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Journal articles on the topic 'Medieval era'
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Lopes, Paulo Catarino. "The Importance of the Periphery." Fronteiras: Journal of Social, Technological and Environmental Science 7, no. 1 (2018): 159–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21664/2238-8869.2018v7i1.p159-178.
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Reflectindo sobre a representação do oceano na Cristandade tardo-medieval, o presente artigo debruça-se sobre duas interrogações fundamentais: de que modo o cristão deste período de encruzilhada concebia o elemento oceânico? Qual o peso desta “mundividência” no contacto directo e quotidiano com o oceano, sobretudo no litoral sudoeste da Cristandade? Durante os séculos medievos prevaleceram no território ibérico (e também na orla mediterrânica da Europa) duas concepções do oceano. A primeira, herdada das autorictas medievais e em conformidade com a visão mais continental e rural da Europa medieval, tendia a eliminar do horizonte - ou a reduzir ao máximo - o elemento aquático. A segunda, mais positiva e optimista, tornou-se preponderante sobretudo no sul da Cristandade, estando por isso mais próxima da herança clássica e muçulmana. Na Península Ibérica, e mais particularmente em Portugal, chegados os séculos de viragem da Idade Média para a era Moderna, prevaleceu a segunda concepção. No entanto, sempre penetrada por vestígios da visão continental e mais adversa ao mar…
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Kurmangali, G., and Ashraf Mohamed Attia Abddou. "Medieval Literature in Combination with the Koran." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. Philology series 99, no. 3 (2020): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020ph3/84-90.
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The article emphasizes the importance of medieval poetry in the history of Kazakh literature, as well as the ideological and artistic significance of Turkic literature. It analyzes such topics as the state of affairs of the era, moral problems, changing morals which became the basis in the works of the medieval period. In particular, the influence of the Koran on the works of the medieval period is widely discussed. The main idea of the works of the medieval period was to explain the religion of Islam to the people and call them to spiritual purity. Islam influenced the development of medieval literature in Turkic literature, and this can be seen from the use of the Qur’an and the hadith of the Prophet in the writings of that era. The article reveals how medieval poets sang didactic problems, which were the main theme of the works of the Karakhan era and their contribution to the development of Turkic literature.
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SEGURÓ MENDLEWICZ, Miquel. "Trazos de estética medieval / Strokes of Medieval Aesthetics." Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 15 (October 1, 2008): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/refime.v15i.6201.
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This article discusses the key features of the medieval aesthetics. Its proposal is to «clarify» how are unjustified the accusations of obscurantism, while claiming its relevance to the general history of culture. The medieval aesthetics also helps us to better understand the view of the reality of an era that still remains overly. ignored.
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Mendonça Domingues, Marcelo Augusto. "Informação, memória e política." Biblionline 20, no. 1 (2024): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.1809-4775.2024v20n1.69531.
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Ao longo do Medievo, três foram os tipos de biblioteca que se desenvolveram: a particular, a universitária e a monástica. Uma vez que a sociedade medieval se calcava na cultura cristã, é possível inferir que as bibliotecas dos monastérios fossem as mais importantes, posto que os mosteiros eram o centro da civilização. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é utilizar o filme O Nome da Rosa (1986) para pensar sobre as bibliotecas monásticas medievais. Como procedimento metodológico foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica e utilizado o filme em questão como ferramenta para compreender como as bibliotecas monásticas medievais absorviam as dimensões da informação, memória e política em seu cotidiano. A cenas do filme foram utilizadas como demonstração do entendimento histórico e biblioteconômico que se tem sobre esse tipo de biblioteca e como as perspectivas citadas podem ser compreendidas na biblioteca monástica. A partir da análise feita, pôde-se entender a biblioteca monástica a partir das perspectivas da informação, memória e política, de modo que as duas primeiras estavam condicionadas às vontades daqueles que detêm o poder. Desta forma, no Medievo, acesso à informação e salvaguarda documental se tornaram questões políticas. Portanto, a biblioteca monástica medieval foi um espaço político na medida em que seu acesso era restrito e todas as decisões tomadas a seu respeito eram medidas políticas e de demonstração de poder.
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Bose, Aryan. "Growth and Development of Medicine in Medieval India: Delhi Sultan Era." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, no. 2 (2024): 818–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/mr24208102103.
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Mu, Yezi. "The development of QIE 且 in Medieval Chinese". Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 47, № 1 (2018): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-04701002.
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Abstract In Medieval Chinese, a new function of QIE as a marker of polite imperative started to appear, and its use gradually increased in frequency until the late Old Mandarin era. This paper proposes a possible path for the development of this function of QIE in Medieval Chinese, and suggests that it might have evolved from its use for transient situations with hortative modality. Moreover, contact with Indic languages via the translation of Buddhist texts in the Medieval Chinese era also seems to have facilitated the development of QIE from a temporal adverb to a marker of polite imperative.
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Luff, Rosemary M., and Marta Moreno García. "Killing cats in the Medieval Period. An unusual episode in the history of Cambridge, England." Archaeofauna, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 93–114. https://doi.org/10.15366/archaeofauna1995.4.010.
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Setenta y nueve esqueletos incompletos de gatos de época medieval se recuperaron de un pozo en Cambridge, Inglaterra. En primer lugar, los animales fueron degollados, luego desollados y por ultimo descuartizados para consumo de los habitantes de la ciudad. El estudio métrico reveló el tamaño pequeño de estos gatos en comparación con los de la ciudad medieval dc Colchester y los gatos tardo- y post-medievales de Norwich. A su vez, un análisis alométrico mostró que la constitución de los animales era diferente de aquellos excavados en la ciudad alto-medieval de Haithabu, Alemania, donde incluso las hembras eran mucho más grandes que los machos de Cambridge. Tanto el conjunto de Haithabu como el de Cambridge están formados por machos y hembras casi en igual proporción. Esto último, en el caso de la muestra de Cambridge, desde luego, sugiere que los animales sacrificados no se encontrarían en cautividad.
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Macedo, Jaqueline Silva de. "A Fortuna no Roman de Fauvel e sua relação com a tradição literária e religiosa da Civitate Dei e da Consolatio philosophiae na Idade Média." Revista Discente Ofícios de Clio 4, no. 7 (2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15210/clio.v4i7.16969.
