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Journal articles on the topic 'Megalithic monuments'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Sánchez-Quinto, Federico, Helena Malmström, Magdalena Fraser, Linus Girdland-Flink, Emma M. Svensson, Luciana G. Simões, Robert George, et al. "Megalithic tombs in western and northern Neolithic Europe were linked to a kindred society." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 19 (April 15, 2019): 9469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818037116.

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Paleogenomic and archaeological studies show that Neolithic lifeways spread from the Fertile Crescent into Europe around 9000 BCE, reaching northwestern Europe by 4000 BCE. Starting around 4500 BCE, a new phenomenon of constructing megalithic monuments, particularly for funerary practices, emerged along the Atlantic façade. While it has been suggested that the emergence of megaliths was associated with the territories of farming communities, the origin and social structure of the groups that erected them has remained largely unknown. We generated genome sequence data from human remains, corresponding to 24 individuals from five megalithic burial sites, encompassing the widespread tradition of megalithic construction in northern and western Europe, and analyzed our results in relation to the existing European paleogenomic data. The various individuals buried in megaliths show genetic affinities with local farming groups within their different chronological contexts. Individuals buried in megaliths display (past) admixture with local hunter-gatherers, similar to that seen in other Neolithic individuals in Europe. In relation to the tomb populations, we find significantly more males than females buried in the megaliths of the British Isles. The genetic data show close kin relationships among the individuals buried within the megaliths, and for the Irish megaliths, we found a kin relation between individuals buried in different megaliths. We also see paternal continuity through time, including the same Y-chromosome haplotypes reoccurring. These observations suggest that the investigated funerary monuments were associated with patrilineal kindred groups. Our genomic investigation provides insight into the people associated with this long-standing megalith funerary tradition, including their social dynamics.

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Boado, Felipe Criado, and Ramon Fabregas Valcarce. "The megalithic phenomenon of northwest Spain: main trends." Antiquity 63, no. 241 (December 1989): 682–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00076821.

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What is one to do with megaliths, now that their classification into evolutionary sequences – the mainstay of megalithic study over so many years – seems to offer insufficient insights? Yet in some regions of Europe the great stone monuments provide the major physical evidence from their period. Here is a study of one of the megalithic zones, which seeks to find new insights by asking new kinds of questions.

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3

Krzemińska, Alicja Edyta, Anna Dzikowska, Anna Danuta Zaręba, Katarzyna Rozalia Jarosz, Krzysztof Widawski, and Janusz Stanisław Łach. "The Significance of Megalithic Monuments in the Process of Place Identity Creation and in Tourism Development." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (September 18, 2018): 504–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0040.

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Abstract All over the world and for thousands of years, megaliths have been significant cultural elements, as well as sacred sites and places of power. Nowadays megaliths act as a strong magnet for tourists, who appreciate their history, esoterica and magic. Some megaliths were used for astronomical observations, so vital to maintain the continuity of harvest and crop. Other megalithic constructions were erected for funerary purposes, and served as individual or collective burial chambers. Megalithic structures are usually referred to as belonging to the European Neolithic but it has to be stressed that some megalithic constructions date back to the Bronze Age, and some were also built on other continents. Megaliths are a vital element of landscape and for historical reasons they are a sui generis monument, commemorating prehistorical cultures. At the same time, along with the remaining elements of the natural and cultural environment, they create a unique image of place identity, attracting large numbers of tourists. Interestingly, despite the strong attraction exercised by megaliths, there are still many places where tourism does not develop as rapidly as might be assumed. For the above-mentioned reasons, a comparative analysis of several megalithic sites has been conducted in Poland, Sweden, Portugal and Denmark. The following elements have been analysed: the megaliths immediate surroundings, the existing and planned or under-construction tourist and communication infrastructure, as well as architectural and spatial technical solutions and development. Also the key negative and positive elements have been defined which influence the tourist potential of the places in question, and constitute the tourism attractiveness factors of a region.

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Matuszewska, Agnieszka, and Marek Schiller. "Is It Just the Location? Visibility Analyses of the West Pomeranian Megaliths of the Funnel Beaker Culture." Open Archaeology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 402–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0236.

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Abstract The article attempts to apply visibility analyses to megalithic tombs of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Pyrzyce Plain in north-western Poland. The analyses were carried out on 23 megalithic monuments in order to answer the questions whether the sites chosen by the builders of the Funnel Beaker Culture for the construction of their monumental megalithic tombs were optimal in terms of visibility and whether there is evidence that the megalithic cemeteries may have been constructed with the aim of establishing visual contact with each other and between settlements. Visibility analyses were carried out on a hypothetical landscape model that did not include flora such as forests, grasses or other obstacles in the terrain other than relief, in order to simulate an “open” landscape type. The estimation of parameters such as the visibility and discernibility of megalithic tombs proved that the builders of the Funnel Beaker Culture may indeed have chosen terrain-exposed sites for megaliths. However, other sites have been found that seem to be much more optimal in terms of visibility and terrain exposure than the present ones. Visibility analyses of megalithic cemeteries among themselves did not reveal significant “chains” of visual connections, even though they were located in exposed landscape areas. Investigations of the visual connections between megalithic cemeteries and known settlements of the Funnel Beaker Culture suggested possible visual contacts. The results of these analyses might suggest that a visual connection between cemeteries and settlements could be crucial for the megalithic builders, while it could be almost completely irrelevant between cemeteries.

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Roughley, Corinne, Andrew Sherratt, and Colin Shell. "Past records, new views: Carnac 1830–2000." Antiquity 76, no. 291 (March 2002): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00090013.

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The megalithic monuments of Carnac, Brittany, in the Département of the Morbihan, are amongst the most farnous in France. indeed in the world. This region has not only the densest conccntration of such sites in Europe but also retained its importance as a centre of monument-building from the late 5th to the :jrd millennium FK:, giving it a unique significance in the study of Neolithic landscapes (Sherratt 1990; 1998). Its menhirs, stone alignments, and megalithic tombs have attracted the attention of scholars since the 18th century, and there is thus an unusually full record, both written and pictorial, of the nature of these monuments as they were perceived over 300 years.

