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1
Vaughn, Mark Kennedy. "For circumstances must dictate the proper means : a study in the history of logistics with special reference to thirteenth-century England." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325188.
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Murgatroyd, Philip Scott. "Medieval warfare on the grid." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3797/.
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Although historical studies are frequently perceived as clear narratives defined by a series of fixed events; in reality, even where critical historical events may be identified, historic documentation frequently lacks corroborative detail to support verifiable interpretation. Consequently, interpretation rarely rises above the level of unproven assertion and is rarely tested against a range of evidence. Agent-based simulation can provide an opportunity to break these cycles of academic claim and counter-claim. This thesis discusses the development of an agent-based simulation designed to investigate medieval military logistics so that new evidence may be generated to supplement existing historical analysis. It uses as a case-study the Byzantine army’s march to the battle of Manzikert (AD 1071), a key event in medieval history. It describes the design and implementation of a series of agent-based models and presents the results of these models. The analysis of these results shows that agent-based modelling is a powerful tool in investigating the practical limitations faced by medieval armies on campaign.
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Kaner, Ralph Anthony. "The management of the mobilization of English armies : Edward I to Edward III." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2494/.
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Marshall, Christopher John. "Warfare in the Latin East, 1193-1291." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1987. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/ce4a52a6-821d-4526-bb64-5c5705144678/1/.
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After an introductory chapter, in which the studies of previous scholars are examined, warfare in the Latin East in the period is placed in its historical context. It involved not only crusades: there were long periods of truce when warfare was restricted to raiding expeditions, while many conflicts took place between Christians themselves. The Latin armies are then considered. There were many elements in them - the feudal levy, the Military Orders, mercenaries and other paid troops, confraternities and crusaders - but the armies proved consistently inadequate to deal with the Muslim threat to the Latin East, The Christians, therefore, were dependent on castles and fortified towns for their survival, and it was essential that these should be adequately built, maintained and garrisoned. The Military Orders took increasing responsibility for them during the thirteenth century. Strongpoints had a number of functions, both defensive and aggressive, but lack of manpower meant that their role was often restricted. In the thesis there follows a consideration of the forms armed conflict took. Battles were not a prime factor in the decline of the Latin East, because the Franks were rarely able to raise an army to fight in the open with the Muslims. Battles therefore tended to take place during crusade expeditions, when adequate numbers were available. On some occasions - the First Crusade of Louis IX, and Theobald of Champagne's Crusade, for example - a lost battle seriously impaired a campaign. Battles should be distinguished from raids. The Muslims used raiding expeditions as an integrated part of their efforts to remove the Franks from the east. But the raid was used as an end in itself by the Franks and towards the end of this period it had become their principal means of carrying war to their enemies. Finally, there is a study of sieges. The capture of strongpoints by the Muslims, particularly in the second-half of the thirteenth century, progressively loosened the Franks' grip on the area. Sieges undertaken by the Franks often became matters of attrition, whereas when they were defending themselves, a Muslim assault often proved decisive in a short space of time. The Franks' lack of manpower was again significant.
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Bowman, Gaynor. "Edward II : England's lost saint?" Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.633645.
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The cult that arose around the posthumous memory of Edward Il is currently recognised but dismissed as a brief, localised aberration, dependent upon external stimulus. The subsuming understandings required to support and project an image of Edward Il as a saintly figure remain unexplored. Therefore, this thesis through a synthesis and analysis of literary and material sources, read against contemporary political, cultural and religious views, aims to identify the foundations of his alleged sanctity and assess the nature, scope and duration of his veneration. This study contends that the idea of Edward Il as a martyr developed three years after his death when it was announced that he had been murdered. The vital nucleus to this was the deeply acculturated belief in the ' inherent sanctity of an anointed king, catalysed into veneration by the abject horror of his murder. This conviction adopted a political dimension in retrospective criticism of the regime of Isabella and Mortimer, which had supplanted the rule of Edward Il and usurped the rule of Edward Ill. The understanding of Edward Il as a saintly figure who stood against the usurpation of God's order became quiescently embedded into the contemporary spiritual hierarchy, resulting in some evidence of it becoming overlooked (as perhaps in the Luttrel/ Psalter) or under evaluated. This argument is explored through fresh interpretations, some re -dating and close readings of four literary pieces. The Lament of Edward If reveals a previously undetected analogy of Edward Il as Boethius. The Vita et Mars is suggested as a hagiography for the king. The Fieschi Letter is considered as a piece of anti-English propaganda emanating from the Hundred Years War and Adam Davy's 5 Dreams about Edward If is re-contextualised as a piece of propaganda possibly written or adapted to gain support for Bishop Despenser's crusade of 1383.
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Watson, Fiona Jane. "Edward I in Scotland : 1296-1305." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1991. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2222/.
