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Journal articles on the topic 'Medieval encyclopedia'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

FUENTES HERREROS, José L. "Una ruptura en la ordenación del saber de las enciclopedias medievales. El Invencionario (1474) de Alfonso de Toledo." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 2 (October 1, 1995): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v2i.9741.

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If Alfonso de Toledo's encyclopedia of knowledge is situated within the encyclopedic tradition, the Invencionario, 1474, is studied, highlighting the break it made with respect to the medieval order and its encyclopedias, a break which announced a new ordering of knowledge and which manifests a change of age: the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.

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2

Aristova, Alla. "Medieval encyclopedia as a form of of religious worldview universalization (on the example of "Speculum Maius " by Vincent of Beauvais)." Ukrainian Religious Studies, no. 92 (January 3, 2021): 42–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2020.92.2175.

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The article actualizes the significance of scholastic encyclopedias for the religious and secular culture of medieval Europe. Their role as a compendium of accumulated knowledge and at the same time ideological synthesis of Christian religious doctrine and scientific achievements, ancient and scholastic traditions, university, and church-monastery intellectual culture is shown. The main attention is paid to the multi-volume Vincent of Beauvais’ work «Speculum Maius» («The Great Mirror») as the most significant work among medieval encyclopedias and its conceptual completion. The extraordinary role of the encyclopedia as a documentary evidence of knowledge, ideas, worldview, mentality of the Western European Middle Ages is proved. The author outlines the principles of codification of «The Great Mirror»; highlights the influence of the Christian-theological context on the content, structure and methods of organizing its material; the relationship of encyclopedic work with the processes of development and rationalization of the religious worldview. The focus is on the universalizing potential of the Christianity concepts, the extraordinary expression of which was the work by Vincent of Beauvais. The aspiration for universality was manifested both in the desire to understand the world as a Whole, created by God-completed omnipresence, and in attempts to base all the accumulated human experience, all kinds of knowledge and life on the principles of the Christian worldview. The encyclopedia is valued as a real «mirror» of an entire era, the medieval reception of Christianity, the history of European science and knowledge.

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3

Parray, Tauseef Ahmad. "Encyclopaedic Works on Islamic Political Thought and Movements in the Twenty-first Century." American Journal of Islam and Society 32, no. 4 (2015): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v32i4.1013.

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Books Reviewed: Gerhard Bowering, et. al., eds., The Princeton Encyclopediaof Islamic Political Thought (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton UniversityPress, 2013); John L. Esposito and Emad El-Din Shahin, eds., The OxfordHandbook of Islam and Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013);Emad El-Din Shahin, ed., Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics, 2 vols.(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014).During last two decades or so, many encyclopedias have been published onIslam and its history – classical to contemporary – with a modern approach,among them Richard Martin’s two-volume Encyclopedia of Islam and theMuslim World 1 and John L. Esposito’s Oxford Encyclopedia of the ModernIslamic World.2 Other encyclopedic works focus on specific eras, like JosefMeri’s Medieval Islamic Civilization.3 One more category is that of Islam andpolitics, political Islam, and/or the various facets, complexities, and intricaciesof Islamic movements. This essay focuses on three works that discuss thethemes and issues that fall in this last category.The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought (EIPT)4 is awide-ranging one-volume publication, as well as the first encyclopedia andreference work on Islamic political thought. It includes articles ranging fromthe classical to the contemporary periods and incorporates the eras from theProphet’s time to the present. Written by prominent scholars and specialistsin the field, The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics (OHIP)5 is a singlevolumesourcebook that provides a comprehensive analysis of “whatwe knowand where we are in the study of political Islam,” thereby enabling scholars,students, and policymakers “to appreciate the interaction of Islam and politicsand the multiple and diverse roles of Islamic movements” both regionally andglobally (p. 2; italics mine). By analyzing Islam and politics through a detailedand profound study, the two-volume Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and ...

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4

Epstein, Steven A. "Italy Revisited: The Encyclopedia." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 35, no. 4 (2005): 557–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0022195043327417.

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The proliferation of encyclopedias and dictionaries in every field raises questions concerning the scholarly purpose and economics of these enterprises: Who stands to benefit from them most, and who can afford them? A new encyclopedia of medieval Italy distills for the current moment the latest canonical judgment of editors and authors about which subjects merit scrutiny and how much weight they should receive in a reference work intended to be consulted rather than read from cover to cover. The process of interdisciplinary collaboration results in a collective portrait of medieval Italy containing some surprises, only a few of which are pleasant.

