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Journal articles on the topic 'Megaherbivores'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Faith, J. Tyler, John Rowan, Andrew Du, and Paul L. Koch. "Plio-Pleistocene decline of African megaherbivores: No evidence for ancient hominin impacts." Science 362, no. 6417 (2018): 938–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2728.

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It has long been proposed that pre-modern hominin impacts drove extinctions and shaped the evolutionary history of Africa’s exceptionally diverse large mammal communities, but this hypothesis has yet to be rigorously tested. We analyzed eastern African herbivore communities spanning the past 7 million years—encompassing the entirety of hominin evolutionary history—to test the hypothesis that top-down impacts of tool-bearing, meat-eating hominins contributed to the demise of megaherbivores prior to the emergence ofHomo sapiens. We document a steady, long-term decline of megaherbivores beginning

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2

Laverty, Theresa M., and Joel Berger. "Indirect effects of African megaherbivore conservation on bat diversity in the world's oldest desert." Conservation Biology 36, no. 2 (2022): e13780. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13452258.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) In extreme environments, temperature and precipitation are often the main forces responsible for structuring ecological communities and species distributions. The role of biotic interactions is typically thought to be minimal. By clustering around rare and isolated features, like surface water, however, effects of herbivory by desert-dwelling wildlife can be amplified. Understanding how species interact in these environments is critical to safeguarding vulnerable or data-deficient species. We examined whether African elephants (Loxodonta afric

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3

Laverty, Theresa M., and Joel Berger. "Indirect effects of African megaherbivore conservation on bat diversity in the world's oldest desert." Conservation Biology 36, no. 2 (2022): e13780. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13452258.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) In extreme environments, temperature and precipitation are often the main forces responsible for structuring ecological communities and species distributions. The role of biotic interactions is typically thought to be minimal. By clustering around rare and isolated features, like surface water, however, effects of herbivory by desert-dwelling wildlife can be amplified. Understanding how species interact in these environments is critical to safeguarding vulnerable or data-deficient species. We examined whether African elephants (Loxodonta afric

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4

Laverty, Theresa M., and Joel Berger. "Indirect effects of African megaherbivore conservation on bat diversity in the world's oldest desert." Conservation Biology 36, no. 2 (2022): e13780. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13452258.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) In extreme environments, temperature and precipitation are often the main forces responsible for structuring ecological communities and species distributions. The role of biotic interactions is typically thought to be minimal. By clustering around rare and isolated features, like surface water, however, effects of herbivory by desert-dwelling wildlife can be amplified. Understanding how species interact in these environments is critical to safeguarding vulnerable or data-deficient species. We examined whether African elephants (Loxodonta afric

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5

Laverty, Theresa M., and Joel Berger. "Indirect effects of African megaherbivore conservation on bat diversity in the world's oldest desert." Conservation Biology 36, no. 2 (2022): e13780. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13452258.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) In extreme environments, temperature and precipitation are often the main forces responsible for structuring ecological communities and species distributions. The role of biotic interactions is typically thought to be minimal. By clustering around rare and isolated features, like surface water, however, effects of herbivory by desert-dwelling wildlife can be amplified. Understanding how species interact in these environments is critical to safeguarding vulnerable or data-deficient species. We examined whether African elephants (Loxodonta afric

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6

Laverty, Theresa M., and Joel Berger. "Indirect effects of African megaherbivore conservation on bat diversity in the world's oldest desert." Conservation Biology 36, no. 2 (2022): e13780. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13452258.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) In extreme environments, temperature and precipitation are often the main forces responsible for structuring ecological communities and species distributions. The role of biotic interactions is typically thought to be minimal. By clustering around rare and isolated features, like surface water, however, effects of herbivory by desert-dwelling wildlife can be amplified. Understanding how species interact in these environments is critical to safeguarding vulnerable or data-deficient species. We examined whether African elephants (Loxodonta afric

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7

Van Valkenburgh, Blaire, Matthew W. Hayward, William J. Ripple, Carlo Meloro, and V. Louise Roth. "The impact of large terrestrial carnivores on Pleistocene ecosystems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 4 (2015): 862–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502554112.

