Academic literature on the topic 'Meeting cycle'

This study was conducted in SD Negeri 173 Pekanbaru at class V with 36 students, consisting of 19 male students and 17 female student. Based on preliminary observations V graders learnt mathematics that is still low than KKM (Complete Minimal Criteria) 70 average grade was 66.90 with 42.5 % completeness percentage. To solve this problem researchers tried to apply Contextual Learning Approach to improve students achievement on mathematics at class VB SD Negeri 43 Pekanbaru. The metdhod used was a Classroom Action Research (CAR), which consists of 2 cycles. The first cycle consists of 2 meetings and the second cycle consists of 2 meetin. The research instrument consisted of learning devices (syllabi, lesson plan, worksheets, and achievement test sheets), teacher observation sheets and student activities sheet. The research data were analyzed descriptively. Results of this study indicated that the student achievement has increased, the teacher activity of the first meeting 65 % and the second meeting of the first cycle was 73 %, mean while the teachers avtivity from the second meeting on the first cycle to the meeting of the second cycle increased to the 90 % and than it is increase to 96 % from the first meeting to the second meeting of second cycle. While the students activity of the first meeting of the first cycle of was 60 %, and the second meeting of the first cycle increased to 71 %. Then it increas to 83 % from the second meeting of the first cycle to the first meeting of the second cycle, and increase to 94% from the first meeting of the second cycle to the second meeting of the second cycle. There were increasing of student achievement from the mean score, 66.9 to 72.88 in cycle first, and it increased 75.6 to the second cycle. It can be concluded that the implementation contextual approach could improve students mathematics student achievement at V class of SD Negeri 173 Pekanbaru.

This research aimed to explain the improvement of the students’ writing ability and the students’ response through the implementation of “Transition-Action-Details” strategy in teaching writing. The researcher used a classroom action research principle to collect the data that consisted of two cycles. Each cycle consisted of four meetings. The findings of the research were the improvement of students’ writing ability in cycle I to cycle II was 12.2%, and the other side, students’ participation or activeness at cycle I in the 1st meeting was 45%, 2nd meeting 59%, 3rd meeting was 63% and 4th meeting was 73 %. So the average score was 60%. Where in cycle II, in the 1st meeting was 67%, 2nd meeting was 72%, 3rd meeting was 68% and 4th meeting was 78%. There is a significant score in the average score (71.87%). Based on the average score above, it had improvement from cycle I to cycle II (11.64 %).

<em>This study used Classroom Action Research conducted in Light Heart Kindergarten. This research was conducted for 2 months, namely as many as 2 cycles, namely cycle I consisted of 3 meetings and cycle II consisted of 3 meetings. Data collection with observations, interviews, and documentation were analyzed by percentage techniques. The results of observations on the initial conditions indicate that the children's fine motor skills are still low. The implementation of the first cycle of the first meeting until the third meeting showed an increase in the fine motor skills of the child, but had not been able to reach the KKM so that the second cycle was carried out. After the second cycle, the first meeting until the third meeting, there was a significant increase in the children's fine motor skills, especially in the aspect of children. They could move their fingers when weaving. Childhood Light Heart of West Pasaman.</em>

Based on the results of science learning process in SMP Negeri 3 Kusan Hilir, in the learning process especially KD 7.2 and KD. 7.4 on Ecosystems, learners are always given conceptual learning and teachers are reluctant to invite directly to the environment to learn, learners do not do the learning in groups so that learning is still centered on the teacher. Such learning leads to the lack of creativity and involvement of learners in the learning process that impacts on the classical completeness of only 60%. The purpose of this study is to improve the ability to think critically about what is happening in their environment and to instill environmental ethics in their minds, that the importance of environmental sustainability for the present to the future by using Inquiry approach. This research is Classroom Action Research (PTK). This study was conducted 2 cycles in accordance with the effective learning time of 8 hours lesson. Cycle I as much as 2 meetings and cycle II as much as 2 times meetings. Subjects in this study were students class VII A SMP Negeri 3 Kusan Hilir which amounted to 22 students consisting of 10 women and 12 men. The results showed that by using the Inkuiri approach can improve students' critical thinking skills from classical mastery 13.63% in the first cycle of meeting 1 to 45.50% at the 2nd meeting and 68% in the second cycle of meeting 1 to 95% At the meeting 2. The cognitive learning outcomes of learners have increased from classical completeness 22.72% in the first cycle of meeting 1 to 55% at meetings 2 and 77% in cycle II meeting 1 to 95% at the meeting 2. The implementation process Lessons from the less category in the first cycle of meeting 1 become sufficient category at the 2nd meeting and from the good category in the second cycle of meeting 1 become very good category at the meeting 2. Positive student response to the learning process using Inquiry approach.

<em>This research uses Classroom Action Research conducted in Pertiwi Kajai Kindergarten. This research was conducted for 2 months, namely as many as 2 cycles, namely cycle I consisted of 3 meetings and cycle II consisted of 3 meetings. Data collection with observations, interviews, and documentation were analyzed by percentage techniques. The results of observations on the initial conditions indicate that children's scientific abilities are still low. The implementation of the first cycle of the first meeting until the third meeting showed an increase in children's scientific abilities, but had not been able to reach the KKM so the second cycle was carried out. After the second cycle, the first meeting until the third meeting shows a significant increase in children's scientific abilities, especially in the aspect of children, can practice how to cook from the ingredients to be used. Based on these studies it can be concluded that there is an increase in children's scientific abilities through experimental methods about sago flour in Pertiwi kajai Kindergarten, West Pasaman</em>.

This research was motivated by the low results of students' mathematics learning, of 28students only 14 students who completed and the average value obtained was 65. To theresearchers conducted the study by applying the method of demonstration. This research is aclass act who performed a total of two cycles, the data used in research activities as well asteacher and student learning outcomes in mathematics. The research was conducted inclasses V SD Negeri 001 Ukui Kecamatan Ukui. Based on the results of research conducteddata showed that the results learn some vital lessons and activities of teachers and studentsmenglami increase in each cycle. This is evidenced by: (a) the activities of teachers hasincreased in each cycle, the first cycle of meetings I obtain a score of 13 (46.42%), in the firstcycle of meetings II given a score of 18 (64.28%), the second cycle meeting I obtained a scoreof 20 (71.42%). And the second cycle II meeting obtain a score of 26 (92.85%). Activities ofstudents has increased at each meeting in each cycle. At the meeting I cycle I obtained a scoreof 12 (42.85 %%), the second meeting of the second cycle obtain a score of 19 (67.85%), at ameeting I cycle II obtained a score of 21 (75.00%). And at the second meeting of the secondcycle obtain a score of 25 (89.85%); (B) the results of learning mathematics increased ineach cycle, the preliminary data of students who achieve mastery only 50% with an averagevalue of 65, the first cycle increased to 70% with an average of 69.25 and completenessclasses in the second cycle reached 85% with an average value of 74.5.