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Este trabalho versará acerca da interação da tradição cristã e não cristã na representação da deusa no medievo e sob a ótica da Civitate Dei de Agostinho e da Consoloatio philosiphae de Boécio, mostrando a distinção entre "naturezas" entre Fauvel e Fortuna, esta, descrita como a própria Providência divina e equalizada à Sabedoria, sua irmã.Herdeira de divindades grega e romana, a Fortuna na Idade Média será vista como auxiliadora da providência divina perdendo o caráter deífico que lhe era próprio e sendo a ocasião e a sorte características de seu poder. Uma das narrativas poéticas medievais, no entanto, retoma a divindade de Fortuna retratando-a como filha de Deus e encarregada de governar o mundo, mas recuperando características da Antiguidade. Trata-se do Roman de Fauvel, poema elaborado na França do século XIV.Palavras-chave: Literatura medieval, Fortuna, Roman de Fauvel. AbstractThis paper will deal with the interaction of Christian and non-Christian tradition in the representation of the medieval goddess and from the perspective of Augustine's Civitate Dei and Boethius' Consolatio philosophiae, showing the distinction between "natures" Fauvel and Fortune, which is described as divine Providence itself and equalized to Wisdom, his sister.Heiress of Greek and Roman deities, Fortune in the Middle Ages will be seen as a helper of divine providence losing its deific character proper and accentuating the occasion and luck as characteristics of its performance. One of the medieval poetic narratives, however, takes up the deity of Fortune, portraying her as a daughter of God and charged with ruling the world, but recovering characteristics of antiquity. It is the Roman de Fauvel, a poem written in 14th century France.Keywords: Medieval literature, Fortune, Roman de Fauvel.
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Carlson, Marvin. "Medieval Street Performers Speak." TDR/The Drama Review 57, no. 4 (2013): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00304.
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The recent discovery of three 13th-century plays by the Egyptian dramatist Ibn Dāniyāl offers many new insights into the medieval theatre. The second of these plays provides detailed scripts and scenarios for street performers of this era, a type of record that does not exist for similar performances in Europe.
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Castillo Herrera, Beverly Estela. "Poder y política en la era absolutista medieval del renacimiento." Revista Científica de FAREM-Estelí, no. 10 (November 22, 2014): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/farem.v0i10.1613.
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La era absolutista medieval abarca los siglos XVI al XVIII, este período define el inicio de la era moderna porque aquí se sientan las bases filosóficas y teóricas que niegan el feudalismo medieval para dar paso al estado absolutista, donde el rey ejerce el poder absoluto. En esta época se desarrolla el renacimiento que representa un amplio movimiento cultural donde se producen cambios significativos en las artes, las ciencias, la política, la filosofía y la religión. El enfoque central del renacimiento está en el ser humano como centro del pensamiento occidental, se desarrolla el humanismo medieval, donde se combina el racionalismo y el naturalismo. En este artículo se anotan los principales aportes de: Nicolás Maquiavelo, Jean Bodin, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Erasmo de Róterdam, Tomás Moro y los iluministas franceses del Siglo XVIII Montesquieu, Voltaire y Rousseau. La base metodológica de este artículo es la investigación documental bibliográfica y en línea. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/farem.v0i10.1613 Revista Científica de FAREM-Estelí No.10 2014: 36-48
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Alsayyad, Nezar, and Ananya Roy. "Modernidade medieval: cidadania e urbanismo na era global." Novos Estudos - CEBRAP, no. 85 (2009): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-33002009000300005.
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Este artigo examina formas de cidadania associadas ao urbanismo contemporâneo. Concentra-se em três espaços paradigmáticos: o enclave fechado, a ocupação regulamentada e o campo. Os autores argumentam que a paisagem formada pela cidadania urbana é crescentemente fragmentada e dividida. Essas geografias são constituídas por soberanias múltiplas e concorrentes que, quando exercidas sobre o território, dão origem a feudos de regulação ou a zonas "sem lei". A fim de entender essas práticas, os autores empregam o quadro conceitual da "cidade medieval". O uso da história como teoria joga luz em tipos particulares de cidadania urbana, tais como a "cidade livre" ou o "bairro étnico", presentes em diferentes momentos do medievalismo e que guardam semelhanças com processos atuais.
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Giralt, Sebastià. "Proprietas: Las propiedades ocultas según Arnau de Vilanova." Traditio 63 (2008): 327–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s036215290000218x.
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Entre las prácticas y creencias varias que compartieron el nombre de magia en la baja edad media descollan la nigromancia y la magia natural como las dos principales corrientes de la magia medieval de tradición escrita. La nigromancia era conceptualmente más próxima a la religión, en el sentido de que pretendía obtener la ayuda de unos poderes sobrenaturales — espíritus, demonios — por medio de ritos, si bien − o quizás por esto mismo — era la más combatida por la Iglesia. En cambio, la magia natural resultaba más próxima a las ciencias medievales, puesto que su finalidad era conocer y explotar los mecanismos de la naturaleza. Aún así los escolásticos medievales distinguian entre un conocimiento racional bien explicado en el marco de su concepción física del universo y un conocimiento, a menudo también muy útil, que solo se podía adquirir por experiencia porque escapaba a la razón, Es de este tipo de conocimiento del que se ocupaba la magia natural, fundamentada en las propiedades ocultas existentes en la na turaleza.
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Beal, Jane. "Albrecht Classen, Water in Medieval Literature: An Eco-Critical Reading. New York and London: Lexington Books, 2018. pp. 311." Mediaevistik 31, no. 1 (2018): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/med012018_237.
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In the Anthropocene geological era (which can be dated from the Industrial Revolution ca. 1780 to the present day), human beings have been polluting water world-wide, to the point that they are endangering their own lives and the fragile balances <?page nr="238"?>that should be maintained in the earth’s eco-systems. In the medieval era, human beings did not yet have the capacity to threaten their own existence through technological “advances” that could lay waste to water resources. Indeed, water – in the form of floods and storms on sea or land – was more likely to destroy humanity than humanity was to destroy water. Thus, major works of contemporary eco-criticism have focused on modern literature and culture, as does Timothy Clark’s Ecocriticism on the Edge: The Anthropocene as a Threshhold Concept (2015) and Jedidiah Purdy’s After Nature: A Politics for the Anthropocene (2015). Yet medieval literature and culture is also worthy of eco-critical analysis, for the fountain-heads of modernity spring from the medieval period, and there can be no proper understanding of historical developments in the Anthropocene era without a deeper knowledge of medieval understandings of water.