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González García, A. César, Felipe Criado-Boado, and Benito Vilas Estévez. "Megalithic Skyscapes in Galicia." Culture and Cosmos 21, no. 1 and 2 (2017): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01221.0211.

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We present the results of our analysis of two singular Neolithic monuments and two prominent megalithic groups in Galicia. The two singular monuments are the dolmen of Dombate (Baio, Coruña county), perhaps the largest megalithic chamber in Galicia (or at least the most investigated and well-known) that houses an elaborate decorative program with engravings and paintings, and Forno dos Mouros (Bocelo mountains, Coruña county), also housing paintings and belonging to a bigger group aligned along an historical path following the mountain ridge. Both chambers house interesting illumination effects. The group analysis concerns the Barbanza (Coruña county) and Leboreiro, (Ourense county and borderland with Portugal) necropoleis. There, we find that apart from chamber orientation, location and spatial relations of the monuments within the landscape, the monuments incorporate skyscape associations that complemented and dialogued with that of the chamber orientations. Besides, if the particular directions that we find are related to the movements of the sun and/or moon they may indicate the appropriate ritual time for the dead. Of course, skyscape is not the only or the main factor to explain the location of the mounds within the necropolis but are part of a complex system of relations making those monuments part of a cultural landscape. When taking all factors into consideration a complex picture emerges where we can env

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Yondri, Lutfi. "MONUMEN MEGALITIK DAN TRANSPORTASI BAHANNYA: Analisis Terhadap Beberapa Faktor Yang Berpengaruh." Berkala Arkeologi 29, no. 1 (May 17, 2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30883/jba.v29i1.367.

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Megalithic monuments in Nusantara are generally found on plateaus, for example on hill tops, mountain slopes, and other remote locations. A big question often raised on how the prehistoric people could move such huge and heavy boulders to build their monuments. It is assumed that to build those megalithic monuments, various factors were involved, i.e. the landscape, technology, and leaderships as well.

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González García, A. César, Felipe Criado-Boado, and Benito Vilas Estévez. "Megalithic Skyscapes in Galicia." Culture and Cosmos 21, no. 0102 (October 2017): 87–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01221.0235.

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We present the results of our analysis of two singular Neolithic monuments and two prominent megalithic groups in Galicia. The two singular monuments are the dolmen of Dombate (Baio, Coruña county), perhaps the largest megalithic chamber in Galicia (or at least the most investigated and well-known) that houses an elaborate decorative program with engravings and paintings, and Forno dos Mouros (Bocelo mountains, Coruña county), also housing paintings and belonging to a bigger group aligned along an historical path following the mountain ridge. Both chambers house interesting illumination effects. The group analysis concerns the Barbanza (Coruña county) and Leboreiro, (Ourense county and borderland with Portugal) necropoleis. There, we find that apart from chamber orientation, location and spatial relations of the monuments within the landscape, the monuments incorporate skyscape associations that complemented and dialogued with that of the chamber orientations. Besides, if the particular directions that we find are related to the movements of the sun and/or moon they may indicate the appropriate ritual time for the dead. Of course, skyscape is not the only or the main factor to explain the location of the mounds within the necropolis but are part of a complex system of relations making those monuments part of a cultural landscape. When taking all factors into consideration a complex picture emerges where we can envisage the ways of construction of social time and space in the megalithic period.

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Clynes, Frances. "The Role of Solar Deities in Irish Megalithic Monuments." Culture and Cosmos 24, no. 0102 (October 2020): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.1224.0203.

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In the great body of Irish myths that became part of an oral tradition and would, much later, be documented and preserved, associations can be found between Sun gods and solar heroes and the great Neolithic monuments of Ireland, including Newgrange, the most well-known monument in the large complex of passage tombs in the valley of the Boyne River that today is known as the World Heritage Site, Brú na Bóinne. In all four cycles of Irish mythology, from the Tuatha De Danaan of the Mythological Cycle to the kings of Tara in the Historical Cycle, repeated mention is made of Brú na Bóinne, the home of the Sun gods, Dagda and Lugh, and the place of the conception and birth of the warrior hero, Cú Chulainn. This chapter examines the roles the monuments played in the myths and their strong association with mythological solar figures and asks if the myths can tell us something about the meaning the monuments held for people from different periods of time.

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10

Saletta, Morgan. "Astronomy, Illumination and Heritage: the Arles-Fontvieille megalithic monuments and their implications for archaeoastronomy and world heritage." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29A (August 2015): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316002489.

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The Arles-Fontvieille monuments, or hypogées, have long had a special place in megalithic studies. Their unique architecture, blending “Atlantic” megalithic construction with subterranean rock-cut architecture more commonly found in the Mediterranean, and their size, especially that of the Grotte de Cordes, place them among the most important monuments in France and Europe (Daniel 1960, Guilaine 1998, Sauzade 1999, Hoskin 2001, Saletta 2014). My discovery and interpretation of seasonal light and shadow hierophanies (Saletta 2011, 2014)) within the Arles-Fontvieille monuments has important implications for identifying astronomically related Outstanding Universal Value for late prehistoric European monuments.

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11

Skriver, Claus. "De dødes flækker – Slidsporsanalyse af flækker fra et megalitanlæg og en boplads." Kuml 60, no. 60 (October 31, 2011): 39–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kuml.v60i60.24509.

