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Journal articles on the topic 'Medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbance'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 2 August 2025

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1

Miller, E. S., H. Kil, J. J. Makela, R. A. Heelis, E. R. Talaat, and A. Gross. "Topside signature of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 8 (2014): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-959-2014.

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Abstract. Plasma blobs, localized plasma density enhancements that occur singularly or in periodic groups, have been observed by in situ sensors in the lower- and middle-latitude nighttime ionosphere. Traditionally, creation of blobs has been thought to be connected to equatorial plasma bubbles, which are localized plasma depletions. Here, we report the association of blobs with medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). On 17 January 2010, an all-sky imager on the Caribbean island of Bonaire (geographic: 12.190° N, 68.244° W; geomagnetic 22.46° N, 7.099° E) observed a nighttime

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2

Ssessanga, Nicholas, Yong Ha Kim, and Eunsol Kim. "Vertical structure of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances." Geophysical Research Letters 42, no. 21 (2015): 9156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015gl066093.

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3

Husin, Asnawi, and Buldan Muslim. "EFEK GELOMBANG TSUNAMI ACEH 2004 PADA GANGGUAN IONOSFER BERGERAK SKALA MENENGAH DARI PENGAMATAN JARINGAN GPS SUMATRA." Komunikasi Fisika Indonesia 16, no. 2 (2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jkfi.16.2.130-137.

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Medium Scale Travelling Ionospheric Disturbance (MSTID), thought to be manifestation of atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) in the ionospheric altitude that propagates horizontally and effects on in the electron density structure of ionosphere. These atmospheric gravity waves sourced from lower atmospheric activities such as typhoons, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. Wave energy by its coupling induction process can travel to the ionosphere region. It has been understood that the TID's wave structure have an impact on the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere so that it will affect the perfo

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4

Deng, Zhongxin, Rui Wang, Yi Liu, et al. "Investigation of Low Latitude Spread-F Triggered by Nighttime Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (2021): 945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050945.

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In the current study, we investigated the mechanism of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (MSTID) triggering spread-F in the low latitude ionosphere using ionosonde observation and Global Navigation Satellite System-Total Electron Content (GNSS-TEC) measurement. We use a series of morphological processing techniques applied to ionograms to retrieve the O-wave traces automatically. The maximum entropy method (MEM) was also utilized to obtain the propagation parameters of MSTID. Although it is widely acknowledged that MSTID is normally accompanied by polarization electric fields whic

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5

Kil, Hyosub, Larry J. Paxton, Geonhwa Jee, and Romina Nikoukar. "Plasma Blobs Associated With Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 7 (2019): 3575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl082026.

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6

YASAR, Mehmet. "Response of the Turkish Ionosphere to Geomagnetic Storms During the 24th Solar Cycle." Hendese Teknik Bilimler ve Mühendislik Dergisi 1, no. 2 (2024): 50–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13996448.

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The Earth's ionosphere, a haven for charged particles within the atmosphere, is susceptible to energetic excitations from space weather. When geomagnetic storms erupt, triggered by solar activity, a cascade of charged particles rushes towards our planet. These charged particles, among other factors, have dynamic and disruptive effects on Earth’s ionosphere. The foremost among these effects are significant fluctuations in the ionospheric electron density during geomagnetic storms. This study investigates the effects of 54 geomagnetic storms of different magnitudes on the Turkish ionospher

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7

Jonah, Olusegun F., Shunrong Zhang, Anthea J. Coster, et al. "Understanding Inter-Hemispheric Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances and Their Mechanisms." Remote Sensing 12, no. 2 (2020): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12020228.

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Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) are wave-like disturbances in ionospheric plasma density. They are often observed during both quiet (medium-scale TID) and geomagnetically disturbed (large-scale TID) conditions. Their amplitudes can reach double-digit percentages of the background plasma density, and their existence presents a challenge for accurate ionosphere specification. In this study, we examine TID properties using observations obtained during two geomagnetically disturbed periods using multiple ground and space-borne instruments, such as magnetometers, Global Navigation Satelli

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8

Liu, Yi, Ting Lan, Yufeng Zhou, et al. "Numerical Simulation of Perkins Instability in the Midlatitude F-Region Ionosphere: The Influence of Background Ionospheric Multi-Factors." Atmosphere 16, no. 2 (2025): 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16020221.