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This thesis sets out to investigate the activities of Edward I and his officials in Scotland during the period from the conquest of 1296 up until the settlement of September/October 1305. To this end, the administration established by the English king in 1296 is discussed to provide a starting-point from which to assess the events of the following decade. Following the renewal of the war in 1297, the investigation centres primarily on the activities of the English garrisons in Scotland in order to establish where, and to what extent, Edward could describe himself as ruler of Scotland. The campaigns of 1297, 1298, 1300, 1301 and 1303-4 form a necessary part of that investigation as the English sought to expand and consolidate their hold in south-west Scotland particularly. As a complement to the above, the administration of Scotland outwith English control - for which there is very little direct evidence - is also considered, as is the role of the fleet, vital to the survival of Edward's garrisons. The role of these garrisons - which defined the limit and extent of the English administration - is of such importance that an account is then given of the history of each castle held for Edward, however briefly. The final section of the thesis describes Edward's second settlement of Scotland. Between the submission of the Guardian in February 1304 and the ordinances of September 1305, the king devoted much time and energy to his Scottish subjects: a large number of disputes resulting from the war, largely concerned with lands and property, required to be decided and a new administrative system palatable both to Edward and the Scottish nobility to be worked out. This activity thus reflects the problems of the previous decade and the lessons learned from them.
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Damon, John Edward 1951. "Soldier saints and holy warriors: Warfare and sanctity in Anglo-Saxon England." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282648.
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It is common but too simplistic to say that Old English literature shows the unconscious blending of the traditional Germanic heroic ethos and the early Christian aversion to war. The matter is more complex. Throughout the Latin West, Christian perceptions of a tension between sanctity and warfare changed over the period from the arrival of Roman Christianity in England (AD 597) to the period following the Norman Conquest of 1066. Christian disdain for and rejection of warfare (at times no more than nominal) gave way eventually to active participation in wars considered "just" or "holy." Anglo-Saxon literature, in both Latin and Old English, documented this changing ethos and also played a significant role in its development. The earliest extant Anglo-Saxon hagiographic texts featured a new type of holy man, the martyred warrior king, whose role in spreading Christianity in England culminated in a dramatic death in battle fighting enemies portrayed by hagiographers as bloodthirsty pagans. During the same period, other Anglo-Saxon writers depicted warriors who transformed themselves into soldiers of Christ, armed only with the weapons of faith. These and later Anglo-Saxon literary works explored the intersection of violence and the sacred in often conflicting ways, in some instances helping to lead Christian spirituality toward the more martial spirit that would eventually culminate in Pope Urban II's preaching of the First Crusade in 1095, but in other cases preserving intact many early Christians' radical opposition to war. Aspects of crusading ideology existed alongside Christian opposition to war throughout the Anglo-Saxon period. This study examines hagiographers' changing literary tropes as subtle but important reflections of medieval Christianity's evolution from rejecting the sword to tolerating and even wielding it. Hagiographers used various narrative topoi to recount the lives of warrior saints, and, as the ambient Christian ethos changed, so did their employment of these themes. The tension between forbearance and militancy, even in the earliest English lives of saints, is more profound and more culturally complex than what is generally understood as merely the Germanic heroic trappings of Anglo-Saxon Christian literature.
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Wand, Benjamin Joseph. "Thietmar of Merseburg's Views on Clerical Warfare." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4540.
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The tenth-century German bishop was more than just a spiritual leader, he was also a territorial lord with secular power. These bishops also lived in an environment where violence was sometimes a way of life. His culture contained a social dynamic that saw violence as a tool for defending and maintaining honor and as a mechanism for dispute resolution. Therefore, some bishops behaved violently, either to defend their diocese from threats or to serve their own political intrigues. In some instances bishops were said to be more skilled in warfare than secular lords. However, while some clergy participated in warfare and violence, others sought to limit it through application of canon law and peacemaking. With some clergy participating in violence and others decreeing that it be banned, there were mixed messages regarding clerical violence in this era.
The bishop's role in warfare and violence, especially in Germany, has only been partially addressed by modern scholars. This deficit is part of an overall shortage of medieval German military scholarship. Furthermore, the historiography on bishops in the central Middle Ages (c. 900-1200) has generally covered two narratives: the bishop as a territorial lord or his role as a church reformer. This leaves a gap in scholarship that describes how an individual bishop justified or rationalized clerical participation in violence and warfare, including his own. This paper addresses that need by reporting how one German bishop, Thietmar of Merseburg (b. 975, 1009-18), reflected on and portrayed clerical violence and warfare in his Chronicon.
Thietmar's attitudes towards violence were as complex as the times in which he lived, and were influenced by his secularism and religiosity. When it came to his justifications for clerical violence and warfare, Thietmar was more concerned about the clergyman's ability to perform as a military leader, and whether or not the violent actions were justified on their own merits. While he sometimes conveyed unease with some acts of clerical violence, and at times was careful to note distinctions between secular and spiritual realms, nevertheless he did not criticize a member of the clergy for violence on the basis of his religious station nor spiritual beliefs. Indeed, Thietmar was a torn individual, struggling with his religious convictions while living in a world where violence was habitual, and where he saw it as his duty to protect his flock. In this regard Thietmar should be considered a realist.
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Colclough, Samantha Jane. "Image and reality in medieval weaponry and warfare, Wales c.1100-c.1450." Thesis, Bangor University, 2015. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/image-and-reality-in-medieval-weaponry-and-warfare--wales-c1100c1450(89b67121-92e5-4420-a89b-7a381f107daf).html.