The background of this study is the low learning outcomes IPA. This is evidenced from 40students only 20 students who completed and the average value of students was 59.50. Thisresearch is a class action, the study was conducted in two cycles. The data used in this studyare the activities of teachers and students and learning outcomes. Based on the survey resultsrevealed that the strategy of inquiry biology to improve learning outcomes IPA. This isevidenced by: (a) the activities of teachers and students increased in every cycle. In the firstcycle of meetings 1 percentage teacher activity was 42.00%, in the first cycle of activityteacher meeting 2 percentage is 52.00%, the second cycle of meetings 1 percentage teacheractivity is 65.00%, and in the first cycle of meeting 2 percentage activity teacher is 78.00%,while the activity of students has increased at each cycle. At the first meeting I cycle thepercentage of student activity is 49.00%, in the first cycle of meeting 2 percentage of studentactivity is 61.00%. In the second cycle first meeting of the percentage of student activity is68.00%, and in the first cycle of meeting 2 percentage of student activity is 81.00%; and (b)completeness student learning outcomes in each cycle has increased. At the base score is thenumber of students who pass the 20 (50.00%), in the first cycle is the number of students whopass the 26 (65.00%) and the second cycle is the number of students who pass the 34(85.00%). In addition the value of learning students also increased in each cycle, the basescore is the average value obtained by the students was 59.50, in the first cycle the averagevalue obtained by the students is 64, and the second cycle the average value obtained studentsis 68.

The objective of this research is to explain the development of Individual C-Trans plus DRTA Method in improving students’ reading comprehension among the eighth-grade Students of SMP Negeri 40 Bulukumba. The researcher used A Classroom Action Research (CAR) in this research. The researcher had conducted two cycles, where each cycle consisted of two meetings. It employed a reading test as an instrument. A number of the subject of the researcher were 31 students in XI class. Those consist of 13 men and 18 women. The findings consisted tests, students’ reading comprehension, and observation results. The first cycle of the first meeting was 57,58 and the second meeting was 63,54 and then the researcher tried to do the next cycle and the result in cycle II that was increasing of students score. In cycle II of the first meeting was 77,90 and the second meeting was 81,61. The conclusion of the research using C-Trans plus DRTA is able to improve the students’ reading comprehension (main idea) at the eighth grade. It was proved by the students’ achievement in cycle II was higher than cycle I and D-Test where in cycle I the students’ mean score reading comprehension becomes first meeting was 57,58 and the second meeting was 63,54, cycle II of the first meeting was 77,90 and the second meeting was 81,61. Based on the research findings, the implementation of Individual C-Trans plus DRTA Method showed success in improving reading comprehension.

In the background backs Indonesian learning results obtained by the students is very low because the method of learning that are not relevant. Classroom action research aims to determine the implementation of cooperative learning model Numbered Heads Together (NHT) to improve learning outcomes Indonesian grade IV A SD Negeri 78 Pekanbaru on instructional materials do. The experiment was conducted in two cycles each cycle two meetings and one daily tests. Each cycle stages are: planning, implementation, observation and reflection. Data from the activity of teachers and students in the can from the observation sheet, while, learning outcomes in getting the daily test results. The results showed the activities of teachers and students has increased, in the first cycle of meetings I obtained a score of 33 (68.75%), in the first cycle of meetings II obtained a score of 38 (79.17%), the second cycle of meetings I obtained a score of 40 (83 , 33%), and the second cycle II meeting obtained a score of 44 (91.67%). And in the first cycle of the first meeting of student activity data obtained a score of 27 (56.25%), in the first cycle II meeting increased with the acquisition of a score of 36 (75.00%), and the second cycle first meeting increased to 41 (85.42 %), the second cycle II meeting increased to 45 (93.75%). Learning outcomes of students has increased, this is evidenced by: the preliminary data the number of students who reach KKM amounted to 10 students (28.57%) with an average of learning outcomes at 65.37. Increased in the first cycle by the number of students who completed totaling 26 students (74.28%) with an average of learning outcomes at 76.00. And the second cycle increases with the number of students 32 students (91.42%) with an average of learning outcomes at 86.86. Based on these results it can be concluded that the implementation of cooperative learning model NHT can improve learning outcomes Indonesian grade IV A SD Negeri 78 Pekanbaru.

The background of this research problems is the low result of third grade students learn science. It is characterized by the acquisition of an average value of 59.50 Science learning outcomes with students learning completeness percentage of 45%.. Based on this the researchers conducted a classroom action research (PTK) with the aim to improve student learning outcomes through the implementation of strategies IPA biological inquiry. This study was conducted in SD Negeri 010 Silikuan Hulu Kecamatan Ukui. The subjects were students of class III with a number of 15 students with details of nine boys and six girls. The study was conducted by two cycles consisting of 2 meetings and a daily test at the end of each cycle. Data collection techniques in this study is the observation technique teacher and student activities and engineering test, while the analytical technique used is descriptive analysis of activity data and the results of teachers and students learn science. Research suggests that the application of biology inquiry strategies to improve learning outcomes IPA. This is evidenced by: (a) the activities of teachers and students has increased in each cycle, the activities of teachers in the first cycle the first meeting obtained by percentage of 42%, the first cycle of meetings both gained 52%. The first meeting of the second cycle gained 65% and in the second meeting of the second cycle was obtained by 78%. Activities of students in the first cycle the first meeting obtained by percentage of 49%, student activities at the second meeting I silus 61% and the second cycle first meeting obtained by percentage of 68% and the second cycle of the second meeting obtained by percentage of 81%. (B) the results of the students' learning experience at each cycle, before the action is complete learn student by 45% with an average value of 59.50. First cycle increased to 72% with an average value of 64. The second cycle increased to 90% with an average of 68.

