Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mediterranean cypress'

The work described in this thesis is concerned with economic and financial issues, including safety analysis, and their application to the companies operating in the Cyprus and Mediterranean cruise market. This thesis applies "financial and economic" methodologies suitable for a cruise product. They are used as the basis for the development of more scientific and objective financial and economic methods and safety modelling techniques applicable to the operation of cruise ships in the Cyprus and Mediterranean regions. A qualitative methodology is developed to analyse the passengers' attitudes to cruise tourism, the fundamental considerations of competition at sea and the factors considered important for choosing a destination in the Cyprus and Mediterranean regions. A business strategy model is developed to provide an established mechanism for cruise companies in making decisions on the coming into service of a cruise ship or when entering the cruise market. A Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) model is developed to determine its applicability to cruise ships. For this reason, a test case study, which is limited to one accident category, namely fire, is conducted in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology. A cost, benefit and risk assessment methodology is developed to help cruise companies in their strategic planning and decision-making process for the safest, economic and efficient operation of cruise ships. This thesis also presents a proposed methodology involving the use of investment appraisal and risk assessment techniques. This approach may be used by cruise companies to evaluate project alternatives and make decisions that will be beneficial for them. A generic cruise ship and anonymous cruise companies are used to demonstrate the methodologies developed in this thesis. Finally, the results of the research project are summarised and the areas where further effort is seen to be required to improve the developed methodologies are outlined.

This thesis reveals a culturally sophisticated Cypriot elite that moved with ease between Cyprus and Venice, between Orthodox and Latin devotions, between icon painting and up-to-date Italian artworks. Arranged in the form of microhistories, the present work discusses how the insular nobles negotiated their identity between the two centres during the early modern period. In Renaissance Venice, where they strove to be associated with the upper echelons of patrician society, the Cypriot elite followed the latest metropolitan trends, while on the island, where they were subject to a different set of social pressures, they opted for works in the traditional Byzantine style. At the heart of this study are three noble Cypriot lineages - the Podocataro, Costanzo, and Synglitico - that were well established in both Cyprus and the lagoon. Contrary to the prevailing perception of Cyprus as a distant colony where Renaissance culture found faint echoes only in the major urban centres, these families engineered and exploited opportunities for economic and social advancement that the shared political space of the stato da mar afforded them. Through the recovery of previously overlooked archival documents, the business and the domestic worlds of the three Cypriot families is reconstructed, while these sources shed new light on a series of significant paintings by leading Venetian masters.

This research focuses on the study of amphorae from Cyprus in order to reconstruct aspects of trade and the Roman economy in the eastern Mediterranean region, from the 2nd c. BC to the 7th c. AD. The amphorae, as the primary containers used in commercial activities, enable an insight into trading patterns and socio-economic processes. Trade was fundamental to the Roman empire for the accomplishment of the political strategy of economic exploitation of its territories. However, it is only fairly recently that research focused on the study of amphorae for the reconstruction of trade and the examination of the economy. Still, the bias towards the western part of the empire resulted in the obscurity of the eastern exchange networks, and the lack of sufficient knowledge concerning the broader mechanisms underlying trade. Despite the growing work currently undertaken in the eastern Mediterranean, trading activities in the eastern part of the empire remain largely unknown. Thus, by analysing data from a number of sites on this strategic island and combining them with existing evidence, the aim is to provide with this thesis an original contribution to the understanding of the complex economic activities of the island and the eastern Mediterranean region, and between the two parts of the Mediterranean. The main concern is the development and application of a solid theoretical and methodological framework for the investigation of production, trade and exchange, and consumption, as well as the associated social and ideological implications, and the diachronic changes.

Nowadays, buildings are responsible for the 40% of energy consumption in the European Union, with energy up to 68% being coherent with thermal loads. Acknowledging the great potential of building sector, a substantial amount of the current building inventory must be refurbished, based on the trade-offs between energy and thermal comfort. To this effect, this study investigates the impact of retrofitting measures in residential envelope for areas experience Mediterranean climate. Seven detached houses, located in Cyprus, were modelled, investigating 253 parameters of envelope interventions and also, 7,056 combinations of these measures. In general, the findings revealed a seasonal performance variation of interventions with regards to the outdoor climate. The application of roof insulation determined as the most economic viable solution during retrofitting (single interventions), achieving a reduction up to 25% of annual energy consumption with enhancement of the indoor thermal environment. In the perspective of synergies between interventions, the application of roof and external walls thermal insulation with upgrade of glazing system with double Low-E demonstrated exemplary levels of performance decreasing on average energy consumption up to 38%.The findings of this research will contribute on the development of guidelines for designers and house builders for a perceptual retrofitting of existing residential envelopes in Cyprus and also, for countries experiencing the Mediterranean climate.

Linking annual tree growth with remotely-sensed terrestrial vegetation indices provides a basis for using tree rings as proxies for ecosystem primary productivity over large spatial and long temporal scales. In contrast with most previous tree ring/remote sensing studies that have focused on temperature-limited boreal and taiga environments, here we compare the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) with a network of Pinus brutia tree ring width chronologies collected along ecological gradients in semiarid Cyprus, where both radial tree growth and broader vegetation activity are controlled by drought. We find that the interaction between precipitation, elevation, and land-cover type generate a relationship between radial tree growth and NDVI. While tree ring chronologies at higher-elevation forested sites do not exhibit climatedriven linkages with NDVI, chronologies at lower-elevation dry sites are strongly correlated with NDVI during the winter precipitation season. At lower-elevation sites, land cover is dominated by grasslands and shrublands and tree ring widths operate as a proxy for ecosystem-scale vegetation activity. Tree rings can therefore be used to reconstruct productivity in water-limited grasslands and shrublands, where future drought stress is expected to alter the global carbon cycle, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning in the 21st century.

The main objective of this work was to understand fundamental processes related to incipient continental collision through studying the tectonostratigraphic evolution of Cyprus, in its Easternmost Mediterranean context. This was achieved by compiling structural, sedimentological and stratigraphic evidence from Late Cenozoic to Recent sequences, and by applying palaeomagnetic and luminescence methods of dating. In particular, the basin-fill of the Neogene basins provides a temporal and palaeogeographic control to interpret syn-depositional and post-depositional structural assemblages. Four neotectonic deformation phases are recognised. The Polis and Pissouri Basins originated as Tortonian depocentres in response to syn-depositional W-E/WSW-ENE D1 extension. The Maroni Basin originated as a Tortonian depocentre in response to syn-depositional NW-SE D1 extension. The difference in extension direction between west and south-central Cyprus is attributed to the curvature of the Cyprus Arc. The Middle - Late Pliocene D2 extensional/transtensional phase re-orientated the Neogene basins and resulted in syn-depositional NW-SE extension. A kinematic change occurred at ~3 Ma, attributed to the collision of the Eratosthenes Seamount with an active trench, the ‘Cyprus Arc’. Early Pleistocene to Recent D3a transpression generated strike-slip faulting along E-W trends, conjugate left-lateral NNE-SSW-trending and right-lateral NNW-SSE-trending strike-slip faults and reactivated Tortonian D1 NW-SE and NE-SW structures. Middle Pleistocene to Recent D3b compression produced intense NE-SW contractional deformation orientated along NW-SE trends. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was used as a tool to constrain the D3a/D3b events, by generating a chronology for their associated sediments. D3 transtensional lineaments originated in the early Pleistocene (174.1 ± 20.9 ka < D3a < 76.6 ± 16.43 ka), and are still active today (Cape Kiti: 38.1 ± 13.2 ka < D3a < 12.1 ± 0.1 ka). D3 compressional lineaments originated in the middle Pleistocene, and were still actively growing at 76.8 ± 31.6 ka. To constrain the timing of regional uplift in south and central Cyprus, a magnetostratigraphy was generated for the Plio-Pleistocene units of the Pissouri and Mesaoria Basins. The results indicate that rapid uplift began in the latest Pliocene (c. 2.14 – 1.95 Ma), coincident with the large-scale progradation of Gilbert-type fan deltas into the Pissouri Basin, and the incursion of large fluvial networks into the Mesaoria Basin. In light of the new evidence, three alternative models for the Early Cenozoic to Recent tectonostratigraphic evolution of Cyprus are considered: model 1, subduction/incipient collision; model 2, advanced collision; and model 3, transpression. Some difficulties exist in detail, with all three models. However, at present the working hypothesis is as follows: areas to the east of Cyprus (Syria, S Turkey) were in a collisional setting from Mid-Miocene time onwards. Cyprus remained in an oceanic embayment (Levant Sea) further west and subduction continued during Miocene time. Compressional processes may have been active at depth during this time. Southward extension (trench roll-back) was taking place at a high structural level in S Cyprus, as with many other convergent margin settings (e.g. SW Peloponnese; Aleutians; Sunda arc). Subsequently, the collision of the Eratosthenes Seamount with the Cyprus Arc obstructed subduction and initiated rapid uplift of the Troodos Massif. The initial manifestation of this kinematic change was the generation of E-W-trending strike-slip faults and the development of conjugate left-lateral NNE-SSW-trending and right-lateral NNW-SSE-trending strike-slip faults. Transpression resulted in the reactivation of D1/D2 E-W, NE-SW and NW-SE structures. Subsequent deformation is documented in a compressional lineament in SW Cyprus. In addition, the over-riding plate in southwest Cyprus still appears to be undergoing gravity spreading outwards from the developing collision zone.