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Blades of the deadUse-wear analysis of blades from a megalithic monument and a settlementIn discussions concerning the significance of re-burials in megalithic tombs and the broader religious ideology associated with the re-use of megalithic monuments, interpretations have often focussed on the forecourt, the area in front of the monument with so-called sacrificial or offer deposits, and analyses of skeletal material. In this article, some suggestions are made with respect to the ritual use of megalithic tombs, based primarily on use-wear analysis of the blades recovered from just such a monument at Damsbo Mark on SW Funen (fig. 1). A settlement blade assemblage from the site of Süssau in Northern Germany has been employed for comparison. In addition to use-wear analysis, the investigations have also comprised measurements of edge angle, length-width-thickness of the blades, counting of pieces showing retouch and cortex as well as attribute analysis in relation to an interpretation of the degree to which the blades were manufactured using hard or soft technique.The megalithic monument at Damsbo MarkThe monument is located on SW Funen, c. 3 km SE of the Sarup locality - renowned for its Neolithic causewayed enclosures. The pottery dates the re-burials in the monument to period III/V of the Funnel Beaker culture. It cannot be determined whether all the blades originate from the Funnel Beaker culture or whether they could be artefacts associated with potentially later burials. Use-wear analysis could be conducted on 27 of the 48 blades. The most commonly worked material was hide/cooked meat, followed by bone and meat, bone/antler, cereals and the material which produces polish 23. On four of the blades, the contact material could not be identified and two of the blades are interpreted as unused (fig. 2). The most common mode of use was by cutting (fig. 3). A selection of the analysed tools is shown in figure 4.The Süssau settlementThe settlement was excavated by Dr Jürgen Hoika in 1965-67. The site is dated to period III/IV of the Funnel Beaker culture. A total of 65 blades were selected for the present analysis and it proved possible to analyse 28 of these. The most commonly worked material was bone/antler, boneand meat, wood and cereal; the blades had also been used for slaughtering animals (fig. 5). The most common mode of working was cutting and slicing (fig. 6). A selection of the analysed tools is shown in figure 7.Comparison of the blades from Damsbo and SüssauThe analysis revealed some similarities but also great differences between the blades from Damsbo and Süssau. For example, rather more than a third of the blade assemblage from Damsbo is fragmented whereas at Süssau this proportion is almost half. This situation, together with number of blades retaining cortex and those showing retouch, underlines the fact that these assemblages represent two rather different contexts.Identification of the contact materials for the blades from the two sites has produced surprising results. Traces arising from the working of hide/skin and the material that creates polish 23 were not found on the settlement blades, while evidence for the working of wood was not apparent on the blades from the tomb.The appearance of the blades from the two sites differs markedly; the immediate impression gained is that those from the megalithic tomb are long, slender and carefully made in contrast to the blades from the settlement (figs. 16-17). Median measurements support this visual impression (figs. 8-13). Attribute analysis indicates that there could be a difference in the manufacturing technique employed for the two blade assemblages. The blades from the megalithic monument have several attributes indicating soft manufacturing technique (figs. 14-15).InterpretationThrough these differences it is apparent that the settlement material represents more everyday tasks, while that from the megalithic monument represents religious activities, or activities associated with treatment of the dead. The long blades could possibly have been part of the personal equipment, which accompanied the corpse into the grave, or perhaps they were specially manufactured or chosen for religious purposes in connection with interment.During periods MN III-V, megalithic monuments were used for repeated bone depositions. However, the number of blades present is not determined by the number of dead. For example, a megalithic tomb was found to contain the bones of 22 individuals but only two blades. Furthermore, the individuals placed in megalithic monuments have been disarticulated; a complete articulated skeleton has never been encountered in this context. Some researchers believe that this arises from the rough-handed clearing out of the chamber in advance of new burials. Others have pointed out that, if this is correct, the final grave should be intact. This has lead to a hypothesis that the dismemberment of the skeletons was intentional and was associated with ritual activities. With time, this hypothesis has become the most widely accepted. Ritual depositions are also encountered outside megalithic monuments. Here there are flint axes and chisels, often showing clear signs of intentional damage and destruction. It is obvious that the entire megalithic monument constituted the background for extensive activities which, in some respects, showed strongly destructive traits. Some researchers believe that the chaos evident in and around megalithic monuments represents intentional acts which had the purpose of destroying both the individual and their identity.How do the blades placed in the grave fit into the picture outlined above?The analyses show that most of the blades have been used and that those that have not are much shorter than the common median. The blades have been used on specific materials such as bone/antler, bone/meat, hides/cooked meat, cereals and the material which produces polish 23, i.e. a broad spectrum which, with the exception of hides/cooked meat, is also represented at the settlement. It is striking that none of the tools has been used on wood; this must have been a conscious decision. Furthermore, the attribute analysis indicates that the blades could have been made using a special manufacturing technique. If they were manufactured for a specific individual then there is an immediate divergence between attempting to destroy an individual’s identity, on the one hand, while at the same time placing an individual’s personal effects in the grave, on the other.It is possible that the blades were used in dismembering individuals prior to the skeletal parts being placed in megalithic tombs together with the blades. Cut marks on human bones dating from this time reveal that human flesh was cut/butchered/dismembered. If the corpse had lain for some time and had been allowed to dry out, it is possible that this dismemberment could produce use-wear resembling that from working in dry hide/skin. This hypothesis does not, however, explain the presence of tools showing evidence of having been used on cereals and the material which produces polish 23.The blades can also be interpreted as representing a religious deposition of grave goods as a symbol of the tasks which are expected after death. It is likely that blades for this purpose would have been specially chosen or manufactured, as seen for example with certain types of pottery vessel. This interpretation could explain the presence of sickle blades and the blades with polish 23. The absence of tools which have been used on wood could be the result of this function having been performed by the axes and chisels which were also present.The use of megalithic monuments during this period reveals two forms of offering: one external, comprising broken or damaged flint artefacts, and the other internal, involving intact artefacts. The latter contrasts starkly with the pronounced destructive traits seen in the actual burials and offerings on the forecourt.If the blades inside the megalithic monuments were manufactured using a different technique, as indicated by the attribute analysis, a fascinating picture emerges of a culture mastering two flint-working techniques: one used primarily for the production of tools on the settlement and another employed specifically for sacral purposes.It is clear that the deposition of the blades can be interpreted as having several instigators. The results of the analyses indicate that our perception of artefacts in megalithic monuments should be taken up to revision. Instead of interpreting these as personal grave goods, they should be perceived as offerings – not to a specific individual whose identity has been erased by the disarticulation of their bones but to the dead as a group, or, conversely, as tools employed in a ritual fashion in connection with dismemberment.Claus SkriverMoesgård Museum

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Saletta, Morgan. "The archaeoastronomy of the megalithic monuments of Arles–Fontvieille: the equinox, the Pleiades and Orion." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 7, S278 (January 2011): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921311012816.

