embraced with the help ofa better understanding of human nature and the inevitable
limits of human knowledge. Influenced by the work of the psychoanalyst Carl Jung, I
firstly argue for the existence of a biological human need for compassion and thus the
importance of virtue ethics, which embraces this need. Secondly, focusing on the ethics
of futurity developed by Hans Jonas, I delineate the altered nature of human action and
the derivative need for an ethics of responsibility. I propose possibilities for the future
based on the ideas of compassion, virtue and responsibility and argue that they can only
be reconciled in a pluralistic ethic.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mediese professie het'n dokter nodig. Een wat kan sin maak van die wantroue en
vyandigheid wat te bespeur is in die pasient-dokter verhouding en wat toepaslike terapie
kan voorskryf Al die pogings tot behandeling deur middel van reëls, regulasies en etiese
kodes het tot dusver misluk en het vele skynbaar-onoplosbare morele dilemmas agtergelaat.
Die Duitse filosoof, Hegel, het in die agtiende eeu aangevoer dat verwarring
onstaan bloot omdat ons die wêreld op die verkeerde wyse beskou: die mens is geneig tot
opposisionele denke en neem daarom nie die komplekse onderlinge verbintenisse van die
onderskeie elemente in ag nie. Hegel het dus voorgestel dat wanneer ons met sulke
hardnekkige situasies gekonfronteer word, ons 'n tree terug neem en die situasie
reflektiewelik ondersoek vir eensydige veronderstellings. My hipotese is dat baie van die
etiese dilemmas wat op die oomblik in medisyne voorkom, voortvloei uit die opposisie
tussen paternalisme en outonomitiet. Hierdie twee fundamentele beginsels het uit twee
verskillende tradisies ontstaan en nou, omdat hulle nie meer in hulle oorspronklike
konteks voorkom nie, vertoon hulle skynbaar teenstellend.
Paternalisme het onstaan vanuit die etiek van bevoegdheid wat teruggevoer kan word na
die tyd van Hippocrates. Medisyne was 'n nuwe professie wat nog sy eerbaarheid en
welwillendheid aan 'n wantrouige publiek moes bewys. Bevoegdheid was dus 'n
essensiële komponent van enige suksesvolle praktyk. Indrukwekkende vooruitgang in die
dissiplines van wetenskap en tegnologie sedert die agtiende eeu het dokters se gesag en
bevoegdheid bevorder en stelselmatig 'n paternalistiese houding gekweek ten koste van
toepaslike beskerming van die individu. In respons tot die magsverskil in die politieke en
sosiale sfeer het 'n beweging in hierdie tyd ontstaan om universêle mensseregte te
bewerkstellig. In medisyne het hierdie regsbeweging gekulmineer in, onder andere, die
fundamentele reg tot self-beskikking - in ander woorde, outonomiteit. Die pasient is dus
nou geregtig daarop om selfte besluit oor ingrepe en behandeling op grond van sylhaar
konsep van 'n goeie en sinvolle lewe. Paternalisme het dus ontstaan uit 'n samelewing
waar die deugte en gemeenskapsverantwoordelikhede integraal was tot die funksionering van die polis; outonomie aan die ander kant, het ontstaan uit die idees van Die Verligting
waar die individu as belangriker as die gemeenskap geag is.
Volgens die Hegeliaanse dialektiese metode, postuleer ek dus 'n tesis van paternalisme
en in respons daartoe, 'n antitese van outonomiteit. Ek voer aan dat 'n eiewillige
aandrang op een of die ander die dilemma net sal verdiep. Ek poog dus om 'n sintese te
ontwikkel wat albei konsepte inkorporeer met behulp van 'n analise van die aard van die
mens en die noodwendige beperkinge van sy kennis. Geskool op die werk van die psigoanalis
Carl Jung, bespreek ek die mens se biologiese behoefte aan medelye en stel dus die
saak vir die belang van 'n etiek van deugte wat hierdie behoefte onderskraag. Tweedens,
beinvloed deur die etiek van die toekoms, soos beskryf deur Hans Jonas, ontwikkel ek die
idee van die gewysigde skaal van menslike dade en gevolglik die noodsaklikheid van 'n
etiek van verantwoordelikheid. Ek postuleer dus 'n benadering wat wentel om die
konsepte van medelye, deug en verantwoordelikheid wat slegs in die vorm van 'n
pluralistiese etiek tot uiting kan kom.
6
Dyde, Sean Kieran. "Brains, minds and nerves in British medicine and physiology, 1764-1852." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648694.
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Shillito, Alex Benjamin. "How the Heart Became Muscle: From René Descartes to Nicholas Steno." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7939.
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This dissertation addresses the heartbeat and the systems of natural philosophy that were used to explain it in the 17th century. Thus, I work in two domains of explanation. The first domain is physiology, in which William Harvey correctly ordered the heart’s systolic and diastolic motions, while René Descartes incorrectly reversed them. By looking at Harvey and Descartes’ more complete physiological models I reconsider the controversy that spun out of their divergent accounts. The second domain is the junction of physics and metaphysics, representing the frameworks of natural philosophy behind physiology. I argue that Harvey’s physiology was correct while his supporting principles were “wrong,” and Descartes’ physiology was incorrect while his supporting principles were “right.” Thus, my thesis is that Harvey was “right” but perhaps for the wrong reasons, while Descartes was “wrong” but perhaps for the right reasons. Of course, this judgement is made from a contemporary perspective. By using a contextualist approach to history, I aim to show how the controversy between Harvey and Descartes resolved in Nicolas Steno, when he discovered that the heart is a muscle.
8
Holman, Bennett Harvey. "The fundamental antagonism| science and commerce in medical epistemology." Thesis, University of California, Irvine, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3727347.
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<p> I consider the claims made by medical ethicists that funding by pharmaceutical companies threaten the integrity of medical research and the claims of philosophers of science that evidence-based medicine can provide a sound epistemic foundation on which to base medical treatment decisions. Drawing on both game theory and medical history, I argue that both medical ethicists and philosophers of science have missed crucial aspects of medical research. I show that both veritistic and commercial aims are enduring and entrenched aspects of medical research. Because these two drives are perpetually pulling medical research in different directions, I identify the resultant conflict as the fundamental antagonism </p><p> The primary task of the dissertation is to provide a framework that incorporates both drivers of medical research. Specifically, I argue that medical research is best conceived of as an asymmetric arms race. Such a dynamic is typified by a series of moves and countermoves between competing parties who are adjusting to one another's behavior, in this case between those who seek to make medical practice more responsive to good evidence and those whose primary motivations are instead commercial in character. </p><p> Such a model presents three challenges to standard evidential hierarchies which equate epistemic reliability with methodological rigor. The first is to show that reliability and rigor can (and do) come apart as a result of the countermeasures employed by manufactures. This fact suggests that in considering policy proposals to improve epistemic reliability, it is robustness (i.e. resistance to manipulation) that should be the crucial desideratum. The second consequence is a reorientation of medical epistemology. One of the primary strategies that manufacturers have employed is to manipulate the dissemination of information. A focus on an isolated knower obscures the impact that industry has in shaping what information is available. To address these problems medical knowledge must be understood from a social epistemological framework. Finally, and most importantly, the arms race account suggests that the goal of identifying the perfect experimental design or inference pattern is chimerical. There is no final resolution to the fundamental antagonism between commercial and scientific forces. There is only a next move.</p>
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Tam, Man-yee County, and 譚敏義. "The interiorization of life nuturing skills and the medical culture in late imperial China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43085817.
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Nicolae, Daniel Sebastian. "A mediaeval court physician at work : Ibn Jumay''s commentary on the Canon of Medicine." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e8e53786-7e15-4cf9-928b-dd492a740acd.
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Ibn Jumay''s (d. c. 594/1198) commentary on the Canon of Medicine by Ibn Sīnā (d. 428/1037) occupies an important place in the history of medicine for it is the first Canon commentary written by a physician and thus stands at the start of a tradition extending over 500 years. In addition, it is a so-far neglected source for our understanding of mediaeval Islamic medicine. The present thesis analyses the commentary with the aims of (1) determining the methods by which the court physician composed his treatise and (2) understanding why Ibn Jumay' undertook to prepare a commentary on one of the most thorough medical compendia of the middle ages. Chapter One presents the biography of Ibn Jumay', reveals that his religion had little impact on his writings and surveys his library which played a pivotal role in the composition of the commentary. Chapter Two investigates Ibn Jumay''s methodology in the entire commentary; it reveals that with his philological and source-critical methods Ibn Jumay' wanted to establish an authoritative reading of the Canon and to demonstrate the high degree of his erudition. Chapter Three focuses on selected passages in the commentary in form of three case studies. Ibn Jumay''s comments on anatomy/dissection, assorted materia medica and headaches demonstrate the court physician’s reverence for ancient authorities and his quest to revive and refine their teachings. Chapter Four contextualises Ibn Jumay''s methods and agenda by comparing them to those of other relevant scholars of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The thesis concludes by arguing that Ibn Jumay''s commentary was part of his revival of the art of medicine and his attempt to gain power in the medical tradition by attaching his name to one of the greatest scholars of his time — the ra'īs Ibn Sīnā.
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Souza, Washington Luis. "Da medicina não hospitalar ao hospital médico: uma leitura das análises de Michel Foucault sobre a história da medicina." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11769.
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Previous issue date: 2008-04-07<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>This study aims to present, having Michael Foucault s work as basis, to
present the transition from classic medicine (centuries XVII and XVIII) to modern
medicine (centuries XIX and XX), as a turning point, opposed to the teleologic
evolution thesis proposed by the traditional medical historiography. On institutional
basis, we will approach the dichotomy between medical practices and the classic
hospital institutions, placing the creation of therapeutic hospital as a fact of modern
age.
This dissertation tries to show that classic medicine which classifies
pathological species was a knowledge based in natural history and reached its top at
the end of Classic Age, when the knowledge from biology, such as anatomy and
physiology, were applied to the study of pathologies creating the modern empirical
medicine. Modern medicine was constituted as a different knowledge with subject,
object, concepts and methods completely distinct. However this change hasn´t
happened due to the improvement of knowledge and practice, but because of studies
that were developed outside the medical field, apart from the medical reason.
Therefore it is not justificable to think about the history of medicine in terms of
evolutionary continuity, being best described, on the contrary, as a discontinuous and
not progressive history<br>Este estudo tem por objetivo, a partir da leitura da obra de Michel Foucault,
apresentar a transição da medicina clássica (séculos XVII e XVIII) à medicina
moderna (séculos XIX e XX), como momento de ruptura, em oposição à tese da
evolução teleológica proposta pela historiografia médica tradicional. No plano
institucional, serão abordadas as dicotomias entre as práticas médicas e as
instituições hospitalares clássicas, situando o nascimento do hospital médico
terapêutico como um fato próprio da modernidade.
