Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mehmed II

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Mehmed II'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Mehmed II"

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Kara, Halim. "The Literary Portrayal of Mehmed II in Turkish Historical Fiction." New Perspectives on Turkey 36 (2007): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089663460000460x.

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AbstractThis article examines the portrayal of Mehmed II, the conqueror of Istanbul, in Turkish historical fiction, as well as the literary and ideological implications of his portrayal with regard to Turkish national identity. Since the early Turkish Republic, Mehmed II has been described as a major character in over thirty historical novels. The article argues that over time the literary characterization of Mehmed II in Turkish fiction has undergone substantial change. During the early republican period, historical fiction adopted an ambivalent attitude toward Mehmed II. While one historical novel under discussion focuses mostly on Mehmed II's despotism and aggressive tendencies, another novel contemplates his military bravery and his ability to govern. However, with the arrival of the multi-party system in 1950, these ambivalent approaches toward Mehmed II changed, and he began to be portrayed as the ideal Turkish statesman, gaining the status of a national hero. The latter attitude toward him dominated historical fiction writing as late as in the early 1990s. At that time, Turkish historical meta-fiction began to portray a more complex and ambiguous Mehmed II, thus both challenging as well as re-producing his previous representations.
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HEYWOOD, Colin. "Mehmed II and the Historians." Turcica 40 (December 31, 2008): 295–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/turc.40.0.2037142.

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Artuç, Nevzat. "Prens Sabahaddin Bey’in, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Almanya'nın Yanında Birinci Dünya Savaşına Girişini Engelleme Çabaları." Belleten 81, no. 291 (2017): 619–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2017.619.

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Prens Sabahaddin Bey, babası Damad Mahmud Celaleddin Paşa ile birlikte dayısı II. Abdülhamid'e muhalefet etmiş ve İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti'nin kuruluş ve gelişmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Ancak II. Meşrutiyet'in ilanından sonra, İttihatçı yönetimle ters düşerek muhalefet saflarında yer almıştır. 31 Mart Olayları ve Mahmud Şevket Paşa suikastında İttihatçılar tarafından baş sorumlu olarak gösterilmiştir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesinde Said Halim Paşa Hükümeti'nin tavrını beğenmeyen Prens Sabahaddin tam da Almanya ile İttifak Antlaşması'nın imzalandığı günlerde bir tanesini Padişah V. Mehmed Reşad'a ve iki tanesi de Dâhiliye Nazırı Talat Bey'e olmak üzere toplam üç adet telgraf göndererek; her ne olursa olsun tarafsızlığın muhafaza edilmesini, Almanya'dan gelen haberlere itimat edilmemesini ve savaşa girmekten ısrarla kaçınılmasını vurgulamıştır. Padişah V. Mehmed Reşad'a yazılan telgraf örneği Mehmet Alkan ve Nezahet Nurettin Ege tarafından özet haliyle yayınlanmıştır. Ancak Talat Bey'e yazılan söz konusu telgraflar yayınlanmamıştır. Çalışmamızda Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi'nde yer alan söz konusu üç telgrafın İngilizce ve Osmanlıca nüshalarını, dikkate alarak Prens Sabahaddin Bey'in Osmanlı Devleti'nin Almanya yanında Birinci Dünya Savaşı'na girmesini engellemek için yapmış olduğu faaliyetleri açıklamaya çalışacağız.
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Iván, Tóth. "Irodalmi minták és hatások II. Mehmed drinápolyi beszédében." Antik Tanulmányok 63, no. 1 (2019): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/092.2019.63.1.3.