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The established image of the art of war in medieval Wales is based on the analysis of historical documents, the majority of which have been written by foreign hands, most notably those associated with the English court. This thesis has revisited the historical evidence, and together with the analysis of literature and virtually untouched archaeological material, in order to determine the accuracy of this image. The thesis is separated into three sections. The first examines the variety of evidence available to study the art of war in medieval Wales, and assesses its value to the proposed research. The second is formed by a discussion of the different types of military equipment that would have been used, including the bow and arrow, the spear, the sword and other miscellaneous weapons. There is also a discussion on the form of the shield. Finally this is brought together in the final section to discuss the reality of soldiering in medieval Wales. Medieval writers established an image of Welsh soldiering that is quite often backward and barbaric, and although some refer to Welsh skill in combat, they also emphasise the weaknesses of their approach and their unwillingness to partake in open battle, preferring night attacks and ambushes. However, it is clear from this assessment of the sources, that difference between the Welsh approach to war and that of their Norman and English counterparts was not significantly different. Occasionally native equipment was abandoned in favour of foreign forms, including a change from native round shields to kite and heater shields during the thirteenth century. In other circumstances it appears that elements of Welsh warfare were adopted by the English. However the differences between the weaponry used and tactics deployed.
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Westervelt, Theron. "William Lord Hastings and the governance of Edward IV, with special reference to the second reign (1471-83)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272111.
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Billaud, R. "The Lord Edward and the county of Chester : lordship and community, 1254-1272." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2017. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/16444/.
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This thesis analyses the Lord Edward’s lordship of the county of Chester between 1254 and 1272 and the impact it had on local inhabitants. The first chapter investigates the general administration of the county, including its financial structure, and the officials and men recruited by Edward to control his Cheshire estates. This chapter shows that Edward, in spite of his father’s influence, led an independent policy by relying primarily on the justiciar and on local tenants to govern the county. The second chapter tackles the organisation of justice and the law administered in Cheshire. It demonstrates that the judicial machinery in Cheshire was preserved during Edward’s lordship with its distinctive characteristics inherited from the earls of Chester, and that Edward was far more involved in the administration of justice in the county, and in the rest of his apanage, than previously envisaged. The third chapter considers the relationship Cheshire maintained with Wales in the thirteenth century, and more precisely, how Edward’s lordship of the county disrupted the stability that existed in the area. It shows that he was not directly responsible for the tensions that existed, but that his inability to address them eventually led to the outbreak of 1256. It also demonstrates that Edward failed to protect his estates despite multiple attempts, and how he progressively lost interest in his Welsh dominions. The fourth chapter discusses Edward’s relationship, and the difficulties he had, with his Cheshire tenants, especially during the baronial movement of reform and rebellion (1258-67). It analyses how problems in the county mirrored those elsewhere in the realm, because of the financial pressure and of the desire of local communities to have their laws and customs preserved, and how Edward’s considered approach and political discernment were eventually successful in restoring order in the county.
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Newman, Timothy John. "God wills it? A comparison of Greek and Latin theologies of warfare during the Medieval period." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of History, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10356.
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The history of the Church’s participation in, and attitudes towards warfare have been well-documented in several fields of research. The development of the doctrine of just war and the medieval crusades within Western Christianity, have been the subject of a considerable amount of scholarship. There has also recently been an increasing amount of research done by historians, theologians and political theorists comparing the status of warfare within the Christian and Islamic traditions. However, the current state of the historiography is focused almost entirely on Western Christianity, and does not address in any depth the attitudes toward warfare present in Eastern Christianity within the Byzantine Empire in the Middle Ages.
This thesis seeks to address this historiographical imbalance by comparing the development of the Eastern and Western Church’s positions on warfare throughout the medieval period. The thesis examines the factors that led to the divergence of the two Churches’ attitudes towards warfare, and the development and impact of their differing theologies during the medieval period. It is argued that the fundamental point of divergence between the Eastern and Western Church’s attitude to warfare is linguistic and theological in nature. The linguistic differences between the Greek and Latin Churches, led to different theological interpretive frameworks regarding the subject of warfare. These different fundamental theological assumptions would lead the two Churches down different developmental paths and would prevent the development or acceptance of Western theories of just war and holy war in the Eastern Church.
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Withers, Jeremy. "The Ecology of War in Late Medieval Chivalric Culture." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1215570638.
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Crawford, Ross Mackenzie. "Warfare in the West Highlands and Isles of Scotland, c. 1544-1615." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7310/.