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5

Tabuteau, Emily Zack, Paul E. Szarmach, M. Teresa Tavormina, and Joel T. Rosenthal. "Medieval England: An Encyclopedia." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 32, no. 1 (2000): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053989.

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6

McInnis, Judy B., and E. Michael Gerli. "Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia." Hispania 87, no. 4 (2004): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20140881.

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7

Mussio, Thomas E. "Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia (review)." Italian Culture 23, no. 1 (2005): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/itc.2006.0023.

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8

Edscorn, Steven R. "Book Review: The Routledge History Handbook of Medieval Revolt." Reference & User Services Quarterly 58, no. 4 (2019): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.58.4.7171.

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If one is looking for a quick and readable introduction to specific medieval revolts appropriate for secondary education or lower division undergraduates, it would be better to pass by this work and pick up one of the many single or multivolume encyclopedias of the middle ages, such as Matthew Bunson’s Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages (Facts On File 1995). Firnhaber-Baker and Schoenaers’ edited work will be too demanding for such a reader.

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9

Shufelt, Craig. "Sources: Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia." Reference & User Services Quarterly 46, no. 1 (2006): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.46n1.75.2.

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10

Kossmann-Putto, J. A. "J.M. Jeep, Medieval Germany. An encyclopedia." BMGN - Low Countries Historical Review 117, no. 3 (2002): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/bmgn-lchr.5719.

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11

Lefferts, Peter M. "The Garland Encyclopedia of Medieval England." Musical Times 130, no. 1755 (1989): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/966311.

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12

Sunderland, Luke. "Visualizing Elemental Ontology in the Livre des propriétés des choses." Romanic Review 111, no. 1 (2020): 106–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00358118-8007978.

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Abstract This essay offers an encounter with Bruno Latour’s account of ontological pluralism by way of a close reading of the Livre des propriétés des choses, Jean Corbechon’s fourteenth-century French translation of Bartholomaeus Anglicus’s encyclopedia. Engagement with Latour’s Inquiry into Modes of Existence enables a new reading of medieval encyclopedias that takes seriously Latour’s suggestion that premodern cosmologies retain importance for modern ecological thought while simultaneously challenging his arguments about the rigidity of ontologies based on ideas of nature, substance, and matter. This essay argues that the Livre deploys precisely such an ontology in dynamic and flexible ways. The varying visual programs in Livre manuscripts each configure the encyclopedia’s ontology differently, either making humans privileged observers of nature or positioning them as subject to its laws while adopting varying solutions for communicating ontological contentions to readers.

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13

Voelker, Tammy J. Eschedor, and Michael F. Bemis. "Sources: All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World." Reference & User Services Quarterly 51, no. 3 (2012): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.51n3.289.

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14

Reider, Alexandra. "The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain." Medieval Feminist Forum 54, no. 2 (2019): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/1536-8742.2159.

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15

Eden, Bradford Lee. "The Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature in Britain." Reference Reviews 32, no. 2 (2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr-10-2017-0194.

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16

Kish, Kathleen V. "Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia (review)." La corónica: A Journal of Medieval Hispanic Languages, Literatures, and Cultures 34, no. 2 (2006): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cor.2006.0067.

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17

Eden, Bradford Lee. "A Review of “Encyclopedia of Medieval Pilgrimage”." Journal of Religious & Theological Information 9, no. 3-4 (2010): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10477845.2010.529796.

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18

Oliver, Eileen. "Sources: Key Figures in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia." Reference & User Services Quarterly 46, no. 3 (2007): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.46n3.97.

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19

Steiner, Emily. "Compendious Genres: Higden, Trevisa, and the Medieval Encyclopedia." Exemplaria 27, no. 1-2 (2015): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1041257315z.00000000065.

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20

Palmer, Kristi L. "Sources: Women and Gender in Medieval Europe: An Encyclopedia." Reference & User Services Quarterly 46, no. 4 (2007): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.46n4.93.

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21

Sprochi, Amanda K. "Sources: Encyclopedia of Society and Culture in the Medieval World." Reference & User Services Quarterly 48, no. 4 (2009): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.48n4.407.