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E tanulmány bemutatja, hogy az egyik utolsó bizánci történetíró, Michaél Kritobulos hogyan alkalmazta az irodalmi utánzás eszközét II. Mehmed szultán drinápolyi beszédében. Megpróbálja feltárni a beszédben olvasható hosszabb történeti ekphrasis irodalmi mintáit és szerepét, majd az orációban található rejtett történetírói reflexiókat vizsgálja. Közismert tény, hogy a klasszikus szerzők történeti szereplőik beszédeiben számos alkalommal implicit módon saját nézeteiket szólaltatják meg a történelemről és a történeti megismerésről. Mehmed beszédének egyes mondatai arra utalnak, hogy e jelenség nemcsak a klasszikus, de a késő bizánci történetírásban is felfedezhető.
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Polat, Nusret. "Kültürel Bir Karşılaşma: II. Mehmed Ve Bellini." Sanat Tasarim Dergisi, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17490/sanat.2015614362.

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AKKAYA, Mustafa. "THE ANALYSIS OF THE TALENTS OF MEHMET THE CONQUEROR (MEHMED II) WITHIN THE FRAME." International Journal Of Eurasia Social Sciences 11, no. 40 (2020): 433–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35826/ijoess.2526.

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Çayırdağ, Mehmet. "Son Eretnalı Sultanı II. Mehmed Bey’in Mezar Taşı." Belleten 73, no. 266 (2009): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37879/belleten.2009.109.

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Kayseri'de Selçuklu Sultanı I. Alaaddin Keykubad'ın inşa ettirmiş olduğu Sultan Hanı'nın içerisinde Selçuklu lahit tarzında mermer bir mezar taşı bulunmaktadır. 2007 yılında Vakıflarca yarım kalmış restorasyonuna devam edilen Han'ı(1) son ziyaretim esnasında, odalardan çıkarılarak avluya konmuş olan mezar taşını inceleme imkânını buldum ve taşın son Eretnalı Sultanı II. Mehmed Bey'e ait olduğunu hayretle gördüm.
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Korac, Dusan, and Radivoj Radic. "Mehmed II, 'The Conqueror', in Byzantine short chronicles and old Serbian annals, inscriptions, and genealogies." Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta, no. 45 (2008): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zrvi0845289k.

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This article analyzes how Byzanitne Short Chronicles and Old Serbian Annals Inscriptions, and Genealogies depicted sultan Mehmed II, 'The Conqueror'. These sources are similar in character, as a genre belong to medieval popular literature, and reflect in its peculiar way the 'public opinion' of the Byzantines and the Serbs, two of the conquered nations under the Ottoman rule. The sultan was in narrow focus of anonymous chronicle writers who concisely and precisely, recorded important events of his life, above all his military successes. On rare occasions they dared enter next to his name negative qualifications, even outright rude insults. However, painfully aware in whose empire they all lived, they sometimes used the years of Mehmed's rule to date personal events in their own lives.
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Isom-Verhaaren. "Constructing Ottoman Identity in the Reigns of Mehmed II and Bayezid II." Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association 1, no. 1-2 (2014): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/jottturstuass.1.1-2.111.

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Flatz, Vera. "The Beginnings of an Empire. The Transformation of the Ottoman State into an Empire, demonstrated at the example of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and accomplishments." historia.scribere, no. 13 (June 22, 2021): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.13.623.

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The Beginnings of an Empire. The Transformation of the Ottoman State into an Empire, demonstrated at the example of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and accomplishmentsThe following seminar paper deals with Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha’s life and the processes that turned an Ottoman principality into the Ottoman Empire. Starting with Sultan Mehmed’s II appointment in 1444, important practices such as the nomination of a grand vizier changed significantly. Moreover, Mehmed II built a new palace which reflected the new imperial self-perception, a new code of law was installed, and the empire was centralised. All these developments become especially visible in the life of Grand Vizier Mahmud Pasha Angelovic. The paper examines secondary literature as well as contemporary sources of Kritobolous and Ibn Khaldun. Sources on Mahmud Pasha’s life are rare and need to be analysed with caution as his posthumous legend influenced the production of literature about his life.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mehmed II"

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Turpijn, Saskia. "The Portrait Prints of Mehmed II." VCU Scholars Compass, 2012. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/356.