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Warfare has long been associated with Scottish Highlanders and Islanders, especially in the period known in Gaelic tradition as ‘Linn nan Creach’ (the ‘Age of Forays’), which followed the forfeiture of the Lordship of the Isles in 1493. The sixteenth century in general is remembered as a particularly tumultuous time within the West Highlands and Isles, characterised by armed conflict on a seemingly unprecedented scale. Relatively little research has been conducted into the nature of warfare however, a gap filled by this thesis through its focus on a series of interconnected themes and in-depth case studies spanning the period c. 1544-1615. It challenges the idea that the sixteenth century and early seventeenth century was a time of endless bloodshed, and explores the rationale behind the distinctive mode of warfare practised in the West Highlands and Isles. The first part of the thesis traces the overall ‘Process of War’. Chapter 1 focuses on the mentality of the social elite in the West Highlands and Isles and demonstrates that warfare was not their raison d'être, but was tied inextricably to chiefs’ prime responsibility of protecting their lands and tenants. Chapter 2 assesses the causation of warfare and reveals that a recurrent catalyst for armed conflict was the assertion of rights to land and inheritance. There were other important causes however, including clan expectation, honour culture, punitive government policies, and the use of proxy warfare by prominent magnates. Chapter 3 takes a fresh approach to the military capacity of the region through analysis of armies and soldiers, and the final thematic chapter tackles the conduct of warfare in the West Highlands and Isles, with analysis of the tactics and strategy of militarised personnel. The second part of this thesis comprises five case studies: the Clanranald, 1544-77; the Colquhouns of Luss and the Lennox, 1592-1603; the MacLeods of Harris and MacDonalds of Sleat, 1594-1601; the Camerons, 1569-1614; and the ‘Islay Rising’, 1614-15. This thesis adopts a unique approach by contextualising the political background of warfare in order to instil a deeper understanding of why early modern Gaelic Scots resorted to bloodshed. Overall, this period was defined by a sharp rise in military activity, followed by an even sharper decline, a trajectory that will be evidenced vividly in the final case study on the ‘Islay Rising’. Although warfare was widespread, it was not unrestrained or continuous, and the traditional image of a region riven by perpetual bloodshed has been greatly exaggerated.
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Tittle, Miles C. "Pen and Printing-Block: William Morris and the Resurrection of Medieval Paratextuality." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20581.
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My dissertation, Pen and Printing-Block: William Morris and the Resurrection of Medieval Paratextuality, considers William Morris’s influence on the rise of paratextual awareness, his negotiation strategies for Victorian England’s social identity, and his rhetorical construction of an idealized past through textual artifacts. The effect of Morris’s growing social awareness on his transition from illumination to print is reframed by considering his calligraphy as paratextual experiments, based on medieval examples, in combining graphic and discursive meanings with rhetorical and social dimensions. The varied and less ambitious agendas of those printers who followed Morris’s Kelmscott Press, however, limited Morris’s legacy in the book arts. The full significance of his illuminations’ meaningful interplay between text and image, and the social intent of these innovations applications in print, has received little critical attention.
The opening chapter frames Morris’s visual work in light of his philosophies and introduces the major concerns of material art, the role of history, the limits of language, and the question of meaningful labour. The second chapter surveys select predecessors of Morris’s developing conception of the Gothic, the significance of architecture as its defining form, and the irreplaceability of the physical past. The third chapter considers the role of the illuminated manuscript in Pre-Raphaelite art, tracing Morris’s calligraphic experiments chronologically while identifying medieval inspirations and examining his artistic development. These experiments led to his final collaborative manuscript, the illuminated Æneid which is the fourth chapter’s focus. The sophistication of its paratextual elements is discussed in light of its unique physicality and limitations. The fifth chapter asserts the Kelmscott Press’s role in balancing craftsmanship and aesthetic paratextual strategies with reproducible models. The Kelmscott Chaucer is the culmination of these strategies, and it is compared to the visual rhetoric of its predecessors. The final chapter compares the philosophies and calligraphic elements of major private presses that followed Kelmscott’s legacy. This evolution of aesthetic, social, and practical considerations is also identified in the work of selected Canadian printers, and a final note considers the implications of the rise of immaterial digital text (radiant textuality) for the continuation of material paratextuality’s role in the future.
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Douglas, Sarah K. "The Price of Pestilence: England’s response to the Black Death in the face of the Hundred Years War." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1436982201.
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Bennett, Matthew. "The ethos and practice of warfare in the High Middle Ages c.1050-c.1250 : a military, social and literary study." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2010. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/3589/.
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The purpose of this thesis is to explore the nature of military behaviour during the High Middle Ages, in what is normally called the Age of Chivalry. I am not entirely comfortable with this appellation, which is why I have chosen to discuss the ethos and practice of warfare. My focus is essentially on the societies of north-western Europe which displayed certain characteristics in warfare, which they exported into the Mediterranean region and further east. It is somewhat of a simplification to describe this military culture as that of 'knight and castle'; but it is a convenient starting point. In what follows I have drawn together fourteen of my published articles over the period 1982-2005, in order to present my interpretation of the main strands that can be identified in warfare between 1050 and 1250. Although I continue to be research active and have published, or I am still in the process of publishing, half-a-dozen articles over the last five years, I felt that I could best present a coherent thesis from the pieces which I have selected.
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Kilpatrick, Hannah. "The Untouchable Past and the Incomprehensible Present: Temporal Detachment and the Shaping of History in the Fineshade Manuscript." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20472.
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This thesis undertakes a close study of a single manuscript of the early 1320s, written at the priory of Fineshade, Northamptonshire. The manuscript contains a short chronicle and several documents related to the failed baronial rebellion of 1321-22. I argue that, in collaboration with the priory’s patrons, the Engayne family, the chronicler responds to the current situation with an attempt to create meaning from a time of crisis. In the process, he attempts to shape his material through patterns of style and thought inherited from both chronicle and hagiographical traditions, to make the present conform to the known and understood shape of the past. His success is limited by his inability to establish sufficient distance from traumatic events, a difficulty that many chroniclers seemed to encounter when they attempted to turn current events into meaningful historical narrative.
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Thompson, William Keene. "Local Reception of Religious Change under Henry VIII and Edward VI: Evidence from Four Suffolk Parishes." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/803.