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A numerical simulation of Perkins instability in the midlatitude F-region ionosphere is developed in this study. The growth of nighttime plasma density perturbation excited by Perkins instability was successfully reproduced. The simulated results show that the ionospheric perturbation structure elongated from northwest (NW) to southeast (SE) was generated from initial random seeding by applying a very large southeastward neutral wind (200 m/s). The domain wave vector direction agreed with the linear Perkins theory. Our simulated results were consistent with the previous observations and simula

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9

Dymond, K. F., C. Watts, C. Coker, et al. "A medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance observed from the ground and from space." Radio Science 46, no. 5 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010rs004535.

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10

Günzkofer, Florian, Dimitry Pokhotelov, Gunter Stober, et al. "Inferring neutral winds in the ionospheric transition region from atmospheric-gravity-wave traveling-ionospheric-disturbance (AGW-TID) observations with the EISCAT VHF radar and the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster." Annales Geophysicae 41, no. 2 (2023): 409–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-41-409-2023.

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Abstract. Atmospheric gravity waves and traveling ionospheric disturbances can be observed in the neutral atmosphere and the ionosphere at a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Especially at medium scales, these oscillations are often not resolved in general circulation models and are parameterized. We show that ionospheric disturbances forced by upward-propagating atmospheric gravity waves can be simultaneously observed with the EISCAT very high frequency incoherent scatter radar and the Nordic Meteor Radar Cluster. From combined multi-static measurements, both vertical and horizontal

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11

Madonia, Paolo, Alessandro Bonaccorso, Alessandro Bonforte, et al. "Propagation of Perturbations in the Lower and Upper Atmosphere over the Central Mediterranean, Driven by the 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Explosion." Atmosphere 14, no. 1 (2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14010065.

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The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano (Pacific Ocean) generated a cataclysmic explosion on 15 January 2022, triggering several atmospheric disturbances at a global scale, as a huge increase in the total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere, and a pressure wave travelling in the troposphere. We collected and analysed data over the Mediterranean to study these disturbances, and in particular, (i) data from the barometric and infrasonic stations installed on Italian active volcanoes by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) for investigating the tropospheric pressure waves;

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12

Otsuka, Y., K. Suzuki, S. Nakagawa, M. Nishioka, K. Shiokawa, and T. Tsugawa. "GPS observations of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over Europe." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 2 (2013): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-163-2013.

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Abstract. Two-dimensional structures of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over Europe have been revealed, for the first time, by using maps of the total electron content (TEC) obtained from more than 800 GPS receivers of the European GPS receiver networks. From statistical analysis of the TEC maps obtained 2008, we have found that the observed MSTIDs can be categorized into two groups: daytime MSTID and nighttime MSTID. The daytime MSTID frequently occurs in winter. Its maximum occurrence rate in monthly and hourly bin exceeds 70% at lower latitudes over Europe, whereas

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13

Makela, J. J., E. S. Miller, and E. R. Talaat. "Nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances at low geomagnetic latitudes." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 24 (2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl045922.

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14

Yokoyama, Tatsuhiro. "Hemisphere-coupled modeling of nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances." Advances in Space Research 54, no. 3 (2014): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2013.07.048.

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15

Yokoyama, Tatsuhiro. "Scale dependence and frontal formation of nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances." Geophysical Research Letters 40, no. 17 (2013): 4515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/grl.50905.

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16

Blagoveshchenskaya, N. F., T. D. Borisova, V. A. Kornienko, et al. "Probing of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances using HF-induced scatter targets." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 9 (2006): 2333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-2333-2006.