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Braga Junior, Antonio Djalma, and Ivanildo Luiz Monteiro Rodrigues dos Santos. "FILOSOFIA DA EDUÇÃO NO PERÍODO MEDIEVAL." Basilíade - Revista de Filosofia 3, no. 6 (2021): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.35357/2596-092x.v3n6p97-106/2021.
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Sabe-se que todo o pensamento no período da era medieval estão conectados de uma forma ou outra com o grande debate entre Fé e Razão. Vários foram os autores que procuraram conciliar ou abrir ainda mais o abismo entre estes dois conceitos. O acontecimento decisivo neste período foi a apropriação do termo Logos pelo cristianismo que passa a partir de então não mais a fazer uma teologia, mas também uma reflexão filosófica. Diante desse cenário, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma filosofia da educação no período medieval a partir da análise de alguns textos clássicos escritos nesse período histórico. Nessa perspectiva, pretende-se compreender a problemática da formação humana no medievo através de concepções éticas e políticas, bem como a influência de tais ideias no campo da educação. Para atingir este intento, utilizaremos como base principalmente os textos de autores como Bernardo de Claraval, São Boaventura, Hugo de São Vítor e Tomás de Aquino. Espera-se que ao fim desse artigo reste clara a importância desses autores para delinearmos uma filosofia da educação durante o período medieval, de modo que os pré-conceitos que ainda persistem em evocar a expressão “idade das trevas” sejam deixadas de lado para reconhecermos a imensa riqueza que perpassa os mais variados campos do conhecimento no medievo, inclusive a área da filosofia da educação.
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Alves, Victor Hugo Sampaio. "Magia, feminilidade e alteridade: uma síntese sobre a figura das profetisas nórdicas nas fontes escandinavas medievais." Revista Brasileira de História das Religiões 18, no. 52 (2025): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.18764/1983-2850v18n52e25308.
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As fontes literárias da Escandinávia Medieval deixaram diversos de seus registros e impressões sobre certas práticas mágicas e aqueles que a praticavam. Dentre tais descrições figuram uma série de profetisas chamadas vǫlur (no singular, vǫlva), a quem os narradores medievais atribuíam poderes relacionados à divinação e à magia ofensiva causadora de dano. Pretendemos nos debruçar sobre as fontes medievais para realizar um balanço crítico, chegando a uma síntese a respeito de como essas profetisas eram percebidas pela mentalidade escandinava medieval. Nos apoiando na perspectiva da História do Discurso Mágico, visamos apontar não apenas quais os poderes sobrenaturais atribuídos a elas nas fontes, mas também evidenciar que a prática da magia parece ter estado associada à feminilidade e alteridade, uma vez que essas mulheres são frequentemente associadas a outras etnias da região e inclusive à própria raça dos gigantes. Isso nos revela que a magia era tida como uma forma alternativa e marginalizada de se conquistar certos objetivos e/ou obter vantagens, sobretudo no meio campesino nórdico.
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Peirats, Anna. "Women’s Perception in Late Medieval European Preaching: A Comparative Analysis." Evolution and Human Behavior 46, no. 3 (2024): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.70706/j.evolhumbehav.2025.46.919.
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The perception of women in the late medieval European preaching is rather complex and interesting. The theological viewpoint against medieval women is constrained towards their moral and social deliverance and virtues. However, late medieval sermons of preachers have helped to understand and amplify the conception of medieval society towards the social standing of European medieval women. In retrospect, this article examines women’s representation in the sermons of three prominent preachers from the 14th and 15th centuries: Giordano da Pisa, Bernardino of Siena, and St. Vincent Ferrer. The research individually analyzes the preachers' sermons through a comparative analysis, addressing women's weaknesses in the European medieval era. The sermons focus on the societal perceptions of women and their moral constitutions, aiming to promote spiritual conversion. Although the preachers share common perceptions, they have also managed to adopt the use of vernacular language, thus condemning sins, for instance, lust and adultery. Moreover, the preaching style and context they present medieval women vary significantly. Giordano da Pisa addresses an educated audience with an academic approach, whereas Bernardino da Siena preaches the broader and intellectual society in an accessible and didactic style. St. Vincent Ferrer employs a vehement tone, centered on instilling fear of the Final Judgment. The analysis reveals the importance of the image of women in medieval preaching. Moreover, the sermons of the preachers also aim to reinforce and redefine the social and religious norms related to women of the medieval era, therefore emphasizing on their role in maintaining moral stability and developing the institution of moral enrichment and social nourishment of their offspring.
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Rhodora Magan and Özlem Gül. "Medieval European Witchcraft and the Perception of Women in Select Philippine Short Stories." Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature 18, no. 1 (2024): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/asiatic.v18i1.3212.
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This study addresses the persistent narrative of witchcraft-related violence in the contemporary era by delving into its historical root – the medieval practice of witch-hunts. It investigates gendered motifs linked to women accused of witchcraft and sorcery, using Morgan le Fay in Thomas Malory’s Morte Darthur as a reference. By examining gender stereotypes, we aim to demonstrate how medieval European concepts of witchcraft and sorcery have become entrenched in modern perceptions of women. This investigation employs Philippine literary texts – The Witch by Edilberto Tiempo and May Day Eve by Nick Joaquin, characterising women exhibiting postcolonial dispositions. Our central hypothesis holds that these contemporary stories adapt the medieval classic. The findings point to the medieval traces in the characters of Minggay and Agueda, leading to their societal categorisation as metaphorical witches. Textual analysis exemplifies strategies such as “un/belonging” the self to demonstrate “herstory,” acknowledging one's beliefs to express innate tendencies, and challenging social structures to promote reclamation of oppressive structures. This study contributes to understanding the challenged “mythical” nature of women’s identity in the modern era. Hence, the adaptive platform of medieval European influence lends support to stabilising women’s positionality rather than their essentiality.
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Valery A., Dozmorov. "Cultural and Historical Direction in Russian Medieval Studies of the Turn of the XIX‒XX Centuries." Humanitarian Vector 15, no. 6 (2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2020-15-6-8-13.