This dissertation studies the early prehistoric cultures of Cyprus from the beginnings to the Chalcolithic-Early Bronze Age transition in the 3rd millennium BC. Its aim is not to provide a culture-historical review, but to define, examine and explain processes of formative culture change in light of island biogeography and new evidence which has accumulated during the last decade. Current excavations on the South Coast not only indicate what may be the earliest instance of Mediterranean Island colonization, but they also hint at the existence of a proto-neolithic occupation prior to the aceramic Khirokitia Culture. This evidence is interpreted in terms of the causality of Quaternary biogeographic conditions and island colonizations by man and animals. Specifically, the discussion addresses the problem of inhibitive factors, the triggers required to overcome them, and the adaptive responses of the founder populations. Following colonization, excavated and surveyed sites attest to a widely distributed and culturally homogeneous aceramic occupation which lasted for over one millennium before disappearing in a lacuna in the archaeological record. A locational analysis attempts to define the rate of intra-island dispersal of this and the subsequent ceramic cultures, and it is argued that the use of a statistically meaningful sample of datable sites and the demographic trends it evidences contradict the hypothesis of an occupational gap. The themes of cultural continuity vs. discontinuity and demic diffusion are further explored within the framework of absolute chronology. A date-by-date discussion of 14C determinations for the Formative Period in light of advances in calibration and settlement stratigraphy is put in the context of artifactual and paleoenvironmental data and used as the chronometric underpinning for an explanation of the configuration of culture growth in an early island ecosystem. Fieldwork data are appended in a Gazetteer of Early Prehistoric Sites Supplement and a Gazetteer of Pleistocene Fossil Sites.

The dissertation deals with wood, bark and pith anatomy of trees and shrubs of Cyprus. It consist of three parts: (1) the anatomical description of stem wood, twig bark and pith of the endemic and indigenous trees and shrubs species belonging to the flora of the island, (2) the ecological wood and bark anatomies interpretation and (3) a study focused on conductive vs. mechanical tradeoff in climbers vs. subshrubs. Original samples for each species were collected during 3 field trips on Cyprus. About 270 species were collected, and 600 double stained (astra blue and safranin) slides were prepared. New lists of anatomical features were developed for the specific needs of this research, especially for bark and pith anatomy. The described species represent almost the entire woody flora of the island. A great number of them have never been anatomically described before. The anatomical descriptions are a perfect base for wood anatomists interested to wood structure of single species or the range of anatomical patterns within the Eastern Mediterranean region, and also for archeologist and palaeobotanists who determine wood remains, and for wood technologist who compare structures with physical wood properties. In the ecological wood anatomy analysis we observed wood diffuse porous structure associated to woody chamaephytes. We detected semi-ring and ring porous xylems related to nanophanerophytes and phanerophytes. Rays features seem to be associate to space filling in wood, and the rays dimensional features seems to be constrained by vessels. In fact, rays became larger moving from woody chamaephytes to phanerophytes, and the numbers of rays per millimeter decrease moving from woody chamaephytes to phanerophytes, maybe allowing vessels to be greater in taller life forms. Raylessness is clearly associated to woody chamaephytes. Rays composition vary from homogeneous in woody chamaephytes, to heterogeneous in nanophanerophytes and phanerophytes. The axial parenchyma was rare in woody chamaephytes, apotracheal in nanophanerophytes and mainly paratracheal in phanerophytes. Endemic species showed absence of axial parenchyma, raylessness, homogeneous rays, and did not show association to tension wood. We recorded a predominance of diffuse porous species in dry/hot site, and the presence of ring porous species in wet/cold sites. Diffuse porous structures were associated to rocky and sandy sites, and semi-ring porous woods to forest and shrublands habitats. Thick walled fibers species were associated to moist and ruderal habitats, thin walled fibers to forest and shrubland species. A clear trend was observed in fiber wall thickness vs. wood density: greater in the fiber wall thickness, greater is the wood density. The bark anatomical features describe sieve tube morphology and distribution, sclerenchyma presence and arrangement, rays, phellem, phelloderm, crystals, secretory structures, and appearance under polarized light. Sieve tubes were typically arranged tangentially in nanophanerophytes but not in woody chamaephytes. Bark ray dilatation was noted in moist site species but lacking in endemic, shrubland, and forest species. Sclerenchyma tended to be lacking in woody chamaephytes, and in endemic and dry site species. The tangential arrangement of fibers tended to be lacking in woody chamaephytes and Mediterranean species. The presence of prismatic crystals was associated with nanophanerophytes and phanerophytes, but not with endemic, shrubland, or forest species. Phloem homogeneity was associated with endemic species. Phellem homogeneity was associated with climbers, phanerophytes, and species of moist habitats. The association of sclerenchyma with life form suggests a biomechanical role, especially for young twigs. The level of endemism and the species' habitat were strongly linked to a number of bark features opening new fields of ecophyletic and ecophysiological investigation. In the third part of the dissertation the all sampled woody climbers (10 species) and most of the woody subshrubs (25 species) of Cyprus were characterized by their vessel and fiber anatomies relative to mechanical and hydraulic function. Consistent with their lower need for self-support, on average the climbers had lower wood density than did the subshrubs, and had a lower proportion of their cross-section devoted to fibers. Consistent with climbers’ need for higher hydraulic conductance and total plant height, climbers had vessel sizes and frequencies closer to the theoretical packing limit than did subshrubs.<br>La tesi si occupa di anatomia del legno, della corteccia e del midollo di alberi e arbusti appartenenti alla flora dell'isola di Cipro. Si compone di tre parti: (1) la descrizione anatomica del legno del tronco, e di corteccia e midollo dei rametti, (2) l'interpretazione ecologica dell'anatomia del legno e della corteccia e (3) uno studio focalizzato sul compromesso delle funzioni di conduzione e di sostegno meccanico in liane a piccoli arbusti. Nel corso di 3 campionamenti a Cipro sono stati raccolti campioni per circa 270 specie. Da questi sono stati realizzati 600 preparati anatomici a doppia colorazione (astra blu e safranina). Nuove liste codificate per la descrizione delle caratteristiche anatomiche della corteccia e del midollo sono state sviluppate appositamente per gli scopi di questa ricerca. Le specie descritte rappresentano quasi l’intera flora legnosa dell’isola. Un gran numero di specie sono qui descritte prima dal punto di vista anatomico. Le descrizioni anatomiche sono una base perfetta per anatomisti legno interessati alla struttura in legno di singole specie o allo studio della gamma di modelli anatomici nella regione del Mediterraneo orientale, e anche per archeologi e paleobotanici che hanno la necessità di identificare reperti legnosi, e anche per tecnologi del legno che confrontano le strutture anatomiche con le proprietà fisiche e meccaniche del legno. Le indagini di ecologia del legno hanno rilevato relazioni statisticamente significative tra legno a porosità diffusa e camefite legnose, mentre le porosità semi diffusa e anulare sono legate alle nanofanerofite e alla fanerofite arboree rispettivamente. Le caratteristiche dei raggi sembrano associate al riempimento dello spazio nel legno e le dimensioni dei raggi in sezione trasversale sembrano limitate dai vasi. Infatti i raggi sono più larghi nelle fanerofite arboree che nelle camefite legnose e il numero di raggi per millimetro diminuisce passando da fanerofite arboree, a nanofanerofite fino alle camefite legnose, consentendo così alla forme biologiche con altezza maggiore di avere vasi più grandi. L'assenza di raggi è una caratteristica tipica delle camefite legnose. La composizione dei raggi varia da omogenea nelle camefite legnose a eterogenea in nanofanerofite e fanerofite arboree. Il parenchima assiale è raro o difficilmente osservabile nelle camefite legnose, tipicamente apotracheale nelle nanofanerofite e principalmente paratracheale nelle fanerofite arboree. Le specie endemiche a Cipro sono caratterizzate dall'assenza di parenchima assiale, dall'assenza di raggi o dalla presenza di raggi omogenei e non mostrano alcuna relazione significativa con la presenza di legno di tensione. È stata riscontrata una netta predominanza di specie a porosità diffusa nei siti caldi e secchi, e di specie a porosità anulare in siti umidi e freddi. Legni a porosità diffusa appartengono a specie che vivono in siti rocciosi e sabbiosi, la porosità anulare è associata ad habitat forestali e di macchia mediterranea. Le fibre a parete spessa risultano legate a a siti umidi, fibre a pareti sottili ad habitat forestali e di macchia mediterranea. Un chiaro trend lega proporzionalmente lo spessore delle fibre con la densità del legno. Le caratteristiche anatomiche analizzate per la corteccia descrivono morfologia e distribuzione dei tubi cribrosi, la presenza e la disposizione di tessuti sclerenchimatici, i raggi, il sughero, il felloderma, i cristalli, le strutture di secrezione e la visibilità in luce polarizzata. I tubi cribrosi sono tipicamente disposti in bande tangenziali nelle nanofanerofite, ma non nelle camefite legnose. L'allargamento dei raggi nel felloderma è legato a specie che vegetano in siti midi, non è presente nelle specie endemiche, in quelle tipiche di macchia mediterranea a negli habitat forestali. I cristalli sono associati alle nanofanerofite e alle fanerofite arboree, non alle specie endemiche, di macchia e di ambiente forestale. L'omogeneità del felloderma è stata riscontrata nelle fanerofite lianose, in quelle arboree e alle specie di ambienti umidi. L'associazione di tessuti sclerenchimatici con le forme biologiche suggerisce un ruolo biomeccanico di questo tessuto, soprattutto nei giovani rametti. Il livello di endemico e l'habitat delle specie sono fortemente legati a diverse caratteristiche anatomiche della corteccia offrendo nuove possibilità di studio nel campo dell'ecologia e dell'ecofisiologia. Nella terza parte che costituisce la tesi tutte le 10 specie di fanerofite lianose campionate e la maggior parte delle camefite legnose (25 specie) sono state caratterizzate per quanto riguarda le caratteristiche anatomiche di vasi e fibre che hanno ripercussioni importanti nelle funzioni di conduzione e di sostegno meccanico del legno. In accordo con la loro inferiore necessita di auto-sostegno, le fanerofite lianose hanno una densità basale inferiore rispetto alle camefite legnose. Inoltre, le liane presentano una inferiore proporzione di sezione trasversale destinata a fibre. In accordo con le maggiori necessità conduttive e in relazione alla loro altezza, le liane hanno un diametro e una frequenza dei vasi che le colloca più vicine al funzione "packing limit" rispetto alle camefite legnose.