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This thesis examines four European portrait prints of Ottoman sultan Mehmed II, dated 1470 to 1493. At the center of this study is a formal and iconographical analysis that indicated all are rooted in traditional artistic conventions of both Western princely portraiture and stereotypical imagery of evil doers. Part of a feverish textual and visual discourse that was the result of great fear for the Ottoman aggression, they all adhere to a conventionalized type for the Eastern despot. The portraits employ to varying degrees a general pictorial language of evil, based on medieval folk imagery, that employed sartorial and physical signifiers used for a wide range of social groups that were not accepted by Christian society. The result is four images that share certain characteristics, most notably an iconic hat, but differ considerably in others to bring across diverging messages about the sultan's ambiguous public identity.
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Stamoulos, Eva. "Mehmed II's portraits : patronage, historiography and the early modern context." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83150.

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This thesis proposes an anti-Orientalist reading of the portrait of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror (r. 1451-1481) by Gentile Bellini. The artist's work is analysed in the context of the Venetian Renaissance and the status of the visual arts in the Ottoman Empire. Mehmed's patronage of Italian artists, who created medallic and pictorial portraits of the sovereign, is considered together with the local translation of conventions enabled by early modern cross-cultural encounters. The Western political and intellectual climate following the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed in 1453 is examined and, in particular, the secularising crusade literature produced by humanist scholars. Covert efforts to incorporate the Turks within the boundaries of civilised society coexisted with the conventional derogatory anti-Turkish propaganda. Bellini's portrait is seen as an attempt to portray the sultan as a member of the Venetian aristocracy. The historiographical record of modern academic scholarship in the disciplines of history and art history exploring these cross-cultural exchanges is set in a framework that explores the role of Edward Said's Orientalism in light of recent developments.
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Demirbas, Serkan. "Mahmud II and Ottoman diplomacy in the context of the Mehmed Ali Problem (1832-1839) : with special reference to the Ottoman archives in İstanbul." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2015. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/53401/.

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Between 1833 and 1838 the diplomatic relationship between Britain and the Ottoman Empire underwent a radical change. The starting point for this transformation came when the army of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II, suffered two consecutive heavy defeats at the hands of that of his rebel governor, Mehmed Ali Pasha; the first being in Syria, on 14 April 1832, and the second in Konya, on 21 December 1832. This last defeat of the Sultan rapidly escalated the matter into an international problem. All the very complicated diplomatic developments, which would continue right up to the Convention of London, 15 July 1840, started at the beginning of 1833. All of these are well documented historical facts in both Turkish and English literature. However, the unknown side of the story is what role Mahmud and his finest diplomats played in the process of resolving the Mehmed Ali problem using diplomacy. This role has been overlooked by the vast majority of scholars. This neglect ensues from a lack of knowledge of the Ottoman diplomatic effort in this process. The most obvious way to overcome this problem is to depart from the orientalist perspective, and use the Ottoman documents, which bear witness to Mahmud’s instructions to his diplomats and their reports from various European capitals of their progress and observations. When examining this intensive diplomatic period from the point of view of the Ottomans, it becomes clear that in fact Mahmud was not a Sultan who merely sat back smoking his water pipe and watched incidents unfold in his Empire’s lands; On the contrary, he had his own diplomatic plan, courage, motivation, resourcefulness and some capable diplomats who did their utmost to faithfully implement their sovereign’s diplomatic orders. Therefore, the highest priority of this thesis is to reveal in every aspect this stupendous and dramatic diplomatic struggle made by the Ottomans in this period. Bearing in mind the above stated points, this thesis attempts to contribute the academic literature on the Orientalism- which has been largely done in the field of cultural history- by looking at a specific example in the field of diplomatic history.
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Weber, Benjamin. "Lutter contre les Turcs : les formes nouvelles de la croisade pontificale au XVe siècle." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20116.