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The article discusses the views of Russian scientists who studied medieval Western European culture, namely the cultural-historical school in medieval studies at the turn of the 19th‒20th centuries. The relationship between historical science and modernity is an important issue. Only through the disclosure of the diverse influences of modernity on historical science, a genuine understanding of its actual development can be possible. The goal is to create a holistic image of the cultural and historical direction of Russian medieval studies of the early XX century in the context of the era. Demonstration of interaction, interrelation of Russian historiography of the beginning of the XX century with the cultural environment of the Silver Age. The objectives of the study: firstly, to present the main manifestations of the Silver Age culture; secondly, to consider the problems of Western European culture in the works of Russian historians of the early XX century. We used the following methods to achieve the goal: first, a holistic method that allows you to know the phenomenon in the context of the era. In order to understand a certain part (the cultural-historical direction in Russian medieval studies of the beginning of the 20th century ‒ in this case), it is necessary to understand the era as a whole, the cultural environment (culture of the Silver Age), which affects its constituent parts. Further, a historical-comparative method that allows us to present Russian historiography in the beginning of the 20th century against the backdrop of a pan-European context. A genetic method that allows you to determine the relationship between Russian medieval studies of the beginning of the 20th century and the previous tradition, in this case, the development of medieval studies in the second half of the 19th century. Overall, domestic medieval studies of the beginning of the 20th century developed in the traditions of pan-European medieval studies of the same time. Many of the points that, one way or another, are discussed in the writings of historians of this time were found, with some exceptions, reflected in further developments already during the second half of the 20th century. Keywords: culture of the Silver age, Russian medieval studies, Russian philosophy of the XX century, the Renaissance, the situation in Russia
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Alcover Cateura, Pablo José. "La pesca de esturión en el reino de Valencia, Aragón y Cataluña (siglos XIV-XV)." Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia Medieval, no. 22 (September 29, 2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/medieval.19382.
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Comer esturión era un claro indicador de rango social elevado. Su ingesta era utilizada para diferenciar las mesas de las clases altas de las no privilegiadas. Por ello, su pesca suscitó el interés de las élites, desde reyes a jurados y consejeros de ciudades y villas, quienes controlaron su captura. Los estudios de este pescado se han centrado en analizar su papel dentro de los sistemas alimentarios, su precio en las pescaderías y los restos óseos hallados en yacimientos arqueológicos. Sin embargo, no hay estudios que analicen su pesca, debido sobre todo a la escasez de fuentes escritas. El presente trabajo pretende realizar una primera aproximación a su captura dentro de la historiografía de la Corona de Aragón. El presente artículo selecciona las principales aportaciones en torno al esturión en el medievo y aporta nuevas fuentes cuya interpretación permite obtener las características generales de la pesca del selecto pescado. Además, se realiza una aportación desde la interdisciplinariedad, combinando resultados de la investigación en archivos y los más relevantes estudios de arqueofauna ibérica. Finalmente, se pretende llevar a cabo un estudio comparativo entre la captura de esturión en aguas fluviales de la Corona de Aragón con la del Reino de Inglaterra, de Hungría y Croacia y los Comuni para constatar elementos comunes.
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Galan Campos, Luis. "¿Palabras vanas? Nobleza y conflictos de honor en Valencia durante el reinado de Martín I (1396-1410)." Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia Medieval, no. 24 (March 15, 2023): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/medieval.23230.
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El honor era un elemento central de la cultura de la nobleza europea de la baja edad media, ya que en él se apoyaba en buena medida su discurso como clase dirigente y porqué daba forma a las relaciones que mantenían entre ellos y con el resto de los elementos de la sociedad. La necesidad de salvaguardar el honor era uno de los motores de los conflictos de la nobleza, puesto que no solo se convertía en algo que los enemigos buscaban destruir en las guerras privadas, sino que incluso marcaba la vía para resolver las disputas: por las armas. En este artículo exploraremos el papel que tenía la defensa del honor en los conflictos de la nobleza valenciana entre finales del siglo XIV y principios del siglo XV. Un periodo marcado por la lucha de los bandos entre las familias de los Centelles y de los Vilaragut y de los Soler, la cual tuvo una marcada importancia en la evolución del reino de Valencia y la Corona de Aragón, puesto que fue determinante para la explicar la llegada al trono de los Trastámara en 1412. Primero, definiremos en qué consistía el honor para la nobleza valenciana de finales del siglo XIV, el cual coincidía con los ideales de la caballería. En segundo lugar, analizaremos las diferentes maneras de vulnerar el honor, desde palabras injuriantes y desafíos públicos hasta gestos simbólicos. En tercer lugar, examinaremos las formas de conducir los conflictos de honor, principalmente por la vía del combate singular, pero también el papel que jugaron los bandos en la resolución de estas desavenencias y el peso que tuvieron los conflictos de honor en las guerras privadas de las élites políticas de la ciudad y del reino de Valencia. Por último, investigaremos la actuación de la monarquía aragonesa en los conflictos de honor. La administración real potenció las ceremonias y duelos caballerescos para evitar las manifestaciones más violentas de la guerra privada dado que, aunque no era la única causa de la guerra privada, las exigencias del honor eran determinantes para la forma y el desarrollo de los conflictos nobiliarios.
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Boruzs, Katalin, and Gergely Buzás. "King Solomon’s Towers : New results on the Roman and medieval building history of the fortifications on Sibrik Hill." Hungarian Archaeology 10, no. 4 (2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36338/ha.2021.4.1.
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The King Matthias Museum of the Hungarian National Museum relaunched its research in 2013 on Sibrik Hill, located approximately 1.5 km from the present-day town of Visegrád, on the area of a Roman era fortification and medieval comitate centre. Numerous unique finds have been discovered in the past eight years, which proved that following the 5th century AD the fortification was already in use again by the first half of the 9th century and it retained its importance until the first third of the 13th century. Katalin Boruzs excavated the southwestern part of the fort between 2019–2021, which revealed two Roman era towers and two previously unknown medieval towers as well. These new findings facilitated the revision of the periodisation established by earlier excavations, revealing a formerly unknown epoch in the medieval history of the castle.
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Pinto, Carlos Felipe. "V2 y la periferia izquierda en el Español Medieval." Revista Linguíʃtica 18, no. 1 (2022): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.31513/linguistica.2022.v18n1a52433.