Esta dissertação procura explicitar que a medicina clássica classificatória das
espécies patológicas, era um saber fundamentado na história natural e chegou ao
seu limite no final da Idade Clássica, quando saberes originários da biologia, a
exemplo da anatomia e da fisiologia, foram aplicados ao estudo das patologias
criando a medicina empírica moderna. A medicina moderna se constituiu como um
saber de outra ordem, com sujeito, objeto, conceitos e métodos absolutamente
distintos. Contudo, essa mutação não se deu em virtude do aperfeiçoamento dos
conhecimentos e das práticas, mas por meio de estudos desenvolvidos fora do
campo médico, alheios à intencionalidade da razão médica. Não se justificaria,
portanto, pensar a história da medicina em termos de continuidade evolutiva,
cabendo descrevê-la, ao contrário, como uma história descontínua e não
progressiva
12
Gonaver, Wendy. "The Peculiar Institution: Gender, Race and Religion in the Making of Modern Psychiatry, 1842--1932." W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623354.
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Modern psychiatry in the United States emerged at the same time as debate about slavery intensified and dominated public discourse, contributing to dramatic denominational schisms and to the greater visibility of women in the public sphere. as the only institution to accept slaves and free blacks as patients, and to employ slaves as attendants, The Eastern Lunatic Asylum of Williamsburg, Virginia, offers unique insights into the ways in which gender, race and religion transformed psychiatry from an obscure enterprise in the early nineteenth century to a medical specialty with wide-reaching cultural authority by the twentieth century.;Utilizing a variety of sources, including a collection of un-catalogued and largely unexamined papers, this dissertation employs interdisciplinary methods to explore the meaning of interracial medical encounters, and the role of the asylum in promoting rational religion and normalizing domestic violence.;The dissertation begins by examining the life and writings of asylum Superintendent John M. Galt, whose experience at the head of an interracial institution led him to reject proposals for separate institutions for whites and blacks and to promote the cottage system of outpatient care. The following chapter addresses the labor of enslaved attendants, without whom the asylum could not have functioned and for whom moral rectitude and spiritual equality appear to have been the ethical foundation of care-giving. Discussion of ethics and spirituality, in turn, prompts consideration of the role of religion in asylum care. The association of enthusiastic religion with slaves and with abolitionism contributed to the regulation of religious expression as a common feature of asylum medicine. Religious evangelism was viewed by hospital administrators as a symptom of insanity, while religious rationalism was enshrined as normative and, paradoxically, as secular.;Asylum medicine also normalized domestic violence by treating the social problem of violence, from wife beating to the rape of slave women, as the medical pathology of individuals. In so doing, the asylum undermined the religious authority from which many women derived comfort, meaning and purpose; and overemphasized the role of female sexual and reproductive organs as an alleged cause of insanity. Ultimately, the struggle over efforts to contain interracial alliances, women's autonomy and enthusiastic religious expression coalesced in the state's promotion of eugenics in the early twentieth century.
13
Courtil, Jean-Christophe. "Sapientia contemptrix doloris : le corps souffrant dans l'œuvre philosophique de Sénèque." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20103.
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Sénèque respecte scrupuleusement l’orthodoxie stoïcienne en affirmant à plusieurs reprises que la santé physique, en tant qu’« indifférent » moral, ne doit en aucun cas être un objet d’attention. Toutefois, parallèlement à ces considérations, il compose une œuvre dans laquelle la souffrance physique occupe une place considérable. La présente étude, à travers l’examen des théories et des représentations du dolor physique dans l’œuvre philosophique de Sénèque, se propose de résoudre ce paradoxe apparent et de déterminer précisément les fonctions d’un tel emploi. Dans un premier moment, après avoir défini la notion de dolor physique et établi une typologie précise, nous démontrons l’omniprésence du motif du corps souffrant et en dégageons les raisons externes, qu’elles soient socio-anthropologiques et culturelles, politiques, littéraires et même personnelles. Dans un deuxième temps, nous étudions la dimension médicale des représentations de la souffrance, afin de définir chez le philosophe le niveau de sa connaissance des auteurs spécialisés et l’origine possible des théories pathologiques et thérapeutiques qui affleurent dans son œuvre. Dans un troisième temps, nous envisageons le dolor physique au sein de la pensée philosophique de Sénèque. Nous nous employons à démontrer que le dolor physique possède une fonction éthique de premier ordre et que Sénèque ne se limite à présenter des éléments dogmatiques, mais développe également une série d’exercices pratiques permettant de sortir vainqueur du combat contre la douleur physique<br>Seneca scrupulously respects Stoic orthodoxy by repeatedly asserting that physical health, as a moral “indifferent”, should never be an object of attention. However, alongside these considerations, he composed a work in which physical suffering holds an important place. The intent of this study, through the analysis of theories and representations of physical dolor in Seneca’s philosophical works, is to solve this apparent paradox and to accurately establish the functions of such use. In a first time, after having defined the notion of physical dolor and established a precise typology, we demonstrate the omnipresence of the pattern of the suffering body and draw external reasons for it, whether they might be socio-anthropological and cultural, political, literary and even personal. In a second time, we study the medical aspect of the representations of suffering in order to define in the philosopher the level of his knowledge of specialized authors and the possible origin of the pathological and therapeutic theories that emerge in his work. In a third time, we consider the physical dolor in Seneca’s philosophical thought. We apply to demonstrate that the physical dolor has a first order ethical function and that Seneca does not confine himself to submitting dogmatic elements, but he also develops a series of practical exercises that allow to emerge victorious from the fight against physical pain
14
Bian, He. "Assembling the Cure: Materia Medica and the Culture of Healing in Late Imperial China." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11449.
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This dissertation examines the intersection between the culture of knowledge and socio-economic conditions of late Ming and Qing China (1550-1800) through the lens of materia medica. I argue that medicine in China during this time developed new characteristics that emphasized the centrality of drugs as objects of pharmacological knowledge, commodities valued by authenticity and efficacy, and embodiment of medical skills and expertise. My inquiry contributes to a deeper understanding of the materiality of healing as a basic condition in early modern societies: on the one hand, textual knowledge about drugs and the substances themselves became increasingly available via the commoditization of texts and goods; on the other hand, anxiety arose out of the unruly nature of potent substances, whose promise to cure remained difficult to grasp in social practice of medicine.<br>History of Science
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L'herrou, Bradley. "Experimental Reporting and Networks of Political Information: Lorenzo Magalotti's Framing of Courts and Nature." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5725.
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This thesis explores changes in experimental reporting during the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century. In particular, I examine and compare some of the works of Count Lorenzo Magalotti, namely the Saggi di Naturali Esperienza or Essays on Natural Experiments and the Relazione d'Inghilterra. In 1667, as secretary of the Accademia del Cimento – the Tuscan experimental academy founded in 1657 – Magalotti (1637-1712) authored the Saggi, a collection of experimental reports. These reports included extensive written descriptions of experiments along with dozens of engravings depicting the instruments custom-made for the experiments. Magalotti also served as ambassador and agent of the Tuscan court and in the same year he traveled to England to offer a copy of the Saggi to King Charles II. While in England, Magalotti corresponded extensively with Prince Leopold and with the future grand duke, Cosimo III, reporting his observations of the English court: descriptions of political, military, and intellectual life at the court of Charles II. Magalotti’s account of his experience was compiled as Relazione d'Inghilterra in 1669. My work shows that the Saggi and the Relazione, although different in their content, emerged from the same historical context. I argue that the way information was conceived and organized, whether it originated from experimental practices (Saggi) or diplomatic actions (Relazione), changed over the course of the seventeenth century. Experimental reporting, like political reporting, became parceled into small, discrete units suited for high rates of information exchange.
16
Klein, Alexandre. "Du corps médical au corps du sujet : étude historique et philosophique du problème de la subjectivité dans la médecine française moderne et contemporaine." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0288/document.
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La médecine connaît actuellement en France une crise de ses repères et de ses valeurs conséquente aux bouleversements scientifiques, techniques et sociologiques qu'elle a connue au cours du XXe siècle. Cette thèse vise à explorer les tenants et les aboutissants de cette situation, à partir d'une étude historique et philosophique de l'émergence et du développement de la médecine française moderne puis contemporaine, entendue à la fois comme profession, discoursscientifique et pratique sociale. De la formation du corps médical à l'apparition d'un discours autonome des usagers de santé, nous défendons l'idée selon laquelle la genèse et l'évolution du discours médical, depuis le XVIIIe siècle jusqu'à nos jours, repose sur sa capacité à répondre à la question fondatrice des possibilités d'objectivation scientifique et technique de la subjectivité humaine. Ce problème, originairement épistémologique, se révèle au cours de notre généalogie de nature tant philosophique qu'éthique et sociopolitique, nous conduisant finalement àrechercher les outils de problématisation de la crise contemporaine au fondement de la relation médicale moderne. L'étude de la correspondance du médecin des Lumières Samuel-Auguste Tissot (1728-1797) nous offre finalement un contre-point essentiel pour préciser les conditions de possibilités d'une médecine, que nous souhaitons pour le XXIe siècle, et au sein de laquelle est assuré le respect de l'autonomie et de l'identité propres à l'ensemble des sujets, qu'ils soient soignés ou soignants<br>Medicine in France is currently undergoing a crisis, with respect to its establishedreferences and values, as a result of the major technical, sociological and scientific changes undergone in the twentieth century. This thesis aims to explore the ins and outs of this crisis through an historical and philosophical study of the emergence and development of modern and contemporary French medicine as a profession, scientific discourse and social practice. From the forming of the medical body to the emergence of an autonomous non-professional discourse, wedefend the idea following which the genesis and evolution of medical discourse, from the eighteenth century to the present day, rests on its ability to answer the foundational problem of the possibility a scientific and technical objectivation of the human subjectivity. Originally of an epistemological nature, this problem reveals itself, through our genealogy, to be rather of a philosophical, ethical and sociopolitical nature, which leads us to conceive a frame of reference by means of which to better understand the contemporary crisis underlying the modern doctorpatient relation. Finally, a case study of the correspondence of Enlightenment's medical doctor Samuel-Auguste Tissot (1728-1797) offers an essential viewpoint from which to reflect on the possibility and conditions of a medical epistemology that ensures the respect of the autonomy andidentity of all subjects, patients and practitioners alike
17
Prior, Tamara. "Hereditariedade, progresso e decadência no pensamento médico-eugenista de Renato Kehl." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-02052016-113111/.