"Meeting the ageing aircraft challenge" is not just about safety, not just about effectiveness, and not just about economy of support. It is about proactive and reactive optimization of all three service goals throughout long life cycles that span 20 or 30 years, or more, and typically, beyond the originally intended design life. It is therefore about organizational attitudes towards ongoing trend analysis and condition monitoring, and pervading cost benefit assessments of all forms of human innovation across what the author describes as 'the eight sustaining disciplines for long aerospace life cycles', including scientific and technological developments, and opportunities for reliability growth or 'refresh'. Complacency is the root cause of all problems with the design, maintenance and support of all modern infrastructure, and therefore life cycle planners and minders are required to be an enthusiastic but nervous lot - always hoping for the best, but planning for the worst impact of 'Mr Murphy'. Murphy thrives on complacency, is in bed with uncertainty, and never forgets (as we do often) that imperfection (no matter how small) breeds unreliability traps that patiently wait to surprise at some stage along the life cycle journey. He has the upper hand. ...Our best weapons against Murphy are continual, total picture and longer-term situational awareness; caution, vigilance, innovation and collaboration. This research study and thesis is intended as a broad and comprehensive management philosophy, a guide and checklist - a broad scrape of everything 'so deep', rather than coverage of any one-niche aspect of the ageing aircraft challenge in great depth. It includes a brief and simple strategic setting for Australian Military Aerospace requirements, and spans a three axes management philosophy: 1. a toolbox of eight sustaining disciplines, 2. trend analysis and 3. time-cost-benefit assessment. Along with complacency, the prime ageing aircraft 'killers' are identified, as are the key ageing aircraft 'age multipliers'. The eight sustaining disciplines are explained in varying depth, according to their broad significance to the ageing aircraft condition and life cycle. The ever-ubiquitous bathtub reliability curve - the key to understanding, predicting and controlling life cycle behaviour (including costs) - is emphasized. Engineering life cycle minding and capability management are broad focus areas. The eight areas of attention identified for this broad study are: 1. Aerospace design requirements and trends, 2. Science and technology opportunities, 3. Airworthiness, engineering and maintenance philosophy, 4. Reliability behaviour, 5. Operational use and abuse patterns, 6. Logistics support and managing obsolescence, 7. Technical workforce and organizational attitudes (requirements and outlook), and 8. Life cycle costing and budgeting. This thesis primarily draws attention to the fundamental driver of life cycle behaviour - reliability. The critical dependency that life cycle control and prediction has on consistent and high quality trend data collection and analysis is emphasized throughout, and the now pressing need for better identification of ageing aircraft cost growth drivers, and their containment, is linked to reliability trend awareness, manipulation and intervention. The human dimension is included - including coverage of organizational attitudes and what it takes to be a 'high reliability organization'. There are no magic or easy answers to the ageing aircraft condition and challenge. Trend analysis has to be done from the bottom up, system by system, for each fleet type. But over time, with consistent trend data collection, patterns emerge within the sophisticated and stochastic systems behaviour that that ageing aircraft play out. These patterns enable ongoing management of the long life cycle to be more confidently predicted, more assured and with best possible cost growth containment. The best, perhaps only, path to least surprises and best cost containment is now being re-identified in some military aviation organizations as a mature and evolving RAM engineering and RCM framework. RAM-RCM may well be the only recovery from what some admit is a death spiral of ageing aircraft cost growth.

Woolum Bellum KODE (Koorie Open Door Education) School is located at Morwell in the Latrobe Valley of Victoria. The school is unique in that its curriculum is centred on the Gunnai/Kurnai language and culture of the traditional owners. The aim of this thesis is to describe and tell the history of Woolum Bellum School. My research questions are: 1. what led to the establishment of the Woolum Bellum KODE School? What are the critical success factors of the school attaining autonomy within the Victorian State Education system? The story of Woolum Bellum and its journey is important in the context of sharing knowledge. It exemplifies how a school like Woolum Bellum can be autonomous and how it presents a challenge as it comes to terms with what works and why. As a community we can assess the overall success of the school in terms of outcomes for the community. The benefits are seen in the generation of young people who attended the school over the past fifteen years. Their experience of schooling at Woolum Bellum as opposed to their experiences in the mainstream system amounts to significant successes. My ways of knowing have informed how I have used a method of research that respects my knowledge gifted from my Elders and Ancestors. My indigenous ways respected in using Dadirri as a methodology for narrative inquiry in research underpins and informs respect for honouring an indigenous paradigm; with tools within that paradigm to guide and shape my research. My cultural ways of knowing, my guidance in reciprocal and respectful relationships, talking together in circles, telling stories in conversations, and understanding community are at the core of these ways of knowing. My quilts crafted with multiple layers of knowledge offer the community a visual representation of the journey. They share the narrative and knowledge in conversations and in stories. They are relational and interrelated and they interpret the issues from my ways of knowing. This is a story I have shared with others already who believed in the possibilities for a Woolum Bellum School. Like me, they welcomed the challenges, the responsibilities that came with it to our community and Elders. And like me, the community held on to the dream that time and through listening, through learning and with knowledge, the possibility remains.

Avsikten med detta arbete är att undersöka vilka känslor och tankar elever kan ha till djur, samt om de kan ändras när eleverna blir bekanta med djuren. Vi har valt att utföra en kvalitativ undersökning där vi kombinerar metoderna intervju och observation. Undersökningen genomfördes på tio elever i årskurs ett, där alla enskilt fick bekanta sig med en skalbagges alla livcykelstadier under ca 10 minuter. I början och slutet av varje intervju bad vi eleverna att berätta vad de kände och tänkte när de såg djuren, därefter grundade vi vår analys och tolkning av vårt material med hjälp av konstruktivismen. I vår undersökning såg vi att alla elever hade någon sorts känsla för och tanke om djuren, dock kunde det vara svårt att tyda känslorna eftersom vissa elever verbalt kunde uttrycka en känsla medan kroppsspråket visade en annan. Generellt ändrade eleverna sina känslor och tankar till djuren under intervjuns gång, men vi kunde inte uppfatta något mönster i hur känslorna och tankarna ändrades.

碩士
長庚大學
資訊管理研究所
95
SEI proposed CMMI model to offer necessary guidelines of software development process for manufacturers in 1984. Because the necessary guidelines and output of processing procedures that CMMI model offers are not concrete operations, it always makes the impressions on people that CMMI model is hard to understand, implement directly, and it has excessive outputs. Project Management procedures were often too one-sided and trivial, so process-oriented project management arises and develops gradually. On the other hand, requirement development is an important part of project management. During the processes of carrying out the requirement engineering, some problems, such as bad communication and unsuitable assistant tools, etc., influence project progress and the schedule, and even make the project fail. Consequently, this research, which accords with the meeting flow model to the requirement engineering, uses procedure guidelines and document output of CMMI to make the requirement engineering systematized and specified, and presents an institutionalized requirement engineering model. This model can help enterprises to manage different levels and complicated team cooperation, lower the difficulty in applying CMMI, and reach the procedure guidelines of CMMI, it makes it easier for the enterprises to make the management more efficient and implement the developing procedure under the requirements of the more and more complicated system.