This thesis explores the transformation of public health and medical structures in the Mediterranean island colonies of Malta, Cyprus and the Ionian Islands during the nineteenth century. It focuses on the Mediterranean region as the centre of British imperial politics where the island colonies played an important economic and political role. In this British 'lake', the island colonies reaffirmed their geo-strategic importance. This thesis explores the idea that the Mediterranean region and the island colonies became a cordon sanitaire between the 'pestilential' East and the Maghreb, and 'civilised healthy' Europe. Here, the limelight is on the European island colonies in the Mediterranean. In these small island colonies, the major English health reforms were enforced by total state intervention and centralisation. Furthermore, this research illustrates the differences in management of hospitals and medical charities, in particular, the dissimilitude between the administration of public health in England and that in the Mediterranean colonies. This work contributes to the history of medicine and public health literature as it questions the notion of the 'West and the rest'. Since Mediterranean colonies were also called European colonies, suddenly the notion of the West (as one single entity) colonising the rest of the World, loses its applicability. These Mediterranean colonies were geographically part of Europe but not part of the dominating European powers. Thus, this research argues that, geographically and ideologically, the study of Mediterranean colonies demonstrates a grey area within colonial historiography and the literature on colonial medicine. This work consists of four chapters, each discussing various selective themes like isolation, segregation, medical travellers, medical charities and state intervention, with the aim of illustrating the major arguments of this thesis.

In Cyprus that experienced British imperial rule from 1878 until 1960, Greek and Turkish nationalism developed at different historical periods and at different paces. Relations between Turkish Cypriots and the British on the one hand, and Greek Cypriots and the British on the other, were asymmetrical. During the colonial era in Cyprus, the Muslim community had undergone an enormous change in terms of national/ethnic identity and class characteristics. Turkish Cypriot nationalism developed belatedly as a militant nationalist and anti-Enosis movement. Against this background this thesis explores the relationship between the emergence of the Turkish national identity and the British colonial rule because the latter set out the international, political, social and ideological context wherein the Turkish national identity was shaped. In particular this thesis focusing on the period between the two World Wars (1923-1939) when the transformation of the Muslims of Cyprus into Turkish Cypriots occurred, examines the extent to which the British rule affected the process of development of Turkish nationalism on Cyprus. This thesis discusses educational and administrative policies implemented by the British rule that had an impact on the politics of the Muslim community of Cyprus. The development of Turkish Cypriot national identity is also placed in the broader international context of the Eastern Mediterranean, with due attention being paid to the role of both Turkey and Italy. The impact of the Kemalist reforms on Cyprus and the resultant division of Turkish Cypriots into two conflicting groups of Kemalists and traditionalists is presented, and British fears of Italian expansionism under Mussolini are also examined. The final conclusion is that while a Turkish Cypriot identity would inevitably have developed, the divisive way it developed was a result of the imperial policies the British rule implemented during the period in question.

The focus of this thesis is \(resistance\) \(to\) \(peace\) \(education\) in the conflict-ridden island of Cyprus. Departing from the premise that education, and in particular antagonistic historical narratives immersed in demonised articulations of the Other, have obstructed the transformation of the conflict, I attempt to uncover what is crippling constructive dialogue and critical thinking when it comes to peace education in the Greek-Cypriot community and bring forward ways to improve this. In particular, I analyse negative hegemonic discourses over potential changes to history textbooks that not only distort the objectives of peace education, but also exacerbate existing fears and insecurities. These nationalist discourses present changes associated with peace education as a betrayal and threat to the nationalist struggle, a process I argue constitutes the \(securitization\) of peace education. Through the ‘politics of peace education’ framework, I show how within a particular community, institutions and discourses both constitute and are constitutive of, asymmetric power relationships that act as impediments to peace education. I expose and interrogate the conditions of possibility that ensure resistance to peace education is not only reproduced, but is also successful through the exercise of asymmetrical power relations.

This study examines interest-formation and state-action in the Eastern Mediterranean countries of Egypt, Israel, Turkey and the Republic of Cyprus. In seeking answers to the questions on how interests of the respective countries can be explained, particularly within the area of natural gas, and possible consequences of different regional approaches, the study draws upon ideas in classical, structural, neoclassical realism and constructivism. The theoretical diversity enables the study to focus on international, state and domestic levels by way of qualitative content analysis as the selected methodology. The findings suggest that Egypt, Israel and Cyprus possess corresponding views in their regional outlook; including natural gas as a means for stability and economic growth, but also that these views contrast significantly with Turkey’s regional perspective. Additional findings show that interest-formation in all four states, despite coherence among Egypt, Israel and Cyprus, differentiates to a large degree. The chief reason is that interest-formation appears to occur within international, state and domestic levels. Regarding the second question, the study finds that the different and often conflicting regional approaches on natural gas of Cyprus and Turkey, which are based upon fundamentally different premises, pose risk for heightened tensions between both Cyprus, Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.