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Resumo: Ao longo da história, o tema da hereditariedade apresentou-se sob interpretações variadas. O desenvolvimento das ciências biológicas permitiu, por um lado, maior conhecimento sobre seus mecanismos; por outro, tornou imprescindível a reflexão sobre determinismos teóricos que parecem recair, principalmente, sobre o campo das ciências da Saúde. A história do movimento eugenista é um evento que permite importantes reflexões sobre o passado e o presente. O termo \"eugenia\" foi criado por Francis Galton em 1883 para nomear uma ciência que visava o melhoramento do patrimônio biológico da humanidade. Para tanto, deveria oferecer teorias e métodos rumo à perfectibilidade física e mental. Renato Kehl (1889-1974), médico e farmacêutico paulista, foi um dos principais expoentes da eugenia brasileira, tomando para si, com afinco, a tarefa de publicista e articulador das sociedades eugênicas que aqui se formaram nas primeiras décadas do século XX. Algumas noções de progresso versus decadência contidas em suas obras em prol do movimento médico-eugenista - publicadas majoritariamente entre 1917 e 1940 - são tratadas nesta dissertação. Fizeram parte da campanha eugenista brasileira os debates acerca da esterilização dos \"indesejados\", das restrições matrimoniais e imigratórias e do confinamento dos chamados \"denegerados\". Nesse contexto o movimento eugenista foi apresentado pelos seus defensores como solução contra a supostamente inevitável e alarmante decadência que acometia o país que se formava<br>Throughout history the subject of heredity showed up in varied interpretations. The development of life sciences has greater insight into its mechanisms; on the other hand, it becomes indispensable to reflect on theoretical determinisms that appear to fall mainly on the field of Health Sciences. The history of the eugenics is an event that allows important reflections on the past and present. The term \"eugenics\" was coined by Francis Galton in 1883 to name the science of the improvement of the biological heritage of humanity. It should offer theories and methods towards mental and physical perfectibility. Renato Kehl (1889-1974), brazilian physician and pharmacist, was one of the main exponents of Brazilian eugenics, publicist and articulator of eugenic societies formed in the early decades of the twentieth century. Some notions of progress versus decay contained in his works - mostly published between 1917 and 1940 -are treated in this dissertation. Part of the Brazilian eugenics campaign debates about the sterilization of \"unwanted\", about marriage and immigration restrictions and confinement of so-called degenerate. In this context the eugenics movement was presented by its enthusiasts as a solution against the supposedly inevitable and alarming decay that affected the nation
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Vissio, Gabriele. "Lo stile della giustizia : Canguilhem filosofo dei “problemi umani concreti”." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01H230.
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Cette thèse doctorale en philosophie a pour sujet l’ensemble de la pensée de Georges Canguilhem, figure éminente de la philosophie française au XXème siècle, qui est aujourd’hui au cœur des intérêts d’un grand nombre d’études qui se développent aussi bien sur le plan historiographique que sur le plan purement théorique. Le travail qu’on présente ici se développe en trois volets. La première partie du travail est consacrée à une présentation de l’idée unitaire de la philosophie de Canguilhem. La deuxième développe une analyse de cette philosophie en identifiant quatre couples de concepts et de «mots-clés» qui permettent une présentation générale des lignes de recherche principales de Canguilhem : 1. Faits et Valeurs ; 2. Histoire et Concept ; 3. Connaissance et Vie ; 4. Technique et Société. Cette analyse conduit, dans ses dernières conclusions, à une idée de justice qui semble être au cœur du programme philosophique de Canguilhem. La troisième et dernière partie de la thèse est donc consacrée à examiner ce concept de justice. La couple de notions de «nécessité» et de «résistance» fournit une clé interprétative de la justice qui permet ainsi de relire l’unité de la philosophie canguilhemienne<br>This PhD Thesis in Philosophy deals with the thought of Georges Canguilhem as a whole. Canguilhem is a distinguished figure of the 20th century French philosophy and today his works are attracting the interest of a number of studies focused both on the historiographical and the theoretical level. This doctoral work is structured in three main parts. The first part provides a general presentation of the core idea which is the basis of the unity of the Canguilhem’s philosophical program. The second part aims to analyse this philosophy by identifying four couples of concepts and "key-words" permitting a general presentation of the main lines of research of Canguilhem’s work: 1. Facts and Values; 2. History and Concept; 3. Knowledge and Life; 4. Technique and Society. This analysis tends to the conclusion that a certain idea of justice forms the basis of the philosophical program of Canguilhem. The third and last part of the PhD Thesis examines this concept of justice finding in the conceptual couple given by "necessity" and "résistance" both a key to interpreting the notion of "justice" and a way to read the unity of Canguilhem’s philosophy
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Birden, Hudson H. "Professionalism in medicine. What is it and how can it be taught?" Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8665.
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This study examines the conceptual framework and teaching of medical professionalism from the perspectives of the literature on the subject, clinicians engaged in clinical teaching regarding professionalism, and medical students. I begin with a brief history and overview of the concepts of professionalism in medicine. I follow that with a Best Evidence in Medical Education (BEME) systematic review of the literature to identify the best evidence for how professionalism should be defined and taught. This review found that there is as yet no overarching conceptual context that is universally agreed upon. The development of ways to teach and assess professionalism has been encumbered, and failed to progress, in large part because of this amorphous nature of the various definitions promoted. The review also found no unifying accepted theory or set of accepted practice criteria for teaching professionalism. Evident themes in the literature are that role modelling and personal reflections, ideally guided by faculty, are the important elements in current teaching programs, and are widely believed to be the most effective techniques for developing professionalism. While it is generally agreed that professionalism should be part of the whole of a medical curriculum, the specifics of sequence, depth, detail, and the nature of how to integrate professionalism with other curriculum elements remain matters of evolving theory. No teaching methodology has been demonstrated in the literature to be effective or accepted for use across a wide range of medical schools. I next developed and carried out qualitative studies to discover what conceptual understanding (mental models) of professionalism medical students and clinical educators held, how these two groups view current professionalism training as a component of medical education, and how they think it should be taught. I found that medical students achieve professionalism through the influence of their exposure to seasoned professionals and through informal peer reflection. The doctors in my study group achieved professionalism not through any formal training they received, but as a result of the actions and attitudes they witnessed during their training, which created a path to reflective practice that they have sustained. I conclude by proposing a conceptual model for instilling professionalism through medical education. This model captures the formative influences on professionalism and provides a framework for understanding professional performance. The teaching of professionalism should be integrated into all years of the medical curriculum, and across all disciplines included in the curriculum. Some attributes of professionalism, such as ethics and communication skills, can be introduced in early years. Mentoring and exposure to positive role models hold the most promise as effective teaching methods. Guided reflection turns transient incidents and experiences into true learning moments, solidifying and honing professionalism. Ultimately professionalism should be viewed as an ethos. I hope that my findings will improve our ability to instil professionalism in our students.
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Humphris, Teneille Patricia. "On the Origins of the Modern Concept of Syphilis: Eighteenth Century Debate, Ludwik Fleck, and the Enlightenment." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Social and Political Sciences, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8443.
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The enlightenment period is often considered a dark age within the history of medicine. Contrary to this sentiment, I argue that the enlightenment spirit of inquiry regarding venereal disease was vibrant, dynamic, and profoundly influenced how syphilis was understood in the subsequent century. Historiography frequently minimises advances of medical knowledge made in the eighteenth century by focusing on the inefficacy of treatments, rather than on developments in medical theories and concepts. This thesis attends to this gap by examining a case study within venereology to demonstrate that physicians engaging in public debate significantly advanced knowledge of syphilis. In doing so, this counters a historiographical trend that claims that French physician Philippe Ricord (1800-1889) was the first to distinguish syphilis from gonorrhoea in the nineteenth century. It uses historical evidence to show that the nature of syphilis was debated throughout the preceding centuries and that this distinction was clearly established in 1793 by Scottish surgeon, Benjamin Bell (1749-1806). This thesis uses the epistemic concepts devised by Ludwik Fleck in his Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (1979 [1935]) to illustrate how enlightenment ways of thinking substantially contributed to the development of modern medicine. This thesis therefore invites a reconsideration of the era, not as a dark age, but as a rich period of scientific endeavour.
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Iannaccone, Antonietta Louise. "Cutting Out Worry: Popularizing Psychosurgery in America." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/517.
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We think of the lobotomy as utterly primitive and brutal; we shudder at the idea of it. The archetypal image of creepiness, violence, and unnecessary brutality was expressed in the book and movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. This procedure weighs heavy on America’s conscience but in 1945 the procedure was characterized as being as gentle as ‘cutting through butter’ and the therapeutic effect was described as ‘cutting out worry’. How did the lobotomy gain such widespread acceptance? One part of the answer is that Walter Freeman advocated for it not just among his colleagues, but through the popular media outlets of his day as well. In this thesis I will claim that, starting in 1936, Walter Freeman influenced the positive portrayal of lobotomies in the American press. He participated in visual culture that promoted a convergence between medical culture and the popular press by cultivating a representation of the procedure that could appeal to both. His tools included narrative accounts, images, and a public dramatization of himself that was hard to resist. I will show how these efforts were quite successful in the beginning, but that by 1947 he started to lose control of the perceptions and narrative he had worked so hard to construct.
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Steichen, Olivier. "Raisonnement par règles et raisonnement par cas pour la résolution des problèmes en médecine." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010691.
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Les médecins cherchent à résoudre les problèmes de santé posés par des individus. Une solution individualisée tient compte de la singularité du patient concerné. L'individualisation des pratiques est-elle possible et souhaitable? Le cas échéant, selon quelles modalités peut-elle ou doit-elle être réalisée'? La première partie de la thèse vise à montrer: que la question se pose depuis les premières théories de la décision médicale (Hippocrate) ; qu'elle s'est posée de façon aiguë au début du XIX" siècle, avec l'apparition des études statistiques; et que l'observation médicale et son évolution concrétisent la façon dont la documentation des cas et leur individualisation interagissent. La deuxième partie reprend la question dans le contexte contemporain, à travers la naissance de l'"evidence-based medicine", ses critiques et son évolution. La troisième partie montre que l'articulation du raisonnement par règles et du raisonnement par cas modélise de façon opérationnelle une démarche raisonnée d'individualisation des décisions médicales. Ce modèle simple permet de rendre compte du mouvement d'aller-retour entre deux conceptions de l'individualisation et d'en proposer une version équilibrée, mise à l'épreuve dans les domaines de l'évaluation des pratiques et de la littérature médicale<br>Physicians try to solve health problems of individual patients. Customized solutions take into account the uniqueness of the patient. Is the individualization of medical decisions possible and desirable'? If so, how can I tor should it be performed? The first part of the thesis shows: that the question arises since the first conceptualizations of medical reasoning (Hippocrates); that is was much debated in the early nineteenth century, when statistical studies were first performed to guide medical decisions; and that the medical observation and its evolution materialize how case documentation and management interact. The second part addresses the issue in the current context, from the birth of evidence-based medicine, its cri tics and its evolution. The third part shows that linking rule-based and case-based reasoning adequately pictures the process of customizing medical decisions. This simple model can account for the movement between two kinds of customization and leads to a balanced approach, tested in the field of practice evaluation and medical literature
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Yepremyan, Astrik. "Of Proofs, Mathematicians, and Computers." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/723.