"The planning phase of the meeting cycle has been described as being critical to the success of meetings, but is often neglected. The use of facilitators in group meetings has been shown to improve the effectiveness of meetings by providing structure and harnessing the group's strengths. However, there is a shortage of research about the knowledge used by facilitators when planning facilitated meetings."--Abstract

Comprehension of eruptive histories is critical in understanding the evolution of magmatic systems at arc volcanoes and may supply evidence to the petrogenesis of intermediate and evolved magmas. Within the 300 ka eruptive history of Mount St. Helens, Washington, the Kalama Eruptive Period, 1479- ~1750 CE was bracketed by interludes of quiescence (Hoblitt et al., 1980) and thus likely represents an entire eruptive cycle within a span of 300 years. Study of the magmatic evolution during this short time period provides key information regarding inputs and the plumbing system of Mount St. Helens. This research aims to enhance comprehension of processes leading to the petrogenesis of intermediate magmas by providing whole rock and phase geochemical data of an eruptive cycle, thereby providing constraints on the magmatic evolution of the Kalama Eruptive Period. The eruptive sequence is divided into early, middle and late subperiods. The early Kalama began with two dacitic plinian eruptions and continued with smaller eruptions of dacite domes (64.4-66.5 wt% SiO₂) that included quenched mafic inclusions (53.7-57.7 wt% SiO₂). The middle Kalama signified the onset of basaltic andesite and andesite eruptions ranging between 55.5-58.5 wt % SiO₂. Subsequently, summit domes that began as felsic andesite (61-62.5 wt% SiO₂) and transitioned to dacite (62.5-64.6 wt% SiO₂) dominated the late Kalama. Previous work on Kalama-aged rocks suggests magma mixing is an integral process in their production. Compositions and textures of crystal phases, in addition to the presence of xenocrysts in middle and late Kalama rocks, confirm mechanical mixing of magmas likely produced many of the sampled compositions. New petrographic observations were integrated with new whole rock and phase EMP and LA-ICP-MS data and the known stratigraphy in order to constrain the magmatic and crustal components active during the Kalama Eruptive Period. New findings include: 1. Two populations of quenched mafic inclusions, one olivine-rich and one olivine-poor, are identified from the early Kalama based on mineralogy, textures, and major and trace element chemistry. Major element modeling shows crustal anatexis of plutonic inclusions found in early Kalama dacites could produce the felsic magma source of the olivine-poor population. The olivine-rich population incorporated cumulate material. 2. Four distinct lava populations erupted during the early part of the middle Kalama (X lavas), including two found exclusively in lahar deposits: M-type lahars are the most mafic, B-type lahars are more mixed, the Two Finger Flow was previously grouped with other middle Kalama-age lavas, and the X lava (in situ) has unique geochemical and textural character. X tephras likely correlate with the lavas. 3. There were at least three mafic source contributions at Mount St. Helens during the eruptive period: the parent to the X deposits, the cumulate material in the olivine-rich QMIs, and the calc-alkaline parent to the MKLV and SDO. The magma reservoir at Mount St. Helens has been modeled as a single, elongate chamber (Pallister et al., 1992). Multiple coeval basaltic or basaltic andesite parents fluxing into the magmatic system beneath the volcano could indicate a more complex magma chamber structure.
Graduation date: 2011

The paper aims at dealing with didactics of Resistance through the relationship between the historical wtnesses and younger generations. As the first has lived the historical events he is going to narrate, younger generations constitute ideally the depositary of a rich and fragile set of informations. Based from this perspective, the paper is going to speak about a students' cycle of meetings organised in some schools in the province of Pistoia, between 2016 and 2018: the vocational institute "Martini" and the technical institute "Marchi". Meetings were held by SIlvano Sarti, who fought as partisan in the "Brigata Sinigaglia" in 1944 and who was appointed ANPI provincial president in Florence.

AbstractSustainable city is an oxymoron to many especially in developing nations where the ever extending urban fabric has consequently degraded natural habitats, altered species composition, changed energy flows, and immensely affected biogeochemical cycles. This dims the vision of meeting the present needs with a nondecreasing level of well-being while not compromising that of the future generations to meet theirs. Nairobi as other cities in peer nations is associated with socioeconomic vulnerabilities as well as visible and “invisible” ecological problems such as pollution, climate change, spatial competition, dependency in natural capital use, and congestion. Nevertheless, this is uniquely both a problem and a solution.Nairobi has grown from a small railway station at the turn of the twentieth century to one of Africa’s largest cities. With this growth, comes an oversized ecological footprint and complex challenges of stresses and shocks. Infrastructure development in developing nations is gaining momentum. It is one of the development indicators and a major contributor to the GDP. However, it is very vulnerable financially and functionally to extreme weather events such as intense and prolonged periods of rainfall, inundation, low retreating rates of flood waters, increased temperatures, and unpredictable wind patterns. This study sought to establish the level of integration of adaptation and mitigation measures to climate change in selected infrastructure projects. It further evaluates the performance of key action plans, projects, and efforts made to enhance resilience to climate change. The study supports the integration of broad investment flows instead of the project-by-project approach.

This study examines the collaborative processes the Chicago Alliance for Equity in Computer Science (CAFÉCS) uses to conduct and use research. The CAFÉCS RPP is a partnership between Chicago Public Schools (CPS), Loyola University Chicago, The Learning Partnership, DePaul University, and University of Illinois at Chicago. Data used in this analysis comes from three years of evaluation data, and includes an analysis of team documents, meeting observations, and interviews with 25 members of the CAFÉCS RPP team. The analysis examines how three problems are being investigated by the partnership: 1) student failure rate in an introductory computer science course, 2) teachers’ limited use of discussion techniques in an introductory computer science class, and 3) computer science teacher retention. Results from the analysis indicate that the RPP engages in a formalized problem-solving cycle. The problem-solving cycle includes the following steps: First, the Office of Computer Science (OCS) identifies a problem. Next, the CAFÉCS team brainstorms and prioritizes hypotheses to test. Next, data analysis clarifies the problem and the research findings are shared and interpreted by the entire team. Finally, the findings are used to inform OCS improvement strategies and next steps for the CAFÉCS research agenda. There are slight variations in the problem-solving cycle, depending on the stage of understanding of the problem, which has implications for the mode of research (e.g hypothesis testing, research and design, continuous improvement, or evaluation).