The Kyrenia Range forms part of an approximately east-west lineament extending from northern Cyprus to southern Turkey. During Plio-Pleistocene the northern Cyprus segment of the lineament uplifted to ca. 1000 m above modern sea level. Plio- Pleistocene sediments document the uplift of the Kyrenia Range. A combination of sedimentology and a range of dating techniques including uranium series, optical stimulated luminescence (OSL), strontium isotopes and magnetostratigraphy are used to help understand the geological processes controlling uplift. Shallowing from a deepmarine basin to a shallow-marine, cool-water carbonate ramp represents the earliest uplift of the Kyrenia Range. The base of the carbonate ramp is made up of thick-bedded, benthic foraminiferal-rich grainstones, which are discontinuously overlain by calcareous red algal-rich rudstones. Erosively overlying this sequence is a coral- and molluscrich conglomerate, representing a short-lived relative sea-level fall. The upper part of the carbonate ramp sequence is composed of cross-bedded grainstone representing a shoreface environment. Interbedded with the upper grainstone facies are occasional fluvial conglomerates. The shallowing-upward marine environment represents the earliest emergence of the Kyrenia Range. After a major break in deposition, six marine and non-marine terraces (K0 to K5) reflect the sedimentary response to the main phase of tectonic uplift of the Kyrenia Range. The K0 terrace, the oldest and highest terrace, is composed of megabreccia and is interpreted as representing a major phase of rapid tectonic uplift. The K2-K5 terraces form a series marine to non-marine terraces on the northern flank of the range and also non-marine terraces on the southern flank of the range. The terraces on the northern flank each begin with a major marine transgression followed by a regressive sedimentary sequence. Marine environments range from nearshore open-marine below the storm-wave base, to shoreface, foreshore (beachrock), and backshore lagoonal environments. The non-marine environments range from aeolian dune to fluvial drainage systems. The fluvial systems are characterised by channelised debris-flow deposits interbedded with mudstones and palaeosols. The non-marine deposits on the southern flank of the range comprise a series of fluvial drainage systems. The fluvial systems on the southern flank of the range comprise a mixture of planar-bedded and channelised conglomerates, mudstones and aeolianites. Portable luminescence data are used to correlate quantitatively the K4 and K5 terraces on both the northern and southern flanks of the range. Each of the K4 and K5 terraces produce a unique luminescence signal, which is used as the basis for correlating the lower terraces. The unique luminescence signals of the K4 and K5 terraces are likely to be caused by varying sedimentary histories of the quartz and feldspar grains within the two terraces. The shallow-marine environments surrounding the Kyrenia Range prior to major uplift were dated using strontium isotopes and palaeomagnetism. The results of this dating suggest that marine environments persisted throughout the Early Pleistocene. U-series and OSL dating were used to date the K4 and K5 terraces on the northern flank of the range. The U-series results indicate that the marine deposits of the K4 terrace formed during several Middle Pleistocene interglacial stages. The OSL dating shows that the aeolian dunes of the K5 terrace formed during a Late Pleistocene glacial stage. The formation of the K2-K5 terraces was controlled by the interaction between tectonic uplift, climatic change and global eustatic sea-level change. The basal marine deposit of each terrace formed during an interglacial stage. Major fluvial deposition also occurs during the interglacial period as a result of a wetter climate. The inter-glacialglacial transition resulted in major fluvial erosion as a result of falling global sea-level. Aeolian carbonate deposition was dominant during the glacial stage, which represent arid climatic conditions. The only exception to this is the K4 terrace, which represents three glacial stages. The K1-K3 terraces can be correlated with the global sea-level curve suggesting approximate ages for each terrace, and ca. 600 ka for the entire K1- K5 terrace sequence. The Kyrenia Range underwent rapid uplift during the late Early Pleistocene at >1.2 mm/yr, followed by continuous but slower uplift during the Middle to Late Pleistocene. These results indicate that the uplift occurred in tandem with the Troodos Massif in southern Cyprus. The driving mechanism of the uplift of the Kyrenia Range is likely to be related to the collision of the Eratosthenes Seamount with the Cyprus trench to the south of the island. The seamount-trench collision resulted in compressional tectonics around Cyprus within the large-scale tectonic setting resulting from the early stages of convergence of the African and Eurasian plates.

This research was born out of a need for me to know, as a London-born Greek Cypriot, why the archaeology and history of my place of origin have no shades of grey. The history I learned at school – British school – was fluid, it was about how different actors felt, why they did things; we learnt role play and empathy. At home, and in Greek school, history was black and white, them vs us, Turks vs Greeks and this was the way it had been throughout history. I wanted to known and understand history, not have it ask me questions. I went to university to study archaeology, hoping that by studying the distant past I would find my answers, but I just found more questions. The central research questions of this thesis are: what effect do political events have on state representations of the archaeological and historical record? How can these be analysed? What effect does politics have on archaeology as practiced in Cyprus? This research has addressed these questions by focusing on state uses of the past in Cyprus from 1878 until the present through the analysis of education, the mass media and tourism. The central premise is that states are involved in the creation and maintenance of national and group identities and that by studying these, one is able to understand the uses to which academic areas of study have been put. My research provides an assessment of how the pasts of Cyprus have been used by the British colonial administration and the government of the Republic of Cyprus in attempts to create particular identities relating to colonialism and nationalism. In my analysis I have focused on the three moments that are repeatedly represented as being central to Greek Cypriot literature about the history of Cyprus: the late Bronze Age Mycenaean ‘colonisation’; the classical period; and the folk image. These have been assessed with reference to three media used by all states in the creation and maintenance of national identities: education, the mass media; and tourism.

Cyprus comprises three tectono-stratigraphic terranes: first, the Troodos Massif made up of Late Cretaceous oceanic lithosphere and its sedimentary cover in the centre of the island; secondly, the Mamonia Complex (and Moni Melange) a passive margin lithological assemblage in the west (and south) and thirdly, the Kyrenia Range, an active margin lithological assemblage in the north. This study focuses on the sedimentary cover of the Troodos Ophiolite in W Cyprus, the Triassic-Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Mamonia Complex and Late Cretaceous-Miocene igneous and sedimentary rocks in the Kyrenia Range, mainly based on combined sedimentology, geochemistry and geochronological dating. The Late Triassic-Early Cretaceous Mamonia Complex, SW Cyprus (and the Moni Melange, S Cyprus) represent parts of the emplaced passive continental margin of the S Neotethys. Late Triassic sandstones are characterised by a predominantly felsic source, with a subordinate mafic contribution. Jurassic-Early Cretaceous sandstones have a polycyclic felsic origin. Geochemical analyses are suggestive of progressive weathering and sediment recycling/sorting. The dominance of Ediacaran-Cryogenian and Tonian-Stenian-aged detrital zircon populations is suggestive of an ultimate north Gondwana source, probably recycled from Palaeozoic siliciclastic sedimentary rocks within Anatolia to the north. Similar detrital zircon populations characterise Early Cretaceous deltaic sandstone of the Moni Melange, S Cyprus. Sporadic Late Cretaceous subduction-related magmatism, represented by a Campanian volcaniclastic sequence (80.44±1.0 Ma) inWCyprus and a Late Campanian felsic volcanogenic sequence (72.9±1.0 Ma) in N Cyprus, represents early and more advanced stages of northward subduction during closure of the S Neotethys. Specifically, the Kannaviou Formation in W Cyprus (up to 750 m thick) is made up of deep-marine volcaniclastic sandstones that were mostly deposited by gravity flows and as air-fall tuff, interbedded with clay and radiolarian mudstones. Petrographic and geochemical analyses are indicative of a volcanic arc source, with deposition in a fore-arc basin. Petrographic evidence of terrigenous input (e.g. muscovite, muscovite schist, polycrystalline quartz) points to a subordinate continental source. Mineral chemistry is consistent with a volcanic arc origin. Elevated trace-element ratios in undevitrified volcanic glass (e.g. Th/Nb, Th/La) are indicative of involvement of continental crust or subducted terrigenous sediments in source-arc melting. Felsic volcanogenic rocks (Fourkovouno (Selvilitepe) Formation) in the Kyrenia Range, N Cyprus, occur as an up to 400 m-thick sequence of felsic tuffs, felsic debris-flowdeposits and rhyolitic lava flows. Geochemical analyses are indicative of evolved high-K and shoshonitic compositions, similar to those of the Andean active continental margin. Subduction continued to affect the northern continental margin of the S Neotethys in the Kyrenia Range during the Maastrichtian. This lead to the accumulation of Late Cretaceous sandstone turbidites and related basaltic volcanics, possibly in a back-arc setting. The volcanism took place in two phases (Late Cretaceous and Palaeogene-Early Eocene) during pelagic carbonate accumulation. These lavas have within-plate affinities, but with a variable subduction influence in some areas (e.g. western Kyrenia Range), which may be contemporaneous or inherited from previous subduction. The sedimentary sequences in the Kyrenia Range, N Cyprus, document diachronous closure of the S Neotethys. Late Cretaceous and Eocene sandstone turbidites, and the lower part of the overlying Oligocene-Miocene succession exhibit enrichment in ultramafic components that was probably sourced from ophiolite-related rocks in the Taurides to the north. In contrast, Miocene sandstone turbidites higher in the sequence show an increasing input of continent-derived siliciclastic material (and sorting effects). The terrigenous-influenced sediments are likely to represent erosion of thrust sheets that were emplaced from the S Neotethys onto the Arabian foreland in SE Turkey related to continental collision. Ediacaran-Cryogenian and Tonian-Stenian-aged zircons dominate the Late Cretaceous and Eocene sandstone turbidites, consistent with derivation from the Tauride micro-continent to the north and/or NE. Overlying Miocene sandstones include minor populations of Neoproterozoic-aged zircons, suggestive of reworking from source rocks of ultimately Gondwanan origin (e.g. NE Africa/Arabian-Nubian Shield). In summary, the thesis results exemplify the interaction of tectonic processes associated with the evolution of the S Neotethys Ocean. This began in the area studied with passive margin development (Triassic-Cretaceous), and was followed by multi-stage subduction-related volcanism and sedimentation (Late Cretaceous-Miocene). Final closure of the S Neotethys in this area took place during the Late Miocene-Recent.