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22

Obermaier, Sabine, and Thomas Honegger. "Animals in Medieval Literature: a Project for an Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia." IKON 2 (January 2009): 365–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.ikon.3.62.

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23

Bruquetas Galán, Rocío. "Tricks of the Medieval Trades. The Trinity Encyclopedia: A Collection of Fourteenth-Century English Craft Recipes." Ge-conservacion 15 (June 27, 2019): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.37558/gec.v15i0.674.

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 Tricks of the Medieval Trades. The Trinity Encyclopedia: A Collection of Fourteenth-Century English Craft Recipes Autor/es: Mark Clarke Editor: Archetype Publications Ltd. (31 de diciembre de 2018) ISBN-10: 1909492655 ISBN-13: 978-1909492653 Dimensiones: 210 x 297mm Páginas: 132 Idioma: Inglés

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24

Kelly, Henry Ansgar, Carl Lindahl, John McNamara, and John Lindow. "Medieval Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs." Western Folklore 60, no. 4 (2001): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1500413.

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25

Black, J. "The Encyclopedia of World History, Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged." English Historical Review 118, no. 479 (2003): 1431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/118.479.1431.

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26

Krevchenko, Elena V. "SPECULATIVE MODELING AS A METHODOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFYING THE REPRESENTATION PRINCIPLES OF WORLDVIEW IDEAS IN THE MEDIEVAL CARTOGRAPHY ILLUMINATION." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 3 (2020): 112–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2020-3-112-130.

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Medieval cartography had a wide functionality. The world map served as a historiographical and didactic tool, a spiritual guide, a mnemonic matrix, a visual encyclopedia, a philosophical model, a means of meditative practices, a manuscript illustration, an exegetical and moralizing text, a method for transmitting of narrative information, ideological and pedagogical concepts. To process a vast layer of data contained in authoritative verbal sources, the rumination method was used by a medieval cartographer. And to create the map itself, it was necessary to carry out preliminary speculative modeling and solve the tasks of the artistic reproduction of the world model on a two-dimensional picture plane. An experiment in the humanities, including art history, is not a widespread method, but its application, in that case, can be effective. Taking into account the information contained in main verbal sources and following the path of the medieval cartographer, a speculative world model meeting the basic medieval worldview requirements was created in the article. Following the experiment, the basic representational principles of the image of the world were successfully identified, as well as the artistic techniques with which those principles could be applied on the visual plane were determined.

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27

Adams, Jeremy Duq. "Medieval France: An Encyclopedia ed. by William W. Kibler and Grover A. Zinn." Arthuriana 7, no. 1 (1997): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/art.1997.0029.

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28

Speer, Andreas. "The Discovery of Nature: The Contribution of the Chartrians to Twelfth-Century Attempts to Found aScientia naturalis." Traditio 52 (1997): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036215290001196x.

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If one takes standard overviews of the history of natural science or natural philosophy as his measure, the object appearing in the title of this study would literally appear not to exist. For, apart from a few scattered encyclopedia entries — which are always of necessity rather summary in character — one searches in vain for studies on the medieval interest in the natural sciences. For the contemporary cosmologist, be he first and foremost philosopher or physicist, the Middle Ages lie in a very deep darkness indeed.

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29

James, Stuart. "Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature200186Edited by Robert Thomas Lambdin, Laura Cooner Lambdin. Encyclopedia of Medieval Literature. London and Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers 2000. x + 549 pp, ISBN: 1 57958 054 8 £65.00." Reference Reviews 15, no. 2 (2001): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.2.27.86.

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30

Reynolds, Dwight F. "Music, Poetry, and Lingua Franca in Medieval Iberia." Philological Encounters 2, no. 1-2 (2017): 76–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-00000016.

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This essay examines three different points of cultural contact between Muslims and Christians in medieval Iberia as documented in three different bodies of texts. In each example, the use of a lingua franca results in the exchange of cultural ideas and the re-presentation of one group in the language of another. The first point of contact is in the court of Córdoba in the early 9th century as recorded in an Arabic biography of a musician, which has survived only as excerpted in a later encyclopedia compiled across the Mediterranean in Syria in the 14th century. The second point of contact takes place only a few decades later, also in Córdoba, and is documented in a Latin epistle composed by a Christian during a period of increasing tension between Muslims and Christians. The third point of contact occurs in Aragon and Catalonia in the late 14th and early 15th century, where ‘Moorish’ and Jewish musicians and dancers were regularly hired to perform at the courts of the royal family and other nobles, the evidence for which is found in financial records composed in Old Catalan. Each of these examples provides evidence of cultural contact that could significantly change our understanding of the relationship between cultural and linguistic groups in this period.

