Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mélange de solvant'
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Huss, Valérie. "Etude de la dégradation d'un solvant industriel : le mélange TBP - isopar." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX30064.
Full textMasnada, Elian. "Mélange de polymère ou polymère-solvant : thermodynamique et dynamique à l’approche de la transition vitreuse." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10263.
Full textThe aim of this work is to describe the diffusion dynamics in polymers close to the glass transition (relaxation processes at non equilibrium states). A thermodynamic model for polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent blends is developed. It is able to compute the thermodynamic forces existing at non equilibrium for the mentioned blends (Onsagers formalism). The correspondent dynamic are based upon the existence of thermodynamic heterogeneities close to Tg due to concentration's fluctuations (Long-Lequeux model). Two methods were developed. The first is based on a Fokker-Planck equation which describes, at the heterogeneity scale (i.e. nanometric scale), the distribution of fluctuations of polymer and solvent. Following the study on the relaxation mechanism in the nanometric scale, a microscopic scale was then considered, in order to take in account either the solvent penetration within a glassy material or the drying of a polymer-solvent blend close to Tg. The second method consists in the simulation of the mentionned relaxation mechanisms using a spatial approach. This approach is based on a special discretization, each site being able to exchange solvent molecules or monomers according to the dynamics described by coupled non-linear Langevin equations. This second method is a more general approach. However the calculations related to it are more time-consuming. The results obtained by both methods are in good agreement. This is the very first method able to describe microscopically and quantitatively the solvents diffusion close to or below Tg
Donnet, Louis. "Extraction du molybdène par le mélange TBP-Dodécane en milieu nitrique : application au raffinage de l'uranium." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0274.
Full textGarcin, Isabelle. "Les évaporateurs à film ruisselant : application au solvant organique de retraitement des combustibles nucléaires : mélange binaire, hydrodynamique, mouillage, transferts." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10058.
Full textLu, Mengnan. "New technology development for advanced "Clean" solid catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10108.
Full textFischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis converts syngas into liquid hydrocarbons over cobalt catalyst for new ultraclean alternative fuels. The syngas can be produced from both fossil and renewable resources. The catalysts for FT synthesis are currently prepared by chemical ways like impregnation etc. All these routes involve toxic solvents and high temperature retreatment. Because of lower cost, reduced energy requirements and environmental pollution, the mechano-chemistry has a number of advantages for the synthesis of heterogeneous catalysis compared to conventional techniques. In this study, the mechano-chemical method was used to prepare alumina supported cobalt catalysts for FT synthesis. Differently to the conventional catalyst preparation, the deposition of active phase did not involve any solvent in the proposed method. The goal of this work is to obtain efficient FT catalysts and to simplify catalyst synthesis by reducing the number of preparation steps. The project involves innovative method of synthesis of catalysts in three different mechanical working processes in dry context. The process of mechano-chemistry to synthesize the catalyst for FT reaction was developed. The operating conditions for the control of the coating technique were identified through optimal conditions study by statistical analysis. Moreover, characterizations were studied to understand the basic mechanisms behind deposition of particles on the interface. Catalytic performance tests were estimated in a mili-fixed bed reactor; Optimization algorithm of parameters in a mechanical process was carried out via deriving target formula about energy and material size
Schneider, Hélène. "Récupération des acides des bains de décapage les plus utilisés dans l'industrie par extraction liquide-liquide." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECAP0870.
Full textBlouet, Christelle. "Utilisation d'une méthode électrochimique pour la détermination simultanée de coefficients d'activité et d'énergies de transfert dans des solutions non-aqueuses d'électrolytes et dans des mélanges de solvants." Paris, ENMP, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENMP1321.