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Abstract. Experimental results from the Tromsø and Sura heating experiments at high and mid-latitudes are examined. It is shown that the combination of HF-induced target and bi-static HF Doppler radio scatter observations is a profitable method for probing medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) at high and mid-latitudes. HF ionospheric modification experiments provide a way of producing the HF-induced scatter target in a controlled manner at altitudes where the sensitivity to TIDs is highest. Bi-static HF Doppler radio scatter observations were carried out on the London-Tromsø-

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17

Chou, Min-Yang, Charles C. H. Lin, Jia Yue, Loren C. Chang, Ho-Fang Tsai, and Chia-Hung Chen. "Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances triggered by Super Typhoon Nepartak (2016)." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 15 (2017): 7569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl073961.

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18

Otsuka, Y., K. Shiokawa, and T. Ogawa. "Disappearance of equatorial plasma bubble after interaction with mid-latitude medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance." Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 14 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012gl052286.

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19

Afraimovich, E. L., E. I. Astafieva, and S. V. Voyeikov. "Isolated ionospheric disturbances as deduced from global GPS network." Annales Geophysicae 22, no. 1 (2004): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-22-47-2004.

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Abstract. We investigate an unusual class of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances of the nonwave type, isolated ionospheric disturbances (IIDs) that manifest themselves in total electron content (TEC) variations in the form of single aperiodic negative TEC disturbances of a duration of about 10min (the total electron content spikes, TECS). The data were obtained using the technology of global detection of ionospheric disturbances using measurements of TEC variations from a global network of receivers of the GPS. For the first time, we present the TECS morphology for 170 days in 1998

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20

Fedorenko, Yu P., V. N. Fedorenko, and V. N. Lysenko. "Parameters of the medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances model deduced from measurements." Geomagnetism and Aeronomy 51, no. 1 (2011): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0016793210061015.

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21

MacDougall, John, M. A. Abdu, Inez Batista, et al. "Spaced transmitter measurements of medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances near the equator." Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 16 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011gl048598.

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22

Park, Jaeheung, Hermann Lühr, Claudia Stolle, et al. "Magnetic signatures of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances as observed by CHAMP." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 114, A3 (2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013792.

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23

Fedorenko, Yu P. "Dependence of spatial periods of travelling ionospheric disturbances on their relative amplitudes." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 26, no. 6 (2020): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2020.06.038.

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The relationship between the horizontal spatial period L and the relative amplitude Ad of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TID) at various levels of solar (SA) and geomagnetic (GA) activity is experimentally studied. In the vast majority of cases, the TIDs observed during our study were generated by high-latitude sources. It was found that the period L and amplitude Ad of the medium-scale (MS) TIDs (L = 100 – 800 km) are related by a linear dependence, which does not depend upon the SA level. For large-scale (LS) TID with L = 1000 – 4000 km, the linear approximation of the function L(Ad) at

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24

OGAWA, Tadahiko, Kiyoshi IGARASHI, Kazuhiro AIKYO, and Hideo MAENO. "NNSS satellite observations of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances at southern high-latitudes." Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity 39, no. 12 (1987): 709–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5636/jgg.39.709.

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25

Song, Qian, Feng Ding, Xiaoxin Zhang, et al. "Medium‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Induced by Typhoon Chan‐ h om Over China." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 124, no. 3 (2019): 2223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018ja026152.

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26

Lee, C. C., Y. A. Liou, Y. Otsuka, et al. "Nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances detected by network GPS receivers in Taiwan." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113, A12 (2008): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013250.

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27

Deng, Zhiguo, Steffen Schön, Hongping Zhang, Michael Bender, and Jens Wickert. "Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTID) modeling using a dense German GPS network." Advances in Space Research 51, no. 6 (2013): 1001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2012.07.022.

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28

Kil, Hyosub, and Larry J. Paxton. "Global Distribution of Nighttime Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Seen by Swarm Satellites." Geophysical Research Letters 44, no. 18 (2017): 9176–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl074750.

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29

Ding, F., W. Wan, B. Ning, et al. "Observations of poleward-propagating large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances in southern China." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 2 (2013): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-377-2013.