Adaptive programming and management principles focused on learning, experimentation, and evidence-based decision making are gaining traction with donor agencies and implementing partners in international development. Adaptation calls for using learning to inform adjustments during project implementation. This requires information gathering methods that promote reflection, learning, and adaption, beyond reporting on pre-specified data. A focus on adaptation changes traditional thinking about program cycle. It both erases the boundaries between design, implementation, and evaluation and reframes thinking to consider the complexity of development problems and nonlinear change pathways.Supportive management structures and processes are crucial for fostering adaptive management. Implementers and donors are experimenting with how procurement, contracting, work planning, and reporting can be modified to foster adaptive programming. Well-designed monitoring, evaluation, and learning systems can go beyond meeting accountability and reporting requirements to produce data and learning for evidence-based decision making and adaptive management. It is important to continue experimenting and learning to integrate adaptive programming and management into the operational policies and practices of donor agencies, country partners, and implementers. We need to devote ongoing effort to build the evidence base for the contributions of adaptive management to achieving international development results.

The Realities of Academic Data Sharing (RADS) Initiative’s public-access data management and sharing (DMS) activities are the result of categorizing services and support across the institution that are likely needed to make public access to research data available. The RADS project team categorized these activities by life-cycle phases for public access to research data, and used the activities in RADS surveys of publicly funded campus researchers and institutional administrators whose departments likely provide support in these areas. The result of categorizing and defining these activities not only delineated questions for RADS’s retrospective studies, but, consequently, may also help researchers, administrators, and librarians prepare for upcoming federal and institutional policies requiring access to publicly funded research data. This report presents version 1 of the RADS public access DMS activities. Additional versions are expected to be released as more institutions engage in implementing new federal policies in the coming months. Community engagement and feedback on the RADS DMS activities is critical to (1) validate the activities and (2) parse out the activities, as sharing and refining them will benefit stakeholders interested in meeting new federal open-access and sharing policies.

BioGeoSCAPES (BGS) is an international program being developed to understand controls on ocean productivity and metabolism by integrating systems biology (‘omics) and biogeochemistry (Figure 1). To ensure global input into the design of the BGS Program, countries interested in participating were tasked with holding an organizing meeting to discuss the country-specific research priorities. A United States BGS planning meeting, sponsored by the Ocean Carbon & Biogeochemistry (OCB) Project Office, was convened virtually November 10-12, 2021. The objectives of the meeting were to communicate the planning underway by international partners, engage the US community to explore possible national contributions to such a program, and build understanding, support, and momentum for US efforts towards BGS. The meeting was well-attended, with 154 participants and many fruitful discussions that are summarized in this document. Key outcomes from the meeting were the identification of additional programs and partners for BGS, a prioritization of measurements requiring intercalibration, and the development of a consensus around key considerations to be addressed in a science plan. Looking forward, the hope is that this workshop will serve as the foundation for future US and international discussions and planning for a BGS program, enabled by NSF funding for an AccelNet project (AccelNet - Implementation: Development of an International Network for the Study of Ocean Metabolism and Nutrient Cycles on a Changing Planet (BioGeoSCAPES)), beginning in 2022.

The LBG OIS Center established a new Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) Implementation program aiming at ‘active involving’ public members in research across different phases of the research cycle – from setting the agenda to disseminating results – and its governance. The program offers funding and facilitation of these PPIE activities. The first PPIE pilot call was launched in Autumn 2020. It supports researchers in Austria with up to EUR 60.000 in order to implement their PPIE activities. In addition, the program offers support in the form of consultation, training, knowledge exchange and networking opportunities. One important characteristic of the selection process is the composition of the expert panel, bringing together transdisciplinary expertise from different areas (scientific experts, patients, and students). The expert panel recommended 11 out of 25 PPIE projects for funding (success rate 44%). 45% of the applicants participated in the support offers prior to the call and 52% in the continuing support offer after the call had been closed. Based on our online surveys, overall, participants were very satisfied with the support offers. Learnings of the first call address the eligibility of applicants. In the selection meeting, we found that different understandings of ‘active involvement’ were negotiated among experts. However, this was not a problem due to the open and collaborative atmosphere and mutual learning opportunity for experts. The panel suggested opening the call to non-research bodies, which indicates small changes in the application format – e.g. video and text-based applications in German and English. Despite of small adaptions in the second PPIE Pilot Call 2021, it seems that the funding instrument was appropriate and reflects a low-threshold offering for researchers introducing public involvement activities in their work.

The Association of Research Libraries (ARL)/Canadian Association of Research Libraries (CARL) Joint Task Force on Research Data Services (RDS) formed in 2020 with a two-fold purpose: (1) to demonstrate and commit to the roles research libraries have in stewarding research data and as part of institution-wide research support services and (2) to guide the development of resources for the ARL and CARL memberships in advancing their organizations as collaborative partners with respect to research data services in the context of FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) data principles and the US National Academies’ Open Science by Design framework. Research libraries will be successful in meeting these objectives if they act collectively and are deeply engaged with disciplinary communities. The task force formed three working groups of data practitioners, representing a wealth of expertise, to research the institutional landscape and policy environment in both the US and Canada. This report of the ARL/CARL RDS task force’s working group on partnerships highlights library RDS programs’ work with partners and stakeholders. The report provides a set of tools for libraries to use when assessing their RDS partnerships, including assessing partnerships using a partnership life cycle, defining the continuum of possible partnerships, and creating a catalog. Not all partnerships will last the entirety of a librarian’s career, and having clear parameters for when to continue or sunset a partnership can reduce ambiguity and free up resources. Recognizing the continuum of possible partnerships can provide the framework by which librarians can understand the nature of each group. From cyclical to seasonal to sporadic, understanding the needs of a type of partnership can help libraries frame their understanding and meet a group where they are. Finally, creating a catalog of partnerships can help libraries see the landscape of the organization, as well as areas for growth. This approach also aligns with OCLC’s 2020 report on Social Interoperability in Research Support: Cross-Campus Partnerships and the University Research Enterprise, which highlights the necessity of building and stewarding partnerships. Developing and providing services in a decentralized organization relies on the ability to build trusted relationships. These tools will help libraries achieve sustainable growth that is in concert with their partners, generating robust, clearly aligned initiatives that benefit all parties, their campuses, and their communities.