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From the second half of Henry VIII's reign through that of his son Edward VI, roughly 1530 through 1553, England was in turmoil. Traditional (Catholic) religion was methodically undermined, and sometimes violently swept away, in favor of a biblically based evangelical faith imported and adapted from European dissenters/reformers (Protestants). This thesis elucidates the process of parish-level religious change in England during the tumultuous mid sixteenth century. It does so through examining the unique dynamics and complexities of its local reception in a previously unstudied corner of the realm, the Suffolk parishes of Boxford, Cratfield, Long Melford, and Mildenhall. This thesis asserts that ongoing alterations in religious policy under Henry VIII and Edward VI reflected an evolution in both governmental tactics and local attitudes toward the locus of religious authority. Contrary to the view that the Reformation was done to the English people, the parish-level evidence investigated herein shows that, at least in Suffolk, the reformation was only accomplished with their cooperation. Furthermore, it finds that while costly, divisive, and unpopular in many parts of England, religious change was, for the most part, received enthusiastically in these four parishes. Two types of primary sources inform the historical narrative and analysis of this thesis. First, the official documents of religious reform initiated by the crown and Parliament tell the story of magisterial reformation, from the top down. Second, the often-mundane entries found in churchwardens' accounts of parish income and expenditure illuminate the individual and communal dynamics involved in implementing religious policy on the local level, from the bottom up. As agents operating between the distinct spheres of government authority and local interest, this study finds that churchwardens wielded significant power in the mediation of religious policy. The churchwardens' accounts are also supplemented throughout by analysis of selected parishioners' wills, which provide insight into personal beliefs of key individuals and hint at the formation of early religious affinity groupings within parishes. Chapter One summarizes the development of the pre-Reformation Sarum liturgy, its Eucharistic theology, and its relation to the late-medieval doctrine of purgatory. It also describes the richly decorated interiors of pre-Reformation English parish churches and their function as centers of community spiritual life. This provides a gauge through which to understand the extensive changes wrought to church liturgy and fabric during the Reformation. Chapter Two focuses on the unsettled nature of religious policy during the second half of Henry VIII's reign and how it set the stage for more severe changes to come. Chapters Three and Four examine the reign of Edward VI, which saw the most radical efforts at evangelical reform ever attempted in England. In these three chapters, official changes in religious policy are interwoven with analysis of local reaction in the four Suffolk parishes, revealing some surprising local responses and initiatives. The conclusion presents a summary of the historical narrative and analysis presented in the preceding chapters, suggests possibilities for further research, and offers closing thoughts about the local experience of negotiating religious change during this period.
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Judkins, Ryan R. "Noble Venery: Hunting and the Aristocratic Imagination in Late Medieval English Literature." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1337896675.
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Flynn, Jeremy Paul. "A consideration of the nature, methods and practices of fifteenth-century European warfare with particular reference to the Wars of the Roses." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683280.
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Jenkins, Bethan Mair. "Concepts of Prydeindod (Britishness) in 18th century Anglo-Welsh Writing : with special reference to the works of Lewis Morris, Evan Evans, and Edward Williams." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:02c515c0-7f80-468b-b63c-97ead68fb2f1.
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This thesis presents an analysis of the English-language work of three Welsh writers during the eighteenth century, spanning the period of the 1750s to 1794. During this period, the British state consolidated its power following the last of the significant internal uprisings in 1745, and attempted to create a British nation with internal unity. Such a unity entailed a renegotiation of older national identities as subjects attempted to partake of multiple identities simultaneously. In Wales, the manifestation of multiple identities was especially clear, as the language of the state did not accord with the mother tongue of the majority of Welshmen. Though Welsh literati had written in English since before the Act of Union (1536), choosing to write in English becomes more interesting for the critic during such a time of change. Previously, these works have been treated as aberrations, or literary curiosities less worthy of note than the Welsh-language productions of the same authors. This thesis argues that, instead, they should be analysed as offering an insight into these authors’ conception of Britain, and their place within the state and the new nation, both in the choice of language and the topics considered. As a theoretical basis for these analyses, I consider the concept of Prydeindod from the work of philosopher J.R. Jones, as distinct from the idea of Britishness, and as a way of complicating Anglocentric or binary discussions of Britishness. This in turn informs readings of the English-language productions of Welsh writers in the eighteenth century, and shows that their negotiations of new identities are not as forthright as has previously been assumed.
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Rhodes, Jill Anne. "Humeral torsion and activity-related change in the human upper limb and pectoral girdle : a biomechanical investigation and social implications." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4343.