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En este texto, vuelvo al análisis V2 para el español medieval. Para hacerlo: 1) presento la definición empírica de lenguas V2 y pongo los del español medieval como una lengua V2 simétrica; 2) presento el análisis formal inicial para la variación de V2; 3) discuto la posición del verbo y los argumentos más recientes en contra V2 en el español medieval; 4) vuelvo al análisis formal para V2 discutiendo el orden V2; 5) presento tres propuestas alternativas para explicar V2 en el español medieval. La conclusión es que el español medieval sí era una lengua V2 y que el problema pendiente es exclusivamente cuál análisis es más adecuado para explicar las aparentes excepciones al V2 de las lenguas germánicas bien descritas.
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BORA, FOZIA. "Did Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Destroy the Fatimids' Books? An Historiographical Enquiry". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 25, № 1 (2014): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186314000443.
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AbstractA persistent myth featuring in some modern accounts of the transition from Fatimid to Ayyubid rule (1169–71) is that one of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn's (r. 1171–93) first actions upon attaining sovereignty over Egypt was to destroy the Fatimids’ book collections in their entirety. Medieval sources present a different, more nuanced depiction of books sold and dispersed over a decade or more, rather than extirpated and put out of circulation altogether. This article collects and examines medieval Arabic accounts of the episode, and finds further indications of the robust survival of Fatimid-era works in the composition of later chronicles, where native Fatimid-era accounts, which clearly did endure beyond the Fatimid age, are well-represented. The article also looks at the tendentious aspects of medieval accounts of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn's policies, and the difficulties they pose to a modern appraisal of the sultan's character and intellectual-ideological tendencies.
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Maccioni, Elena. "Mercato cambiario e uomini d’affari a Barcellona durante la guerra tra Alfonso il Magnanimo e la Repubblica Fiorentina." Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia Medieval, no. 23 (May 26, 2022): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/medieval.21218.
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La metà del secolo XV fu per la Corona d’Aragona e specialmente per Barcellona un periodo complicato: Alfonso V era impegnato nelle guerre italiane, in particolare contro Firenze e Milano, Genova e Venezia; il Regno di Napoli era stato annesso all’Unione, e richiedeva sforzi importanti per il suo mantenimento; allo stesso tempo dalla capitale catalana provenivano richieste di apertura “democratica” del Consiglio dei Cento, che portavano a un’evidente instabilità interna, frutto in parte di una dimostrata crisi monetaria, dovuta anche alla scarsa capacità di governo dell’economia. Nonostante ciò, i mercanti, gli armatori e i banchieri continuarono a cercare di portare avanti i propri interessi economici nel Mediterraneo, anche servendosi delle istituzioni di natura corporativa, come il Consolato del mare. Attraverso l’analisi di alcuni registri di protesti di lettere di cambio gestiti dal notaio del Consolato barcellonese, si cercherà di mettere in luce l’evoluzione delle reti mercantili-finanziarie catalane, in particolare lungo la rotta meridionale italiana. Lo studio non avrà l’obiettivo di analizzare l’uso tecnico dello strumento cambiario, ma quello di portare alla luce strategie e protagonisti del processo di inserimento del capitale mercantile e finanziario in Italia durante il regno di Alfonso il Magnanimo e in special modo durante la guerra contro Firenze. Emergeranno, così, i nomi di quelle persone che furono le protagoniste dei grandi e quotidiani spostamenti di denaro fra i centri politico-commerciali del Commonwealth catalanoaragonese. Si tenterà una prima ricostruzione delle loro attività e dei loro movimenti, nonché delle connessioni con i più importanti operatori del sistema finanziario europeo, ovvero i toscani.
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Barber Blasco, Alberto. "Posar-li fi a les rancors. La firma de paus i treves en València a finals de l’Edat Mitjana (1470-1479)." Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia Medieval, no. 24 (March 15, 2023): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/medieval.23189.
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La violència ha estat sempre present al llarg de la història i les formes per resoldre aquests conflictes han anat variant en la seua forma. El present estudi esbossa de quina manera es personalitzava i es posava fi a la violència interpersonal en la València de finals del segle XV. La metodologia emprada per dur-lo a terme ha sigut mitjançant l’examinació documental d’un tipus de font judicial específica com són les paus i treves. Aquesta recerca ens ha permés conéixer i posar en correlació el nivell d’efectivitat que tingueren els discursos literaris per part d’alguns moralistes, i si es complien les pautes segons les quals es podia fer ús de la violència segons la legislació foral valenciana. A partir de l’anàlisi de les paus i treves que es registraren a la cort del Justícia Criminal s’ha estimat quina era la quantitat de firmes anuals d’aquests pactes en un tribunal públic en comparació amb altres mecanismes d’índole més privada, quins foren els protagonistes que amb major freqüència recorregueren a aquests arbitratges, la seua condició social o el seu ofici, i quins motius els portaren a signar-les. Al mateix temps, s’han agrupat i classificat aquelles paus que foren fetes per individus que pertanyeren al mateix ofici tractant de donar una explicació als motius que pogueren dur-los a enfrontar-se. D’aquesta manera, hem pogut constatar la quotidianitat de la violència que es produïa en un espai urbà com era la ciutat de València, a la qual calia posar-li fi de manera pública acudint a la cort criminal.
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Butler, Sara M. "Getting Medieval on Steven Pinker." Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 44, no. 1 (2018): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/hrrh.2018.440105.
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Steven Pinker’s view of the Middle Ages as an era of hyperviolence, in which governments engaged in democide and civilians lived in terror, is not supported by the evidence. By analyzing Pinker’s sources for the medieval period and providing a clearer understanding of the difficulties involved in extracting statistical data from medieval England’s criminal justice system, this article hopes to demonstrate that Pinker’s thesis about the civilizing process is not tenable. While the medieval world was violent, we cannot definitively say just how violent it actually was, and whether it was any more or less violent than we are today.
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Ochilova, Shoira. "HUMANISTIC IDEAS OF A NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES OF EASTERN STATES IN THE REVIVAL AGE." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 5, no. 3 (2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2020-5-7.