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As computers become a more prevalent commodity in mathematical research and mathematical proof, the question of whether or not a computer assisted proof can be considered a mathematical proof has become an ongoing topic of discussion in the mathematics community. The use of the computer in mathematical research leads to several implications about mathematics in the present day including the notion that mathematical proof can be based on empirical evidence, and that some mathematical conclusions can be achieved a posteriori instead of a priori, as most mathematicians have done before. While some mathematicians are open to the idea of a computer-assisted proof, others are skeptical and would feel more comfortable if presented with a more traditional proof, as it is more surveyable. A surveyable proof enables mathematicians to see the validity of a proof, which is paramount for mathematical growth, and offer critique. In my thesis, I will present the role that the mathematical proof plays within the mathematical community, and thereby conclude that because of the dynamics of the mathematical community and the constant activity of proving, the risks that are associated with a mistake that stems from a computer-assisted proof can be caught by the scrupulous activity of peer review in the mathematics community. Eventually, as the following generations of mathematicians become more trained in using computers and in computer programming, they will be able to better use computers in producing evidence, and in turn, other mathematicians will be able to both understand and trust the resultant proof. Therefore, it remains that whether or not a proof was achieved by a priori or a posteriori, the validity of a proof will be determined by the correct logic behind it, as well as its ability to convince the members of the mathematical community—not on whether the result was reached a priori with a traditional proof, or a posteriori with a computer-assisted proof.
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Lepers, Yves. "Histoire critique de l'ostéopathie: de Kirksville à l'Université Libre de Bruxelles." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210150.
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La thèse retrace l'histoire de la médecine ostéopathique aux Etats-Unis, en Grande-bretagne en France et en Belgique. Partant de sa création par Andrew Taylor Still au XIXe siècle dans le middle-west, on suit d'abord son évolution conceptuelle et académique avant de s'intéresser à son institutionnalisation. Les fondements métaphysiques et transcendantaux de cette médecine manuelle sont mis en perspectives par rapport aux connaissances de l'époque tant aux Etats-Unis qu'en Europe. Nous suivons ensuite son passage sur le vieux continent via l'Angleterre et la France avant d'aborder son développement en Belgique ainsi que son entrée à l'Institut des Sciences de la Motricité de l'U.L.B.<p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><p><br>Doctorat en Philosophie<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Benker, Genelle Nicole. "Beyond Dissociation and Appropriation: Evaluating the Politics of U.S. Psychology Via Hermeneutic Interpretation of Culturally Embedded Presentations of Yoga." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1584465676302857.
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Devinant, Julien. "Les Troubles psychiques chez Galien : étude d’une approche philosophique et médicale de l’âme." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040101.
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L’étude porte sur les conceptions philosophiques, physiologiques et cliniques mises en jeu par la question des troubles psychiques chez Galien de Pergame ; elle se fonde sur le commentaire de textes collectés dans l’ensemble du corpus disponible. Les perturbations de l’âme sont dans l’Antiquité le lieu d’un conflit d’autorité entre médecine et philosophie. La participation de Galien à chacun des deux champs de savoir et le manque apparent d’homogénéité de sa conception de l’âme invitent dès lors à questionner la cohérence de ses propos. Le premier chapitre présente son approche théorique du problème et défend l’idée que les perspectives matérialistes et téléologiques sont chez lui compatibles à la fois entre elles et avec son agnosticisme quant à la nature de l’âme. Le deuxième chapitre montre que ce dernier n’est pas un aveu de faiblesse qui serait contredit dans la pratique et récuse l’idée que le médecin ait vocation à se substituer au philosophe. Les deux derniers chapitres en cherchent les raisons et pointent les facteurs de résistance à la constitution d’une psychopathologie englobante ; il est d’abord montré que le médecin approche les affections cognitives et émotionnelles selon des catégories distinctes et limite son intervention aux premières ; une reconstitution détaillée des théories étiologiques à l’œuvre dans la pratique diagnostique et thérapeutique vise ensuite à expliquer pourquoi leur prise en charge est malgré tout conçue comme difficile. L’étude entend par là contribuer à une lecture décloisonnée de l’œuvre galénique et montrer que la tension entre esprit de système et prudence théorique se résout dans la visée pratique du propos<br>The study examines Galen of Pergamon’s philosophical, physiological and clinical ideas at play in his approach to psychic disorders; it is based on a commentary of texts collected from the entire available corpus. Disturbances of the soul are giving rise to a conflict of authority between medicine and philosophy in Antiquity. Galen’s engagement in both fields of knowledge as well as apparent tensions within his views on the soul expose the consistency of his works. The first chapter presents his theoretical approach to the problem and argues that the materialistic and teleological perspectives are indeed compatible both with each other and with his agnosticism about the nature of the soul. The second chapter shows that it is not an admission of weakness which would be at odds with his practice; it thus dismisses the idea that the doctor would aim to replace the philosopher. The last two chapters look into the reasons for it and underline a number of factors inhibiting the creation of an overbearing psychopathology; it is first shown that the physician assigns cognitive and emotional disorders to different categories and will mostly take direct action on the first one; a detailed reconstruction of the etiological theories engaged in his diagnostic and therapeutic practice then shows why it is nonetheless deemed difficult to take care of such disorders. The study thus aims at contributing to an unified reading of the Galenic corpus by showing that the tension between systematic thought and theoretical cautiousness finds solution in his practical goal
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Frazier, Grant H. "Armed Drones: An Age Old Problem Exacerbated by New Technology." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/156.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the history behind and the use of militarized drones in modern day conflicts, and to conclude whether the use of these machines, with special attention to the United States, is legal, ethical, and morally defensible. In achieving the aforementioned goals, shortcomings of current policy surrounding drone warfare will be highlighted, acting as the catalyst for a proposal for changes to be made to better suit legal, ethical, and moral considerations. The proposal of a policy to help us work with armed drones is due to the fact that this thesis acknowledges that armed drones, like guns, nuclear weapons, or any type of military technology, is here to stay and that once we acknowledge that fact, the most important step is to make sure we have the right tools to judge the conduct of conflict carried out using armed drones or other weapons that raise similar issues and questions.
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Reeher, Jennifer M. "“The Despair of the Physician”: Centering Patient Narrative through the Writings of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1523435451243392.
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Venturini, Ilaria. "Male e malattia in Georges Canguilhem." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010704.
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Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de la genèse de l'œuvre canguilhemienne la plus ambitieuse, l' « Essai sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal el le pathologique ». Le premier chapitre, Esprit, présente la philosophie canguilhemienne de jeunesse, très marquée par l'approche réflexive d'Alain, comme un mélange de rationalisme cartésien et kantien fortement teinté de spiritualisme duquel l'expérience de la guerre et la décision d'entreprendre les études médicales éloignent peu à peu Canguilhem. Le deuxième chapitre, Vie, montre que la pratique de la Résistance et de la médecine, ainsi qu'une réinterprétation du vitalisme bergsonien attirent l'attention de l'auteur vers la vie. Elle hérite de ces pouvoirs que la philosophie réflexive conférait à l'esprit, lequel, s'émancipant d'un rationalisme exorbitant, réintègre ses fonctions sensibles et affectives. Dans cette perspective anthropologique, nous présentons la notion canguilhemienne de normativité biologique. Le troisième chapitre, Homme, l'interprète comme une réponse à la notion de normalité comtienne confiant sur une psychologie non naturaliste, que Canguilhem apprend en suivant le cours « Psychologie pathologique » de Lagache, et s'appuyant sur la Wertphilosophie allemande et l'axiologie dupréelienne, desquelles il s'occupe dans son propre cours « Les normes et le normal ». Le détour canguilhemien à travers les sciences de la vie nous apparaît comme un exercice métaphysique visant à regagner la sensibilité à une subjectivité transcendantale. Cette réflexion sur la maladie se révèle être une médiation sur le mal, entendu non pas comme un être inexistant ou méchant mais comme un nom de la dialectique évolutive humaine<br>This thesis aims to analyze the genesis of Georges Canguilhem's most ambitious work, the “Essais sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique”. The first chapter, Esprit, presents Canguilhem's juvenile philosophy, heavily influenced by Alain's reflexive approach, as a spiritualistic mixture of Cartesian and Kantian Rationalism from which the experience of war and the decision to study medicine progressively drive Canguilhem away. The second chapter, Vie, shows how the practice of Resistance and medicine, together with a reinterpretation of Bergson's vitalism, draw the author's attention towards life. Life inherits the powers that reflexive philosophy assigned to the spirit while the spirit, divesting an exorbitant Rationalism, reintegrates its sensible and affective functions. Under this anthropological point of view, Canguilhem's notion of biological normativity is presented. The third chapter, Homme, considers it as an answer Lo Comte's notion of normality, based on a non-naturalistic psychology, which Canguilhem learns attending Lagache's course “Psychologie pathologique”, as well as on German Wertphilosophie and Dupréel's Axiologie, which the author deals with in his course “Les normes et le normal”. Canguilhem's detour via life sciences appears as a Metaphysical exercise intending to regain sensitivity to transcendental subjectivity. This reflection on disease reveals itself to be a meditation on evil, considered not as a non-existent or malevolent being but as a form of human evolutionary dialectic
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Solbrig, Jacob H., and Jacob Hagen Solbrig. "Stasi Brainwashing in the GDR 1957 - 1990." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2017. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2431.
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This thesis examines the methods used by the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS), more commonly known as the Stasi, or East German secret police, for extraction of information from citizens of the German Democratic Republic for the purpose of espionage and covert operations inside East Germany, as it pertains to the deliberate brainwashing of East German citizens. As one of the most efficient intelligence agencies to ever exist, the Stasi’s main purpose was to monitor the population, gather intelligence, and collect or turn informants. They used brainwashing techniques to control the people of the GDR, keeping the populace paralyzed with fear and paranoia. By surrounding themselves with a network of informants they prevented actions against the dictatorial communist regime. Using the video testimonies of former prisoners, and former confidential informants who worked closely with and collaborated with Stasi agents, in combination with periodicals and previous historical studies, this work argues that the East German Police State’s brainwashing techniques had long and lasting consequences both for German citizens, and for the psychiatric health of former GDR citizens. The scope and breadth of the techniques and data compiled for use by the Stasi were exhaustive, and the repercussions of their use are still being felt and discovered twenty five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall. This study aims to show the lasting effects brainwashing had on former informants and the Stasi’s victims.
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Oliphant, Charles Jamyang. "Extracting the essence : 'bcud len' in the Tibetan literary tradition." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:72121806-b3f5-4e87-8a9a-02b8b24ad12d.