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31

Andreeva, Anna. "Explaining Conception to Women?" Asian Medicine 12, no. 1-2 (2017): 170–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341391.

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Abstract Recent findings by Japanese and Western scholars specializing in Buddhism have cast light on a variety of theories of conception and gestation that were known within the religious and cultural milieu of medieval Japan. In the early fourteenth century, these ideas about the origins of life and the human body were incorporated not only into the esoteric Buddhist rituals and theological treatises that shaped the religious landscape of medieval Japan, but also into medico-religious writings focusing on women’s health. This article discusses the theories of conception and gestation seen in the Encyclopedia of Childbirth (Sanshō ruijūshō 産生類聚抄, ca. 1318), a hand-written manuscript preserved at Kanazawa Bunko, one of Japan’s surviving medieval temple archives. This manuscript is a rare source on women’s health from medieval Japan, which describes the issues of conception, infertility, and childbirth from the Buddhist and medical perspective. It explains conception through the ideas found in certain Chinese translations of Indian Buddhist treatises such as the Daodijing 道地経 (one of the extant translations of the Yogācārabhūmi) and Jushe lun 俱舎論 (Skt. Abhidharmakośa bhāṣya, Jpn. Kusharon), Buddhist scriptures, as well as Japanese Buddhist and medical treatises, including a collection attributed to the Tendai monk Annen 安然 (841–889?) and Tanba Yasuyori’s 丹波康頼 (912–995) Essentials of Medicine (Ishinpō 醫心方, ca. 984).

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32

Neel, Carol. "Man‘s Restoration: Robert of Auxerre and the Writing of History in the Early Thirteenth Century." Traditio 44 (1988): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0362152900007078.

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The historical work of the Premonstratensian canon Robert of Auxerre († 1211) was one of the most influential of medieval chronicles. Vincent of Beauvais († 1264) borrowed heavily from it inSpeculum historiale, the final section of his great encyclopedia. The content of the Auxerre chronicle, extant in its independent version in relatively few manuscripts, thus contributed to an essential element in the textual foundation of later medieval education. The shape of Robert's narrative, however, differed from that of Vincent's treatment of history. The canon of Auxerre wrote in an old genre and for a traditional end. His was the kind of monastic chronicle that had for centuries affirmed for Benedictine and reform congregations their connection to venerable tradition, and traced for them the workings of providence in time. Vincent's work, on the other hand, set the record of human experience alongside compendia about the divine and natural worlds. It thus represented the historiographical fulfillment of the thirteenth century's ambition to systematize knowledge.

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33

Hady, M. Samsul. "FILSAFAT IKHWAN ASH-SHAFA." ULUL ALBAB Jurnal Studi Islam 8, no. 2 (2018): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/ua.v8i2.6199.

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Brethren of Purity (Ikhwan al-Safa) is a group of philosophers in medieval Islamic history. They declared themselves as opponents of any chastity, impurity, or opacity. Their thoughts compiled in an encyclopedia containing of fifty two treaties (epistles), titled al-Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa wa Khullan al-Wafa. Al-Rasa'il extensively surveys a huge range of subjects ranging from music to magic. They are didactic in tone and highly eclectic in content, providing both pedagogical and culture mirror of their Age and its diverse philosophies and creeds. Therefore, al-Rasail is still debatable of its origin, one claims to the writing of Ali bin Abi Talib, the fourth Muslim Caliph (d. 40/661), or the writing of the sixth Shi'ite imam, Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq. The encyclopedia aspires to encompass all knowledge, from all sources, and to give meaning to the struggles of the human race. One of all amazing notions of the Brethren of Purity is a numerical symbolism as applied to explain qualitative correspondence of three principal beings: God as The Creator, universe, and human being.

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34

Holbrook, Sue Ellen. "A Medieval Scientific Encyclopedia "Renewed By Goodly Printing": Wynkyn De Worde's English De Proprietatibus Rerum." Early Science and Medicine 3, no. 2 (1998): 119–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338298x00257.