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AbstractThe megalithic monuments of Arles–Fontvieille appear to have been deliberately constructed such that a ray of the setting sun on and around the equinox penetrates the subterranean chamber producing a spectacular light-and-shadow hierophany. Moreover, at one of the sites there is evidence in the form of rock art that observations were also being made of heliacal rising and settings, possibly of both the Pleiades and Orion. The equinox hierophany has been documented at three of the four intact monuments of the group. This phenomenon was probably exploited for sacred ritualistic purposes related to seasonal change and timekeeping by the agricultural people who built the monuments. This evidence has significant importance for understanding these monuments in the context of European megalithism and the wider European Neolithic as well as for understanding their cosmological role within the society that built them.

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González-García, A. César, and Lourdes Costa-Ferrer. "Orientation of Trb-West Megalithic Monuments." Journal for the History of Astronomy 37, no. 4 (November 2006): 417–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182860603700404.

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Meaden, G. Terence. "Editorial: Advances in understanding megaliths and related prehistoric lithic monuments." Journal of Lithic Studies 4, no. 3 (November 3, 2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2218/jls.v4i3.1945.

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Standing stones and megalithic monuments are impressive remains from a remote prehistoric world that for the British Isles began some 6000 years ago and led to a cultural flowering that peaked in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age with the rise of fine megalithic monuments like Newgrange, Knowth, Drombeg, Maeshowe, Avebury and Stonehenge. Nearby on the European continent, what may be called an era involving megalithic culture had begun a few centuries earlier (as at Carnac and Locmariaquer), and still earlier in the Mediterranean lands and islands (e.g., the Tarxien Temple in Malta), south-eastern Europe, the Near and Middle East, and India beyond.

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Nash, George. "Light at the end of the tunnel: the way megalithic art was viewed and experienced." Documenta Praehistorica 33 (December 31, 2006): 209–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.33.19.

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This paper explores how megalithic art may have been viewed during a period when Neolithic monuments were in use as repositories for the dead. The group of monuments discussed are primarily passage graves which were being constructed within many of the core areas of Neolithic Atlantic Europe. Although dates for the construction of this tradition are sometimes early, the majority of monuments with megalithic art fall essentially within the Middle to Late Neolithic. The art, usually in the form of pecked abstract designs appears to be strategically placed within the inner part of the passage and the chamber. Given its position was this art restricted to an elite and was there a conscious decision to hide some art and make it exclusively for the dead? In order to discuss these points further, this chapter will study in depth the location and subjectivity of art that has been carved and pecked on three passage graves in Anglesey and NW England. I suggest that an encoded grammar was in operation when these and other passage grave monuments with megalithic art were in use.

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Sims, Lionel, and David Fisher. "Through the Gloomy Vale: Underworld Alignments at Stonehenge." Culture and Cosmos 21, no. 1 and 2 (2017): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01221.0203.

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Three recent independently developed models suggest that some Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments exhibit dual design properties in monument complexes by pairing obverse structures. Parker Pearson’s1 materiality model proposes that monuments of wood are paired with monuments of stone, these material metaphors respectively signifying places of rituals for the living with rituals for the dead. Higginbottom’s2 landscape model suggests that many western Scottish megalithic structures are paired in mirror-image landscape locations in which the horizon distance, direction and height of one site is the topographical reverse of the paired site – all in the service of ritually experiencing the liminal boundaries to the world. Sims’3 diacritical model suggests that materials, landscapes and lunar-solar alignments are diacritically combined to facilitate cyclical ritual processions between paired monuments through a simulated underworld. All three models combine in varying degrees archaeology and archaeoastronomy and our paper tests them through the case study of the late Neolithic/EBA Stonehenge Palisade in the Stonehenge monument complex.

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Scarre, Chris. "Rocks of Ages: Tempo and Time in Megalithic Monuments." European Journal of Archaeology 13, no. 2 (2010): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461957110370731.

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Chronology remains a problematic area in prehistoric archaeology but the increasing number and precision of radiometric dates begin to suggest patterns that can be resolved down to the scale of individual lifetimes. The study of megalithic monuments has benefited from these developments but remains hampered by the indirect relationship between the materials that are dated and the structures themselves. Drawing on evidence from France, Scandinavia, and Iberia, it is nonetheless arguable that available patterns of dates suggest an event-like tempo to the construction of megalithic monuments, with large numbers being built within relatively short periods of time. This has implications for typological models and for the social context in which such monuments were designed and built.

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Wunderlich, Maria, Tiatoshi Jamir, Johannes Müller, Knut Rassman, and Ditamulü Vasa. "Societies in balance: Monumentality and feasting activities among southern Naga communities, Northeast India." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): e0246966. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246966.

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Among various Naga communities of Northeast India, megalithic building and feasting activities played an integral role in the different and intertwined dimensions of social and political organisation until very recently. During a collaborative fieldwork in 2016, we visited different village communities in the southern areas of Nagaland and recorded local knowledge about the function and social implications of megalithic building activities. The preserved knowledge of the monuments themselves and their embeddedness in complex feasting activities and social structures illustrate the multifaceted character of megalithic building. The case study of Nagaland highlights how the construction of megalithic monuments may fulfil very different functions in societies characterised by institutionalised hierarchies than in those that have a more egalitarian social organisation. The case study of southern Naga communities not only shows the importance of various dimensions and courses of action–such as sharing and cooperation, competitive behaviour, and the influence of economic inequality–, but also the importance of social networks and different layers of kinship. The multifaceted and interwoven character of megalithic building activities in this ethnoarchaeological case study constitutes an expansion for the interpretation of archaeological case studies of monumentality.

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Scarre, Chris, Luc Laporte, and Roger Joussaume. "Long Mounds and Megalithic Origins in Western France: Recent Excavations at Prissé-la-Charrière." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 69 (2003): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00001328.