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Les expéditions et projets pontificaux face à l’avancée ottomane au XVe siècle sont loins d'être une répétition à l'identique des croisades antérieures. Elles révèlent au contaire une prise en compte attentive de la situation militaire, économique et politique des États d'Orient comme d'Occident. Les papes repensèrent les tactiques, stratégies et objectifs de la guerre et redéfinirent le rôle de tous les acteurs de la croisade : eux-mêmes prirent une part active dans l'organisation et la menée des armées ; les princes furent incités à se conforter aux plans établis depuis Rome ; la participation du peuple fut progressivement réduite à un rôle financier. Cette nouvelle façon de conduire la guerre visait à mieux résister à un ennemi considéré comme redoutable, mais aussi à renforcer le pouvoir pontifical en réaffirmant le rôle des papes dans la défense de la foi. La papauté devait se donner les moyens de mettre en œuvre ces projets. Elle ne disposait pas des fonds nécessaires au financement de ces entreprises : elle sut diversifier les méthodes pour en collecter à travers toute l'Europe. Elle n'était pas habituée à prendre en main elle-même les aspects concrets de la croisade : elle entreprit de se doter pour cela d'une administration spécialisée. Surtout, ces innovations et l'affirmation de l'absolutisme pontifical qu'elles impliquaient suscitèrent des critiques et oppositions nombreuses. Les papes tentèrent de les légitimer en diffusant un discours conservateur destiné à minimiser les nouveautés et à magnifier les similitudes entre leur combat et les croisades des siècles passés<br>The pope's expeditions and projects against the Ottoman invasion in the fifteenth century were far from a simple duplicate of former crusades. They reveal a great attention given to both Eastern and Western military, political, and economic situations. Popes reinvented the war's tactics, strategies and objectives and gave a new role to the traditional actors of the crusade: popes handled themselves the waging and guiding of armies; lay rulers were invited to obey papal plans; the people's role was gradually limited to a financial participation. This new way of waging war was intended to be more efficient against an enemy considered as dreadful, but it also aimed at reinforcing papal power by showing the pope's role in defending Christian faith. The popes had to find out the means of concretizing their projects. They didn't have the funds to finance such enterprises: they managed to diversify their incomes and collect them throughout Europe. As they weren't used to manage direct control over the crusades: they tried to constitute a specific administration in order to do so. Most of all, these innovations and the related assertion of papal absolutism provoked numerous critics and oppositions. Popes tried to legitimize their activities by diffusing a conservative discourse, aimed at magnifying similarities between their fight and the crusades of the past centuries
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Dayantis, Jean. "Doukas, histoire turco-byzantine : introduction, traduction et commentaire." Montpellier 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON30068.

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Doukas, historien du XVe siècle, nous présente une chronique allant de la deuxième guerre civile entre Byzantins, qui débute en 1341, jusqu'à la prise de l'île de Lesbos par les Turcs en 1462. Sa chronique devient précise et détaillée à partir du règne du sultan ottoman Bayazid Yildirim (Bajaret), 1389-1402. La chronique se poursuit en mettant en parallèle les règnes des empereurs byzantins Manuel II, Jean VIII et Constantin XI, et des sultans ottomans Mehmed (Mahomet) I, Mourad II et Mehmed II. Elle décrit le concile de Florence pour l'union des Eglises (1437-1438) et la prise de Constantinople par Mehmed II en 1453, qui met fin à l'empire byzantin. La chronique de Doukas nous est parvenue par un seul manuscrit, conservé à la Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris. Le titre d'Histoire Turco-byzantine lui a été donné par son premier éditeur, Bullialdus, en 1649. La présente traduction du grec au français suit le texte établi par la savant roumain Vasile Grecu<br>Doukas, who lived in the fifteenth century, is one of the last Byzantine historians. His “Turco-byzantine History” covers the period from 1341 to 1462. However, his chronicle becomes detailled and accurate with the reign of the Ottoman sultan Bayazid Yildirim, 1389-1402. The chronicle continues by putting in parallel the reigns of the Byzantine emperors Manuel II, John VIII and Constantine XI, and of the Ottoman sultans Mehmed I, Mourad II and Mehmed II. The chronicle goes through the Council of Florence (1437-1438), aimed at the union of the Churches, and the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II in 1453. . The Doukas chronicle was saved for posterity in a single manuscript, bearing no title and preserved at the Paris National Library. The French title “Histoire turco-byzantine” was devised by its first editor, Bullialdus, in 1649. The present French translation follows the Greek text established by the Roumanian scholar Vasile Grecu
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Calia, Anna. "Meglio il turbante del sultano della tiara latina : Giovanni Dokeianos e la transizione bizantino-ottomana a Costantinopoli nel secondo Quattrocento." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE4059.