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The Tibetan practice of bcud len, or 'extracting the essence', has been for long a neglected aspect of Tibetan medical and spiritual knowledge with scattered evidence and little certainty regarding its origins or the extent of its effective presence, either in the past or at currently. In this study, seventy-three texts have been identified and tabulated. Of these, sixty-seven have been summarised and commented on, and five of these, each representative of one type of the practice, have been translated in full. All but a handful of these texts have not been translated previously. The research findings suggest that, whatever its influences from Indian, Chinese or other medical cultures, bcud len soon evolved into a distinctively Tibetan method of life enhancement, with teachings that emphasise both spiritual and medical aims and the use of indigenous Tibetan remedies, accompanied in some cases by particular rituals. The content of the texts indicates that the term bcud len can be applied legitimately to practices involving ritually empowered pills and elixirs which are ingested, respiratory and yogic exercises, dietary restrictions and rituals involving mantra recitation, visualisation and yab yum union with a consort, in that all these are considered to be means of obtaining 'the essence'. The teachings offer extensive material for those interested in the evolution and contemporary practice of Tibetan medicine, especially its botanical aspects, and for historians of ritual. In particular, the texts provide ample evidence of the lineage tradition in Tibetan religious culture, citing examples of transmissions through gter ma, whereby teachings are preserved in secret to be recovered at a future date by a gter ton or treasure revealer. The final section contains conversations with Tibetan doctors, lamas and contemporary practitioners of bcud len in Asia and the West that complement recent ethnographic studies in the field testifying to the continuing vitality of the tradition.
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Van, Vleet Eric. "Truffles Have Never Been Modern: An Actor-Network Theorization of 150 Years of French Trufficulture." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3679.
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Contemporary scholars seeking to increase Tuber Melanosporum truffle production rely almost exclusively on technological advancements to increase yields, while failing to place the cultivation of truffles, trufficulture, in its historical or local landscape contexts. In this dissertation, I describe how truffle scholars’ conceptualization of trufficulture and landscapes has changed over 150 years in France, while focusing on the French département of Lot. I examine changing relations between humans and nonhumans and how they impact truffle harvests. I analyzed the history of French trufficulture through a close reading of historic truffle manuals, archival research and the classification of remotely sensed images. Shifting from the past to the present, from July 2014-August 2016, I conducted semi-structured survey interviews with working truffle-growers (trufficulteurs) and participant observation at meetings of trufficulteurs, truffle hunts and truffle markets. I utilize actor-network theory (ANT) as both a theory and methodology. Actor-network theory allowed me to follow the impacts made by both humans and nonhumans on trufficulture. I found that truffle harvests in the 1880s dropped by 90%. Highly populated, intensively worked landscapes of viticulture, silvopastoralism and cereal cultivation created conditions suitable to truffles. By the 1870s the phylloxera aphid ravaged grapevines, which made trufficulture an important source of revenue. These advantageous conditions would not last. Post-WWI, yields fell for decades because of an ongoing rural population exodus and consequent agricultural abandonment, which promoted reforestation and closed canopy forests in Lot, France. By the 1960s, French trufficulteurs organized associations to share knowledge and promote local truffle markets to revive production. Trufficulteurs’ utilization of tractors, ‘inoculated’ plants and irrigation systems produced a new form of “modern” trufficulture. State subsidies helped trufficulteurs adopt “modern” practices, in hopes of increasing yields. “Modern” trufficulture has not dramatically increased yields. A few highly-capitalized trufficulteurs dominate production in Lot. Many others practice trufficulture as a hobby. Instead of relying on “modern” technological fixes, my findings suggest that trufficulteurs, farmers and states should reinvigorate extensive polyculture farming practices that maintain open canopy forests, which were beneficial to trufficulture in the past. Actor-network theory allowed me to rethink human and nonhuman relations, and to propose alternatives to “modern” trufficulture.
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Koetschet, Pauline. "Al-Râzî et la mélancolie, entre médecine et philosophie." Thesis, Paris 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA040078.
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La mélancolie, comprise à la fois comme une affection de l'âme apparentée à la folie et un état émotionnel caractérisé par la tristesse et la peur, occupe une place importante dans les traités médicaux écrits en arabe aux IXe et Xe siècles. À cette époque, comme dans l'Antiquité grecque, la figure du mélancolique constitue un domaine où médecins et philosophes conjuguèrent étroitement leurs efforts. En effet, les questions soulevées par la mélancolie, telles que l'interaction entre l'âme et le corps, la nature de l'âme, ou encore le siège de la partie dirigeante de l'âme, traversent les deux disciplines. Les médecins arabes s'appuient en grande partie sur les auteurs grecs, en particulier Rufus d'Éphèse et Galien. Mais la conception de la mélancolie subit aussi des variations en passant chez les auteurs arabes. La première partie de la thèse entend reconstruire la conception de la maladie chez al-Rāzī, en se fondant sur l'analyse des textes médicaux consacrés à la mélancolie chez ce dernier. Cette partie montre que le diagnostic et le traitement de la mélancolie placent le médecin face à de nombreuses difficultés méthodologiques: il doit en effet comprendre l'infinie variété des symptômes de la maladie, leur caractère à la fois physique et psychique, mais aussi expliquer comment sont découverts les pouvoirs adoucissants, échauffants et purgatifs des substances utilisées contre la maladie, et leur mode d'action dans le corps. C'est pourquoi la seconde partie de la thèse entend restituer à la conception de la mélancolie d'al-Rāzī son arrière-plan épistémologique. Elle fait apparaître qu'al-Rāzī modifie la "méthode logique" de Galien dans deux directions en apparence opposées, mais complémentaires: il replace l'expérience au centre de la méthodologie médicale, et il étend les fondements théoriques de la médecine. Cette position épistémologique conduit al-Rāzī à participer activement aux discussions philosophiques, notamment au sujet de l'âme. Dans cette perspective, la troisième partie étudie la psychologie d'al-Rāzī à partir de son interprétation de la mélancolie<br>Melancholy—understood both as a mental disease akin to madness and a state of the mind characterised by sadness and fear—figured prominently in the works of physicians living in the Islamic world in the ninth and tenth centuries. In this context, like in Greek Antiquity, the case of the melancholic was of common concern for physicians and philosophers, because melancholy raised questions that belonged to both disciplines, for instance about the interaction between body and soul, the nature of the soul, the seat of the governing part of the soul and so on.Arabo-Islamic physicians drew heavily on the Greek tradition, and especially on Rufus of Ephesus and Galen. But the notion of melancholy evolved when it came under their scrutiny. The first part of the thesis starts by investigating al-Rāzī's medical writings, in order to understand the theoretical and practical underpinnings of melancholy in these works. This part shows that the diagnosis as well as the treatment of melancholy confronts the physician with many methodological difficulties, such as recognising the multiple symptoms of the disease, explaining their physiological and psychological foundations, but also discovering the purgative, heating and soothing power of the substances used against melancholy and exposing the way in which they fight the disease in the body. Therefore, the second part of this thesis aims at reconstructing the methodological background of those difficulties. It appears that al-Rāzī modifies Galen's "logical method" in two opposite directions: first, he increases the part of experience in medical reasoning; second, he expands the theoretical knowledge needed by the physician. This epistemological position results in al-Rāzī's active participation in philosophical debates, in particular about the soul. In this perspective, the third part of the thesis studies the role played by the interpretation of melancholy in al-Rāzī's psychology
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Klein, Robert R. "Toward a Good Life in Later Life: Perspectives, Problems, and Responses." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1364341896.
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Bröer, Ralf. "Salomon Reisel (1625-1701) : barocke Naturforschung eines Leibarztes im Banne der mechanistischen Philosophie /." Halle : Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Leopoldina, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37320797d.
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Ashirova, Margarita Olegovna. "Utilization of Placebo Response in Double-Blind Psychopharmacological Studies, Contextual Perspective." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1445977459.
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Araújo, Marcelo José. "A Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da USP (1948 - 1975)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/2186.
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Previous issue date: 2007-03-12<br>Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos<br>This work carries through a historical survey of the creation process, installation and
development of the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo
(FMRP-USP) in the period from 1948 the 1975. Part of its ampler historical context until the
its more specific approach, that is, to its constituent characteristics, elements and, over all, to
its social meaning. The text initiates approaching the historical antecedents of the medicine in
Brazil in the end of century XIX and the beginning of the XX, giving has detached to the
controls of the endemic diseases and its protagonists, the creation of the Faculdade de
Medicina de São Paulo and the necessity of installation of a College of Medicine in the
interior of the state of São Paulo. After that, it approaches the circumstances of the creation,
installation and of the developing of the FMRP, detaching the didactic structure of the course,
the faculty, the student body, the employees, the first university entrance examination, your
discipline them and the departments, the developed research, the Hospital of the Clinics etc.
These circumstances meet inserted in the First Part of the work. In the Second Part, in turn,
are characterized and analyzed some considered problems important to help to better
understand the relation between the FMRP and the society that produced it and it molded it.
Beginning all this historical survey, the Theoretical Reference whose estimated beddings and
had given support to the research; after all, as well as a teacher conducts an orchestra
searching harmony between its integrant ones, the theoretical reference served as guide maker
for the success of the set.<br>Este trabalho realiza um levantamento histórico do processo de criação, instalação e
desenvolvimento da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo
(FMRP-USP), no período compreendido entre 1948 a 1975. Parte do seu contexto histórico
mais amplo até ao seu enfoque mais específico, ou seja, às suas características, elementos
constituintes e, sobretudo, ao seu sentido social. O texto se inicia abordando os antecedentes
históricos da medicina no Brasil, no final do século XIX e início do XX, dando destaque aos
controles das endemias e seus protagonistas, a criação da Faculdade de Medicina de São
Paulo e a necessidade de instalação de uma Faculdade de Medicina no interior do estado de
São Paulo. Em seguida, aborda os condicionantes da criação, instalação e do desenvolvimento
da FMRP destacando a estrutura didática do curso, o corpo docente, o corpo discente, os
funcionários, o primeiro vestibular, as disciplinas e os departamentos, as pesquisas
desenvolvidas, o Hospital das Clínicas etc. Estes condicionantes encontram-se inseridos na
Primeira Parte do trabalho. Na Segunda Parte, por sua vez, são caracterizados e analisados
alguns problemas considerados importantes para ajudar a compreender melhor a relação entre
a FMRP e a sociedade que a produziu e a moldou. Principiando todo este levantamento
histórico, encontra-se o Referencial Teórico cujos fundamentos e pressupostos deram suporte
à pesquisa; afinal, assim como um maestro rege uma orquestra buscando harmonia entre seus
integrantes, o referencial teórico serviu como guia balizador para o sucesso do conjunto.
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Tamaddon, Leila. "Artificiell intelligens eller intelligent läkekonst? : Om kropp, hälsa och ovisshet i digitaliseringens tidevarv." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Centrum för praktisk kunskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-40741.