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Large mammalian terrestrial herbivores, such as elephants, have dramatic effects on the ecosystems they inhabit and at high population densities their environmental impacts can be devastating. Pleistocene terrestrial ecosystems included a much greater diversity of megaherbivores (e.g., mammoths, mastodons, giant ground sloths) and thus a greater potential for widespread habitat degradation if population sizes were not limited. Nevertheless, based on modern observations, it is generally believed that populations of megaherbivores (>800 kg) are largely immune to the effects of predation and t

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8

Owen-Smith, Norman. "Pleistocene extinctions: the pivotal role of megaherbivores." Paleobiology 13, no. 3 (1987): 351–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300008927.

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Two alternative hypotheses have been advanced to explain the demise of about half of the mammalian genera exceeding 5 kg in body mass in the later Pleistocene. One hypothesis invokes climatic change and resulting habitat transformations. This fails to predict the increased likelihood of extinctions with increasing body size, greater severity in both North and South America than in Eurasia or Australia, lack of simultaneous extinctions in Africa and tropical Asia, and the absence of extinctions at the end of previous glacial periods. The other hypothesis invokes human predation as the primary c

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9

Davis, Owen K. "Spores of the Dung Fungus Sporormiella: Increased Abundance in Historic Sediments and Before Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction." Quaternary Research 28, no. 2 (1987): 290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90067-6.

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AbstractSpores of the dung fungus Sporormiella become abundant following the historic introduction of grazing herbivores at seven sites in the western United States. During the Holocene they are generally rare, but at six sites Sporormiella spores are abundant before the extinction of Pleistocene megaherbivores ca. 11,000 yr B.P. Sporormiella spores are directly linked to extinct megaherbivores by their presence in mammoth dung preserved in Bechan Cave, Southern Utah. Their abundance in late-glacial sediments may reflect the abundance of megaherbivores during Quaternary, thereby indicating the

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10

Sekar, Nitin, and Raman Sukumar. "The Asian elephant is amongst the top three frugivores of two tree species with easily edible fruit." Journal of Tropical Ecology 31, no. 5 (2015): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467415000346.

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Abstract:Large animal species are prone to local extirpation, but ecologists cannot yet predict how the loss of megaherbivores affects ecosystem processes such as seed dispersal. Few studies have compared the quantity and quality of seed dispersal by megaherbivores versus alternative frugivores in the wild, particularly for plant species with fruit easily consumed by many frugivorous species. In a disturbed tropical moist forest in India, we examine whether megaherbivores are a major frugivore of two tree species with easily edible, mammal-dispersed fruit. We quantify the relative fruit remova

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11

Buckley, Yvonne M., and Andrew Torsney. "When function, not origin, matters." Science 383, no. 6682 (2024): 478–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adn4126.

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12

WEIGL, PETER D., and TRAVIS W. KNOWLES. "Megaherbivores and Southern Appalachian Grass Balds." Growth and Change 26, no. 3 (1995): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2257.1995.tb00176.x.

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13

Pringle, Robert M. "Ecology: Megaherbivores Homogenize the Landscape of Fear." Current Biology 28, no. 15 (2018): R835—R837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.050.

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14

Deng, Tao, Xiaoming Wang, Mikael Fortelius, et al. "Out of Tibet: Pliocene Woolly Rhino Suggests High-Plateau Origin of Ice Age Megaherbivores." Science 333, no. 6047 (2011): 1285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1206594.

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Ice Age megafauna have long been known to be associated with global cooling during the Pleistocene, and their adaptations to cold environments, such as large body size, long hair, and snow-sweeping structures, are best exemplified by the woolly mammoths and woolly rhinos. These traits were assumed to have evolved as a response to the ice sheet expansion. We report a new Pliocene mammal assemblage from a high-altitude basin in the western Himalayas, including a primitive woolly rhino. These new Tibetan fossils suggest that some megaherbivores first evolved in Tibet before the beginning of the I

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15

Aragones, Lemnuel, and Helene Marsh. "Impact of Dugong grazing and turtle cropping on tropical seagrass communities." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 4 (1999): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000277.