Full textThe representation of the thermodynamic properties of electrolytes solutions in mixed-solvent is a strong industrial stake. However the thermodynamics modelling of these systems presents specifics difficulties. In the present study, we carried out an electrochemical cell with ion selective electrodes in order to determine experimental measurements that could be used to improve the representation of non-aqueous and mixed-solvent electrolytes solutions. This method allows us to obtain not only experimental values of mean activity coefficient but also of the standard gibbs energy of transfer, a property necessary to express the mean activity coefficients in a reference state that does not depend on the mixture composition. The first measurements have been relative to solutions of naci and nabr in methanol and water-methanol mixtures. The new device was then used to determine the partition coefficient of naci between the two liquid phases produced by the water-n-butanol system
Benbettaieb, Nasreddine. "Influence de traitements de réticulation sans solvant sur les propriétés de films à base de gélatine et chitosan encapsulant ou non des antioxydants naturels : caractérisations physico-chimiques et application." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS045/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to develop an edible packaging made of a mixture of chitosan and gelatin (beef or fish), to better understand the influence of the electron beam irradiation and of the incorporation of natural antioxidants on the physico-chemical and functional properties of the films. A study of the effect of irradiation on antioxidants release kinetics in a simple liquid medium was studied for validation. A preliminary study first showed that the densification of the film-forming solution and the gel during drying does not depend on the thickness or concentration or time and suggests a Fickian diffusion of water in the matrix. The permeability to water vapor increases linearly with film thickness and especially when the extent of the relative humidity differential is high. This phenomenon is attributed to a swelling mechanism and plasticization of the gelatin-chitosan network by the water. The effect of the chitosan-gelatin ratio showed an improvement of the mechanical properties and barrier to water and oxygen of the films compared to chitosan films. These performance gains are due to the good miscibility of the two macromolecules and to the molecular interactions established after the formation of a polyelectrolyte complex, as confirmed by FTIR analysis. Irradiation of films after drying increases the polarity of the surface and the film hydrophilicity, and thus induces an increase in barrier properties to water vapor and oxygen, and also of the mechanical and thermal films. However, irradiation does not change the crystallinity of the films. The incorporation of antioxidants (ferulic acid, coumarin, quercetin and tyrosol) with or without irradiation acts differently on the organization of the macromolecular network and thus on the film properties. Thus, ferulic acid and tyrosol reduce the permeability of water vapor measured in a gradient of 0-30% relative humidity, while it increases up to 90 times with a gradient 30-84 % and an irradiation treatment. The oxygen permeability decreases significantly after addition of quercetin or tyrosol and after irradiation. Ferulic acid and coumarin increases the tensile strength of the films while they are quercetin and ferulic acid which allow to increase the thermal resistance of the films. These results thus demonstrate the complexity of the interactions involved between antioxidants and the chains of chitosan and/or gelatin, their dependence on the moisture level of the system and on the impact of cross-linking treatment by irradiation. It is noticed that the irradiation has protected the active molecules against oxidation for a long period of storage of the films. Release in aqueous medium of ferulic acid is the more delayed with the highest retention in the film at equilibrium (27%). The antioxidants diffusion coefficients, determined from the release kinetics, could be modulated (about 50%) by the irradiation treatments
Seuvre, Anne-Marie. "Contribution à l'étude des interactions solvant-soluté en solution aqueuse de sucres et de sels." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES019.
Full textInchekel, Radia. "Développement d'une équation d'état applicable aux systèmes d'électrolytes eau-alcool-sels-hydrocarbures." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004399.
Full textAhmed, Saifuddin. "Modélisation thermodynamique des mélanges électrolytiques multi-solvants pour les simulateurs de procédés." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS002/document.
Full textThe capabilities of the current thermodynamic models are limited in dealing with mixed-solvent electrolyte systems, due to the complex interactions within these systems. The objective of this work is to extend eGC-PPC-SAFT model to these systems. This is done in several steps. First, a modification in the temperature dependent water diameter was proposed. Second, a minimum number of ion-water parameters are determined on mean ioninc activity coefficients and densities of strong electrolyte systems, as well as vapour-liquid equilibria (VLE) of mixed solvent electrolytes. In the third step, the model is used to study the liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) of the mixed-solvent electrolyte system. This was done by looking at the partition coefficients of the individual species in the systems. In doing so, a parameterization strategy was developed for ion-solvent binaries that involve assessing the impact of the individual ePPC-SAFT contribution on the partitioning of individual species. A new method for dealing with the condition of electroneutrality in liquid-liquid ionic systems was proposed that involves a direct correction on the fugacity coefficient. In view of the importance of this property, a new mixing rule for the dielectric constant of mixed solvent is proposed to provide the best description of LLE of mixed solvent electrolyte. The final model is capable of describing, the activity coefficient, VLE, and LLE of mixed-solvent electrolyte systems
Julien, Grégoire. "Dynamics in polymer blends and polymer-solvent blends close to the glass transition." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10187/document.