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The ancestry of the long mound has long been a key focus in debates on the origins of monumental and megalithic architectures in western France. Typological schemes and absolute dates have alike been invoked in support of different models of monument development, but with limited success. Recent excavations at Prissé-la-Charrière, a 100-metre long mound in the Poitou-Charentes region, have emphasised the importance of internal structure and the complex process of modification and accretion by which many long mounds achieved their final form and dimensions. Excavations have revealed an early megalithic chamber in a dry-stone rotunda, that was progressively incorporated in a short long mound, then in the 100 m long mound we see today, which contains at least two further chamber tombs. The wide range of monument forms present in western and northern France during the 5th millennium BC suggests that the issue of monument origins must be viewed in a broad inter-regional perspective, within which a number of individual elements could be combined in a variety of different ways. Consideration of seven specific elements, including the shape of the mound, the position and accessibility of the chamber, and the significance of above-ground tomb chambers as opposed to graves or pits leads us to propose a polygenic model for the origins of the long mounds and related monuments of western France.

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Steelman, K. L., F. Carrera Ramírez, R. Fábregas Valcarce, T. Guilderson, and M. W. Rowe. "Direct radiocarbon dating of megalithic paints from north-west Iberia." Antiquity 79, no. 304 (June 2005): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00114164.

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Using plasma chemistry, carbon was extracted from charcoal paint samples collected from megalithic monuments in north-west Iberia. Nine accelerator mass spectrometric radiocarbon dates on these paints establish their age to be within 100014C years of each other, centred at approximately 5000 BP. These radiocarbon ages for megalithic paintings fall within the proposed time period for north-west Iberian megalithic culture. Multiple layers of paint on some stones show that more than one painting episode occurred.

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Boado, Felipe Criado, and Victoria Villoch Vázquez. "Monumentalizing landscape: From present perception to the past meaning of Galician megalithism (north-west Iberian Peninsula)." European Journal of Archaeology 3, no. 2 (2000): 188–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/eja.2000.3.2.188.

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The study of landscape as social construction implies considering its economic and territorial dimensions, as much as its symbolic ones. A major topic in such kinds of studies is the reconstruction of the ways in which natural and social space was perceived by past societies. We ought to approach the project of building an archaeology of perception. One of the aims of such a research programme would be the evaluation of the effects of natural and artificial landscape features on past human observers. This paper will argue that a possible strategy for studying these dimensions of past landscapes could be based on the systematic analysis of the visual features of prehistoric monuments and in the characterization of the scenic effects and vistas related to them. A detailed analysis of the pattern of location of megalithic monuments and of their visibility and intervisibility allows us to recognize certain regularities which display an intention to take account of monuments by provoking dramatic artificial effects. In such a way, we could approach a phenomenology of prehistoric perception without falling into merely subjective solutions. This study is based on a systematic review of the megalithic monuments from Sierra de Barbanza (north-west Iberia). Its main aims are: (1) the proposal for a theoretical and methodological study of these phenomena, combined with; (2) a case-study to reconstruct those monumental strategies used to shape cultural landscapes in Neolithic Europe, and; (3) the explanation of continuities and changes of these traditions.

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Delvoye, Adrien, Luc Laporte, Hamady Bocoum, Régis Bernard, Jean-Paul Cros, Sélim Djouad, Vincent Dartois, et al. "L’Art et la manière : Approche technologique des céramiques de dépôt dans le mégalithisme sénégambien – Le cas de la nécropole de Wanar (Sénégal)." Journal of African Archaeology 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2016): 115–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3213/2191-5784-10289.

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Among the many characteristics of the Senegalese and Gambian megalithic phenomenon, the deposition of pottery on the eastern edge of funerary structures is a recurrent practice present throughout the excavated sites. In the western part of the megalithic area, ceramics are generally located between the standing stone-circles and one or more frontal stones erected east of monuments. With the exception of morphological and decorative aspects, no technological studies have ever been conducted on the pottery from these deposits. Such an approach has now been taken to the analysis of around forty ceramics from deposits at the site of Wanar — about as many as are available from the deposits of all other Senegambian megalithic sites. The results demonstrate the range of technical choices mobilized in the shaping process. The high degree of finish on the vessels also suggests an important added value to the material culture which participated in the monuments’ ritual function.

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Scarre, Chris. "Misleading images: Stonehenge and Brittany." Antiquity 71, no. 274 (December 1997): 1016–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00085926.

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Silva, Ana Maria. "The Megalithic Builders." Documenta Praehistorica 47 (December 2, 2020): 390–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.21.

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Between the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, António dos Santos Rocha excavated several prehistoric megalithic monuments in the region of Figueira da Foz (Portugal). Some of them revealed human bones, albeit very disturbed and fragmented, which ended up forgotten in the Municipal Museum of Santos Rocha (Figueira da Foz), as did the individuals to which they belonged. Here, I revisit the human bone collection preserved from Megalitho do Facho to access demographic and morphological data; physiological stress indicators; pathologies and injuries that these individuals suffered, thus revealing insights on the lives of those who were deposited in this dolmen. The majority of this collection is composed of unburned bones and a small subsample of burned ones. Both were radiocarbon dated to the Chalcolithic period (first half of the 3rd millennium BC). The analysis confirmed that non-adult and adult individuals of both sexes were deposited in this dolmen. These individuals were affected by biomechanical stress since early in life and display mild signs of physiological stress associated with remodelled lesions, suggestive of a relatively good health status. These data are discussed in the context of other coeval sites.

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Kennett, Carolyn. "Peigín Doyle, Pathway To The Cosmos: The alignment of megalithic tombs in Ireland and Atlantic Europe." Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 7, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jsa.22277.

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Peigín Doyle, Pathway To The Cosmos: The alignment of megalithic tombs in Ireland and Atlantic Europe Dublin: Wordwell Ltd., in association with National Monuments Service, 2020. Paperback, fully illustrated, 143 pp. ISBN 9781916291256. €10.00.

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Ramírez, Primitiva Bueno, Rodrigo de Balbín Behrmann, Luc Laporte, Philippe Gouézin, Florian Cousseau, Rosa Barroso Bermejo, Antonio Hernanz Gismero, Mercedes Iriarte Cela, and Laurent Quesnel. "Natural and artificial colours: the megalithic monuments of Brittany." Antiquity 89, no. 343 (January 30, 2015): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2014.29.