This thesis sets out to probe the complex artistic contacts between Italy and Cyprus in the visual arts during the High and Late Middle Ages. The Introduction provides a critical review of the subject. Chapter I maps out the various types of links (with respect to trade, religion, warfare, art, culture) between Italy and Cyprus in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Chapters II and III examine the multifaceted artistic negotiations between southern Italy (mainly Apulia) and Cyprus in the thirteenth century, by closely examining a cluster of frescoes and panel paintings. Through a set of historical, cultural and artistic (stylistic and iconographic) approaches, these chapters aim to supersede the somewhat limited style-oriented analyses of previous contributions to this area of study. The hitherto unverified and convoluted relations between the two regions are revisited and affirmed within a new conceptual framework. Chapters IV and V investigate fourteenth-century cross-currents as seen in two cases that have formerly occupied a marginal position in discussions of intercultural exchanges between Italy and Cyprus. The first is the transplantation and manifestation of the cult of Saint Thomas Aquinas in Cyprus, and the second, the hybrid series of icons created by Italian painters working on the island. Both cases are appraised as a record of historical realities and not as the by-products of casual encounters. The thesis historicises these contacts and in doing so, contributes to a broader understanding of cultural transmission and convergence in the Medieval Mediterranean.

This research is carried out to explore teachers’ perspectives upon their teaching practices with respect to the in-service training program, C.O.T.E. they had been through. Teaching and in-service training have always been my interest area. Besides, after having informal conversations with the administrators from the Ministry of Education and owing to my observations, in North Cyprus the current education system needs to reformed considering main themes such as curriculum, in-service, pre-service training, material and curriculum design, lifelong learning, duration of school hours, financial issues and so forth. In this qualitative research, two major research questions guided this study. As a researcher the constructivist philosophical stance has been employed due to the fact that the purpose is to investigate teachers’ perspectives and in order to achieve this teachers themselves constructed their own perspectives on their teaching practices. Questionnaire, semi-structured interviews, video recording methods were used to gather the data. Questionnaire is used at the beginning of this research to grasp the general picture and at the same time to determine the number of participants. Then, semi structured interviews as pre and post were used to grasp a deeper understanding of teachers’ perspectives and video recordings were used to reflect teachers’ perspectives on their actual teaching practices. I finalized the research study by analysing and triangulating the participants’responses in relation to two major points as follows: o The effectiveness of the programme on teachers’ practice as evidenced through video recordings and discussions of their teaching. o Teachers’ perceptions of C.O.T.E with respect to the effectiveness of the training programme in course design, materials and practical experiences. I ended the research with the voice of the participants by underlying the significance and effectiveness of in-service training programs in general. The limitations of this study with the recommendations for further research are suggested at the end.

Cette thèse apporte des réponses aux demandes de la communauté des pompiers d'étudier les facteurs probables responsables de l'intensification des régimes de feux de forêt jusqu'aux flashovers en utilisant des approches expérimentales numériques et thermochimiques. Le modèle numérique est un modèle de dispersion de gaz validant les données expérimentales des essais en soufflerie pour résoudre la controverse quant à savoir si les accumulations de composés organiques volatils (COV) dans des topographies confinées finissent par induire des incendies de forêt. Il comprend un front de feu se propageant calculé à l'aide du modèle semi-empirique de feu de surface en régime permanent de Rothermel et de la transition de Van Wagner vers les critères de comportement des feux de cime, avec un taux instable intégré d'émissions de COV simulant ceux évoluant à partir de la combustion de la végétation dans le front de feu. Pour synchroniser nos travaux avec les données de terrain, des expériences thermochimiques ont été menées sur diverses espèces de végétation méditerranéenne afin d'examiner leurs taux d'émission de COV dans des conditions environnementales normales et stressantes, car elles pourraient finir par définir différents scénarios d'inflammabilité lors d'incendies de forêt. Premièrement, deux espèces d'arbustes méditerranéens : Cistus albidus et Rosmarinus officinalis sont explorées pour leurs émissions de COV et leurs changements physiologiques après avoir été soumises à des stress abiotiques (sécheresse et chaleur), à l'aide d'analyses par chromatographie en phase gazeuse par pyrolyse et par spectrométrie de masse (Py-GC/MS). Deux autres espèces forestières méditerranéennes : Quercus suber L. et Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis L. ont été étudiées pour leurs caractéristiques d'inflammabilité distinctives à l'aide d'analyses thermogravimétriques et thermiques différentielles (TG/DTA), couplées à une analyse Py-GC/MS pour identifier les gaz émis. lors des pics exothermiques. Cette étape vise à mieux comprendre les descripteurs d'inflammabilité de ces espèces dans le cadre d'une stratégie de gestion forestière plus efficace par laquelle, en favorisant la plantation de certaines espèces moins inflammables dans les mesures sylvicoles, on pourrait protéger d'autres espèces plus inflammables mais économiquement précieuses, des dangers des incendies de forêt et leurs comportements extrêmes. Les espèces de la végétation méditerranéenne sont d'importants émetteurs de COV, en particulier lorsqu'ils sont provoqués par des stress externes lors d'incendies de forêt. Cependant, certains COV biogènes (COBV), plus particulièrement les sesquiterpènes, ne sont pas encore complètement couverts pour leurs caractéristiques d'inflammabilité, telles que leurs limites inférieure et supérieure d'inflammabilité, leur auto-inflammation, températures, points d'éclair, etc. Une telle lacune scientifique qu'il a fallu enrichir en étudiant les limites d'inflammabilité du β-Caryophyllène, l'un des plus importants sesquiterpènes émis par la végétation méditerranéenne. Des tests préliminaires pour mesurer les pressions de vapeur du β-Caryophyllène sont menés en vue d'expérimenter ses limites d'inflammabilité dans une bombe sphérique comme plans futurs. Les travaux de cette thèse doivent être considérés comme la première étape d'une approche plus globale qui devrait fournir aux personnels opérationnels de lutte contre les incendies un outil d'aide à la décision complet, capable de façonner leurs stratégies de gestion forestière pour protéger les milieux naturels et les pompiers des dangers des comportements extrêmes des incendies de forêt<br>Requests from the firefighting communities are increasing urging the scientific communities to create operational protective and preventive tools that help them understand extreme wildfire behaviors considering not only the atmospheric conditions but also topography, and vegetation characteristics. Thus, our objective was to provide answers to such requests by investigating the probable factors responsible for intensifying wildfire regimes to flashovers using numerical, and thermobiochemical experimental approaches. The numerical model is a gas dispersion model validating experimental data from wind tunnel tests to resolve the controversy of whether or not the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) accumulations in confined topographies end up inducing wildfire flashovers. It comprises a propagating fire front calculated using the Rothermel semi-empirical steady-state surface fire model, and Van Wagner transition to crown fire behavior criteria, with an integrated unsteady rate of VOC emissions simulating the ones evolving from the vegetation burning in the firefront. To synchronize our work with field input, thermochemical experiments were conducted on various Mediterranean vegetation species to examine their VOC emission rates in normal and stressful environmental conditions as they may end up defining different flammability scenarios in wildfires. First, two Mediterranean shrub species: Cistus albidus and Rosmarinus officinalis are explored for their VOC emissions and physiological changes after being subjected to abiotic stresses (drought and heat), using pyrolysis-gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analyses. Two other Mediterranean forest species: Quercus suber L. and Cupressus sempervirens horizontalis L. were investigated for their distinctive flammability characteristics using thermo-gravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), coupled with Py-GC/MS analysis to identify the gases emitted during the exo-thermic peaks. This step aims to better understand the flammability descriptors of these species as a part of a more efficient forest management strategy by which, favoring the plantation of certain lesser flammable species in silviculture measures may protect other more flammable but economically valuable species, from the dangers of wildfires and their extreme behaviors. Mediterranean vegetation species are important VOC emitters especially when provoked by external stresses during wildfires however, some biogenic VOCs (BVOCs), more particularly sesquiterpenes, are still not thoroughly covered for their flammability characteristics, such as their lower and upper flammability limits, auto-ignition temperatures, flashpoints, etc. Such a scientific lack we found it necessary to enrich by studying the flammability limits of β-Caryophyllene, one of the most important sesquiterpenes emitted from Mediterranean vegetation. Preliminary tests for measuring the vapor pressures of β-Caryophyllene are conducted in preparation for experimenting its flammability limits in a spherical bomb as future plans. The work in this thesis should be considered as the first step in a more global approach that should provide operational firefighting staff, with a comprehensive decision-making tool capable of shaping their forest management strategies from wildfire characteristics themselves and protecting wildlands and firefighters equally from the dangers and extreme behaviors of wildfire flashovers

The present thesis intends to offer an archaeological approach to the study of sociopolitical complexity in ancient societies through the cross-cultural examination of mortuary variability. The aim is to monitor different trajectories of complexity in the archaeological records of three societies in the East Mediterranean, the southern Levant, Cyprus, and Crete during the Early Bronze Age. Chapter 1 comprises a literature review of the major anthropological and archaeological perspectives on the evolution of complex societies. Chapter 2 includes a brief review on the applications of the cross-cultural method in archaeology and anthropology, and a discussion on the wider implications of the approach for archaeological research. Chapter 3 comprises a literature review on mortuary analysis and social inference in both ethnographically and archaeologically documented societies, and an outline of the methodology developed for the present research. In Chapters 4, 5 and 6, the results of the analysis of the tombs groups are presented in conjunction with a wider discussion on the evolution of complexity in each area.