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Ali, Mohd Akhtar, and Hamiduddin. "Qarābādhīn (Pharmacopoeia) in Greeco-Arabian era : A Historical and Regulatory Perspective." International Journal of Human and Health Sciences (IJHHS) 5, no. 4 (2021): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.31344/ijhhs.v5i4.348.
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Qarābādhīn can be termed as pharmacopoeia, contains compiled form of compound formulations or recipes. Importance of Qarābādhīn gradually increased and acquired an imperative status. The history of Qarābādhīn starts from Chiron, Aesculapius, Hippocrates, Dioscorides and Galen in Greco-Roman era. Many of early and medieval Islamic and Arab physicians play vital role and immense original contribution in this discipline and authored important and essential Qarābādhīn with systemic and scientific approaches. Although some of them could not reach the present day, many of the manuscripts can be found in various libraries across the world. Since the Arab Caliphates appreciated and patronized the fields of medicine acquired from Greeks and worked for its development, this period also known as “Greco-Arabic era”. In this work the evaluation of Qarābādhīn (particularly written in Arabic or Greek language) was done in historical and regulatory perspective particularly in Greek era and later on in Medieval Islamic era. The findings of the review indicate the importance and regulatory status of Qarābādhīn and provide information about it. It can be helpful to explore Qarābādhīn and related publications of Greek and Medieval Islamic Arabic period, which gives foundations for the present-day pharmacopeias. Since these documents also take into account ethical considerations, its utility in the fields of medicine and medical ethics should be investigated.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 05 No. 04 October’21 Page: 388-404
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Hinojosa Montalvo, José. "La muralla medieval de Elche." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 10 (December 15, 1992): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo1992.10.07.
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La muralla en Elche va a desempeñar un papel defensivo fundamental, a la vez que marca la separación entre la villa y el campo. Desde el punto de vista político, las murallas pertenecen al común de los ciudadanos, y es el municipio el encargado de su buen mantenimiento. Esa muralla era administrada por el Consell, a través de un obrer de murs. Hay un importante componente social en torno al muro, que va desde la celebración del mercado a juegos y deportes.
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Young, Helen. "A Decolonizing Medieval Studies?" English Language Notes 58, no. 2 (2020): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8557910.
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Abstract This article considers how medievalism, particularly in its academic form of medieval studies, might contribute to decolonization through exploration of how the Western “cultural archive” (Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies) draws on the teleological temporality embedded in the idea of the “medieval” to rationalize “white possessive logics” (Moreton-Robinson, White Possessive). It explores medievalisms in legal, mainstream, and academic contexts that focus on Indigenous land rights and law in the Australian settler-colonial state. It examines the High Court of Australia’s ruling in Mabo and Others v. Queensland (2) (1992), a landmark case that challenged the legal doctrine of terra nullius, on which claims to British sovereignty were founded, and on comparisons of Anglo-Saxon and Indigenous law in the post-Mabo era.
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Classen, Albrecht. "El esplendor de la producción del libro en la Edad Media. Del manuscrito al incunable. ¿Cómo de oscura era la Edad Media?" Futhark. Revista de Investigación y Cultura, no. 15 (2020): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/futhark.2020.i15.03.
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Abstract: In this study I pursue once again the development of the medieval manuscript to the incunabulum, focusing in particular on the progress of German medieval literature. The question being pursued here focuses on how much the manuscript tradition can tell us something about the popularity of individual works. Manuscript studies thus promote a literary-historical analysis Keywords: manuscripts, incunabula, medieval German literature, Codex Manesse, Ambraser Heldenbuch, Oswald von Wolkenstein,
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Coelho, Maria Helena Da Cruz. "Do traço da letra ao risco do desenho: uma forma de arquivar." Revista Portuguesa de História 49 (January 3, 2019): 55–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4147_49_3.
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O artigo que apresentamos versa sobre a arquivação da documentação medieval. Ontem, como hoje, as instituições e os homens que lhes davam corpo sempre se confrontaram com o imperativo de preservar a sua memória escrita, mas não menos com o dever de tratarem a documentação para dela poderem dispor como um testemunho probatório e aproveitá‑la de acordo com os seus diversos objetivos e múltiplas funcionalidades. Refletiremos neste estudosobre estas vertentes da arquivação medieval, atentando num caso muito singular e particular de uma casa monástica, concretamente o mosteiro de Pedroso. Trabalhou nesta instituição um cartorário que utilizou um singular método de arquivação, recorrendo a cotas alfabéticas e ideogramáticas, que, embora conhecido em tempos medievais, não era, no entanto, muito vulgar. Procurámos, então, sistematizar esses sinais ou símbolos, interpretá‑los e descodificá‑los,com vista a melhor percecionarmos o seu valor para o arquivista que os escreveu e desenhou nos pergaminhos do fundo documental da casa monástica a que por certo pertencia.
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Mendoza Ormeño, Joel. "atmosfera del milagro." Salmanticensis 69, no. 3 (2022): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.36576/2660-955x.69.489.
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Los retablos medievales son una importante fuente de conocimiento visual sobre prácticas litúrgicas y ritos devocionales realizados frente a los sepulcros de santos. Las escenas de milagros ante sus tumbas, incluidas dentro de los ciclos narrativos de los retablos, permiten reconstruir cómo era el ambiente donde interactuaba el hombre medieval con los restos santos y la creencia en los milagros. Tomando el retablo Mayor tardogótico de la Iglesia de San Vicente Sarrià como eje, junto con un grupo de retablos aragoneses que van desde el siglo XIII al XV, se analiza en este artículo el significado y función de las imágenes votivas, tipos ritos y la forma de representarlos iconográficamente en las tablas, deteniéndonos en las distintas acciones devocionales registradasen cada una de ellas, con el fin de analizar la relación del hombre con lo sobrenatural, sin perder de vista el sentido primigenio de este tipo de retablos(como el de Sarrià) en la cultura visual medieval.
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M Sh, Fayzulloeva. "Contribution of Persian-Tajik people in the Islamic civilization." Sociology International Journal 9, no. 1 (2025): 12–13. https://doi.org/10.15406/sij.2025.09.00408.
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Bulut, Sefa. "The History and Function of Sisterhood in Turkey: Bacıyan-ı Rum Organization in Medieval Era." Sawwa: Jurnal Studi Gender 16, no. 1 (2021): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/sa.v16i1.7591.