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The impact of grazing by two megaherbivores, the Dugong Dugong dugon and the Green Turtle Chelonia mydas on the community structure of intertidal seagrasses was investigated experimentally over two time frames (shorterterm: 1?4 months; longer-term: 10 and 13 months), at three levels of grazing intensity (leaf cropping, light grazing, intensive grazing), at two seagrass meadows in tropical Queensland, Australia: (1) a mixed species bed of Zostera capricorni, Halophila ovalis, Halodule uninervis, Cymodocea rotundata and Cymodocea serrulata, and (2) a monospecific bed of Halodule uninervis, From

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16

Bhatt, Pragya, Narendra M.B. Pradhan, and Per Wegge. "Seed dispersal by megaherbivores: do Asian elephants disperse Mallotus philippinensis, a main food tree in northern India and Nepal?" Journal of Natural History 45, no. 15-16 (2011): 915–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.538088.

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Bhatt, Pragya, Pradhan, Narendra M.B., Wegge, Per (2011): Seed dispersal by megaherbivores: do Asian elephants disperse Mallotus philippinensis, a main food tree in northern India and Nepal? Journal of Natural History 45 (15-16): 915-921, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.538088, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.538088

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17

Button, David J., Emily J. Rayfield, and Paul M. Barrett. "Cranial biomechanics underpins high sauropod diversity in resource-poor environments." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1795 (2014): 20142114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2114.

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High megaherbivore species richness is documented in both fossil and contemporary ecosystems despite their high individual energy requirements. An extreme example of this is the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation, which was dominated by sauropod dinosaurs, the largest known terrestrial vertebrates. High sauropod diversity within the resource-limited Morrison is paradoxical, but might be explicable through sophisticated resource partitioning. This hypothesis was tested through finite-element analysis of the crania of the Morrison taxa Camarasaurus and Diplodocus . Results demonstrate divergent sp

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18

Britzius, Sarah, and Frank Sirocko. "Vegetation Dynamics and Megaherbivore Presence of MIS 3 Stadials and Interstadials 10–8 Obtained from a Sediment Core from Auel Infilled Maar, Eifel, Germany." Quaternary 6, no. 3 (2023): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat6030044.

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We present a record of pollen and spores of coprophilous fungi from a sediment core from Auel infilled maar, Eifel, Germany, covering the period from 42,000 to 36,000 yr b2k. We can show that vegetation cover was dominated by a boreal forest with components of steppe and cold-temperate wood taxa. The proportion of wood taxa was higher during interstadials, whereas steppe-vegetation became more prominent during stadials. During Heinrich stadial 4, temperate taxa are mostly absent. Spores of coprophilous fungi show that megaherbivores were continuously present, albeit in a larger number during s

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19

Burns, K. C. "Are there general patterns in plant defence against megaherbivores?" Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 111, no. 1 (2013): 38–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12181.

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20

Fritz, Hervé, Patrick Duncan, Iain J. Gordon, and Andrew W. Illius. "Megaherbivores influence trophic guilds structure in African ungulate communities." Oecologia 131, no. 4 (2002): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-002-0919-3.

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21

Freeman, Patrick T., Robert O. Ang’ila, Duncan Kimuyu, et al. "Gradients in the Diversity of Plants and Large Herbivores Revealed with DNA Barcoding in a Semi-Arid African Savanna." Diversity 14, no. 3 (2022): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14030219.