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Abstract. We report here on two cases of poleward-propagating large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) in China during a medium-scale storm between 27 May and 1 June 2011. The observations were conducted by making use of the Global Positioning System network and ionosondes in China and Southeast Asia. One northeastward-propagating LSTID occurred on the morning of 30 May, while the other was observed during the nighttime of 1 June. Both poleward-traveling LSTIDs occurred during the storm's recovery phase in southern China's low-latitude region (geomagnetic latitude ~ 7.3–24° N) a

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30

Nishioka, M., A. Saito, and T. Tsugawa. "Super-medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbance observed at midlatitude during the geomagnetic storm on 10 November 2004." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 114, A7 (2009): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008ja013581.

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31

Kouba, Daniel, and Jaroslav Chum. "Ground-based measurements of ionospheric dynamics." Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate 8 (2018): A29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2018018.

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Different methods are used to research and monitor the ionospheric dynamics using ground measurements: Digisonde Drift Measurements (DDM) and Continuous Doppler Sounding (CDS). For the first time, we present comparison between both methods on specific examples. Both methods provide information about the vertical drift velocity component. The DDM provides more information about the drift velocity vector and detected reflection points. However, the method is limited by the relatively low time resolution. In contrast, the strength of CDS is its high time resolution. The discussed methods can be u

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32

Li, Wang, Fangsong Yang, Jiayi Yang, et al. "Morphological Features of Severe Ionospheric Weather Associated with Typhoon Doksuri in 2023." Remote Sensing 16, no. 18 (2024): 3375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16183375.

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The atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) generated by severe typhoons can facilitate the transfer of energy from the troposphere to the ionosphere, resulting in medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs). However, the complex three-dimensional nature of MSTIDs over oceanic regions presents challenges for detection using ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks. This study employs a hybrid approach combining space-based and ground-based techniques to investigate the spatiotemporal characteristics of ionospheric perturbations during Typhoon Doksuri. Plane maps de

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33

Saito, S., M. Yamamoto, H. Hashiguchi, A. Maegawa, and A. Saito. "Observational evidence of coupling between quasi-periodic echoes and medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 10 (2007): 2185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-2185-2007.

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Abstract. We have found that quasi-periodic (QP) echoes in the E region were well defined when medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) in the F region were present. The appearance and disappearance of the MSTIDs observed with the dense GPS receiver network are well correlated with the development and decay of QP echoes observed with the Middle-and-Upper atmosphere (MU) radar. Interferometric imaging of the QP echoes obtained using the MU radar shows that bands of echoing regions aligned northwest to southeast drift southwestward, and their wavefront and propagation direction a

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34

Chou, Min-Yang, Charles C. H. Lin, and Joseph D. Huba. "Modeling the disappearance of equatorial plasma bubble by nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 32, no. 2 (2021): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/tao.2021.03.30.01.

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35

SHIBATA, Takashi. "Two classes of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by an HF Doppler array." Journal of geomagnetism and geoelectricity 38, no. 8 (1986): 779–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5636/jgg.38.779.

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36

Shiokawa, K., M. Mori, Y. Otsuka, S. Oyama, and S. Nozawa. "Motion of high-latitude nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances associated with auroral brightening." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 117, A10 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012ja017928.

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37

Hernández-Pajares, M., J. M. Juan, J. Sanz, and A. Aragón-Àngel. "Propagation of medium scale traveling ionospheric disturbances at different latitudes and solar cycle conditions." Radio Science 47, no. 6 (2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011rs004951.

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38

Adachi, Toru, Yuichi Otsuka, Masashi Yamaoka, et al. "First satellite-imaging observation of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances by FORMOSAT-2/ISUAL." Geophysical Research Letters 38, no. 4 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl046268.

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39

Romero-Hernandez, Esmeralda, Federico Salinas-Samaniego, Olusegun F. Jonah, et al. "Properties of Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed over Mexico during Quiet Solar Activity." Atmosphere 15, no. 8 (2024): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080894.