The thesis investigates the role of the Greek junta in the Cyprus Crisis of 1974 and analyses the invisible and complex components, including the foreign factors, which determined its outcome. Initially it examines the backstage of the intra-Greek collision between Brigadier-General Ioannides in Athens and Archbishop Makarios in Nicosia, as well as the subversive planning, including the possibility of US implication, and the military operations of the Greek coup that dethroned the Cypriot president on 15 July. It analyses the critical preinvasion days (15-19 July), which offered a clear operational forewarning over Turkish strategic intentions, and the Athenian strategic miscalculations, for the timely mobilization of the Greek-Cypriot forces, against the imminent invasion on 20 July. Then it focuses on the analysis of the offensive and defensive operations during the two phases of the Turkish invasion, and examines the difficulties encountered by the Turkish forces as well as the causes that pre-determined the Greek-Cypriot defensive failure. The thesis concludes with the implicating responsibility of foreign powers, which silently acquiesced to the deterioration of a crisis that ended with the military partition of the island Republic: the surprising Soviet silence, the fluctuating behaviour of Whitehall, and the ambiguous role of Washington which, under the dominance of Kissinger, played a critical role in encouraging, rather than deterring, Turkish strategic objectives.

Gli edifici di culto cretesi della prima età del Ferro, seppur scarsamente standardizzati, presentano alcune peculiarità la cui ricorrenza contribuisce a delineare una tradizione architettonica che si sviluppa in maniera parallela e per certi aspetti indipendente rispetto al resto del mondo greco. Tali peculiarità, riscontrabili a livello archeologico, riflettono delle specificità esistenti sul piano cultuale e religioso. Questa circostanza viene generalmente attribuita a due fattori complementari: il primo è costituito dall'elevato grado di sopravvivenza a Creta della tradizione dell'età del Bronzo, mentre il secondo consiste nella precoce predisposizione dell'isola alla ricezione di aspetti culturali esterni, soprattutto dall'area vicino orientale, dovuta in larga misura alla posizione che essa occupa lungo le rotte mediterranee che collegavano l'Oriente con l'Occidente e l'Egeo con il nord Africa. I santuari cretesi rappresentano un campo di indagine particolarmente interessante non solo per l'importanza che rivestono all'interno delle dinamiche sociali e politiche locali e regionali, ma perché in alcuni casi costituiscono anche i luoghi di incontro privilegiati tra individui appartenenti a culture differenti. La presente ricerca dedica particolare attenzione agli aspetti spaziali, architettonici, tecnico-progettuali e cultuali dei santuari cretesi tra la prima età del Ferro e l'epoca arcaica a partire da una schedatura degli stessi, in cui sono raccolti analiticamente i dati emersi nel corso degli scavi o delle ricognizioni di superficie e le interpretazioni delle evidenze archeologiche aggiornate allo stato attuale della ricerca. Attraverso questo lavoro di sintesi e alla luce del quadro generale dei contatti che l'isola intratteneva con l'esterno, in particolar modo con le regioni del Mediterraneo sud-orientale, si tenta di chiarire se e in quale misura tali relazioni tra culture differenti possano aver contribuito agli sviluppi religiosi e architettonici cretesi nella prima età del Ferro. Una particolare attenzione viene dedicata al caso di Cipro, isola caratterizzata da un'evoluzione socio-politica differente, ma che si colloca lungo le medesime rotte mediterranee e svolge un ruolo di mediazione tra il vicino Oriente e l'Egeo, intrattenendo con Creta una fitta rete di contatti già a partire dall'XI sec. a.C.<br>Cretan cult buildings of the Early Iron Age, although scarcely standardized, show certain peculiarities whose recurrence contributes to outline an architectural tradition that develops alongside, and in some respects independently, of the rest of the Greek world. These peculiarities, that appear in the archaeological record, reflect the specificities which exist at the religious and cult level. This situation is generally attributed to two complementary factors: the first is constituted by the high degree of survival of the Bronze Age tradition in Crete, while the second consists in the early predisposition of the island to absorb foreign cultural aspects, above all from the Near East, largely due to the position it occupies along the Mediterranean routes connecting East and West and the Aegean with North Africa. Cretan sanctuaries are a particularly interesting field of investigation not only because of the importance they play within social and political dynamics, both local and regional, but because in some cases they also constitute the privileged meeting places between individuals belonging to different cultures. The present work pays particular attention to the spatial, architectural and cult aspects of the Cretan sanctuaries between the Early Iron Age and the Archaic period starting from a table recording of the same, in which data emerging from excavations or surface surveys is analytically collected and the interpretations of archaeological evidence are updated to the current state of research. Through this work of synthesis and in the light of the general framework of contacts that the island had with the outside world, particularly with the regions of the south-eastern Mediterranean, I try to investigate if and to what extent such relations between different cultures may have contributed to Cretan religious and architectural developments in the Early Iron Age. Particular attention is given to the case of Cyprus, an island characterized by a different socio-political evolution, which lies, however, along the same Mediterranean routes, and plays a mediating role between the Near East and the Aegean, entertaining with Crete a tight network of contacts which start already in the XI century B.C.

The aim of the thesis is to identify long-term patterns in local economy and social processes at the site of Fabrika, using coarse ware, the pottery of food processing and storage, as an interpretative tool. I chose to focus on domestic utility ware, because I believe it is an under- utilised resource in late historical periods for studying local economy and social organisation. I aim to demonstrate that an in-depth analysis of coarse ware will shed light on aspects of life that the more prestigious artefacts in the archaeological record do not reflect well, and on which documents are usually silent. The site at Fabrika has a history that spans the 4th century BC to the 19th century AD. The thesis deals with the last phase of the site – the occupation of the Medieval and post-Medieval periods between the 13th and the 19th century. More specifically, this thesis comprises an analysis of the coarse ware on site: utilitarian vessels used in the daily preparation and storage of food. Study of the Byzantine period and beyond in Cyprus has concentrated mainly in the hands of historians and art historians. Until the last four or five years, only a few large Medieval sites have been the subject of particular study, notably the castles of Saranda Kolones and of Kolossi, and the site of Kouklia. As far as the ceramic of the period is concerned, the studies so far concentrated on the glazed fine wares, and there has never been a systematic attempt to establish a chronological framework to the coarse ware of the period. The second aim of this thesis is therefore to establish a preliminary chronology for this ware, and make it usable as an interpretative tool for future study.