1.1 Macroeconomic summary Economic recovery has consistently outperformed the technical staff’s expectations following a steep decline in activity in the second quarter of 2020. At the same time, total and core inflation rates have fallen and remain at low levels, suggesting that a significant element of the reactivation of Colombia’s economy has been related to recovery in potential GDP. This would support the technical staff’s diagnosis of weak aggregate demand and ample excess capacity. The most recently available data on 2020 growth suggests a contraction in economic activity of 6.8%, lower than estimates from January’s Monetary Policy Report (-7.2%). High-frequency indicators suggest that economic performance was significantly more dynamic than expected in January, despite mobility restrictions and quarantine measures. This has also come amid declines in total and core inflation, the latter of which was below January projections if controlling for certain relative price changes. This suggests that the unexpected strength of recent growth contains elements of demand, and that excess capacity, while significant, could be lower than previously estimated. Nevertheless, uncertainty over the measurement of excess capacity continues to be unusually high and marked both by variations in the way different economic sectors and spending components have been affected by the pandemic, and by uneven price behavior. The size of excess capacity, and in particular the evolution of the pandemic in forthcoming quarters, constitute substantial risks to the macroeconomic forecast presented in this report. Despite the unexpected strength of the recovery, the technical staff continues to project ample excess capacity that is expected to remain on the forecast horizon, alongside core inflation that will likely remain below the target. Domestic demand remains below 2019 levels amid unusually significant uncertainty over the size of excess capacity in the economy. High national unemployment (14.6% for February 2021) reflects a loose labor market, while observed total and core inflation continue to be below 2%. Inflationary pressures from the exchange rate are expected to continue to be low, with relatively little pass-through on inflation. This would be compatible with a negative output gap. Excess productive capacity and the expectation of core inflation below the 3% target on the forecast horizon provide a basis for an expansive monetary policy posture. The technical staff’s assessment of certain shocks and their expected effects on the economy, as well as the presence of several sources of uncertainty and related assumptions about their potential macroeconomic impacts, remain a feature of this report. The coronavirus pandemic, in particular, continues to affect the public health environment, and the reopening of Colombia’s economy remains incomplete. The technical staff’s assessment is that the COVID-19 shock has affected both aggregate demand and supply, but that the impact on demand has been deeper and more persistent. Given this persistence, the central forecast accounts for a gradual tightening of the output gap in the absence of new waves of contagion, and as vaccination campaigns progress. The central forecast continues to include an expected increase of total and core inflation rates in the second quarter of 2021, alongside the lapse of the temporary price relief measures put in place in 2020. Additional COVID-19 outbreaks (of uncertain duration and intensity) represent a significant risk factor that could affect these projections. Additionally, the forecast continues to include an upward trend in sovereign risk premiums, reflected by higher levels of public debt that in the wake of the pandemic are likely to persist on the forecast horizon, even in the context of a fiscal adjustment. At the same time, the projection accounts for the shortterm effects on private domestic demand from a fiscal adjustment along the lines of the one currently being proposed by the national government. This would be compatible with a gradual recovery of private domestic demand in 2022. The size and characteristics of the fiscal adjustment that is ultimately implemented, as well as the corresponding market response, represent another source of forecast uncertainty. Newly available information offers evidence of the potential for significant changes to the macroeconomic scenario, though without altering the general diagnosis described above. The most recent data on inflation, growth, fiscal policy, and international financial conditions suggests a more dynamic economy than previously expected. However, a third wave of the pandemic has delayed the re-opening of Colombia’s economy and brought with it a deceleration in economic activity. Detailed descriptions of these considerations and subsequent changes to the macroeconomic forecast are presented below. The expected annual decline in GDP (-0.3%) in the first quarter of 2021 appears to have been less pronounced than projected in January (-4.8%). Partial closures in January to address a second wave of COVID-19 appear to have had a less significant negative impact on the economy than previously estimated. This is reflected in figures related to mobility, energy demand, industry and retail sales, foreign trade, commercial transactions from selected banks, and the national statistics agency’s (DANE) economic tracking indicator (ISE). Output is now expected to have declined annually in the first quarter by 0.3%. Private consumption likely continued to recover, registering levels somewhat above those from the previous year, while public consumption likely increased significantly. While a recovery in investment in both housing and in other buildings and structures is expected, overall investment levels in this case likely continued to be low, and gross fixed capital formation is expected to continue to show significant annual declines. Imports likely recovered to again outpace exports, though both are expected to register significant annual declines. Economic activity that outpaced projections, an increase in oil prices and other export products, and an expected increase in public spending this year account for the upward revision to the 2021 growth forecast (from 4.6% with a range between 2% and 6% in January, to 6.0% with a range between 3% and 7% in April). As a result, the output gap is expected to be smaller and to tighten more rapidly than projected in the previous report, though it is still expected to remain in negative territory on the forecast horizon. Wide forecast intervals reflect the fact that the future evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic remains a significant source of uncertainty on these projections. The delay in the recovery of economic activity as a result of the resurgence of COVID-19 in the first quarter appears to have been less significant than projected in the January report. The central forecast scenario expects this improved performance to continue in 2021 alongside increased consumer and business confidence. Low real interest rates and an active credit supply would also support this dynamic, and the overall conditions would be expected to spur a recovery in consumption and investment. Increased growth in public spending and public works based on the national government’s spending plan (Plan Financiero del Gobierno) are other factors to consider. Additionally, an expected recovery in global demand and higher projected prices for oil and coffee would further contribute to improved external revenues and would favor investment, in particular in the oil sector. Given the above, the technical staff’s 2021 growth forecast has been revised upward from 4.6% in January (range from 2% to 6%) to 6.0% in April (range from 3% to 7%). These projections account for the potential for the third wave of COVID-19 to have a larger and more persistent effect on the economy than the previous wave, while also supposing that there will not be any additional significant waves of the pandemic and that mobility restrictions will be relaxed as a result. Economic growth in 2022 is expected to be 3%, with a range between 1% and 5%. This figure would be lower than projected in the January report (3.6% with a range between 2% and 6%), due to a higher base of comparison given the upward revision to expected GDP in 2021. This forecast also takes into account the likely effects on private demand of a fiscal adjustment of the size currently being proposed by the national government, and which would come into effect in 2022. Excess in productive capacity is now expected to be lower than estimated in January but continues to be significant