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Contrairement à la diaspora des intellectuels et des manuscrits grecs en Occident au XVème siècle, le rôle joué par les savants byzantins à Constantinople après la conquête ottomane de 1453 est un sujet encore peu connu. Dans le premier chapitre de ma thèse je dresse un tableau de Constantinople avant et après la Chute, tout en soulignant le développement de l’idéologie impériale ottomane et l’importance des réseaux marchands et des archontes grecs en tant qu’intermédiaires entre la cour ottomane et le Patriarcat. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur la présence grecque dans la cour ottomane de Mehmed II. J’aborde en particulier le cosmopolitisme culturel dans la cour à partir de l’intérêt ottoman pour l’héritage culturel byzantin, qui est attesté aussi par la circulation des savants byzantins et de quelques manuscrits grecs. La deuxième partie de la thèse est consacrée au rhéteur et copiste Jean Dokeianos, un personnage représentatif de la transition byzantine-ottomane. J’offre une édition commentée de ses ouvrages rhétoriques inédits, écrits pour les membres de la dernière cour byzantine de Mistra. Initialement proche de Pléthon, il s’approcha au cercle anti-unioniste de Gennadios Scholarios après son déplacement à Constantinople autour de 1460, où il travailla pour le Patriarcat et pour la cour ottomane. Dans le dernier chapitre je présente l’éclectique collection manuscrite de Dokeianos et son activité de copie à Mistra et à Constantinople, tout en proposant des nouvelles identifications. Dans l’appendice j’offre une édition de quelques ouvrages Byzantines inédits de la moitié du XVème siècle écrites par des auteurs liés à différents égards à Dokeianos<br>Unlike the XVth century diaspora of Byzantine intellectuals and Greek manuscripts to the West, the role played by Byzantine scholars in Constantinople in the aftermath of the Ottoman conquest in 1453 is still a little-explored subject. In the first chapter of my dissertation I provide an overview of the conditions of Constantinople before and after the conquest, discussing the emergence of an Ottoman imperial ideology and the importance of Greek merchant networks and Greek archons as intermediators between the Ottoman court and the Patriarchate. The second chapter focuses on the Greek presence in the Ottoman court during Mehmed II’s reign. In particular, I address cultural cosmopolitism in the sultan’s court by looking at the Ottoman interest for the Byzantine cultural legacy, which is also attested by the circulation of Byzantine scholars and by a number of Greek manuscripts in the Ottoman court. The second part of the dissertation is devoted to the rhetorician and copyist John Dokeianos, a representative figure of the Byzantine-Ottoman transition. I provide a commented edition of his unedited rhetorical works written for members of the Byzantine court of Mistra. Formerly close to Pletho, he became close to the anti-Unionist circle of Gennadios Scholarios when he moved to Constantinople around 1460, where he worked for both the Patriarchate and the Ottoman court. In the last chapter I discuss Dokeianos’ eclectic book collection and his copying activities in Mistra and Constantinople, proposing new manuscripts identifications. In the appendix I provide an edition of some unedited XVth century Byzantine works written by authors connected in various degrees to Dokeianos
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Books on the topic "Mehmed II"

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Clot, André. Mehmed II, le conquérant de Byzance. Perrin, 1990.

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Kritovoulos. Mehmet II. erobert Konstantinopel: Die ersten Regierungsjahre des Sultans Mehmet Fatih, des Eroberers von Konstantinopel 1453 : das Geschichtswerk des Kritobulos von Imbros. Styria, 1986.

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Hankins, James. Renaissance crusaders: Humanist crusade literature in the age of Mehmed II. Dumbarton Oaks Publications OFfice, 1995.