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AbstractWynkyn de Worde published c. 1495 the first printed edition of John Trevisa's English translation of an influential work of science composed by Bartholomew the Englishman in Latin in the thirteenth century, De Proprietatibus Rerum (DPR). The design of de Worde's book, the use of Latin in the rubrics, and the visual vocabulary of the illustrations bring readers of English into the circle of learning. First, the plan of organization of Bartholomew's encyclopedic work is analyzed and both that structure and the expository style of the work are related to memorial reading and use as a textbook. Next, the widespread use of DPR in Latin and vernacular languages is reviewed, the suggestion that certain of its books seem to have been used more than others is made, and the reliance of English readers, such as Roger Thorney, who commissoned de Worde's edition, on de Worde for learned books printed in their provincial tongue is pointed out. Finally, through comparison with certain manuscript and other printed editions, the methods de Worde used to make the book readable are explained, the layout is shown to support the idea of system, and the function of the pictures as visual texts carrying scientific ideas is demonstrated.

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35

Wasserman, Julian. "Medieval England, An Encyclopedia ed. by Paul E. Szarmach, M. Theresa Tavormina, and Joel T. Rosenthal." Studies in the Age of Chaucer 23, no. 1 (2001): 598–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sac.2001.0054.

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36

Broecke, Lara. "Tricks of the Medieval Trades: The Trinity Encyclopedia, a Collection of 14th Century English Craft Recipes." Journal of the Institute of Conservation 42, no. 2 (2019): 170–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19455224.2019.1617471.

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37

Lee Eden, Bradford. "The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Global Medieval Life and Culture201045General Editor Joyce E. Salisbury. The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Global Medieval Life and Culture. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press 2009. £241.95/$349.95, ISBN: 978 0 313 33804 4 3 vols." Reference Reviews 24, no. 1 (2010): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504121011012175.

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38

Lawrence, Veronica. "Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia2005174Edited by Christopher Kleinhenz. Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. New York, NY and London: Routledge 2004. , ISBN: 0 415 93929 1 £230 $350 2 vols. The Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages." Reference Reviews 19, no. 3 (2005): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120510587968.

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39

Mardall, Ruth. "Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia2005277Edited by Seán Duffy. Medieval Ireland: An Encyclopedia. New York, NY and London: Routledge 2005. xxxi+546 pp., ISBN: 0 415 94052 4 £105/$175 Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages." Reference Reviews 19, no. 5 (2005): 56–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120510604472.

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40

Fattah, Abdul. "Critiques and Appreciation on Orientalism in the Study of Islam." MADANIA: JURNAL KAJIAN KEISLAMAN 23, no. 1 (2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29300/madania.v23i1.1744.

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This article describes critiques on orientalism as well as appreciates orientalist works which have positive values in Islamic studies that requires “reassessment”. This is because orientalism is a distinctive discipline that has a strong historical value between the West and the East (Islam) after the medieval European renaissance. This discipline was initially used as a Western political tool to exploit the East—both aggression and imperialism. However this discipline deserves careful attention by removing prejudices-geopolitical and historical revenge in the orientalists’ objective judgments. The work produced by such orientalists cannot be solely underestimated. Some orientalists merely using a scientific or semi-scientific approach have continuously produced “magnum opus” and contributed to the development of Islamic studies such as Hadith index, Quranic dictionary, and Encyclopedia of Islam.

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41

Harris, Joseph. "Medieval Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Myths, Legends, Tales, Beliefs, and Customs. Carl Lindahl , John McNamara , John Lindow." Speculum 78, no. 2 (2003): 558–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713400169246.

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42

Lawrence, Veronica. "Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia2003420Edited by E. Michael Gerli. Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia. New York, NY and London: Routledge 2003. xxx+920 pp., ISBN: 0‐415‐93918‐6 £120.00 The Routledge Encyclopedias of the Middle Ages." Reference Reviews 17, no. 7 (2003): 68–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504120310498310.

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43

Deutinger, Roman. "Graeme Dunphy (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. Vol. 1: A–I. Vol. 2: J–Z. Leiden/Boston, Brill 2010 Dunphy Graeme Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. Vol. 1: A–I. Vol. 2: J–Z. 2010 Brill Leiden/Boston € 399,–." Historische Zeitschrift 296, no. 1 (2013): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1524/hzhz.2013.0033.

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44

Ostrovskaya, E. P. "Buddhist Ethic: Conceptual Foundations of the Doctrine of Meritorious Activity." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 4 (45) (December 2020): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2020-4-72-77.