and affected by high levels of uncertainty, as reflected in the wide forecast intervals. The possibility of new waves of the virus (of uncertain intensity and duration) represents a significant downward risk to projected GDP growth, and is signaled by the lower limits of the ranges provided in this report. Inflation (1.51%) and inflation excluding food and regulated items (0.94%) declined in March compared to December, continuing below the 3% target. The decline in inflation in this period was below projections, explained in large part by unanticipated increases in the costs of certain foods (3.92%) and regulated items (1.52%). An increase in international food and shipping prices, increased foreign demand for beef, and specific upward pressures on perishable food supplies appear to explain a lower-than-expected deceleration in the consumer price index (CPI) for foods. An unexpected increase in regulated items prices came amid unanticipated increases in international fuel prices, on some utilities rates, and for regulated education prices. The decline in annual inflation excluding food and regulated items between December and March was in line with projections from January, though this included downward pressure from a significant reduction in telecommunications rates due to the imminent entry of a new operator. When controlling for the effects of this relative price change, inflation excluding food and regulated items exceeds levels forecast in the previous report. Within this indicator of core inflation, the CPI for goods (1.05%) accelerated due to a reversion of the effects of the VAT-free day in November, which was largely accounted for in February, and possibly by the transmission of a recent depreciation of the peso on domestic prices for certain items (electric and household appliances). For their part, services prices decelerated and showed the lowest rate of annual growth (0.89%) among the large consumer baskets in the CPI. Within the services basket, the annual change in rental prices continued to decline, while those services that continue to experience the most significant restrictions on returning to normal operations (tourism, cinemas, nightlife, etc.) continued to register significant price declines. As previously mentioned, telephone rates also fell significantly due to increased competition in the market. Total inflation is expected to continue to be affected by ample excesses in productive capacity for the remainder of 2021 and 2022, though less so than projected in January. As a result, convergence to the inflation target is now expected to be somewhat faster than estimated in the previous report, assuming the absence of significant additional outbreaks of COVID-19. The technical staff’s year-end inflation projections for 2021 and 2022 have increased, suggesting figures around 3% due largely to variation in food and regulated items prices. The projection for inflation excluding food and regulated items also increased, but remains below 3%. Price relief measures on indirect taxes implemented in 2020 are expected to lapse in the second quarter of 2021, generating a one-off effect on prices and temporarily affecting inflation excluding food and regulated items. However, indexation to low levels of past inflation, weak demand, and ample excess productive capacity are expected to keep core inflation below the target, near 2.3% at the end of 2021 (previously 2.1%). The reversion in 2021 of the effects of some price relief measures on utility rates from 2020 should lead to an increase in the CPI for regulated items in the second half of this year. Annual price changes are now expected to be higher than estimated in the January report due to an increased expected path for fuel prices and unanticipated increases in regulated education prices. The projection for the CPI for foods has increased compared to the previous report, taking into account certain factors that were not anticipated in January (a less favorable agricultural cycle, increased pressure from international prices, and transport costs). Given the above, year-end annual inflation for 2021 and 2022 is now expected to be 3% and 2.8%, respectively, which would be above projections from January (2.3% and 2,7%). For its part, expected inflation based on analyst surveys suggests year-end inflation in 2021 and 2022 of 2.8% and 3.1%, respectively. There remains significant uncertainty surrounding the inflation forecasts included in this report due to several factors: 1) the evolution of the pandemic; 2) the difficulty in evaluating the size and persistence of excess productive capacity; 3) the timing and manner in which price relief measures will lapse; and 4) the future behavior of food prices. Projected 2021 growth in foreign demand (4.4% to 5.2%) and the supposed average oil price (USD 53 to USD 61 per Brent benchmark barrel) were both revised upward. An increase in long-term international interest rates has been reflected in a depreciation of the peso and could result in relatively tighter external financial conditions for emerging market economies, including Colombia. Average growth among Colombia’s trade partners was greater than expected in the fourth quarter of 2020. This, together with a sizable fiscal stimulus approved in the United States and the onset of a massive global vaccination campaign, largely explains the projected increase in foreign demand growth in 2021. The resilience of the goods market in the face of global crisis and an expected normalization in international trade are additional factors. These considerations and the expected continuation of a gradual reduction of mobility restrictions abroad suggest that Colombia’s trade partners could grow on average by 5.2% in 2021 and around 3.4% in 2022. The improved prospects for global economic growth have led to an increase in current and expected oil prices. Production interruptions due to a heavy winter, reduced inventories, and increased supply restrictions instituted by producing countries have also contributed to the increase. Meanwhile, market forecasts and recent Federal Reserve pronouncements suggest that the benchmark interest rate in the U.S. will remain stable for the next two years. Nevertheless, a significant increase in public spending in the country has fostered expectations for greater growth and inflation, as well as increased uncertainty over the moment in which a normalization of monetary policy might begin. This has been reflected in an increase in long-term interest rates. In this context, emerging market economies in the region, including Colombia, have registered increases in sovereign risk premiums and long-term domestic interest rates, and a depreciation of local currencies against the dollar. Recent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several of these economies; limits on vaccine supply and the slow pace of immunization campaigns in some countries; a significant increase in public debt; and tensions between the United States and China, among other factors, all add to a high level of uncertainty surrounding interest rate spreads, external financing conditions, and the future performance of risk premiums. The impact that this environment could have on the exchange rate and on domestic financing conditions represent risks to the macroeconomic and monetary policy forecasts. Domestic financial conditions continue to favor recovery in economic activity. The transmission of reductions to the policy interest rate on credit rates has been significant. The banking portfolio continues to recover amid circumstances that have affected both the supply and demand for loans, and in which some credit risks have materialized. Preferential and ordinary commercial interest rates have fallen to a similar degree as the benchmark interest rate. As is generally the case, this transmission has come at a slower pace for consumer credit rates, and has been further delayed in the case of mortgage rates. Commercial credit levels stabilized above pre-pandemic levels in March, following an increase resulting from significant liquidity requirements for businesses in the second quarter of 2020. The consumer credit portfolio continued to recover and has now surpassed February 2020 levels, though overall growth in the portfolio remains low. At the same time, portfolio projections and default indicators have increased, and credit establishment earnings have come down. Despite this, credit disbursements continue to recover and solvency indicators remain well above regulatory minimums. 1.2 Monetary policy decision In its meetings in March and April the BDBR left the benchmark interest rate unchanged at 1.75%.