Full textIn this work, we propose a model for describing the dynamics in polymer blends or polymer-solvent blends close to and below Tg. The model is solved on a 2D lattice corresponding to spatial scales from 10 nm up to a few micrometers and incorporate the heterogeneous nature of the dynamics at the scale of a dynamic heterogeneity (3-5 nm). In case of polymer blends, we apply this model to study phase separation close to and below Tg upon cooling, and rejuvenation in miscible range upon heating. In the course of phase separation, we observe slow structures forming in coexistence with faster ones. In the same time, the global dynamics of the system slows down and domains grow like the logarithm of the time. During rejuvenation, we observe that morphologies melt much faster the elapsed time required to build them during aging. In the case of polymer-solvent blends, the system is put in contact with a solvent reservoir and is at temperatures far below the pure polymer glass transition. We consider situations where the activity of the solvent reservoir is varied in order to describe either films drying or swelling. Our model allows for explaining case-II diffusion in the context of the plasticisation of a glassy polymer by penetrating solvent during swelling. Regarding the process of film drying, we show that films up to 1 micrometer thick can be completely dried. When drying a thicker film, we show that a glassy crust may appear on the free surface, as shown experimentally
Billard, Philippe. "Mise au point et études structures-propriétés de matériaux polymères semi-interpénétrés pour la séparation de mélanges organiques par pervaporation : application aux cas des mélanges aromatique-alcane et alcool-éther." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPL015N.
Full textThanawan, Sombat. "Réalisation de mélanges de polymères par séparation de phase contrôlée." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10087.
Full textTiruta-Barna, Ligia. "Thermodynamique des mélanges compose organique - solvant supercritique : application a la décontamination des sols pollués." Lyon, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAL0109.
Full textCarbon dioxide super critical extraction is applied to the remediation of soils contaminated by organic compounds. We have studied three aspects of the extraction process: 1) The calculation of solubility of organic compounds in super critical fluids. W e proposed a thermodynamic model which is based on the relations existing between the Helmholtz energy of pure components and the excess Helmholtz energy in a mixing process at constant packing fraction. The components may intervene in the equation of state of the mixture with varied equations of state. This model was applied to solid-fluid and liquid-fluid equilibria. A group contribution method was developed for hydrocarbon-carbon dioxide mixtures. 2) The adsorption equilibrium of biphenyl in soil in the presence of super critical carbon dioxide was studied experimentally and represented with the Bragg Williams lattice model. The adapted model allows adsorption calculation for a given set of temperature-pressure-fluid composition 3) For the kinetic study of the extraction, we used a soil artificially contaminated with biphenyl. In the soil, the pollutant is distributed between a precipitated phase and an adsorbed phase. Thus, the extraction model contains a dissolution kinetic term and a desorption kinetic term. The model parameters (the dissolution rate coefficient, the overall mass transfer coefficient between soil particles and the fluid and the fraction of precipitated biphenyl from the total quantity in soil) was estimated by fitting with experimental extraction data
Lafrad, Fatima. "Dissolution et fonctionnalisation de la cellulose dans les mélanges co-solvant/fluides sous et supercritiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10029.
Full textThis thesis presents a detailed study of the dissolution and the functionalization of cellulose in the co-solvent/sub and supercritical fluids. Many fluids have been used, including supercritical mixtures of acetone/CO2 and ethanol/CO2, urea/CO2 subcritical water, 1,8-Diazabicycloundec-7-ene (DBU)/CO2 mixture and methanol/DBU/CO2 mixture. Infrared spectroscopy was used to study the intermolecular interactions in the supercritical mixture of acetone/CO2 and ethanol/CO2, over a wide range of molar fractions and temperatures. Molecular dynamics simulations coupled with infrared spectroscopy measurements were performed to understand the hydrogen bonds interactions in sub and supercritical water, over a wide temperature range. In-situ kinetics studies using FT infrared spectroscopy, has been performed to optimize the dissolution of cellulose in various sub and supercritical solvents. We didn’t found any spectral signature of the dissolution of cellulose in the acetone/CO2 and the ethanol/CO2 mixtures. However, cellulose has been transformed to cellulose carbamate in the urea/supercritical CO2 mixture. The SEM photograph of cellulose treated in the switchable ionic liquids prepared from DBU/subcritical CO2 or DBU/methanol/subcritical CO2 showed a change in the cellulose morphology. Several spectroscopic techniques were used in this study (infrared transmission or ATR, CP / MAS solid NMR, SEM). The quantum calculations on models of configurations formed by CO2, DBU and cellobiose (to mimic the cellulose) were carried out and allowed us to propose a reaction mechanism for the reaction of the cellulose in the DBU/CO2 mixture
Bouteloup, Rémi. "Estimation de propriétés d'intérêt pour les électrolytes liquides." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4016/document.