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The doctrine of meritorious activity as an everyday practice of individual moral development is the center of Buddhist ethics. The topic of the paper comprises the conceptual basis of this activity as presented in the exegetic treatise «The Encyclopedia of Abhidharma» («Abhidharmakośa») ascribed to eminent medieval Indian Buddhist thinker Vasubandhu (4–5th centuries). Three forms of meritorious activity are analyzed here: giving, cultivation of benevolence to all sentient beings, virtuous action. Meritorious activity is treated as religious virtue. The basis for this interpretation is formed by the theory of karma (transcendental law of causality). Ethical aspect of the practice of giving deserves special attention. Canonical typology of giving’s having no religious virtue because of moral defectiveness of the giver is considered. The paper also presents the explication of virtuous action. According to this theory abstention from immoral actions must be supplied with the refusal of self-gratification.

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45

Hanaoka, Mimi. "The World in a Book: Al-Nuwayri an the Islamic Encyclopedic Tradition." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 35, no. 3 (2018): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v35i3.482.

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Elias Muhanna’s The World in a Book: Al-Nuwayri and the Islamic Ency- clopedic Tradition is an erudite, scrupulously researched, and eminently readable book that marks a significant contribution to studies in Arabic lit- erature, Mamluk history, and the production and circulation of knowledge in the medieval Islamicate world. Muhanna successfully analyzes—over the course of 232 pages with almost a dozen images and as many tables—the monumental, 31-volume encyclopedic compendium that consists of over two million words, titled Nihāyat al-arab fī funūn al-adab (The Ultimate Ambition in the Arts of Erudition), composed by Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhāb al-Nuwayrī, an Egyptian bureaucrat and scholar, during the early fourteenth century. Muhanna’s goals are to consider why al-Nuwayrī composed his ambi- tious work; to analyze the disciplines al-Nuwayrī’s work encompassed and the models, sources, and methods that guided its composition; and to trace its reception among al-Nuwayrī’s contemporaries as well as its later recep- tion in Europe and the Islamicate world. Centering these questions on The Ultimate Ambition, Muhanna analyzes Arabic encyclopedism, a phenom- enon that reached its zenith in Egypt and Syria during the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. Muhanna challenges the argument that the rise in encyclopedism re- flected anxiety about the Mongol invasions and fears about the obliteration of civilization’s knowledge and heritage. He instead argues that encyclope- dists such as al-Nuwayrī were motivated by various factors, “chief among them the feeling of an overcrowding of authoritative knowledge in Cairo and Damascus, the great school cities of the empire” (3) which, coupled with the expansion of higher education and the migration patterns of scholars in West and Central Asia, meant that there were “new texts available for study and prompting the formation of new genres and knowledge practices” (3). The story of al-Nuwayrī is, thus, a story about the production, reception, and transmission of knowledge. Muhanna’s primary raconteurs are schol- ars of Mamluk history and historiography, Islamicate literature, and studies in the transmission of knowledge, including T. Bauer, J. Berkey, A. Blair, M. Chamberlain, L. Guo, K. Hirschler, H. Kilpatrick, D. Little, L. Northrup, C. Petry, J. Schmidt, M. van Berkel, and G. van Gelder. The World in a Book is both sweeping and specific, and it considers al-Nuwayrī’s compendium directly—not merely as a source to reconstruct Mamluk history—and assesses why encyclopedism surged during the thir- teenth through fifteenth centuries. Amongst the genres of medieval Arabic Islamicate literature to which scholars have directed their attention during the past several decades—such as adab, poetry, mirrors for princes, histo- ries, chronicles, hadith collections, and pilgrimage manuals—relatively few have studied Arabic encyclopedism. Chapter 1, “Encyclopedism in the Mamluk Empire,” explores why al-Nuwayrī compiled his work. Muhanna offers a useful distinction be- tween “encyclopedism and encyclopedia” (pp. 11-13) and grounds his ap- proach in encyclopedism, which is the idea that there is a “spectrum…upon which we might situate a variety of works belonging to different premodern genres and possessing different principles of order, structure, focus, agen- da, audience, and modes of reading” (12). The merit of this approach is that it casts a wider, less restrictive net, since “reading these texts as tokens of a similar knowledge practice rather than members of a common genre per- mits us to see the continuities between strategies of knowledge-ordering that cut across different bibliographical categories” (12). Given the fluc- tuating and complex notions of genre—the genre of medieval Arabic and Persian tārīkh, for example, encompasses a heterogeneous variety of texts, from local histories, chronicles, biographical dictionaries, and often some combination of all of the above—encyclopedism is a compelling conceptual approach to this body of literatures. Muhanna argues that while al-Nuwayrī himself situated his work within the tradition of adab, his inspirations and sources belonged to other genres, which lead to the rise of this hybrid genre of encyclopedism. Al-Nuwayrī was an esteemed copyist who directly ad- dressed the scribal arts in The Ultimate Ambition, which “both