En Méditerranée orientale, l’arc de Chypre est une frontière géologique majeure où interagissent les plaques Arabie, Afrique, Eurasie et la microplaque anatolienne. Il constitue la limite Nord du bassin du Levant (croûte continentale amincie étirée) et du bassin d’Hérodote (croûte océanique). L’arc de Chypre est directement lié à la convergence vers le Nord de la plaque Africaine sur la plaque Eurasienne depuis la fin du Crétacé. Dans la région Egéenne, l’indentation de la plaque Arabique sur la partie orientale de la plaque Anatolienne d’une part, et l’effet « roll back » du plan de subduction africain dans la partie occidentale de la plaque Anatolienne d’autre part, ont pour conséquence l’expulsion de l’Anatolie depuis la fin du Miocène à aujourd’hui, ce qui se traduit par un décrochement le long de l’arc de Chypre, se prolongeant sur l’île de Chypre. Plusieurs questions scientifiques concernant le cadre géologique de la région ont été étudiées au cours de ce projet. Comment la déformation est-elle intégrée dans le système de l'Arc de Chypre ? La variation crustale de chaque domaine affecte-t-elle le style de déformation ? Comment cette déformation est-elle enregistrée dans les sédiments de l’île de Chypre ? Comment ces déformations (Onshore / Offshore) peuvent être connectées au contexte géodynamique régional ? Afin de répondre à ces questions scientifiques, des données sismiques de réflexion 2D ont été utilisées, et ont permis d’imager les structures principales et leur évolution spatiale dans les parties Sud et Orientale de Chypre. L'interprétation de ces données conduit à l'identification de neuf unités tectono-sédimentaires dans trois différents domaines de la croûte crustale au sud du système de l'Arc chypriote: (1) le bassin du Levant (croûte continentale amincie), (2) le micro-continent d'Eratosthène (croûte continentale) et (3) le bassin d'Hérodote (croûte océanique). Dans ces domaines, de nombreuses structures tectoniques ont été documentées et analysées afin de comprendre le mécanisme et le timing de la déformation. À la limite nord du domaine du bassin du Levant, des accidents majeures chevauchants vers le Sud ont été documentés dans le bassin de Chypre, commençant au début du Miocène et enregistrés par les failles de Larnaca et de Margat. La faille Latakia n’a quant à elle enregistré aucune activité pendant cette période. L'apogée de la déformation s'est produite du Miocène moyen jusqu’à la fin du Miocene, l'activité de la faille de Latakia indiquant la propagation vers le Sud du front de déformation. Cette migration vers le sud a été documentée à partir du développement de bassins flexuraux et des chevauchements stratigraphiques dans le bassin de Chypre. Les pulses tectoniques successifs depuis la fin du Miocène jusqu’à aujourd’hui, sont indiquées par les discordances angulaires et les bassins piggy back. Pendant la période Plio-Pléistocène, l’expulsion vers l'ouest de la microplaque anatolienne a entraîné la réactivation des structures existantes. L'évolution de la déformation le long de la limite de la plaque est identifiée à partir de la création de structures en fleur positives révélant des mouvements transpressifs le long des failles Larnaca et Latakia (domaines orientaux). Le domaine central comprend le mont sous-marin d'Eratosthène qui se caractérise comme une plate-forme carbonatée mésozoïque recouverte d'une mince séquence sédimentaire allant des dépôts Messinien aux dépôts Pléistocène<br>The Cyprus Arc system is major plate boundary of the Eastern Mediterranean where different plates interact, namely Arabia, Africa, Eurasia, as well as the Anatolian micro-plate. It constitutes the northern boundary of the Levant Basin (of thin stretched continental crust) and the Herodotus Basin (of oceanic crust). The Cyprus Arc is directly linked with the northward convergence of the African continental plate with respect to the Eurasian continental plate since Late Cretaceous time. The indentation of the Arabian plate and the slab pull effect of the African plate roll back in the Aegean region on the eastern and western part of the Anatolian plate respectively, leads to the westward escape of Anatolia from Late Miocene to Recent, which results in a strike-slip component along the Cyprus Arc system and onshore Cyprus. Several scientific questions with regard to the geological setting of the region were investigated during this project. How is the deformation accommodated at the Cyprus Arc system? Is this deformation style affected by the variation of the crustal nature at each domain? How is this deformation recorded on the sedimentary pile onshore Cyprus? How does the onshore and offshore deformation connect within the geodynamic context of the region? In order to answer these scientific questions, 2D reflection seismic data were utilized, that image the main plate structures and their lateral evolution south and east of Cyprus. Interpretation of these data lead to the identification of nine tectono-sedimentary packages in three different crustal domains south of the Cyprus Arc system: (1) The Levant Basin (attenuated continental crust), (2) The Eratosthenes micro-continent (continental crust) and (3) The Herodotus Basin (oceanic crust). Within these domains, numerous tectonic structures were documented and analysed in order to understand the mechanism and timing of deformation. At the northern boundary of the Levant Basin domain, thrust faults verging towards the south were documented in the Cyprus Basin with the thrust movement commencing in Early Miocene time as indicated by on the Larnaca and Margat Ridges. On the Latakia Ridge no activity was identified during this time interval. The acme of deformation occurred in Middle to Late Miocene time, with the activity of the Latakia Ridge indicating the forward propagation of the deformation front towards the south. This southward migration was documented from the development of flexural basins and from stratigraphic onlaps in the Cyprus Basin. Successive tectonic pulses through the Late Miocene until Recent times, are indicated from the angular unconformities and the piggy back basins. In Plio-Pleistocene time, the westward escape of the Anatolian micro-plate resulted in the reactivation of existing structures. The evolution of deformation along the plate boundary is identified from the creation of positive flower structures revealing transpressive movements along the Larnaca and Latakia Ridges (eastern domains). The central domain includes the Eratosthenes Seamount which is characterized as a Mesozoic carbonate platform covered by a thin sequence of sediments ranging from Miocene-Messinian to Pliocene-Pleistocene depositions

Au niveau international, la conservation du patrimoine a fait l’objet de discussions philosophiques et pratiques considérables au cours des dernières années. La question du lien entre patrimoine et développement est abondamment évoquée, fait l’objet de convictions largement partagées mais les mécanismes qui entrent en action dans ce lien sont très mal identifiés. Etroitement intégrée aux questions environnementales, à l’aménagement rural et aux processus de régénération urbaine, la relation entre patrimoine et développement appartient tant à l’économique qu’au social et au politique. Notre recherche fait entrer les préoccupations patrimoniales dans le champ de la gouvernance locale et régionale elle s’intéresse à leur rôle dans les stratégies d’identité et dans la construction du capital social.<p><p>Où se situe le patrimoine dans les politiques de la cohésion européenne? Quels sont les objectifs de la politique de cohésion? Quelles sont les interactions entre développement, cohésion et patrimoine? Les politiques en faveur du patrimoine, actuellement appliquées, sont elles classiques? C’est-à-dire :sont-elles focalisées sur la protection et la restauration du patrimoine ;ou bien sont-elles plus complexe, en ce sens qu’elles impliquent la valorisation et l’insertion du patrimoine parmi les ressources d’un territoire, permettant à la fois d’y greffer des politiques d’emploi, des politiques commerciales et des politiques de cohésion sociale ?Actuellement quelles sont les limites d’une mise en œuvre performante? Au final, le patrimoine a-t-il vraiment la signification et la place qu’on veut lui attribuer? Outre ce qu’ils postulent en matière de développement, les textes produits par l’UE indiquent que le patrimoine et sa valorisation sont d’habitude considérés comme éléments qui contribuent positivement à l’amélioration de la qualité de vie. Mais quelles sont les définitions qui sont actuellement disponibles? Quels sont vraiment les rapports entre toutes ses notions et leur concrétisation sur le terrain? La thèse ambitionne de contribuer à une réponse à ses questions.<p><p>Les instruments fournis dans le cadre de la politique européenne, sont extrêmement nombreux et multiformes. Une analyse est tentée afin d’évaluer l’efficacité de divers instruments disponibles de la politique de cohésion, en termes de valorisation du patrimoine et de son intégration, dans un contexte de développement local et régional. L’analyse s’effectue au travers d’études de cas. Les études de cas proposées (deux études de cas dans deux pays européens différents, la ville de Nicosie à Chypre et la ville de Xanthi en Grèce) traitent de l’espace du sud-est méditerranéen de l’U.E. La Grèce et Chypre ont été choisis en tant qu’exemples tout à fait représentatifs d’un point de vue géographique mais également d’un point de vue Européen. (Grèce:U.E 3 et Chypre: UE 12) <p><p>Le cas de Xanthi, Grèce, est le plus développé. Notre étude le présente comme un résultat globalement positif du rôle des politiques et des programmes de l’ U.E. Les mécanismes locaux d’utilisation des opportunités offertes par les financements européens sont expliqués. On montre comment l’identification, la réhabilitation, la valorisation d’un patrimoine spécifique à la région et la polarisation des politiques de développement sur ce patrimoine ont entraîné d’importants changements dans le comportement de la population vis-à-vis de son territoire. Outre un réinvestissement massif des groupes sociaux moyens et supérieurs dans le cœur urbain, on a pu constater une forte croissance de toutes les activités tertiaires et l’émergence d’une vie locale extrêmement dynamique. Tant la démographie que le nombre d’emplois montrent une courbe ascendante. Si l’on ne peut pas faire abstraction de phénomènes qui se rapprochent de la gentrification, on doit admettre que l’évolution des prix des immeubles et du foncier, n’a pas eu des conséquences identiques à celles qui sont observées en Europe occidentale. On peut semble–t-il dans ce cas (proche d’autres cas voisins dans les petites villes grecques) parler d’amélioration de la qualité de la vie.<br>Doctorat en Sciences<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