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Denna essä syftar till att ur filosofiska och idéhistoriska perspektiv belysa utmaningar och möjligheter med artificiell intelligens (AI) och digitalisering inom hälso- och sjukvården, med fokus på läkekonst, kropp, hälsa och ovisshet. Essän undersöker hur automatisering och digitala vårdformer omformar läkekonstens grund, nämligen mötet mellan patienten och läkaren. Genom en fenomenologisk kritik av AI och teknikens väsen, belyses skillnaden mellan människan och maskinen och hur den levda erfarenheten är situerad, förkroppsligad, fylld av mening och delad med andra. Essän utforskar hur situationsunik kunskap som praktisk klokhet, fronesis, samt ett reflekterande förnuft, intellectus,kan hantera den ovisshet som är inbäddad i det allmänmedicinska mötet. Essän belyser även hur digitalisering och AI passar väl med pågående marknadsanpassning av sjukvården, där homo economicus och homo digitalis båda omformar kropp och hälsa till mätbara resurser och data. Avslutningsvis lyfts etiska dilemman kring AI och digitalisering, samt vikten av praktisk och existentiell kunskap som förutsättningar för utvecklandet och designen av en teknik som syftar främja det mänskligt goda.<br>This essay aims to illuminate challenges and opportunities with artificial intelligence (AI) and digitalization in health care, focusing on the art of medicine, body, health and uncertainty. The theoretical framework is mainly within the fields of phenomenology and philosophical hermeneutics. The essay explores how automatization and digital health care are transforming the essence of medicine: the patient – physician encounter. By a phenomenological critique of AI and the essence of technology, the essay highlights the difference between machines and humans and how lived experience is situated, embodied, filled with meaning and shared with others. The essay explores how situational knowledge such as practical wisdom, phronesis, and reflective understanding, intellectus, can deal with the uncertainty that is embedded in the medical encounter in primary health care. The essay also highlights how digitalization and AI fit well with current market adaptation of health care, where homo economicus and homo digitalis both transform body and health into measurable resources and data. Finally, ethical dilemmas of AI and digitalization are highlighted, as well as the importance of practical and existential knowledge as preconditions for the development and design of a technology that aims to promote the human good.
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Blake, Greyory. "Good Game." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5377.
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This thesis and its corresponding art installation, Lessons from Ziggy, attempts to deconstruct the variables prevalent within several complex systems, analyze their transformations, and propose a methodology for reasserting the soap box within the display pedestal. In this text, there are several key and specific examples of the transformation of various signifiers (i.e. media-bred fear’s transformation into a political tactic of surveillance, contemporary freneticism’s transformation into complacency, and community’s transformation into nationalism as a state weapon). In this essay, all of these concepts are contextualized within the exponential growth of new technologies. That is to say, all of these semiotic developments must be framed within the post-Internet sphere.
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Hunt, Lesley M. "Compliance at work: protecting identity and science practice under corporatisation." Lincoln University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1029.
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When the New Zealand Government restructured the system of the public funding of research (1990-1992) it created Crown Research Institutes (CRIs) as companies operating in a global, market-led economy. One CRI, AgResearch, responded to this environment by corporatisation and instituted a normative system of control of workers which, through strategic plans, vision and mission statements, and performance appraisal processes, encouraged workers to adhere to company goals. This thesis, reporting on an ethnographic study of this CRI, shows how most scientific workers (technical workers and scientists alike) experienced insecurity through estrangement because the contributions they wished to make were less valued both in society and in their work organisation. They were excluded from participation in both organisational and Government policy-making, and felt they did not ‘belong’ anymore. Scientists in particular were also experiencing alienation (in the Marxist sense), as they were losing autonomy over the production of their work and its end use. Scientific workers developed tactics of compliance in order to resist these experiences and ostensibly comply with organisational goals while maintaining and protecting their self-identities, and making their work meaningful. Meanwhile, to outward appearances, the work of the CRI continued. This thesis adds to the sociology of work literature by extending the understanding of the concepts of compliance and resistance in white-collar work, particularly under normative control, by developing two models of resistance. It adds to the stories of the impact on public sector workers of the restructuring of this sector in New Zealand’s recent history, and develops implications for science policy and practice.
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Corteel, Mathieu. "Nosologie et probabilités. Une histoire épistémologique de la méthode numérique en médecine." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040212.
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Dans Naissance de la clinique, Michel Foucault mit en évidence l’émergence au XIXe siècle d’un regard médical qui, en faisant taire la théorie au lit du malade, tâche de parler la langue étrangère de la maladie dans la profondeur des tissus. En opposition aux nosographies essentialistes du XVIIIe siècle, une forme de nominalisme médical apparaît progressivement à travers le développement de l’anatomo-pathologie. Cette médecine clinique est parcourue par un concept souvent oublié qui se trame, pourtant, dans l’ombre de son savoir et préfigure son dépassement. Il s’agit du concept de « probabilité ». Bien que celui-ci s’inscrit dans la clinique, l’application du calcul de probabilités ne parvient pas à s’y intégrer. Le XIXe siècle sera le théâtre d’un véritable conflit sur la conjecture qui oppose « les numéristes » et les cliniciens d’obédience hippocratique. L’orthodoxie de l’Ecole de Paris se trouve confrontée à l’émergence de la méthode numérique. La dispute théorique qui en résulte problématise l’application du calcul de probabilités en la médecine : du probable peut-on connaître autre chose que du probable ? Durant tout le XIXe siècle, on s’accorde à rejeter épistémologiquement cette méthode. Elle ne cadre pas avec la positivité des sciences médicales. Ce sera l’hygiène publique qui en fera usage pour pallier à l’inanité clinique dans le traitement des épidémies, des endémies et des épizooties. Cette rencontre conflictuelle de l’individuel et du collectif dans le médical fera naître une nouvelle forme de nosologie au XXe siècle. Il s’agit d’en comprendre l’émergence<br>In The Birth of The Clinic, Michel Foucault highlights the emergence of a medical gaze in the 19th-century that – by vanishing the theory at the patient's bedside – tries to speak the foreign language of the disease in the depth of organic tissues. With the development of anatomo-pathology, a form of medical nominalism progressively appears in opposition to the essentialist nosography of the 18th-century. This clinical medicine is shot-through by a concept often forgotten that is framed, however in the shadow of clinical medical knowledge and that prefigures its disappearance. This is the concept of "probability". Even though this concept is part of clinical medicine, the application of probability calculation fails to be part of medical knowledge. The 19th-century was the scene of a conflict over numerical conjecture that opposes "Numerists" and Hippocratic’s Clinician. The Ecole de Paris’s orthodoxy was then confronted with the emergence of the numerical method. The theoretical dispute that results from the application of the calculation of probabilities in medicine gives rise to this question: from what is only probable, can we know anything else than what is probable? Throughout the 19th-century, the numerical method is rejected on epistemological grounds. It is held not to fit with the positivity of medical science. In the treatment of epidemics, endemic diseases, and epizootics, public health services make use of it still. This confrontation between the individual and the collective in medicine gives rise to a new form of nosology in the 20th-century
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BRITO, Vinícius Vieira. "Foucault, o corpo e a filosofia." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2363.
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-13<br>Dada a importância atual de se tomar o corpo como objeto de reflexão, analisaremos, nesta dissertação, o surgimento do conceito de corpo na obra do filósofo francês Michel Foucault. Mas ao contrário dos estudos sobre ele, que discutem o corpo sobretudo em Vigiar e Punir e na História da Sexualidade, delimitaremos como objeto o corpo na obra O Nascimento da Clínica, livro que faz uma história do surgimento do corpo-organismo com a emergência da medicina moderna, mais precisamente com a anatomia e fisiologia de Bichat. As dissecações feitas por este médico, no final do século XVIII, possibilitaram às ciências da vida o afastamento do legado de Descartes, que concebe o corpo como uma máquina. Ao traçar esta descontinuidade que culminou com o advento do corpo com órgãos, Foucault provoca uma cisão na história da relação da filosofia com o corpo, que era sempre pensado em referência ao corpo-alma de filosofia cartesiana.
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Gompertz-De, Laharpe Alexandra. "Le moine et le duc. Vincenzio Borghini et la politique culturelle de l'État médicéen au XVIème siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA141.
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À partir d’une lecture d’écrits publiés et inédits de Vincenzo Borghini (1515-1580), cette thèse s’interroge sur le rôle que ce moine bénédictin florentin joua dans la politique culturelle des Médicis, et plus particulièrement sur la manière dont il concilia érudition et conscience politique, passion pour l'art et respect des nouvelles prescriptions de l’Église, élitisme culturel et diffusion des savoirs. La pratique historiographique avait un rôle d’importance alors que le duc Côme Ier ambitionnait de consolider le rôle politique de la Toscane en Italie et parmi les grandes puissances européennes par l’obtention du titre de grand-duc. Après avoir espéré que l’Empereur lui en accorderait la couronne, il se tourna vers la papauté. Pris entre de tels enjeux, Borghini, conseiller du prince aux fonctions multiples, oeuvra de manière aussi efficace que complexe. Sa pratique de l’histoire, familiarisée avec la tradition, mais fondée sur des méthodes d’approches nouvelles, évolua en adéquation avec ce qu’il nommait les «circustanze de’ tempi di parte». Les jeunes années de Borghini permettent de comprendre le rôle de premier plan qu’il tint auprès de la cour ducale. Ses études sur l’histoire s’enracinent dans ses années de formation et sa rencontre avec des personnalités comme Vettori et Vasari. Il donnera à ce dernier des conseils fondamentaux pour la conception des Vite. Les années 1560 sont celles d’une nouvelle pratique : Borghini fut l’un des principaux responsables des traités descriptifs des grands apparats dont il avait au préalable été le concepteur en tant qu’auteur des programmes iconographiques. Pour leur rôle dans la construction d’une mémoire collective de la Toscane, ces textes peuvent être considérés comme une forme de micro-histoire. Les années 1570 sont celles du passage de la micro-histoire des descriptions d’apparats à la rédaction et à la correction de traités d’histoire universelle. L’enjeu politique n’est alors plus l’obtention du titre de grand-duc mais sa légitimation. Les recherches historiques de Borghini permettent de synthétiser toutes ses activités au service des Médicis : il n’eut de cesse de se servir de l’Histoire du passé pour célébrer la Toscane du présent, qui, au-delà des Médicis, était son ultime objectif<br>Stemming from published and unbublished writings of Vincenzo Borghini (1515-1580), this Dissertation questions the role Florentine Benedictine friar Vincenzo Borghini (1515-1580) played in the cultural policies of the Medici, particularly the way he reconciled erudition and political consciousness, his passion for art and his respect for the new Church prescriptions. The use of History was important at a time when Cosimo was trying to strengthen the political clout of Tuscany, in Italy and among great European powers, by obtaining the grand-duke crown. Having hoped, in vain, that the Emperor would grant him this title, he turned to the papacy. In the face of such stakes, the role of Borghini, a man with multiple hats, was a complex one. The way he made use of history evolved in conjunction with what he called the «circustanze de’ tempi di parte». Borghini's young years help us understand the essential position he occupied within the ducal court. His approach to history finds its roots in his formative years and his acquaintance with prominent people like Vettori and Vasari. He provided the latter with fundamental advice for the theoretical conception of the Vite. The 60s were testament to a new approach: Borghini was, with a few others, in charge of writing up the treaty describing the great pageants he himself had originally devised. Given their role in the elaboration of an oriented memory, those texts can be considered to be a kind of kind of micro-history. The 70s showed the transition from the micro-history of descriptions of the pageants to writing and correcting treaty dealing with universal history. Obtaining the the title of Grand duke is not any more politically at stake; what matters now is making sure it is legitimized. Borghini's historical research synthesizes all the activities he carried out while serving the Medici family. He endeavored to use past history to celebrate Tuscany's present, which, above and beyond the Medici, was his ultimate aim
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Portes, Francois-Marie. "Parler de "la Femme" au Moyen-Age. Comparaison épistémologique entre corpus d'auteurs universitaires du XIIIe et XVIème siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUL150.