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Do hotspots of plant biodiversity translate into hotspots in the abundance and diversity of large mammalian herbivores? A common expectation in community ecology is that the diversity of plants and animals should be positively correlated in space, as with the latitudinal diversity gradient and the geographic mosaic of biodiversity. Whether this pattern ‘scales down’ to landscape-level linkages between the diversity of plants or the activities of highly mobile megafauna has received less attention. We investigated spatial associations between plants and large herbivores by integrating data from

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22

Leader-Williams, N., and R. N. Owen-Smith. "Megaherbivores: The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology." Journal of Animal Ecology 59, no. 1 (1990): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/5184.

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23

Christianen, Marjolijn J. A., Fee O. H. Smulders, M. Sabine Engel, et al. "Megaherbivores may impact expansion of invasive seagrass in the Caribbean." Journal of Ecology 107, no. 1 (2018): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13021.

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24

Loveridge, John P., and Stein R. Moe. "Termitaria as browsing hotspots for African megaherbivores in miombo woodland." Journal of Tropical Ecology 20, no. 3 (2004): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467403001202.

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Thirteen termite mounds and 13 similar-sized control plots were surveyed in central Zimbabwe in order to study large mammalian browsing and vegetation characteristics. The mounds supported almost twice as many tree species as the control plots and the woody vegetation was denser on mounds compared with the woodland plots. Species of woody plants were recorded along with the percentage of branches browsed (cumulative browsing score) by black rhino, Diceros bicornis, elephant, Loxodonta africana and other browsers combined. In addition we measured how the cumulative browsing score on three woody

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25

Coe, Malcolm. "Megaherbivores: The influence of very large body size on ecology." Biological Conservation 53, no. 1 (1990): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(90)90068-z.

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26

Axmanová, Irena, Jan Robovský, Lubomír Tichý, et al. "Habitats of Pleistocene megaherbivores reconstructed from the frozen fauna remains." Ecography 43, no. 5 (2020): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.04940.

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27

Albon, S. D. "Megaherbivores: The influence of very large body size on ecology." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4, no. 10 (1989): 320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(89)90043-8.

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28

Daschek, Éva J. "Rhinoceros exploitation at Érd (Hungary). What a place for the megaherbivores in the Neanderthal diet in Hungary?" Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 56 (December 2021): 13–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/00015229aac.21.002.15343.

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The Hungarian Transdanubian site of Érd, where a Mousterian industry and abundant osteological material were discovered in the early 1960s is well known to prehistorians. The remains of megaherbivores (Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis) are re-examined here under the taphonomic and archaeozoological components in order to complete the Hungarian and European s.l. data and reassess the potential exploitation of these two pachyderms in the Neanderthal diet and economy. The cut marks, the intense activity of carnivores/hyenas and the skeletal profiles indicate a mixed origin of the ca

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29

Ngugi, Mary W., Duncan M. Kimuyu, Ryan L. Sensenig, et al. "Fire and Herbivory Interactively Suppress the Survival and Growth of Trees in an African Semiarid Savanna." Fire 5, no. 5 (2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire5050169.

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There has been a long-standing interest in understanding how interactions between fire and herbivory influence woody vegetation dynamics in savanna ecosystems. However, controlled, replicated experiments examining how different fire regimes interact with different herbivore groups are rare. We tested the effects of single and repeated burns, crossed with six replicated herbivore treatments, on the mortality and growth of woody vegetation in the Kenya Long-term Exclosure Experiment plots located in a semi-arid savanna system in central Kenya. Burned plots experienced higher tree mortality overa

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30

Kinga, Geoffrey W., John Mironga, and Wilfred O. Odadi. "Analysis of the Spatial Relationship between Cattle and Wild Ungulates across Different Land-Use Systems in a Tropical Savanna Landscape." International Journal of Ecology 2018 (2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2072617.

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In many African savanna landscapes, domestic and wild herbivores cooccur across different land-use systems, but the role of land-use in shaping their spatial relationship is poorly understood. We evaluated the spatial relationship between cattle and wild herbivores categorized by body sizes and feeding habits across different land-use types, namely, private ranches (PR), transitional lands (TRL), and pastoral grazing areas (PGA), in Laikipia County, Kenya. Cattle and wild herbivores spatial distribution data were obtained from Kenya’s Department of Resources Survey and Remote Sensing (DRSRS).