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We present a statistical study of some physical properties of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) registered over the Mexican territory during 2018 and 2019 (solar minimum). The analysis is based on total electron content (TEC) approximations using data from the ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers at different locations, divided into three regions according to geographic longitudes: west, center, and east. The MSTIDs were classified into day and night events, and only geomagnetically quiet days were considered to reduce the solar influence. We

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40

Husin, Asnawi, M. Abdullah, and M. A. Momani. "Observation of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over Peninsular Malaysia based on IPP trajectories." Radio Science 46, no. 2 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010rs004408.

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41

SONG, Qian, Feng DING, Wei-Xing WAN, Li-Bo LIU, and Bai-Qi NING. "Monitoring Nighttime Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Using the GPS Network Over North America." Chinese Journal of Geophysics 54, no. 2 (2011): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.1597.

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42

Frissell, N. A., J. B. H. Baker, J. M. Ruohoniemi, et al. "Climatology of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by the midlatitude Blackstone SuperDARN radar." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 119, no. 9 (2014): 7679–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014ja019870.

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43

Tang, Jun, Sheng Wang, Jintao Wang, Mingxian Hu, and Chaoqian Xu. "Analysis of Ionospheric Disturbances in China During the December 2023 Geomagnetic Storm Using Multi-Instrument Data." Remote Sensing 17, no. 9 (2025): 1629. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17091629.

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This study investigates the ionospheric response over China during the geomagnetic storm that occurred on 1–2 December 2023. The data used include GPS measurements from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China, BDS-GEO satellite data from IGS MEGX stations, [O]/[N2] ratio information obtained by the TIMED/GUVI, and electron density (Ne) observations from Swarm satellites. The Prophet time series forecasting model is employed to detect ionospheric anomalies. VTEC variations reveal significant daytime increases in GNSS stations such as GAMG, URUM, and CMUM after the onset of the geomagn

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44

Tsugawa, Takuya, Nobuki Kotake, Yuichi Otsuka, and Akinori Saito. "Medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by GPS receiver network in Japan: a short review." GPS Solutions 11, no. 2 (2006): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10291-006-0045-5.

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45

Ding, Feng, Weixing Wan, Guirong Xu, Tao Yu, Guanglin Yang, and Jing-song Wang. "Climatology of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by a GPS network in central China." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 116, A9 (2011): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011ja016545.

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46

Otsuka, Y., F. Onoma, K. Shiokawa, T. Ogawa, M. Yamamoto, and S. Fukao. "Simultaneous observations of nighttime medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances andEregion field-aligned irregularities at midlatitude." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 112, A6 (2007): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005ja011548.

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47

Grocott, A., K. Hosokawa, T. Ishida, et al. "Characteristics of medium-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed near the Antarctic Peninsula by HF radar." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 118, no. 9 (2013): 5830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50515.

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48

Huang, Fuqing, Jiuhou Lei, Xiankang Dou, Xiaoli Luan, and Jiahao Zhong. "Nighttime Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances From Airglow Imager and Global Navigation Satellite Systems Observations." Geophysical Research Letters 45, no. 1 (2018): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017gl076408.

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49

Zhou, Chen, Qiong Tang, Fuqing Huang, et al. "The Simultaneous Observations of Nighttime Ionospheric E Region Irregularities and F Region Medium-Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances in Midlatitude China." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 123, no. 6 (2018): 5195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018ja025352.

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50

Xu, Su, Feng Ding, Xinan Yue, et al. "The Observation of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Using the Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar." Remote Sensing 16, no. 17 (2024): 3126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs16173126.

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In this study, we used the Sanya Incoherent Scatter Radar (SYISR) to observe the altitude profiles of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) during a moderate magnetic storm from 13 to 15 March 2022. Three TIDs were recorded, including two large-scale TIDs (LSTIDs) and one medium-scale TID (MSTID). These LSTIDs occurred during the storm recovery phase, characterized by periods of ~110–155 min, downward phase velocities of 22–60 m/s, and a relative amplitude of 17–25%. A nearly vertical front was noted at ~350–550 km, differing from AGW theory predictions. This structure is more attributed t

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