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Comment parler de « la femme » ? En effet, ce thème sollicite bon nombre de discours qui n’appartiennent pas au même domaine scientifique et n’ont pas la même méthode. Quelle science doit donc être employée pour déterminer la hiérarchie des discours qui ont la différence sexuelle pour objet ? Quelle est la place de la philosophie dans la constellation des savoirs que le XIIIème siècle a vu se croiser à l’occasion d’un tel « thème » ? Que ce soit dans les discours universitaires d’Albert le Grand, de Thomas d’Aquin, de Bonaventure ou de Gilles de Rome, il appert que l’objet d’étude qu’est la « femme » est épistémologiquement cohésif. Les autorités comme Aristote, Galien, Avicenne et Averroès sont confrontées à Augustin, Pierre Lombard, Paul de Tarse et aux « Saintes Ecritures ». Est-ce donc à la Révélation de donner les principes des discours sur « la femme », ou bien à la médecine de discriminer ou de prouver les thèses morales et politiques concernant la différence sexuelle ? Chaque auteur semble avoir une réponse qui témoigne de son épistémologie sous-jacente et c’est la cohérence scientifique pour parler de la sexuation et, en définitive, de la femme, qui est visée par ces auteurs du Bas Moyen-Age<br>How can we speak about « woman »? Indeed, many discourses refer to this subject without belonging to the same scientific field and without sharing the same methodology. Which science should be selected to determine the hierarchy of the discourse about sexual difference? What part did philosophy play in this subject among the manifold fields of knowledge of the 13th century? In the academical corpus of Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, Giles of Rome and many others, the study of woman looks epistemologically cohesive. Authoritative voices such as those of Aristotle, Galen, Avicenna and Averroes are confronted with those of Augustine, P. Lombard, Paul, and with the “Holy Scriptures”. Is it hence up to the Book of Revelation to provide the principles underpinning the discourses on “woman”, or up to medical authorities to distinguish between or prove the moral and political theses on sexual difference? Each author’s answer to this question seems to testify to his underlying epistemology and it is the scientific consistency which characterizes the talk about the gender, and ultimately about the woman, which is targeted by these Late Middle Ages authors
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Biasci, Giulia. "Le discours de la maladie chez Diderot et dans les traités médicaux du XVIIIe siècle." Thesis, Paris 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA030046.
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La présente thèse est une étude interdisciplinaire portant sur la représentation de la maladie psychophysique dans l’œuvre de Denis Diderot, placée dans un rapport dialectique ouvert avec les théories médicales produites par l’école vitaliste de Montpellier, vers la moitié du 18e siècle. La considération de l’organisme en tant qu’animata anatome où l’esprit se fait chair par le biais de la sensibilité, est le préalable à l’étude d’une maladie qui touche au physique et au moral à la fois et c’est aussi le premier acquis d’un renouveau épistémologique et méthodologique de la médecine opéré par les vitalistes. Les traités de notre corpus, justifié par les notes de Diderot dans ses Éléments de physiologie et également les articles de l’Encyclopédie à matière médicale, présentent des tentatives de théorisation de ce type de maladie. Dans la transcription de leurs expériences, les médecins emploient des solutions poétiques qui ouvrent le traité médical aux formes et aux modes du roman. Autant de propositions poétiques s’affichent dans les Éléments de physiologie. Diderot énonce ainsi sa science de l’homme, réfléchit sur les conséquences du déterminisme physiologique e aboutit à la conception de l’homme comme un complexe enchevêtrement de besoins et de relations. Les romans et les contes de Diderot sont le laboratoire où il interroge la complexité des rapports entre l’individu et le réel et où il pourvoit la maladie psychosomatique de fonctions narratives et esthétiques. Par la représentation vraisemblable des manifestations physiologiques maladives, il s’approprie l’observation clinique propre aux médecins, implique son lecteur dans la narration et met en question la philosophie morale classique<br>This thesis is an interdisciplinary study about the representation of the psychosomatic disease in Denis Diderot’s work put in an open dialectical relationship with Vitalistic medical theories from Montpellier medical school, around the mid-18th century. The notion of the organism as an animata anatome where soul is made flesh through sensibility is the precondition for the study of a disease that affects both the body and the mind. This is also the main finding proposed by the vitalists in their epistemological and methodological renewal of medicine. The treatises taken into consideration in our corpus following Diderot’s notes in Éléments de physiologie, as well as the articles of the Encyclopédie concerning medical matters, present attempts to theorize this new type of disease. By transcribing their experiences, doctors use poetic solutions that open the medical treatise to the forms and modes of the novel. The same figurative and poetic approaches can be found in Éléments de physiologie. In this essay, Diderot thus formulates his “science de l’homme”, he reflects on the consequences of physiological determinism, and he finally envisions the human being as a complex convolution of needs and relations. Diderot's novels and tales are the laboratory where he questions the complexity of the relationship between the individual and reality and he provides the psychosomatic disease with narrative and aesthetic functions. By representing sick physiological manifestations in a realistic way, Diderot appropriates the clinical observation specific to physicians, he involves his reader in the narration, and he questions classical moral philosophy
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Machado, Mariana de Abreu. "Cuidados paliativos e a construção da identidade médica paliativista no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2009. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/2329.
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Previous issue date: 2009<br>O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em investigar o processo de construção da identidade profissional de médicos que se dedicam à assistência a pacientes que apresentam doenças progressivas e ameaçadoras da continuidade existencial e que têm contribuído para o desenvolvimento dos Cuidados Paliativos no Brasil. Buscamos conhecer a trajetória profissional destes médicos desde a escolha da medicina como profissão até o encontro com a filosofia e a prática dos Cuidados Paliativos. Com este intuito, realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas,colhidas segundo a metodologia de História Oral de Vida. Foram entrevistados seis médicos de diferentes especialidades que ocupam cargos diretivos em uma das associações profissionais voltadas para a disseminação e legitimação política e social dos Cuidados Paliativos no Brasil. Os depoentes se destacam no cenário nacional no que diz respeito às discussões sobre esta temática e mantêm contato com importantes instituições internacionais. Por esta razão, chamamos o conjunto de entrevistados de elite médica paliativista. Percebemos uma pobre interlocução entre os médicos paliativistas, o que se reflete na ausência de uma identidade integrada desse grupo profissional. Os entrevistados acentuaram as competências humanitárias necessárias ao bom exercício da Medicina Paliativa, mas, no entanto, não foram explicitadas as competências específicas a este campo profissional, que justificariam seu reconhecimento pelas entidades médicas competentes comouma nova área de atuação ou especialidade.
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GERLINGS, Jonas. "Freedom in conflict : on Kant’s critique of medical reason." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/45887.
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Defence date: 24 February 2017<br>Examining Board: Professor Dr. Martin van Gelderen, European University Institute, Lichtenberg-Kolleg – The Göttingen Institute for Advanced Study (Supervisor); Dr. Dr. h.c. Hans Erich Bödeker, Lichtenberg-Kolleg – The Göttingen Institute for Advanced Study; Professor Stéphane Van Damme, European University Institute; Senior Lecturer, Dr. Avi Lifschitz, UCL<br>This thesis undertakes a double task by on the one hand analysing 18th century medicine within the context of Immanuel Kant’s work and on the other hand analysing Kant’s work within the context of 18th century medicine. Drawing on a series of Kant’s writings on medicine, often discarded as marginal, his work is re-located within the context of 18th century medical reforms and scientific revolutions. Focusing on the initial conflation between 18th century medicine and philosophy the thesis traces the growing disciplinary distinctions between the two in their rivalling views on the science of man. By focusing on the changing attitudes towards his own long lasting engagement with medicine, it is demonstrated how Kant becomes increasingly self-critical. It is argued that Kant’s philosophy is developed as a critical reflection of a growing medicalization of human life, which fails to perceive man as a free agent.
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(5930234), Stephanie L. Schatz. "Sleep and Dream-States in Literature, Science, and Medicine, 1700-1899." Thesis, 2019.
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The purpose of this study as been to contribute to the emerging interdisciplinary field of historical sleep studies, which spans the biological and social sciences, legal studies, and the humanities. As an interdisciplinary scholar based primarily in the humanities, my goals have been twofold: to develop a critical archive for the use of scholars in this emerging field; and to demonstrate how that archive might be used to productive effect in literary studies. To that end, this project begins with a critical introduction to the field of sleep studies and its relationship to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century thought and follows with two distinct but connected sections: the archive itself and a short series of literary case-studies drawn from across the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. My hope is that these case studies will show how the materials in the archive allow literary scholars to produce new insights about familiar, canonical texts. <br>
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(9782711), Julie Bradshaw. "Façade of success: Woogaroo Lunatic Asylum 1865-1969." Thesis, 2016. https://figshare.com/articles/thesis/Fa_ade_of_success_Woogaroo_Lunatic_Asylum_1865-1969/13437134.
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This thesis explores the beginning years of Woogaroo Lunatic Asylum, Queensland, 1865-1869. It examines what it was like for the people who lived and worked in this institution and the trajectory of the Asylum. During the period 1865 to 1869, the Asylum was subjected to four public Inquiries and these Inquiries provide the structure for this thesis and the lens through which the Asylum is explored. By examining a short period of time, this thesis captures the interaction between social, political and economic factors that characterised this period of colonial Queensland history and demonstrates their influence on the Asylum. While situating the Asylum within this broad frame, other more specific influences are also apparent and include particular personalities and the press, which had an impact on the trajectory of the Asylum, and the experiences of the patients and staff. This thesis demonstrates that patient experiences at the Asylum were largely negative and the Asylum from its inception was unsuitable, and further, its conditions would continue to deteriorate as the Government neglected its needs. Finally, this thesis concludes that the trajectory of the Asylum’s first five years was a consequence of a complex interplay between broad socio-political and economic factors as well as more specific influences of particular personalities and the press, all interacting with the many institutional layers of a new asylum staffed by inexperienced people.<p></p>
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"元明儒醫思想與實踐的社會史: 以朱震亨及「丹溪學派」為中心". 2012. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5549341.