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Wells, Peter S. "The Megalithic Monuments of Britain and Ireland. Chris Scarre." Journal of Anthropological Research 64, no. 2 (July 2008): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/jar.64.2.20371238.

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Hernanz, Antonio, Mercedes Iriarte, Primitiva Bueno-Ramírez, Rodrigo de Balbín-Behrmann, Jose M. Gavira-Vallejo, Delia Calderón-Saturio, Luc Laporte, et al. "Raman microscopy of prehistoric paintings in French megalithic monuments." Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 47, no. 5 (December 28, 2015): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrs.4852.

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Asombang, Raymond N. "Interpreting standing stones in Africa: a case study in north-west Cameroon." Antiquity 78, no. 300 (June 2004): 294–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00112967.

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Combining history and ethnography with a survey on the ground, the author shows how the megalithic monuments of Cameroon were the remains of many different kinds of site. Some were house platforms, others places for washing dishes. Others are certainly ceremonial, for family and kin-group meetings. The memory and opinion of current residents adds a fascinating aside to the function of these monuments, probably introduced four centuries ago, and their subsequent rôles in society.

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Bae, Jinsung. "A Biography of dolmen capstones." Pusan Archaeological Society 22 (December 29, 2023): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.47735/odia.2023.33.1.

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Dolmen capstones in the Bronze Age remained on the ground even in later times and existed in people's consciousness, forming their own biography as part of the landscape. During the Bronze Age, the so-called Altar dolmens were a symbolic megalith as a place of ritual. Even in ancient times, megaliths such as dolmen capstones were used as objects of faith. In the case of the Goryeo Dynasty, it can be seen from the literature records that dolmens were considered sacred objects. On the other hand, in the case of the Joseon Dynasty, cases used for folk beliefs in various ruins have been confirmed, and it is still used as a place of faith in various parts of the country and is designated as a monument by local governments. Therefore, dolmen capstones are archaeological materials with ritual continuity from prehistoric times to modern society. And many stories have been told in dolmen capstones since ancient times. Among them, ‘Mago Grandmother’ often appears as the main character of the story of giants related to shrines, fortresses, and rocks as well as dolmens. Mago, who appears in ancient literature, was a young fairy admired by the intellectuals, and since the late Joseon Dynasty, she has changed her appearance to a female giant who is friendly to the common people. The appearance of a female god deeply penetrating the folk beliefs of the common people has continued from the late Joseon Dynasty to the present through dolmen capstones. In addition, dolmen capstones next to the ancestors' tombs were not just rocks, but were considered a sacred symbol protecting the family, so they should not be damaged or moved recklessly. As such, megaliths installed in the prehistoric times had a very deep relationship with the lives of later people. Dolmen capstones, the object and place of rituals, have continued to serve as social and personal medium of memory throughout various periods to the present. While rituals for megalithic monuments in the Bronze Age were collective events led by the ruling class, since the Middle Ages, they have often been held at the level of personal wishes along with village rituals. The tendency of weakening collectivity and strengthening individuality in the megalithic faith will continue beyond modern society to future society.

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Thorpe, R. S., and O. Williams-Thorpe. "The myth of long-distance megalith transport." Antiquity 65, no. 246 (March 1991): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00079308.

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The megalithic monuments of western Europe have long been a celebrated proof of the engineering achievements possible in an early farming society. With the engineering skills to raise up the stones went the capability to move them to the site, with Stonehenge the best-known example of an apparent long-distance transport, incorporating Welsh bluestones and sarsens that perhaps originate in the Avebury region to the north. Following their recent challenge to the belief that the builders of Stonehenge did carry its bluestones from west Wales, the authors look critically at the larger pattern of megalithic manoeuvring.

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Cooney, Gabriel. "The place of megalithic tomb cemeteries in Ireland." Antiquity 64, no. 245 (December 1990): 741–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00078844.

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The megalithic chamber tombs that are the most striking monuments of the Irish Neolithic have long been divided by the shape of their plans. With the shapes there goes a characteristic pattern of distribution and of spacing in the landscape, and from this arise some puzzling questions of sequence as to how ‘cemeteries’ grew up. A fresh view is taken of this old problem

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Gibson, Alex. "Dr Harry Aubrey Woodruff Burl." Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 149 (November 9, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/psas.149.1303.

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Aubrey Burl, a name since 1976 synonymous with stone circles, passed away peacefully at his care home on 8 April, in his 94th year. He will be remembered for the remarkable contribution he made to the study of stone circles and other megalithic monuments in Britain, Ireland and northern France.

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Watson, Aaron, and David Keating. "Architecture and sound: an acoustic analysis of megalithic monuments in prehistoric Britain." Antiquity 73, no. 280 (June 1999): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088281.

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Prehistoric monuments in Britain are often dominant features in the landscape, and archaeological theory has tended to consider the visual and spatial influences of their architecture upon peoples' movement and perception. The articulation of sound within these structures has not been widely discussed, despite evidence which suggests that many monuments provided settings for gatherings of people. This possibility was explored at two contrasting sites in Scotland, a recumbent stone circle and a passage-grave, revealing that the elemental acoustic properties inherent in each may have literally orchestrated encounters with the stones.

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Raemaekers, Daan, Femke Bosscher, and Harrie Wolters. "Stenen van betekenis: hunebedden als erfgoed en als actor." Paleo-aktueel, no. 32 (September 20, 2022): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/pa.32.109-114.

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Meaningful stones: megalithic tombs as heritage and actor. The Dutch megalithic tombs have seen a long history of protective measures by the government. These measures have resulted in our present-day appreciation of these monuments. They also created the tranquil, ‘natural’ setting, and thus affect our behaviour as visitors. At the same time, these tombs are very much part of the fabric of the present-day society where people have various personal associations with these tombs and their environs memories. As a rule, both aspects (formal heritage policies and personalassociations) reinforce one another, but always within a spatial and behavioural framework defined by governmental policies.