Macroeconomic summary Annual inflation continued to rise in the first quarter (8.5%) and again outpaced both market expectations and the technical staff’s projections. Inflation in major consumer price index (CPI) baskets has accelerated year-to-date, rising in March at an annual rate above 3%. Food prices (25.4%) continued to contribute most to rising inflation, mainly affected by a deterioration in external supply and rising costs of agricultural inputs. Increases in transportation prices and in some utility rates (energy and gas) can explain the acceleration in regulated items prices (8.3%). For its part, the increase in inflation excluding food and regulated items (4.5%) would be the result of shocks in supply and external costs that have been more persistent than expected, the effects of indexation, accumulated inflationary pressures from the exchange rate, and a faster-than-anticipated tightening of excess productive capacity. Within the basket excluding food and regulated items, external inflationary pressures have meaningfully impacted on goods prices (6.4%), which have been accelerating since the last quarter of 2021. Annual growth in services prices (3.8%) above the target rate is due primarily to food away from home (14.1%), which was affected by significant increases in food and utilities prices and by a rise in the legal monthly minimum wage. Housing rentals and other services prices also increased, though at rates below 3%. Forecast and expected inflation have increased and remain above the target rate, partly due to external pressures (prices and costs) that have been more persistent than projected in the January report (Graphs 1.1 and 1.2). Russia’s invasion of Ukraine accentuated inflationary pressures, particularly on international prices for certain agricultural goods and inputs, energy, and oil. The current inflation projection assumes international food prices will increase through the middle of this year, then remain high and relatively stable for the remainder of 2022. Recovery in the perishable food supply is forecast to be less dynamic than previously anticipated due to high agricultural input prices. Oil prices should begin to recede starting in the second half of the year, but from higher levels than those presented in the previous report. Given the above, higher forecast inflation could accentuate indexation effects and increase inflation expectations. The reversion of a rebate on value-added tax (VAT) applied to cleaning and hygiene products, alongside the end of Colombia’s COVID-19 health emergency, could increase the prices of those goods. The elimination of excess productive capacity on the forecast horizon, with an output gap close to zero and somewhat higher than projected in January, is another factor to consider. As a consequence, annual inflation is expected to remain at high levels through June. Inflation should then decline, though at a slower pace than projected in the previous report. The adjustment process of the monetary policy rate wouldcontribute to pushing inflation and its expectations toward the target on the forecast horizon. Year-end inflation for 2022 is expected to be around 7.1%, declining to 4.8% in 2023. Economic activity again outperformed expectations. The technical staff’s growth forecast for 2022 has been revised upward from 4.3% to 5% (Graph 1.3). Output increased more than expected in annual terms in the fourth quarter of 2021 (10.7%), driven by domestic demand that came primarily because of private consumption above pre-pandemic levels. Investment also registered a significant recovery without returning to 2019 levels and with mixed performance by component. The trade deficit increased, with significant growth in imports similar to that for exports. The economic tracking indicator (ISE) for January and February suggested that firstquarter output would be higher than previously expected and that the positive demand shock observed at the end of 2021 could be fading slower than anticipated. Imports in consumer goods, retail sales figures, real restaurant and hotel income, and credit card purchases suggest that household spending continues to be dynamic, with levels similar to those registered at the end of 2021. Project launch and housing starts figures and capital goods import data suggest that investment also continues to recover but would remain below pre-pandemic levels. Consumption growth is expected to decelerate over the year from high levels reached over the last two quarters. This would come amid tighter domestic and external financial conditions, the exhaustion of suppressed demand, and a deterioration of available household income due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue to recover, while the trade deficit should tighten alongside high oil and other export commodity prices. Given all of the above, first-quarter economic growth is now expected to be 7.2% (previously 5.2%) and 5.0% for 2022 as a whole (previously 4.3%). Output growth would continue to moderate in 2023 (2.9%, previously 3.1%), converging similar to long-term rates. The technical staff’s revised projections suggest that the output gap would remain at levels close to zero on the forecast horizon but be tighter than forecast in January (Graph 1.4). These estimates continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with geopolitical tensions, external financial conditions, Colombia’s electoral cycle, and the COVID-19 pandemic. External demand is now projected to grow at a slower pace than previously expected amid increased global inflationary pressures, high oil prices, and tighter international financial conditions than forecast in January. The Russian invasion of Ukraine and its inflationary effects on prices for oil and certain agricultural goods and inputs accentuated existing global inflationary pressures originating in supply restrictions and increased international costs. A decline in the supply of Russian oil, low inventory levels, and continued production limits on behalf of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies (OPEC+) can explain increased projected oil prices for 2022 (USD 100.8/barrel, previously USD 75.3) and 2023 (USD 86.8/barrel, previously USD 71.2). The forecast trajectory for the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate has increased for this and next year to reflect higher real and expected inflation and positive performance in the labormarket and economic activity. The normalization of monetary policy in various developed and emerging market economies, more persistent supply and cost shocks, and outbreaks of COVID-19 in some Asian countries contributed to a reduction in the average growth outlook for Colombia’s trade partners for 2022 (2.8%, previously 3.3%) and 2023 (2.4%, previously 2.6%). In this context, the projected path for Colombia’s risk premium increased, partly due to increased geopolitical global tensions, less expansionary monetary policy in the United States, an increase in perceived risk for emerging markets, and domestic factors such as accumulated macroeconomic imbalances and political uncertainty. Given all the above, external financial conditions are tighter than projected in January report. External forecasts and their impact on Colombia’s macroeconomic scenario continue to be affected by considerable uncertainty, given the unpredictability of both the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the pandemic. The current macroeconomic scenario, characterized by high real inflation levels, forecast and expected inflation above 3%, and an output gap close to zero, suggests an increased risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored. This scenario offers very limited space for expansionary monetary policy. Domestic demand has been more dynamic than projected in the January report and excess productive capacity would have tightened more quickly than anticipated. Headline and core inflation rose above expectations, reflecting more persistent and important external shocks on supply and costs. The Russian invasion of Ukraine accentuated supply restrictions and pressures on international costs. This partly explains the increase in the inflation forecast trajectory to levels above the target in the next two years. Inflation expectations increased again and are above 3%. All of this increased the risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored and could generate indexation effects that move inflation still further from the target rate. This macroeconomic context also implies reduced space for expansionary monetary policy. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) continues to adjust its monetary policy. In its meetings both in March and April of 2022, it decided by majority to increase the monetary policy rate by 100 basis points, bringing it to 6.0% (Graph 1.5).