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Bacıyan-ı Rum (Anatolian Sisters Organization) is known as the world's first women's organization in history, but very few pieces of literature exist about this medieval organization. Thus, the aim was to reach up to all available historical documents about the topic and systematically analyze the nature and function of such an organization in the medieval era. Preliminary findings show that no written documents existed in English nor other languages except the Turkish language. It was also observed that this topic has emerged as an exciting area for many disciplines in recent times, leading to a sudden development of recent write-ups on such a topic. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce and explore the historical antecedent and functions of Bacıyan-ı Rum Organization to readers and other professionals interested in history, ethics, women, and gender studies. Kinds of literature were reviewed across history, economics, politics, travelogues, art, sociology, and anthropology to provide an extensive and detailed understanding of such a remarkable phenomenal women organization that existed in the Islamic world of the Medieval Era in Anatolia, Turkey.
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Alsayyad, Nezar, and Ananya Roy. "Medieval modernity: On citizenship and urbanism in a global era." Space and Polity 10, no. 1 (2006): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13562570600796747.
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노이균. "The Origin and Attributes of Typology of the Medieval Era." Journal of Medieval and Early Modern English Studies 21, no. 1 (2011): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17054/jmemes.2011.21.1.17.
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Geir Høyersten, Jon. "Manifestations of psychiatric illness in the Medieval and Viking era." Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 17, no. 2 (2015): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/app/44385.
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Lawson, Kevin E. "Light from the “Dark Ages”: Lessons in Faith Formation from before the Reformation." Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 14, no. 2 (2017): 328–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073989131701400206.
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This article explores how parish members in the later medieval era in England learned the Christian faith through a variety of means (e.g., preaching, liturgical calendar, art, music, poetry, drama, confessional instruction, spiritual kinship relationships, catechetical instruction) with an eye on what we might learn from this era that could strengthen the church's educational ministry efforts in the present.
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Coffey, Ger. "A History of the Common Law Double Jeopardy Principle: From Classical Antiquity to Modern Era." Athens Journal of Law 8, no. 3 (2022): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajl.8-3-3.
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The double jeopardy principle is a guarantee of individual liberty that has ancient origins. The development of the principle has been incremental, and its meaning has varied through the ages. The research question and attending analyses presented in this article advances an examination of the evolution of the double jeopardy principle in historical context. Through doctrinal analysis the hypothesis advances the supposition that the common law principle was firmly established by the post-medieval period. Through an examination of landmarks in the development of the principle the article examines theoretical underpinnings and considers the extent to which the criminal justice system developed a public prosecution model of criminal justice. The incremental development of this fundamental principle of criminal justice can be explained in terms of the deficiencies in medieval criminal procedure, prejudices and practices of medieval trial procedure and punishments imposed on convicted offenders. Jurisprudence on the application of the principle indicates significant developments following the Restoration. Keywords: Double jeopardy; Ne bis in idem; Autrefois acquit; Autrefois convict; Criminous clerks; Restoration
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Mukambetov, D. D. "THE ERA OF KYRGYZ COSMOCENTRISM." Vestnik of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University 25, no. 2 (2025): 79–85. https://doi.org/10.36979/1694-500x-2025-25-2-79-85.
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The article provides an overview of the socio-political and cultural-confessional situation in the Tien Shan in the post-Mongol era, highlights the socio-cultural role of the Kyrgyz ethnos in the context of dynamically changing dispositions in the region. In addition, the spiritual needs of the people, the place and role of oral improvisers are reflected, the main conceptual routes are traced, the key horizon of natural philosophical ideas of medieval Kyrgyz thinkers is described. Each section, in addition to the analytical part, contains conclusions. The main attention of the study is paid to the natural philosophical foundations of humanism, socio-cultural traditions and utopian ideas. The section on utopian ideas reflects the main dialectical tension of that time, which unfolded between the idealistic views of Asan-Kaigy and Tolubay-Synchy.
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Terentyev, V. I., and I. S. Sysun. "MEDIEVAL INTELLECTION AMONG MODERN MONGOLS." Vestnik Altaiskogo Gosudarstvennogo Pedagogiceskogo Universiteta, no. 46 (March 15, 2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2413-4481-2021-1-105-111.
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The seemingly distinctive and original sided observer bizarre interleaving in Mongolia elements of the nomadic culture and the results of modern aggressive westernization is the true sociocultural specificity of the country. It boils down to the sustained turning of the Mongols, as individuals and as a nation, to the medieval era of its history associated with the classical period of the Empire's existence. Such an appeal occurs throughout the diversity of social, cultural, political and economic practices of the population. As an explanatory model of what is happening, the concept of medieval intellection as one of the characteristics of the national identity is proposed.
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Fedorova, N. V. "SILVER VESSELS OF THE GOLDEN HORDE ERA FROM THE MIDDLE OB BASIN." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, no. 2 (2018): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2018.46.2.114-122.
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This article addresses one of the most informative archaeological sources for reconstructing medieval history––imported silverware, which is abundant in northwestern Siberia. Based on three newly described silver vessels of the Golden Horde Age from the Saigatino I sanctuary in the Surgut region of the Ob basin, the possible attribution of these and similar specimens from Siberia and Ural is discussed. Locating the places where such items had been made is difficult for reasons relating to the functioning of individual workshops and of the silversmiths’ schools in general. Nevertheless, a suggestion is made that the workshops were located in the Bulgar Ulus––a successor of the Volga Bulgaria, with its rich tradition of manufacturing jewelry and transporting it along the trade routes directed northward to western Ural and western Siberia. The time and the routes whereby the Golden Horde toreutics was brought to western Siberia are assessed. All finds in this region cluster within a small area in the Surgut region of the Ob basin, while the possible trade routes are marked by similar but isolated finds in the Perm area and in northern Ural. The question is raised whether the finds of imported silverware in western Siberia fall within the territory of medieval Ob principalities––Koda, Bardakov, and Kunovatsky. The appearance of personal hoards may indicate the emergence of new elite. Generally, the imported silverware of the Golden Horde age is highly relevant to social developments in medieval western Siberia.
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Gómez Martínez, Susana. "IMÁGENES DEL CUERPO EN EL DÍA A DÍA DE AL-ANDALUS." digitAR - Revista Digital de Arqueologia, Arquitectura e Artes, no. 2 (April 14, 2015): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2182-844x_2_1.