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Ard, Vincent, Marylise Onfray, David Aoustin, Éric Bouchet, Guillaume Bruniaux, Grégory Dandurand, François Daniel, et al. "The emergence of monumental architecture in Atlantic Europe: a fortified fifth-millennium BC enclosure in western France." Antiquity 97, no. 391 (February 2023): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2022.169.

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AbstractThe earliest monumentality in Western Europe is associated with megalithic structures, but where did the builders of these monuments live? Here, the authors focus on west-central France, one of the earliest centres of megalithic building in Atlantic Europe, commencing in the mid fifth millennium BC. They report on an enclosure at Le Peu (Charente), dated to the Middle Neolithic (c. 4400 BC), and defined by a ditch with two ‘crab claw’ entrances and a double timber palisade flanked by two timber structures—possibly defensive bastions. Inside, timber buildings—currently the earliest known in the region—were possibly home to the builders of the nearby Tusson long mounds.

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Bradley, Richard. "Vera Collum and the excavation of a ‘Roman’ megalithic tomb." Antiquity 74, no. 283 (March 2000): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00066114.

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In 1931 Vera Collum excavated the megalithic tomb at Tressé in Brittany, claiming that it had been built during the Roman period and was associated with the cult of the mother goddess. This article traces the course of her excavation and suggests a context for the reuse of Neolithic monuments in that area.

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Boujot, Christine, and Serge Cassen. "A pattern of evolution for the Neolithic funerary structures of the west of France." Antiquity 67, no. 256 (September 1993): 477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00045701.

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The astonishing architectural density and diversity of megalithic monuments along the coastline of the bay of Quiberon and in the gulf of Morbihan have permitted French and foreign archaeologists to establish continually improved classifications. The paper, based on the Morbihan Neolithic data, presents a coherent and dynamic evolutionary sequence of funerary structures from between 5000 and 3000 BC.

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Agrawal, D. P., Jeewan Kharakwal, Sheela Kusumgar, and M. G. Yadava. "Cist burials of the Kumaun Himalayas." Antiquity 69, no. 264 (September 1995): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0008193x.

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In the Kumaun region of Uttar Pradesh, India, on the southern slopes of the Himalaya are cist burials, as well as megalithic monuments. Radiocarbon dates from the cists now hint at their going back to the 3rd millennium BC, and linguistic affinities would associate them with early Indo-European migrations into the western and central Himalaya regions.

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Sawchuk, Elizabeth A., Elisabeth A. Hildebrand, Austin Chad Hill, Daniel A. Contreras, Justus Erus Edung, Anneke Janzen, Abdikadir Kurewa, James K. Munene, Emmanuel Ndiema, and Katherine M. Grillo. "The Jarigole mortuary tradition reconsidered." Antiquity 96, no. 390 (December 2022): 1460–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2022.141.

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The megalithic pillar sites found around Lake Turkana, Kenya, are monumental cemeteries built approximately 5000 years ago. Their construction coincides with the spread of pastoralism into the region during a period of profound climate change. Early work at the Jarigole pillar site suggested that these places were secondary burial grounds. Subsequent excavations at other pillar sites, however, have revealed planned mortuary cavities for predominantly primary burials, challenging the idea that all pillar sites belonged to a single ‘Jarigole mortuary tradition’. Here, the authors report new findings from the Jarigole site that resolve long-standing questions about eastern Africa's earliest monuments and provide insight into the social lives, and deaths, of the region's first pastoralists.

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Higginbottom, Gail, A. César González-García, Benito Vilas-Estévez, Víctor López-López, and Felipe Criado-Boado. "Landscape, orientation and celestial phenomena on the ‘Coast of Death’ of NW Iberia." Journal for the History of Astronomy 54, no. 1 (February 2023): 76–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00218286221151163.

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This paper investigates the land- and sky-scapes surrounding the dolmens of Costa da Morte (Coast of Death), Galicia. Having uncovered previously that the location of megalithic monuments in this coherent area of the south-eastern side of the European Atlantic Façade connects to complex topographical features, we now show how this chosen topography connects to astronomical phenomena. We will see how the detailed shape of the horizon coincides with specific risings and settings of the Sun and Moon, providing further support for the notion that the creators of these monuments selectively drew upon a variety of features found in their natural world.

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Patar, Raktim, and Manjil Hazarika. "Megalithic tradition associated with agricultural ritual." Documenta Praehistorica 50 (November 6, 2023): 2–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/dp.50.17.

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The Tiwa community is one of the autochthonous communities of Northeast India. An important aspect of Tiwa culture is the erection of stone monuments during the celebration of Chongkhong Phuja. This ceremony is performed before the commencement of their yearly agricultural cycle which falls in late April and continues to early May. On this occasion, a menhir and table stone are erected by the head priest of the Tiwa village, who then invokes their village guardian deity to call for a better harvest as well as for the wellbeing of the villagers. This elaborate ceremony marks the beginning of the agricultural season for the year, following which the villagers commence their agricultural activities. This paper deals with the performance of Chongkhong Phuja and the associated living megalithic tradition among the Hill Tiwas residing in the Umswai Valley. It also documents the oral traditions associated with the origin of the megalithic tradition in the community. As most of the living megalithic traditions among the ethnic communities of Northeast India are either related to burial practices or commemorating the death of a person or an event, this Chongkhong Phuja represents a unique example of a megalithic tradition related to agricultural practice. Indirect evidence suggests the megalithic structures present at the ceremonial place of the Chongkhong Phuja in the Amsai village of the Umswai Valley have been continuously erected for the last thousand years. The paper also hypothesizes the shifting cultivation in the area to be as old as the practice of the megalithic tradition.

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Carloni, Delia, Branimir Šegvić, Mario Sartori, Giovanni Zanoni, and Marie Besse. "Who Was Buried at the Petit-Chasseur Site? The Contribution of Archaeometric Analyses of Final Neolithic and Bell Beaker Domestic Pottery to the Understanding of the Megalith-Erecting Society of the Upper Rhône Valley (Switzerland, 3300–2200 BC)." Open Archaeology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1064–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opar-2022-0262.