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儒醫是宋以後經過醫學文本訓練的，男性醫者的，文化認同/角色/定位。道醫、巫醫和女性醫者等其他醫者漸成為邊緣他者。儒醫宣稱比其他醫療實踐者更加深諳醫學經典、更加理性。儒醫攀附儒自居，模仿理學門戶互相攻訐，有學派之分。元代婺州朱震亨，「丹溪學派」的創始者，是明代儒醫的典範。本文將以朱震亨和「丹溪學派」為個案，一方面探討儒醫如何建構醫學身體、疾病觀念及其實踐，另一方面探討「丹溪學派」的思想和社會史。<br>第一、二、三章分別從三個角度探討元明儒醫的身體觀。首先，在強烈的「南人」認同之下，元代江浙的士人強調「南/北」身體的差異，「北醫」的療法不適合「南人」的身體，朱震亨被塑造為「南醫」的典範。其次，自劉完素以後，「火」不是日常生活中的火熱之氣，也不是推算運氣的術語，成為元明醫家對身體疾病的想像。據此，朱震亨提出「陽有餘而陰不足」的身體觀，是明代「丹溪學派」遵守的教條。第三，鬼神病因漸漸從儒醫的身體觀中淡出。道教醫學中的「傳尸勞瘵」，混雜了鬼邪和血氣病因，宋元儒醫卻劃分血氣「虛勞」和鬼邪「勞瘵」的界線。朱震亨將「勞瘵」解釋為「陰不足」病。追隨丹溪之後，虞摶病人見鬼實際上是「心神不寧」，清醫吳瑭認為「祝由科」是巫術，儒醫無法容忍鬼邪病因和儀式療法。<br>第四、五章討論儒醫多樣化的實踐。在臨床實踐中如何治療「陰不足」病，「丹溪學派」並不一致，王綸提倡的「補陰丸」在明代江浙醫者的實踐中廣受歡迎，但來自學派內部嚴厲的批評聲同時存在。明代醫家認為唐宋方書治「勞瘵」的天靈蓋「殘忍」，但紫河車卻是明代常用的治療「勞瘵」藥物。儒醫反對儀式療法，但某些驅除鬼邪的針灸療法，改頭換面依然留存在醫學實踐中，比如「秦承祖灸鬼法」。<br>第六、七章指出，從朱震亨到「丹溪學派」，是元代婺州地方士人建設宗族組織、講習理學、建構地方認同背景之下的社會史，也是蘇州城市醫者專業化、組織化的結果。元明政權更迭之後，「丹溪」弟子進入太醫院，依靠政治權威提升「丹溪」的醫學地位。1450年代以後「丹溪」成為商業書坊的暢銷本，注重師承關係的學派逐漸消解，「丹溪」成為大眾通俗的醫學入門文本作者。清代，考據醫學「丹溪」為通俗庸醫，「丹溪」不再是醫者撰寫醫書、醫療實踐的必引權威。<br>This thesis aims to explain how Confucian physicians (儒醫) constructed the medical thoughts and practice. A Confucian physician is supposed to be a well-educated gentleman (儒) and a master of the medical classics. From the 12th century on, Confucian physicians gradually became a new identity of the orthodox doctors, while the Taoists, shamans, midwives and surgical practitioners all became the “others. At the same time, among the Confucian Physicians, different schools appeared. The Danxi School (丹溪學派) was a group of disciples following Zhu Zhenheng (朱震亨1282-1358) from the 14th to 15th centuries in Jiangnan (江南) . Zhu was a gentleman from Wuzhou, who was treated as an ideal model of “Confucian physicians through the whole Ming dynasty.<br>The first three chapters focus on the medical thoughts of Confucian phycians. Chapter One studies on the body of the “Southerners (南人). People living in the territory of Southern Song identified themselves as the “Southerners. This identity was strengthened by the unequal racial policy under the Mongol reign. It motivated the Jiangnan literati to appeal for a medical knowledge body specifically for the “Southerners, which would focus on treating the ailments caused by the “southern environment and dietary habits. Chapter Two explores the concept of “fire. In the Song dynasty, “fire is an element of the prevalent cosmological theory of “the five circulatory phases and the six seasonal influences (五運六氣) . However, in Liu Wansu (劉完素1132-1208) ’s innovative interpretation, the concept of “fire was internalized into the body structure. Zhu Zhenheng inherited this concept of bodily “fire and developed the theory of “yang is always in excess, yin is always deficient (陽有餘而陰不足) , which was later strictly followed by the Danxi School. Chapter Three investigates the disease of “laozhai (勞瘵) . According to the Taoist interpretation, the disease of “laozhai was due to the ancestor’s sin. However, Confucian physicians developed a new meaning in the context of Danxi’s “yin is deficient body. Demons were gradually excluded from the etiology of the Danxi School.<br>Chapter Four and Five study on the practice of Confucian physicians. The Danxi School didn’t have consensus on how to treat the “yin is deficient disease. Therefore, the therapy of “nourishing yin (滋陰) was quite differential in individual practices. However, it is certain that Confucian physicians tended to use herbs to treat patients who declared themselves suffering from demons. Religious rituals of expelling demons were excluded from their clinical practice. However, Confucian physicians didn’t refuse to use some unusual herbal remedies such as the placenta, or moxibustion that might function as Taoist rituals of expelling demons.<br>Chapter Six and Seven analyze the rise and fall of the Danxi School. The reason why Zhu became a powerful medical master lies not only in his medical thoughts or skills but in his social activities. He was very active in the lineage organization and local administration. In the local society, Zhu gained the power and fame as an authoritative Confucian gentleman, though he had never received any governmental position. After the death of Zhu, his disciples achieved successful careers as professional doctors in Suzhou (蘇州) . Later when the Ming Empire was established in Nanjing, most of Danxi’s disciples went into the Imperial Medical Service (太醫院) . After the 1450s, Zhu Zhenheng became a best-selling author and a symbol of the popular medicine. The popularity of his works eventually destroyed the structure of the master-disciple relationship in the Danxi School. The Danxi School gradually disappeared. In the end, because the mid-Qing physicians preferred ancient masters such as Zhang Zhongjing (張仲景 fl. 168-196) to the modern, vulgar Danxi, the Danxi School and their medical master faded away from the mainstream medicine.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>Detailed summary in vernacular field only.<br>張學謙.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 197-217).<br>Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.<br>Abstracts in Chinese and English.<br>Zhang Xueqian.<br>導論 --- p.1<br>Chapter 一、 --- 儒醫：宋元明清醫者的身份認同 --- p.2<br>Chapter 二、 --- 儒醫的理性與實踐 --- p.6<br>Chapter 三、 --- 丹溪學派：醫學思想的社會史 --- p.11<br>Chapter 四、 --- 研究說明 --- p.16<br>Chapter 第一章 --- 元代醫學的「南/北」身體觀 --- p.18<br>Chapter 一、 --- 南宋和元：「南人」認同的多層含義 --- p.18<br>Chapter 二、 --- 「南/北」身體觀論述 --- p.24<br>Chapter 三、 --- 製造「南醫」/「北醫」 --- p.32<br>Chapter 四、 --- 結論 --- p.38<br>Chapter 第二章 --- 丹溪學派的口號：「陽有餘而陰不足」的身體觀 --- p.40<br>Chapter 一、 --- 五運六氣與宋人的身體觀 --- p.40<br>Chapter 二、 --- 內丹對醫學身體觀的影響 --- p.46<br>Chapter 三、 --- 朱震亨的相火論 --- p.50<br>Chapter 四、 --- 結論 --- p.59<br>Chapter 第三章 --- 宋明儒醫的「理性化」：以「勞瘵」為中心 --- p.60<br>Chapter 一、 --- 《道藏》文本中「勞瘵」的界定 --- p.62<br>Chapter 二、 --- 儒醫文本中「勞瘵」的界定 --- p.68<br>Chapter 三、 --- 儒醫「勞瘵」與明代社會身體 --- p.73<br>Chapter 四、 --- 明代儒醫對「祝由」的困惑 --- p.77<br>Chapter 五、 --- 結論 --- p.85<br>Chapter 第四章 --- 「陰虛」病與療法 --- p.87<br>Chapter 一、 --- 丹溪「陰虛」病及療法 --- p.87<br>Chapter 二、 --- 補陰丸與人參之爭 --- p.93<br>Chapter 三、 --- 薛己、趙獻可：從補陰血到補陰精 --- p.99<br>Chapter 四、 --- 結論 --- p.103<br>Chapter 第五章 --- 儒醫的實踐 --- p.105<br>Chapter 一、 --- 道醫「追蟲」儀式 --- p.105<br>Chapter 二、 --- 儒醫勞瘵療法 --- p.108<br>Chapter 三、 --- 天靈蓋與紫河車在明代醫學中的不同遭遇 --- p.113<br>Chapter 四、 --- 從「秦承祖灸鬼法」到「灸鬼哭穴」 --- p.121<br>Chapter 五、 --- 結論 --- p.125<br>Chapter 第六章 --- 從朱震亨到「丹溪學派」的社會史 --- p.126<br>Chapter 一、 --- 朱震亨的出身與赤岸朱氏宗族的建構 --- p.129<br>Chapter 二、 --- 「儒醫」朱震亨與地方社會 --- p.136<br>Chapter （一） --- 朱震亨之行醫 --- p.137<br>Chapter （二） --- 朱震亨之醫療產業 --- p.140<br>Chapter （三） --- 朱震亨在地方社會的角色 --- p.142<br>Chapter 三、 --- 元代婺州的「丹溪」門徒 --- p.147<br>Chapter （一） --- 地方醫療資源與組織 --- p.147<br>Chapter （二） --- 婺州地方士族的網絡 --- p.151<br>Chapter 四、 --- 元末蘇州的「丹溪」門徒 --- p.155<br>Chapter 五、 --- 明代太醫院的「丹溪」門徒（1368-1450） --- p.162<br>Chapter 六、 --- 結論： --- p.166<br>Chapter 第七章 --- 「丹溪」的大眾化與清代醫學的轉折 --- p.167<br>Chapter 一、 --- 「丹溪」文本的製造與流傳 --- p.168<br>Chapter （一） --- 「丹溪」文本的製造 --- p.168<br>Chapter （二） --- 「丹溪」文本的印刷與晚明私人的商業書坊 --- p.178<br>Chapter 二、 --- 「丹溪」權威的下降 --- p.183<br>Chapter （一） --- 明清醫者對「南/北」身體觀、療法的不同意見 --- p.184<br>Chapter （二） --- 「陰不足」到「命門火衰」 --- p.186<br>Chapter （三） --- 考據醫學之批評「丹溪」 --- p.188<br>Chapter 三、 --- 結論 --- p.192<br>結論 --- p.193<br>參考書目 --- p.197<br>Chapter 一、 --- 一手文獻 --- p.197<br>Chapter (一) --- 醫書 --- p.197<br>Chapter (二) --- 正史 --- p.200<br>Chapter (三) --- 文集 --- p.201<br>Chapter (四) --- 地方志和家譜 --- p.203<br>Chapter (五) --- 筆記和其他： --- p.204<br>Chapter 二、 --- 工具書： --- p.206<br>Chapter 三、 --- 近人研究： --- p.207<br>Chapter (一) --- 中文專書 --- p.207<br>Chapter (二) --- 英文專書 --- p.209<br>Chapter (三) --- 中文論文 --- p.212<br>Chapter (四) --- 英文論文 --- p.214