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Amoiroutzēs, Georgiōs. El diálogo de la fe con el sultán de los turcos. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000.

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Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, ed. and Cruz Palma, Óscar de la, tr., est., eds. El Diálogo de la fe con el sultán de los turcos. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2000.

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Daniş, Mehmet. Yeniçeri Ocağının kaldırılışı ve II. Mahmud'un Edirne seyahatı: Mehmed Dâniş Bey ve eserleri. Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, 1994.

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Philippides, Marios. Mehmed II the Conqueror and the fall of the Franco-Byzantine Levant to the Ottoman Turks: Some western views and testimonies. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2007.

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F, Sanz Domingo, ed. Epístola a Mehmet II. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 2003.

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Witasek, Marian. Konstantynopol 1453. Bellona, 2008.

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Sultan Mehmet II: Eroberer Konstantinopels-Patron der Künste . Böhlau, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mehmed II"

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Moberly, David C. "Mehmed II and His Woman: The Idea of Europe in Early Modern Representations of a Female Captive." In The Dialectics of Orientalism in Early Modern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46236-7_9.

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"Bibliographie." In Mehmed II. Perrin, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/perri.clot.1990.01.0315.

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"PART II. SUMMARY." In History of Mehmed the Conqueror. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691198187-004.

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"Two Essays on Mehmed II: ‘Muhammed II.’ and ‘Fath Mubîn’." In The Rise of the Ottoman Empire. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203148396-17.

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"Notes." In Gentile Bellini’s Portrait of Sultan Mehmed II. I.B. Tauris, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838604837.0006.

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"Bibliography." In Gentile Bellini’s Portrait of Sultan Mehmed II. I.B. Tauris, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838604837.0007.

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"Pursuing a Portrait." In Gentile Bellini’s Portrait of Sultan Mehmed II. I.B. Tauris, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838604837.ch-001.

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"In Circulation." In Gentile Bellini’s Portrait of Sultan Mehmed II. I.B. Tauris, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838604837.ch-002.

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"Encounters." In Gentile Bellini’s Portrait of Sultan Mehmed II. I.B. Tauris, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838604837.ch-003.

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"History, Memory, and the Trails from Istanbul to Venice." In Gentile Bellini’s Portrait of Sultan Mehmed II. I.B. Tauris, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838604837.ch-004.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mehmed II"

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Ory, Vincent. "“Locking up the Strait in the fifteenth century’s Ottoman Mediterranean”: The Bosporus’ sea forts of Mehmet II (1452)." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11333.

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In the fifteenth century, the Mediterranean world was in turmoil. A new sultan, Mehmet II, had just inherited a vast empire stretching over two continents in the centre of which the ruins of the Byzantine Empire survived through the city of Constantinople. In order to seal his accession, he therefore undertook important preparations to conquer the “City guarded by God”. Mehmet then ordered the construction, within 4 months, of an imposing fortress nicknamed Boǧazkesen (the throat cutter). This coup de force is a testimony to the incredible military and economic power of this growing empire that masters a new war technology: artillery. The Ottomans, who were still novices in this field, had therefore had to adapt their fortifications to the use of firearms. Using local and foreign architects and engineers, the Ottoman fortifications built in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries bear witness to an architectural experimentation that seems to testify, like the work carried out in Rhodes by Pierre d’Aubusson or in Methoni by the Venetians, to a real research in terms of offensive and defensive effectiveness. In this context, the fortifications of Rumeli Hisarı and Anadolu Hisarı, built on either side of the narrowest point of the Bosporus in 1451-1452, are characterized by the presence of large coastal batteries that operate together. They were to block access to Constantinople by the Black Sea, combining sinking and dismasting fire.
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Шайдуллина, М. Р. "Сочетанная эндокринная патология при синдроме MEHMO". У II Конференция по орфанным заболеваниям и детским эндокринным заболеваниям с международным участием "Персонализированный подход в детской эндокринологии"". ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» Минздрава России, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/pmpe-2022-76.

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