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Abstract The Petit-Chasseur megalithic necropolis is a key archaeological context for analyzing the social and ideological changes at the end of the Neolithic in the Alpine region of Central Europe. The link between the funerary monuments and settlement sites was established by means of ceramic archaeometric analysis. Domestic pottery from settlement sites were thoroughly characterized using multiple spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Twelve ceramic fabrics were identified along with three types of clay substrate: illitic, muscovitic, and kaolinitic. Reconstructed paste preparation recipes largely involved the tempering of the raw clays with crushed rocks or coarse sediments. Types of raw material were not picked up randomly but were selected or avoided due to their particular compositional properties and attest to the exploitation of glacial, gravitational, eolian, and fluvial deposits. Compositional correspondence between ceramic grave goods and domestic pottery allowed identification of a link between the megalithic tombs and settlement sites, thus providing new data contributing to the investigation of the social dimension of monumental burials. Ceramic grave goods were revealed to be intertwined with the social instability affecting the 3rd millennium BC communities of the Upper Rhône Valley.

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Groux, D., G. Quéré, and P. Scaramuzza. "BIM APPLIED ON THE MEGALITHIC HERITAGE: INTRODUCTION TO THE A-BIM AND THE ASSETS OF THE MODEL FOR THE DIAGNOSTIC AND THE DEFINITION OF CONSERVATION MEASURES." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-2/W1-2022 (February 25, 2022): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-2-w1-2022-239-2022.

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Abstract. The diversity and the number of factors impacting the conservation of buildings heritage require to compare and confront a wide range of data to understand better the causes of the potential disorders. The HBIM technology and processes have already shown their ability to enhance the diagnostic of historical monuments throughout the past years and is now mature enough to be applied on megalithic heritage.Focused on the case of the cairn of Gavrinis, this survey deals with the creation of the BIM model of the monument and its assets for the diagnostic. The 3D mapping of the disorders within the BIM model is highlighted. The pros of this workflow are also described before a short introduction to the following steps in progress.

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Holtorf, Cornelius. "Dyster står dösen." In Situ Archaeologica 4 (December 31, 2002): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.58323/insi.v4.12736.

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Monuments are reminders. They keep reminding us of what was in the past and of how past people wished to be remembered by later generations. This paper is about a passage-grave in Lunden on the island of Orust off the West Coast of Sweden. It is a site of death and a site of memory. Death did not only occur in prehistory here, and local memory is not just connected to the imposing megalithic grave. A second monument only a few meters away is a memorial stone for the archaeologist Gabriel Wilhelm Ekman, who died while excavating the passage-grave on 20 September 1915. This paper interprets the Neolithic tomb by tracing the story of Ekman’s death and its aftermath.

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Laporte, L., H. Bocoum, J.-P. Cros, A. Delvoye, R. Bernard, M. Diallo, M. Diop, et al. "Megalithic monumentality in Africa: from graves to stone circles at Wanar, Senegal." Antiquity 86, no. 332 (June 2012): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00062840.

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The World Heritage Site of Wanar in Senegal features 21 stone circles, remarkable not least because they were erected in the twelfth and thirteenth century AD, when Islam ruled the Indian Ocean and Europe was in its Middle Ages. The state of preservation has benefited the exemplary investigation currently carried out by a French-Senegalese team, which we are pleased to report here. The site began as a burial ground to which monumental stones were added, perhaps echoing the form of original funerary houses. Found in a neighbouring field were scoops left from the cutting out of the cylindrical monoliths from surface rock. While the origins of Wanar lie in a period of state formation, the monuments are shown to have had a long ritual use. The investigation not only provides a new context for one of the most important sites in West Africa but the precise determination of the sequence and techniques used at Wanar offers key pointers for the understanding of megalithic structures everywhere.

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Wysocki, Michael, Seren Griffiths, Robert Hedges, Alex Bayliss, Tom Higham, Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo, and Alasdair Whittle. "Dates, Diet, and Dismemberment: Evidence from the Coldrum Megalithic Monument, Kent." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79 (July 17, 2013): 61–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2013.10.

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We present radiocarbon dates, stable isotope data, and osteological analysis of the remains of a minimum of 17 individuals deposited in the western part of the burial chamber at Coldrum, Kent. This is one of the Medway group of megalithic monuments – sites with shared architectural motifs and no very close parallels elsewhere in Britain – whose location has been seen as important in terms of the origins of Neolithic material culture and practices in Britain. The osteological analysis identified the largest assemblage of cut-marked human bone yet reported from a British early Neolithic chambered tomb; these modifications were probably undertaken as part of burial practices. The stable isotope dataset shows very enrichedδ15N values, the causes of which are not entirely clear, but could include consumption of freshwater fish resources. Bayesian statistical modelling of the radiocarbon dates demonstrates that Coldrum is an early example of a British Neolithic burial monument, though the tomb was perhaps not part of the earliest Neolithic evidence in the Greater Thames Estuary. The site was probably initiated after the first appearance of other early Neolithic regional phenomena including an inhumation burial, early Neolithic pottery and a characteristic early Neolithic post-and-slot structure, and perhaps of Neolithic flint extraction in the Sussex mines. Coldrum is the only site in the Medway monument group to have samples which have been radiocarbon dated, and is important both for regional studies of the early Neolithic and wider narratives of the processes, timing, and tempo of Neolithisation across Britain

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Lee, Hoen Jai. "Distribution and Characteristics of Megalithic Monuments in the Negev and Sinai." Journal of Northeast Asia Ancient History 7 (August 31, 2022): 211–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47527/jnah.2022.08.7.211.

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Atzeni, Cirillo, Maria Grazia Cabiddu, Luigi Massidda, and Ulrica Sanna. "The use of ‘statbilized earth’ in the conservation of megalithic monuments." Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 1, no. 3 (January 1996): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/135050396793136955.

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Thomas, Julian. "Monuments from the inside: The case of the Irish megalithic tombs." World Archaeology 22, no. 2 (October 1990): 168–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00438243.1990.9980138.

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