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This project investigas humeral torsion and activity-related change in the human upper limb. Increased humeral torsion angles have been identified in the professional throwing athlete and may be associated with strenuous activity. The nature of humeral torsion as an osteogenic response to the strain environment is investigated to identify its role in the behavioural morphology of the upper limb. These physical manifestations of strenuous physical activity provide an insight into the make-up of medieval armies prior to the establishment of standing armies. Populations analysed include two blade-injured samples, Towton and a subsample of blade-injured men from the Priory of St. Andrew, Fishergate, York. The men from the Mary Rose, a Tudor warship are also investigated. Other samples analysed include the rural sites of Wharram Percy and Hickleton, the urban cemeteries from the Priory of St. Andrew, Fishergate,York and the leprosarium of Sts. James and Mary Magdalene, Chichester, the modern cadaver-based Terry collection and non-human primates, Gorilla sp., Pan sp., Pongo sp., and Macaca sp.. Measurement of the humeral torsion angle and external measurements and indices of architecture, articulations and robusticity are employed. Cross-sectional geometric properties are investigated using CT imaging of the paired humeri from a sub-sample of blade-injured individuals and a comparative sample of those who were not. Bilateral asymmetry is investigated to identify the role of plasticity within the humerus and to reveal aspects of limb dominance. The results are compared with non-human primate species to obtain insight into inter-species differences. Results indicate the humeral torsion is not ontogenetically constrained, but is highly variable between and within populations, individuals and even between sides. Biomechanical analyses indicate that in the Towton population, humeral torsion may serve as part of a two-stage adaptation, in which the architecture is modified to enable greater biomechanical efficiency in distributing strain, reducing the need of increased cortical thickness. Changes in humeral torsion related to strenuous activity have been identified, although in the blade-injured samples it is decreased torsion angles, w hile in the comparative sample it is increased torsion angles that significantly correlate with limb hypertrophy. Humeral torsion appears to be influenced by other measurementd of humeral architecture, specifically, the amount of anterior bowing and anterior curvature to the distal humeral shaft. This work demonstrates the need for individual rather than population-based analyses, as the heterogeneity within population samples obscures individual variation in activity patterns. This analysis provides baseline data for typical populations of the Middle Ages. From this, it is then possible to investigate the individual within this baseline, to identify those who stand out from their samples through habitual, strenuous activity patterns. Movement patterns identified related to warfare include those consistent with the use of the longbow in the Towton sample and the use of a sword in the Fishergate blade-injured sample. These men, and those of the Mary Rose, appear to have either been selected for combat based on size, or benefited from a more nutritious diet during growth.
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Nguyen, Triet M. ""Little Consideration... to Preparing Vietnamese Forces for Counterinsurgency Warfare"? History, Organization, Training, and Combat Capability of the RVNAF, 1955-1963." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23126.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation is a focused analysis of the origins, organization, training, politics, and combat capability of the Army of the Republic of Viet Nam (ARVN) from 1954 to 1963, the leading military instrument in the national counterinsurgency plan of the government of the Republic of Viet Nam (RVN). Other military and paramilitary forces that complemented the army in the ground war included the Viet Nam Marine Corps (VNMC), the Civil Guard (CG), the Self-Defense Corps (SDC) and the Civil Irregular Defense Groups (CIDG) which was composed mainly of the indigenous populations in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam. At sea and in the air, the Viet Nam Air Force (VNAF) and the Viet Nam Navy (VNN) provided additional layers of tactical, strategic and logistical support to the military and paramilitary forces. Together, these forces formed the Republic of Viet Nam Armed Forces (RVNAF) designed to counter the communist insurgency plaguing the RVN. This thesis argues the following. First, the origin of the ARVN was rooted in the French Indochina War (1946-1954). Second, the ARVN was an amalgamation of political and military forces born from a revolution that encompassed three overlapping wars: a war of independence between the Vietnamese and the French; a civil war between the Vietnamese of diverse social and political backgrounds; and a proxy war as global superpowers and regional powers backed their own Vietnamese allies who, in turn, exploited their foreign supporters for their own purposes. Lastly, the ARVN failed not because it was organized, equipped, and trained for conventional instead of counterinsurgency warfare. Rather, it failed to assess, adjust, and adapt its strategy and tactics quickly enough to meet the war’s changing circumstances. The ARVN’s slowness to react resulted from its own institutional weaknesses, military and political problems that were beyond its control, and the powerful and dangerous enemies it faced. The People’s Army of Viet Nam (PAVN) and the People’s Liberation Armed Forces (PLAF) were formidable adversaries. Not duplicated in any other post-colonial Third World country and led by an experienced and politically tested leadership, the Democratic Republic of Viet Nam (DRVN) and the National Front for the Liberation of Southern Viet Nam (NFLSVN) exploited RVN failures effectively. Hypothetically, there was no guarantee that had the US dispatched land forces into Cambodia and Laos or invaded North Vietnam that the DRVN and NFLSVN would have quit attacking the RVN. The French Far East Expeditionary Corps (FFEEC)’ occupation of the Red River Delta did not bring peace to Cochinchina, only a military stalemate between it and the Vietnamese Liberation Army (VLA). Worse yet, a US invasion potentially would have unnerved the People’s Republic of China (PRC) which might have sent the PLAF to fight the US in Vietnam as it had in Korea. Inevitably, such unilateral military action would certainly provoke fierce criticism and opposition amongst the American public at home and allies abroad. At best, the war’s expansion might have bought a little more time for the RVN but it could never guarantee South Vietnam’s survival. Ultimately, RVN’s seemingly endless political, military, and social problems had to be resolved by South Vietnam’s political leaders, military commanders, and people but only in the absence of constant PAVN and PLAF attempts to destroy whatever minimal progress RVN made politically, militarily, and socially. The RVN was plagued by many problems and the DRVN and NFLSVN, unquestionably, were amongst those problems.