described the expectations of the scribe and provided the content of his education: it styled itself as an encyclopedic guide for an encyclopedic education” (21). Chapter 2, “Structures of Knowledge,” offers a 30,000ft view of al-Nu- wayrī’s work, including its arrangement, structure, and overall composi- tion, and compares it to other Mamluk encyclopedic texts and to earlier adab works. This chapter is particularly useful to scholars who want an introduction into The Ultimate Ambition and Arabic encyclopedism, which Muhanna argues was itself a mélange of other extant genres: the work is “not recognizably a literary anthology, a cosmographical compendium, a chronicle, a pharmacopia, or a scribal manual, but an amalgam of all of these genres” (49). Chapter 3, “Sources of Knowledge,” contextualizes al-Nuwayrī’s com- pendium by situating it within the scholarly milieu of centers of learning within the Mamluk Empire, particularly Cairo and Damascus, during the thirteenth to fifteenth centuries. By situating al-Nuwayrī within the Nā- siriyya madrasa in Cairo and the intellectual, familial, and professional connections he cultivated and from which he benefitted, the author brings a granular depth to al-Nuwayrī and his work. This chapter is of particular interest to scholars of the production and circulation of knowledge. In Chapter 4, “Encyclopedism and Empire,” Muhanna turns to the im- perial and administrative scaffolding of the Mamluk Empire. The author argues that since compilers like al-Nuwayrī were part of the Mamluk bu- reaucracy, they “were particularly attuned to the processes of centralization and consolidation that transformed the politics of their time (4),” and wrote for an audience that reflected the nexus between literary encyclopedism and the imperial Mamluk state. Muhanna considers administrative knowl- edge and scholarly knowledge as separate but related spheres, arguing that “gathering vast quantities of information, collating sources, and synthe- sizing diverse types of knowledge represented the core activities of both the administrator and the large-scale compiler… a career in bureaucracy helped develop the skills of archiving and itemization that any compiler would have possessed…What set the two domains apart, however, was a difference in the types of knowledge that were valued. The world of admin- istration was one of contemporary, mutable information” (104). Muhanna’s more important argument in this chapter, however, is his claim about the unique position of Mamluk bureaucrats to be curators of knowledge and practices in the Mamluk Empire. He argues, “The common thread uniting the diverse professionals that comprised the administra- tion…was the importance attached to gathering data in the service of the state… By virtue of their access to demographic, financial, historical, and legal materials about the empire’s subjects, institutions, and communities, the bureaucratic class was in a unique position to shape the politics of their day in a manner that no other professional group could achieve” (104). As a bureaucrat-turned-scholar and an expert copyist, al-Nuwayrī embodied the related spheres of knowledge gathering, organization, and transmission in Mamluk Cairo. Chapter 5, “Working Methods,” delves into the manuscript tradition and reconstructs the composition history of al-Nuwayrī’s work. Muhanna addresses the strategies of collation, edition, and the management of sourc- es involved in the production of large compilations during the Mamluk period. The Chapter 6, “The Reception of the Ultimate Ambition,” addresses the literary afterlife of al-Nuwayrī’s work by discussing its reception in the Islamicate world and in Europe, with particular attention to the Dutch re- ception. By considering reception history of al-Nuwayrī’s work, Muhanna’s brief but engaging final chapter considers the impact of Mamluk encyclo- pedism in shaping the way Islamicate thought was perceived both within Europe and the Islamicate world. Muhanna’s appendices will prove valuable to scholars. “Appendix A: The Contents of the Ultimate Ambition” is extremely useful for those who do not share Muhanna’s patience to delve into the 31-volume work itself. In Appendix B, Muhanna compares the tables of contents of the two editions of The Ultimate Ambition: that of the standard Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyya edition, which was begun in 1923 but only completed in 1997, which is dif- ficult to access; and the more recent Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyya edition, pub- lished in Beirut in 2004, which is more widely available. The 11 figures that Muhanna intersperses throughout his book are attractive additions to his work, but it is the 13 tables that showcase Muhanna’s service to organize, divide, and categorize the sources, focusing primarily on al-Nuwayrī’s Ulti- mate Ambition itself. Some of these tables include: identifying The Ultimate Ambition’s chapter word counts for the Cairo and Beirut editions; outlining the arrangement of seven classical adab encyclopedias; and identifying and listing the sources of The Ultimate Ambition in its books 1, 3, and 4. These are valuable sources that the author has produced to help scholars and stu- dents make better sense and use of al-Nuwayrī’s massive tome. The World in a Book is a valuable contribution to studies in Arabic lit- erature, Mamluk history, and the production and circulation of knowledge in the medieval Islamicate world. Specialists will benefit most from this work, but its excellent readability makes it a valuable volume for graduate and undergraduate students as well as those interested in the production of knowledge in the Middle East more broadly. Mimi HanaokaAssociate Professor of Religious StudiesUniversity of Richmond