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La representación del cuerpo humano es un tema controvertido en el arte y la arqueología islámicas.Contrariamente a la creencia, popularmente bastante extendida, de que la representación de los seresvivos era prohibida en en el Islam Medieval, son muchas las representaciones que encontramos, tanto en lasexpresiones artísticas eruditas y palaciegas, como en las manifestaciones populares de la más diversa índole.Esta comunicación pretende aportar algunas ideas destinadas a la sistematización de la imagen humana enlos objetos del día a día del medievo islámico, con especial incidencia en la cerámica del Garb al-Andalus,procurando desvendar el valor simbólico, ritual o vivencial de las representaciones.
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Giunta, Roberta. "Islamic Marble Objects from Afghanistan in the Bumiller Collection, Bamberg." Annali Sezione Orientale 81, no. 1-2 (2021): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685631-12340111.
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Abstract The Bumiller Collection in Bamberg includes a number of Afghan marble artefacts that are thought to have come from Ghazni, ancient capital of the Ghaznavids (977–1186), famous for the abundant use of this material both in the decoration of religious and civil buildings in the medieval era and in the construction of funerary monuments in medieval and post-medieval times. A comparison with the finds documented by the Italian Archaeological Mission, engaged in Afghanistan since 1956 and with a specific interest in the city of Ghazni, reveals several interesting aspects that allow us to advance hypotheses about the effective provenance and dating of the marbles in the Collection.
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Langer, Johnni. "O Conto de Völsi: Aspectos do Paganismo na Era Viking." Revista Relegens Thréskeia 2, no. 2 (2013): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rt.v2i2.35572.
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O artigo investiga o conto islandês Völsa þáttr, datado do século XV, contendo uma narrativa sobre um suposto culto fálico numa comunidade rural da Escandinávia durante o final da Era Viking. Partindo dos pressupostos da Nova História Cultural e de uma discussão historiográfica, realizamos a pesquisa procurando relacionar a religiosidade desta região com problemáticas da cultura medieval.
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Crespo, Daniel. "Lo maravilloso medieval presente en el descubrimiento de la América española." Colloquia, Academic Journal of Culture and Thought 1 (July 5, 2017): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31207/colloquia.v1i0.15.
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During the sixteenth century several discoveries took place on the American continent that allowed the establishment of the Spanish empire in the Indies. This process, chronologically situated in the dawn of the Modern Era, nevertheless was marked by deep continuities proper of the Hispanic medieval mentality. How to interpret these discoveries is, among others, an aspect of the Spanish Conquista which can only be understood after the recognition of its medieval roots. This paper tries to understand the role of the medieval imaginary marvel as a driving force behind the Conquistadors ’imperative need to go further that exceeds the simple analysis of a process that was less modern than what the traditional historiography usually states.
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Teshabaeva, Dilfuza, Makhliyo Umarova, Nodira Babadjanova, et al. "ARCHITECTURAL INNOVATIONS OF THE MEDIEVAL ERA THROUGH STRUCTURAL AND MATERIAL ADVANCEMENTS." Archives for Technical Sciences 2, no. 31 (2024): 340–50. https://doi.org/10.70102/afts.2024.1631.340.
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The medieval period was a time of great architectural innovation, largely due to structural design and material technology advances. From roughly the 5th through the 15th century, new ways in constructing buildings greatly impacted the current face of Europe and the Middle East. Some of these innovations included the invention and use of pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which allowed for the construction of soaring cathedrals and fortified castles. These features permitted even more excellent stability and height of buildings, making designs far more complex and involved with the character-defining features of Gothic architecture. Besides this, various building materials came into play, such as stone, mortar, and early forms of reinforced wood that enabled architects and builders to experiment with larger spans and complicated façades. While the architectural novelties of the time reflected social and cultural influences, churches, palaces, and civic buildings alike came to be manifestations of power, faith, and communal identity. The subsequent article discusses how the structural innovations coupled with choices of material contributed toward the singular architectural achievements of the medieval period and how the technical ingenuity laid the cornerstone for future architectural practices.
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Soares, Paulo Roberto De Núñez. "Os monstros na cultura medieval." SIGNUM - Revista da ABREM 12, no. 2 (2012): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.21572/2177-7306.2012.v12.n2.10.
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Neste artigo, apresentamos uma reflexão sobre o processo de construção e os usos dados às imagens de monstros na cultura medieval. Monstro, etimologicamente, vincula-se à ideia de mostrar. A natureza e suas criaturas eram percebidas em dois níveis, um literal e outro alegórico. As figuras monstruosas, quer tenham sido grafadas em algum suporte ou apenas referidas em textos e falas, apresentavam-se como construções compósitas, em que cada elemento trazia uma nova camada de sentidos possíveis e ampliavam seu sentido alegórico. A realidade desses seres era averiguada a partir de critérios de conveniência em relação aos sentidos que carregavam. A análise destas figuras passa, necessariamente, por um processo de interpretação que deve levar em conta a ambiguidade intrínseca a esses seres e as múltiplas funções que desempenhavam
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Yeleuov, Madiyar, and Arkhad Aitzhanuly Moldakhmet. "Kumbyz (furnace) found in the medieval city of Kyshkala." Turkic Studies Journal 5, no. 1 (2023): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2664-5157-2023-2-34-48.
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Long-term studies of the medieval city of Kyshkala revealed a mausoleum, madrasahs, simple burials and living quarters built of ceramic bricks and the remains of cult and memorial construction sites. A number of studies were also conducted to find out where so many bricks were burned, and consequently, in 2019 brick-burning kumbyz (furnace) was found in the eastern part of Shahristan in the medieval city of Kyshkala, dating back to the Golden Horde era, to the 13th and 14th centuries. Therefore, in the article, giving extensive definitions related to etimology (origin) of the word “kumbyz” for burning bricks, we will focus on the history of kumbyz of the medieval history of Kazakhstan, which had a direct impact on the prosperity of urban culture. The kumbyzes were found in the Chui region and such medieval cities as Aktobe, Sarayshyq, Zhaiyk, as well as in the medieval cities of middle and lower flows of Syr Darya. The article considers the history of discovering kumbyzes and the conducted archeological research, the first published results were supplemented with additional materials and a comparative chronological analysis