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Todd, Maurice L. "Rhetoric or reality : US counterinsurgency policy reconsidered." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6431.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the foundations of US counterinsurgency policy and doctrine in order to better understand the main historical influences on that policy and doctrine and how those influences have informed the current US approach to counterinsurgency. The results of this study indicate the US experience in counterinsurgency during the Greek Civil War and the Huk Rebellion in the Philippines had a significant influence on the development of US counterinsurgency policy and doctrine following World War II through the Kennedy presidency. In addition, despite a major diversion from the lessons of Greece and the Philippines during the Vietnam War, the lessons were re-institutionalized in US counterinsurgency policy and doctrine following the war and continue to have significant influence today, though in a highly sanitized and, therefore, misleading form. As a result, a major disconnect has developed between the “rhetoric and reality” of US counterinsurgency policy. This disconnect has resulted from the fact that many references that provide a more complete and accurate picture of the actual policies and actions taken to successfully defeat the insurgencies have remained out of the reach of non-government researchers and the general public. Accordingly, many subsequent studies of counterinsurgency overlook, or only provide a cursory treatment of, aspects that may have had a critical impact on the success of past US counterinsurgency operations. One such aspect is the role of US direct intervention in the internal affairs of a supported country. Another is the role of covert action operations in support of counterinsurgency operations. As a result, the counterinsurgency policies and doctrines that have been developed over the years are largely based on false assumptions, a flawed understanding of the facts, and a misunderstanding of the contexts concerning the cases because of misleading, or at least seriously incomplete, portrayals of the counterinsurgency operations.
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"Crown and mitre, 1461-1483: The episcopate during the reign of Edward IV." Tulane University, 1993.
Find full textAbstract:
Scholarly assessment of the fifteenth century has changed since William Stubbs' depiction of it as 'a worn-out, helpless age' during which 'all that was good and great in (medieval life) was languishing even to death.' Valuable scholarship has succeeded K. B. McFarlane's reassessment of the nobility of the period. But little work has been done to verify or alter the popular image of a worn-out, bureaucratic and politically cynical episcopate. Two works include investigations of Edward IV's (1461-83) bishops in studies of wider scope, but no study focuses exclusively on Edward IV's episcopal bench. Such a study is necessary if we are to judge the similarities and differences of Edward's episcopate with those of his predecessors and successors The popular image of the later medieval English episcopate is one of gray-faced, politically acquiescent bureaucrats elevated to the episcopal bench in reward for government service. The assumption no doubt arises in part from the indisputable fact that by the second half of the fifteenth century episcopal nomination, although not deprivation as is sometimes supposed, rested firmly in the king's hands. The first need in any study of Edward IV's episcopate is to show the bishops' individualities. It must be remembered that Edward IV won England's throne by conquest. There was much accommodation, but it was never as one-sided as is generally supposed. The imprisonments of the Bishops of Lincoln, Chichester, Winchester, Llandaff, Saint David's and Bath and Wells during Edward's reign suggests that accommodation by either side had its limits It is almost a cliche to say that by the latter half of the fifteenth century a bishop's mitre was a reward by a grateful boss for government service. Yet while this holds true for the majority of Edward IV's bishops, it is too much of a generalization. Edward's patronage was behind the nomination of eleven of the twenty-one individuals elevated to the episcopate during his reign. Another seven were elevated to episcopal status through the patronage of Edward's brother, Richard of Gloucester, his queen, Elizabeth Wydeville and the powerful Earl of Warwick. The patrons of three of Edward's bishops are unknown Early in his reign, Edward IV issued a charter granting sweeping and long-fought for concessions to his clergy. The charter's issuance and its subsequent failure to be enforced suggests the ambivalence of dependence and conflict that characterized Edward's relationship with his episcopateacase@tulane.edu
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"豈樂殺人,不得不爾: 北朝戰爭與戰爭書寫研究 = Have no choice but to kill : warfare and the writing of warfare in the Northern Dynasties, medieval China." 2015. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6115921.
Full textAbstract:
本文以北朝戰爭書寫為題。記錄北朝戰爭的大多是正史等歷史文獻，這些並非全然客觀中立的書寫，而是包含官方意識形態、史家個人情懷等因素；甚至一些看似「客觀」的記錄，如兵力數字、氣候、地理，其實也有可能經過了史家有意的再創造。本文嘗試對歷史文本做進一步發掘，分析文本的內外關聯，如影響戰爭書寫的政治文化力量、史學內部傳統等，從而從側面增進對於古代戰爭的認識。本文匯集一些個案研究，分別討論北朝幾次戰爭記錄中的兵力數字、北周開國君主形象、北朝勝利和失敗的武將的書寫方式、胡族戰略戰術分析，以及記錄李淵建唐的《大唐創業起居注》等。
本文嘗試指出，北朝戰爭書寫最為突出的特點，可歸結為「去胡化」，或者「由胡入漢」：北朝諸政權大多是胡族政權，但在東魏北齊以及唐初的史家筆下，這些北朝胡族政權的君主、將士，胡族色彩並不濃重，反而大多蒙上一層漢族文化的面紗；胡人的戰略戰術、戰爭過程的記錄都接近漢人的傳統方式。
This dissertation discusses the writing of warfare in the Northern Dynasties, Medieval China. Most of the records on the warfare are from official histories written in Northern Qi (550-577) and Tang Dynasty (618-907). These records, however, are under the influence of political and cultural powers, such as political struggles and orthodoxy. Even some of so called objective description, such as records of the place, time, figure and climate may be kind of recreation of the writers. This dissertation tries to analyze context of these records, including their political and cultural background, along with the development of historiography and other writing traditions.