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31

Scherler, Laureline, Thomas Tütken, and Damien Becker. "Carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions of late Pleistocene mammal teeth from dolines of Ajoie (Northwestern Switzerland)." Quaternary Research 82, no. 2 (2014): 378–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2014.05.004.

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AbstractFossils of megaherbivores from eight late Pleistocene 14C- and OSL-dated doline infillings of Ajoie (NW Switzerland) were discovered along the Transjurane highway in the Swiss Jura. Carbon and oxygen analyses of enamel were performed on forty-six teeth of large mammals (Equus germanicus, Mammuthus primigenius, Coelodonta antiquitatis, and Bison priscus), coming from one doline in Boncourt (~ 80 ka, marine oxygen isotope stage MIS5a) and seven in Courtedoux (51–27 ka, late MIS3), in order to reconstruct the paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental conditions of the region. Similar enamel δ1

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32

Muttoni, Giovanni, Giancarlo Scardia, Vesna Dimitrijević, et al. "Age of Mammuthus trogontherii from Kostolac, Serbia, and the entry of megaherbivores into Europe during the Late Matuyama climate revolution." Quaternary Research 84, no. 3 (2015): 439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2015.09.001.

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At the Drmno open-pit coal mine near Kostolac in Serbia, a nearly complete skeleton of Mammuthus trogontherii (nicknamed Vika) was discovered in a fluvial deposit overlain by a loess–paleosol sequence where a second paleontological level named Nosak with remains of M. trogontherii was found. We studied the magnetostratigraphy of the Kostolac sedimentary sequence and found that the Vika layer dates to ~ 0.8 Ma, shortly before the Brunhes–Matuyama boundary. In addition, according to our age model and previously reported optically stimulated luminescence and electron spin resonance dates, the Nos

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33

Ben-Dor, Miki, and Ran Barkai. "The Evolution of Paleolithic Hunting Weapons: A Response to Declining Prey Size." Quaternary 6, no. 3 (2023): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat6030046.

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This paper examines the hypothesis that changes in hunting weapons during the Paleolithic were a direct response to a progressive decline in prey size. The study builds upon a unified hypothesis that explains Paleolithic human evolutionary and behavioral/cultural phenomena, including improved cognitive capabilities, as adaptations to mitigate declined energetic returns due to a decline in prey size. Five selected case studies in Africa and Europe were analyzed to test this hypothesis, focusing on the relative presence of megaherbivores (>1000 kg) in the transition between the Acheulean/Earl

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34

Zavada, Michael S., and Michael T. Mentis. "Plant-animal Interaction: The Effect of Permian Megaherbivores on the Glossopterid Flora." American Midland Naturalist 127, no. 1 (1992): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2426316.

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35

Hansford, James P., Adrian M. Lister, Eleanor M. Weston, and Samuel T. Turvey. "Simultaneous extinction of Madagascar's megaherbivores correlates with late Holocene human-caused landscape transformation." Quaternary Science Reviews 263 (July 2021): 106996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106996.

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36

Hrabar, Halszka, and Johan T. du Toit. "Interactions between megaherbivores and microherbivores: elephant browsing reduces host plant quality for caterpillars." Ecosphere 5, no. 1 (2014): art7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/es13-00173.1.

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37

Johnson, Chris N., Susan Rule, Simon G. Haberle, Chris S. M. Turney, A. Peter Kershaw, and Barry W. Brook. "Using dung fungi to interpret decline and extinction of megaherbivores: problems and solutions." Quaternary Science Reviews 110 (February 2015): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.011.

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38

Sitters, Judith, Duncan M. Kimuyu, Truman P. Young, Philippe Claeys, and Harry Olde Venterink. "Negative effects of cattle on soil carbon and nutrient pools reversed by megaherbivores." Nature Sustainability 3, no. 5 (2020): 360–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0490-0.