En Méditerranée orientale, l’arc de Chypre est une frontière géologique majeure où interagissent les plaques Arabie, Afrique, Eurasie et la microplaque anatolienne. Il constitue la limite Nord du bassin du Levant (croûte continentale amincie étirée) et du bassin d’Hérodote (croûte océanique). L’arc de Chypre est directement lié à la convergence vers le Nord de la plaque Africaine sur la plaque Eurasienne depuis la fin du Crétacé. Dans la région Egéenne, l’indentation de la plaque Arabique sur la partie orientale de la plaque Anatolienne d’une part, et l’effet « roll back » du plan de subduction africain dans la partie occidentale de la plaque Anatolienne d’autre part, ont pour conséquence l’expulsion de l’Anatolie depuis la fin du Miocène à aujourd’hui, ce qui se traduit par un décrochement le long de l’arc de Chypre, se prolongeant sur l’île de Chypre. Plusieurs questions scientifiques concernant le cadre géologique de la région ont été étudiées au cours de ce projet. Comment la déformation est-elle intégrée dans le système de l'Arc de Chypre ? La variation crustale de chaque domaine affecte-t-elle le style de déformation ? Comment cette déformation est-elle enregistrée dans les sédiments de l’île de Chypre ? Comment ces déformations (Onshore / Offshore) peuvent être connectées au contexte géodynamique régional ? Afin de répondre à ces questions scientifiques, des données sismiques de réflexion 2D ont été utilisées, et ont permis d’imager les structures principales et leur évolution spatiale dans les parties Sud et Orientale de Chypre. L'interprétation de ces données conduit à l'identification de neuf unités tectono-sédimentaires dans trois différents domaines de la croûte crustale au sud du système de l'Arc chypriote: (1) le bassin du Levant (croûte continentale amincie), (2) le micro-continent d'Eratosthène (croûte continentale) et (3) le bassin d'Hérodote (croûte océanique). Dans ces domaines, de nombreuses structures tectoniques ont été documentées et analysées afin de comprendre le mécanisme et le timing de la déformation. À la limite nord du domaine du bassin du Levant, des accidents majeures chevauchants vers le Sud ont été documentés dans le bassin de Chypre, commençant au début du Miocène et enregistrés par les failles de Larnaca et de Margat. La faille Latakia n’a quant à elle enregistré aucune activité pendant cette période. L'apogée de la déformation s'est produite du Miocène moyen jusqu’à la fin du Miocene, l'activité de la faille de Latakia indiquant la propagation vers le Sud du front de déformation. Cette migration vers le sud a été documentée à partir du développement de bassins flexuraux et des chevauchements stratigraphiques dans le bassin de Chypre. Les pulses tectoniques successifs depuis la fin du Miocène jusqu’à aujourd’hui, sont indiquées par les discordances angulaires et les bassins piggy back. Pendant la période Plio-Pléistocène, l’expulsion vers l'ouest de la microplaque anatolienne a entraîné la réactivation des structures existantes. L'évolution de la déformation le long de la limite de la plaque est identifiée à partir de la création de structures en fleur positives révélant des mouvements transpressifs le long des failles Larnaca et Latakia (domaines orientaux). Le domaine central comprend le mont sous-marin d'Eratosthène qui se caractérise comme une plate-forme carbonatée mésozoïque recouverte d'une mince séquence sédimentaire allant des dépôts Messinien aux dépôts Pléistocène<br>The Cyprus Arc system is major plate boundary of the Eastern Mediterranean where different plates interact, namely Arabia, Africa, Eurasia, as well as the Anatolian micro-plate. It constitutes the northern boundary of the Levant Basin (of thin stretched continental crust) and the Herodotus Basin (of oceanic crust). The Cyprus Arc is directly linked with the northward convergence of the African continental plate with respect to the Eurasian continental plate since Late Cretaceous time. The indentation of the Arabian plate and the slab pull effect of the African plate roll back in the Aegean region on the eastern and western part of the Anatolian plate respectively, leads to the westward escape of Anatolia from Late Miocene to Recent, which results in a strike-slip component along the Cyprus Arc system and onshore Cyprus. Several scientific questions with regard to the geological setting of the region were investigated during this project. How is the deformation accommodated at the Cyprus Arc system? Is this deformation style affected by the variation of the crustal nature at each domain? How is this deformation recorded on the sedimentary pile onshore Cyprus? How does the onshore and offshore deformation connect within the geodynamic context of the region? In order to answer these scientific questions, 2D reflection seismic data were utilized, that image the main plate structures and their lateral evolution south and east of Cyprus. Interpretation of these data lead to the identification of nine tectono-sedimentary packages in three different crustal domains south of the Cyprus Arc system: (1) The Levant Basin (attenuated continental crust), (2) The Eratosthenes micro-continent (continental crust) and (3) The Herodotus Basin (oceanic crust). Within these domains, numerous tectonic structures were documented and analysed in order to understand the mechanism and timing of deformation. At the northern boundary of the Levant Basin domain, thrust faults verging towards the south were documented in the Cyprus Basin with the thrust movement commencing in Early Miocene time as indicated by on the Larnaca and Margat Ridges. On the Latakia Ridge no activity was identified during this time interval. The acme of deformation occurred in Middle to Late Miocene time, with the activity of the Latakia Ridge indicating the forward propagation of the deformation front towards the south. This southward migration was documented from the development of flexural basins and from stratigraphic onlaps in the Cyprus Basin. Successive tectonic pulses through the Late Miocene until Recent times, are indicated from the angular unconformities and the piggy back basins. In Plio-Pleistocene time, the westward escape of the Anatolian micro-plate resulted in the reactivation of existing structures. The evolution of deformation along the plate boundary is identified from the creation of positive flower structures revealing transpressive movements along the Larnaca and Latakia Ridges (eastern domains). The central domain includes the Eratosthenes Seamount which is characterized as a Mesozoic carbonate platform covered by a thin sequence of sediments ranging from Miocene-Messinian to Pliocene-Pleistocene depositions

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude typologique et contextuelle de la céramique chypriote importée au Levant nord, et s’inscrit plus largement dans le cadre de l’étude des échanges en Méditerranée orientale. Notre recherche a permis de répertorier la présence de vases chypriotes sur soixante-neuf sites archéologiques nord-levantins. Le corpus ainsi rassemblé présente une importante variété de types et de fabriques, attestant d’échanges ininterrompus entre le Bronze moyen II et la fin du Bronze récent. L’intérêt des populations levantines pour la céramique chypriote est perceptible dans la création d’imitations et le développement de productions locales qui en sont inspirées. Les interactions entre le Levant nord et l’île de Chypre ont mené à l’introduction de nouvelles productions, à l’adoption de certaines pratiques et au partage d’une culture qui devient peu à peu commune. L’étude de la céramique chypriote découverte au Levant nord contribue à la compréhension des liens complexes qui unissent les sociétés de Méditerranée orientale au IIe millénaire av. J.-C<br>This dissertation offers a typological and contextual study of the Cypriot pottery imported in the Northern Levant, and more broadly a study of trade in the Eastern Mediterranean. This research put in light the presence of Cypriot imports in sixty-nine archaeological sites, mostly located on the Mediterranean coast. The Cypriot assemblage found in the Northern Levant consists of a large variety of fabrics and types and shows an uninterrupted trade between the two regions from MB II to the end of LBA. The interest of the Levantine peoples for Cypriot productions is attested by attempts at local imitation and the creation of new types influenced by Cypriot shapes and styles. Interactions between the Northern Levant and Cyprus led to the introduction of new productions and the adoption of common cultural practices. The Cypriot pottery discovered in the Northern Levant facilitates understanding of the complex links established between societies of the Eastern Mediterranean in the IInd millennium BC

yes<br>Red Lustrous Wheelmade ware is one of the most recognisable classes of pottery from the Late Bronze Age of the east Mediterranean. Yet both its production source and the nature of its contents and use remain a source of some debate. These questions are tackled here through an intensive programme of scientific analysis involving 95 samples of Red Lustrous Wheelmade ware and related wares from seven sites in Turkey, Cyprus and Egypt. Petrography and instrumental neutron activation analysis are combined in the study of the ceramic fabrics, with a view to specifying the source of this ware; while gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are used to analyse absorbed and visible residues in and on the sherd samples, in the hope of shedding light on vessel contents and possible use. The results of the fabric analysis show the ware to be extremely homogeneous, indicative of a single source: northern Cyprus is at present the most likely candidate, although further analysis, particularly of clay samples from the region in question, would certainly be desirable. The residue analysis suggests that Red Lustrous Wheelmade ware might have been used to carry some kind of plant oils, possibly perfumed, and that in some instances the vessel interior was coated with beeswax as a sealant.<br>AHRC