This dissertation is made up of several case studies, discussing respectively figures in battle, adventure of Yuwen Tai (the leader of the military group in Western Wei), the image of generals in the Northern Dynasties, the description of strategy and tactics of nomad people, and the historical record of Li Yuan, founder of Tang Dynasty. The principal conclusion is that in the official histories historians descript nomad people in traditional Chinese way. Sinicization of the nomad people is the most important characteristics of the writing of warfare in Northern Dynasties: the nomad leaders and generals are close to Chinese emperors and generals, the nomadic way of war is replaced by the Chinese way.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
雷仕偉.
Parallel title from added title page.
Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-254).
Abstracts also in English.
Lei Shiwei.
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Avery, Julie J. "A Record of the Defense of Xiangyang's City Wall, 1206-1207." 2009. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/343.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents an original annotated translation of Xiangyang shou cheng lu 襄陽守城錄 [A Record of the Defense of Xiangyang’s City Wall] written by Zhao Wannian (ca. 1169-1210) in 1207. In this record, Zhao, a low ranking official in the Song army, describes the events of a two and half month siege imposed upon the city of Xiangyang by invading Jin troops. Currently the only other full translation of this text that is available is in German by Herbert Franke and can be found in Studien und Texte zur Kriegsgeschichte der südlichen Sungzeit that was published in 1987. In addition to my translation, an overview of this event in the war between Song and Jin (1206-1208) as well as an overview of Xiangyang’s strategic geographic location is included in the introduction. A copy of the Yue ya tang edition of the text is provided in the appendices, along with an index of names which appear in the text, an explanation of the translation of titles, a glossary of weapons, a glossary of place names, and supplementary maps and photographs.
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Bartošík, Jan. "První anglická "kolonie"? Příspěvek ke studiu anglo-waleských vztahů ve 13. století." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-448959.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis studies political, legal and cultural historical events on the land of present Wales in the high medieval period. The emphasis is put on the rule of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (1246-1282) associated with the english invasion into Wales by Edward I. The study concentrates on understanding of the conflict in a historical context and on an analysis of legal sources. The work is divided into three main parts. First part focus on the cultural-legal essence of medieval Wales and with it bounded political cohabitation of an individual welsh leaders. Second part of this work analyzes situation in the high medieval England, characterizes so-called Welsh March and a mutual anglo-welsh cohabitation. The last part analyzes the culmination of the conflict as a consequence of the aspects described in previous parts of this work, the conflict between Llywelyn and Edward I. and the subsequent arrengment of Wales.
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Gendron, Philippe. "L’histoire au service de la politique : la chronique de Pierre de Langtoft et les tensions socio-culturelles en Angleterre fin XIIIe, début XIVe siècle." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6056.
Full textAbstract:
À la fin du XIIIe et au début du XIVe siècle, Édouard Ier (1239-1307), conquérant du Pays de Galles et de l'Écosse, semblait être en conflit perpétuel, que ce soit avec l’Écosse, la France ou le Pays de Galles. Il avait donc grandement besoin de financement. Or dès son règne, on sent que le Parlement avait acquis une importance particulière en Angleterre, de sorte qu’Édouard Ier devait le convaincre de lui accorder les taxes qu’il demandait. Des tensions socio-culturelles héritées de la conquête de 1066 compliquaient de beaucoup la tâche au roi qui se devait de trouver une solution pour unir toute la société anglaise contre ses ennemis. Le roi était également en conflit avec certains de ces sujets. C’était notamment le cas d’Antoine Bek, évêque palatin de Durham qui était menacé de perdre tous ses privilèges et libertés. Dans le but de se racheter auprès du roi, Bek demanda donc à Pierre de Langtoft, un moine du Nord de l’Angleterre, d’écrire une chronique dans laquelle il prêcherait l’union de toute la société anglaise contre les ennemis d’Édouard Ier. C’est celle-ci dont il est question dans ce mémoire, qui étudie la façon dont Pierre de Langtoft calomnie les ennemis du roi, surtout les Écossais et comment il utilise l’histoire pour plaider l’union de toutes les composantes de la société anglaise.At the end of the thirteenth and the begining of the fourtheenth century, Edward I (1239-1307), conqueror of Wales and Scotland, seems to have been in perpetual conflict with Scotland, France and Wales. Those conflicts put him in great need of funding. At that time, the Parliament was already an important institution in England that Edward I had to convince to grant him the taxation he was asking for. This was complication by the fact that socio-culturals tensions inherited from the conquest of 1066 were complicating a lot the task of the king whos was in need of a solution for uniting the whole English society against his enemies. The king whas also in conflict with some of his subjects. This was the case of Anthony Bek the bishop palatine of Durham who was in danger of loosing his privileges and liberties. Searching a reconciliation with the king, Bek asked Peter of Langtoft a monk from northern England to write a chronicle in which he would preach the union of the whole English society against the enemy of Edward I. This memoir will study how Peter of Langtoft in his chronicle calumny the king’s enemies, specialy the Scots and how he used history to preach the union of all the english society against the king’s enemies.