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39

Porensky, Lauren M., Solveig Franziska Bucher, Kari E. Veblen, Anna C. Treydte, and Truman P. Young. "Megaherbivores and cattle alter edge effects around ecosystem hotspots in an African savanna." Journal of Arid Environments 96 (September 2013): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2013.04.003.

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40

Perrotti, Angelina G., and Eline van Asperen. "Dung fungi as a proxy for megaherbivores: opportunities and limitations for archaeological applications." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 28, no. 1 (2018): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-018-0686-7.

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41

Mead, Jim I., and Larry D. Agenbroad. "Isotope Dating of Pleistocene Dung Deposits From the Colorado Plateau, Arizona and Utah." Radiocarbon 34, no. 1 (1992): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200013370.

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Identified dung and keratinous remains of large mammals are considered the most reliable materials to 14C date, when the initial question includes the application of the date to the time of local extirpation and extinction. The Colorado Plateau provides a unique preservation habitat (desiccation), found in greater abundance of deposits than anywhere else in North America. We review 20 localities from the Colorado Plateau that contain dung of megaherbivores. Seven species of herbivores were identified utilizing dung: Bison (bison), Equus (horse), “Euceratherium“ (shrubox), Mammuthus (mammoth),

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42

Hansen, Dennis M. "Non-native megaherbivores: the case for novel function to manage plant invasions on islands." AoB Plants 7 (2015): plv085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plv085.

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43

Wood, Jamie R., and Janet M. Wilmshurst. "Changes in New Zealand forest plant communities following the prehistoric extinction of avian megaherbivores." Journal of Vegetation Science 28, no. 1 (2016): 160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12469.

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44

Geist, Valerius. "Megaherbivores. The Influence of Very Large Body Size on Ecology. R. Norman Owen-Smith." Quarterly Review of Biology 64, no. 4 (1989): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/416537.

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45

Mukherjee, Tanoy, Lalit Kumar Sharma, Mukesh Thakur, Goutam Kumar Saha, and Kailash Chandra. "Changing landscape configuration demands ecological planning: Retrospect and prospect for megaherbivores of North Bengal." PLOS ONE 14, no. 12 (2019): e0225398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225398.

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46

le Roux, Elizabeth, Graham I. H. Kerley, and Joris P. G. M. Cromsigt. "Megaherbivores Modify Trophic Cascades Triggered by Fear of Predation in an African Savanna Ecosystem." Current Biology 28, no. 15 (2018): 2493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.088.

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47

Marston, Christopher G., David M. Wilkinson, Matt Sponheimer, Daryl Codron, Jacqui Codron, and Hannah J. O’Regan. "‘Remote’ behavioural ecology: do megaherbivores consume vegetation in proportion to its presence in the landscape?" PeerJ 8 (February 19, 2020): e8622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8622.

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Examination of the feeding habits of mammalian species such as the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) that range over large seasonally dynamic areas is exceptionally challenging using field-based methods alone. Although much is known of their feeding preferences from field studies, conclusions, especially in relation to differing habits in wet and dry seasons, are often contradictory. Here, two remote approaches, stable carbon isotope analysis and remote sensing, were combined to investigate dietary changes in relation to tree and grass abundances to better understand elephant dietary choic

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Smit, Izak P. J., Marietjie Landman, Richard M. Cowling, and Angela Gaylard. "Expert-derived monitoring thresholds for impacts of megaherbivores on vegetation cover in a protected area." Journal of Environmental Management 177 (July 2016): 298–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.018.

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Kimuyu, Duncan M., Kari E. Veblen, Corinna Riginos, Robert M. Chira, John M. Githaiga, and Truman P. Young. "Influence of cattle on browsing and grazing wildlife varies with rainfall and presence of megaherbivores." Ecological Applications 27, no. 3 (2017): 786–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eap.1482.

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Fritz, Herve. "Low ungulate biomass in west African savannas: primary production or missing megaherbivores or large predator species?" Ecography 20, no. 4 (1997): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00387.x.

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