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Noble, Thomas F. X. "Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. Edited by William W. Kibler and Grover Zinn. New York: Garland, 1995. xxvi + 1,047 pp. $95.00." Church History 65, no. 4 (1996): 689–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170416.

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Russell, G. A. "HOWARD R. TURNER, Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997). Pp. 262." International Journal of Middle East Studies 32, no. 4 (2000): 536–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800002713.

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Scholars have been reluctant to undertake a comprehensive history of science in Islamic civilization when a great deal of original material still lies unedited, unpublished, unexplored, or partially investigated in spite of prolific research. Even extensive collaborative attempts at a synthesis (see the Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 3 vols. [1996]) reflect the level of research to date in specific areas rather than present a definitive survey within a cultural perspective. One therefore admires the courage of Howard Turner, who is not a historian of Arabic science, in taking on this ambitious publication, which extends beyond the limits suggested by its title. In fact, Medieval could be omitted from his title, as it does justice neither to the content of his book nor to the historical reality. The term refers, as we know, to some interim period of shifting chronological boundaries between the so-called Dark Ages and the Renaissance in European civilization. The comparable time period in Islamic civilization, however, encompasses the rise, a series of peaks, and the seeds of decline in the sciences. It is not a transitional phase between “dark ages” (the J―ahiliyya) and a “rebirth.” The content of Turner's book is best conveyed simply as “An Illustrated Introduction to Science in Islam or in Islamic Civilization.”

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VAN GELDER, GEERT JAN. "Mirror for princes or vizor for viziers: The twelfth-century Arabic popular encyclopedia Mufīd al-‘ulūm and its relationship with the anonymous Persian Bahr al-fawā'id." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64, no. 3 (2001): 313–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x01000180.

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There are close links between the anonymous Persian twelfth-century Bahr al-fawā'id, translated by Julie Scott Meisami as The sea of precious virtues: a medieval mirror for princes (Salt Lake City, 1991) and an Arabic work entitled Mufīd al-‘ulūm wa-mubīd al-humūm, variously attributed but probably by a certain Jamāl al-Din Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muhammad Ihn Ahmad al-Qazwīnī who wrote it in 551/1156, only a few years before the Persian work was completed (at some time between 1159 and 1162, according to Meisami). The article provides a summary of the contents of Mufīd al-‘ulūm, which has been printed several times but which has never been studied in any detail, and discusses the parallels with and differences from Bahr al-fawā'id.

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Forrest, Margaret E. S. "All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World201292Ruth A. Johnston. All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford: Greenwood Press, an imprint of ABC‐Clio 2011. , ISBN: 978 0 313 3646 3 Contact publisher for pricing information URL: www.abc‐clio.com/product.aspx?isbn=9780313364624 Last visited September 2011 Also available as a 2 vol. printed set (ISBN 978 0 313 36462 4 $180.00)." Reference Reviews 26, no. 2 (2012): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09504121211205377.

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Morton, Nicholas. "Encyclopedia of medieval pilgrimage. Edited by Larissa J. Taylor and others. Pp. lvi + 835. Leiden: Brill, 2009. €245. 978 90 0418129 8." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 69, no. 3 (2018): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046918000490.

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