Full textLiquid electrolytes, composed of a salt dissolved in a solvent, are used in the composition of batteries and are the subject of numerous studies to improve their performance and safety. Of all the essential properties of an electrolyte, the most important is its ionic conductivity, which influences the battery's performance. For a given salt, the conductivity itself is mainly determined by the physico-chemical properties of the solvent such as its dielectric constant or its viscosity. The objective of this study is to develop models to estimate properties of interest of liquid electrolytes, in order to offer time savings to chemists, who will be able to eliminate inadequate compositions from the point of view of such or such property. The first part of this study presents a method to estimate the conductivity of an electrolyte, consisting of a LiPF6 salt in a solvent mixture. This method is based on new equations, to estimate the parameters of the Casteel-Amis equation, based on the physico-chemical properties of the solvent mixture, including the dielectric constant. The second part also presents a method to estimate the dielectric constant of a pure solvent, based on its chemical structure. This method is based on new additive models that estimate the parameters of the Kirkwood-Fröhlich equation. Two of these models estimate the density and refractive index of a liquid compound at room temperature. All the models developed can be used via a user interface
Naejus, Régine. "Étude d'électrolytes pour accumulateurs lithium-carbone dans les solvants organiques de type carbonates (PC/EC/DMC), purs ou en mélanges." Tours, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOUR4017.
Full textDridi, Lotfi. "Transfert d'un mélange de solvants chlorés en aquifère poreux hétérogène : Expérimentations sur site contrôlé et simulations numériques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/DRIDI_Lotfi_2006.pdf.
Full textThree large-scale experiments were conducted on the experimental set-up SCERES. The multiphase multicomponent code SIMUSCOPP was used in order to simulate migration and transport of the mixture of TCE/PCE. The Partitioning Interwell Tracer Test carried out on SCERES presented limits as for its application on real site. In addition, numerical studies based on the inversion of concentration data showed that is possible to determine a pollutant distribution in a vertical plane from dissolved concentrations profiles in the case of a mono constituent source in homogeneous porous media. Quantification of the influence of a low permeable layer placed at the upper boundary of SCERES on the transfer of a TCE and PCE mixture revealed that even in the presence of a perched capillary water zone, the vapor fluxes towards the atmosphere is significant. Moreover, by using a 1-D numerical approach, it was shown that the error made in the estimation of the vapor fluxes towards the atmosphere by indirect approach increases when the water content varies significantly in the unsaturated zone. The numerical simulations carried out showed that SIMUSCOPP over-estimates the transfer of the vapor towards the aqueous phase and is not very sensitive to the type of injection used in the simulation. In the presence of local heterogeneities, the distribution of the source area is more complex and non uniform. In addition, it is shown that in the presence of a high water content in the unsaturated zone, the assumption of instantaneous equilibrium between the gaseous and aqueous phases is not valid. Moreover, by comparing the equilibrium dissolved concentrations of TCE and PCE, we could highlight the phenomenon of dissolution kinetics at the macroscopic scale
Duran-Valencia, Cécilia. "Extraction par solvants supercritiques, mesures d'équilibre "liquide-vapeur" et modélisation." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP0968.
Full textKoverga, Volodymyr. "Organisation de la structure locale de mélanges liquide ionique/solvant moléculaire : une étude théorique basée sur la dynamique moléculaire." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10221/document.
Full textMixtures of imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) with perfluorinated anions and dipolar aprotic solvent are promising candidates for electrolytic components used in different electrochemical applications. Current state of technologies requires detailed information on the influence of the mixture composition on the physical and chemical properties of the mixture. This thesis presents a molecular dynamics simulation analysis of the local structure organization of the mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (C4mim+) ILs with perfluorinated anions (BF4‒, PF6‒, TFO‒, TFSI‒) and dipolar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile (AN), γ-butyrolactone (GBL) and propylene carbonate (PC). As a first step, the local structure in the neat ILs and molecular solvents has been analyzed. For the set of ILs it was established that H-bonding interactions at the H2 site is strongly enhanced compared to the H4-5 sites in the case of asymmetric and/or strongly basic anions like TFO− or TFSI−. The cation-cation contacts via the aggregation of the butyl chains is much stronger and less anion-dependent than the π+-π+ stacking of the imidazolium rings. For the pure solvent our results show that although the dominant dipole-dipole orientation between a reference molecule and first neighbor is the antiparallel one, while for the subsequent neighbors the antiparallel orientation is gradually weakened in favor of the parallel one. More distant neighbors tend to be parallel to the reference molecule. A deep analysis of the local structure made it possible to identify the presence of weak hydrogen bonds in the selected dipolar solvents. For the mixtures of imidazolium-based ILs the results show that in all the studied IL/molecular solvent mixtures, the distribution of the anion around the cation is not drastically affected in the range of xIL between 1.0 and 0.3 and for further decrease of xIL noticeable changes in the distance characteristics describing the cation and anion hydrogen bonding interactions, occur. These changes are associated with the expected weakening of the cation and anion interactions. These results are in good agreement with the behavior of the 2H chemical shift as a function of xIL. Furthermore, our results point out to the importance of the anion-solvent interactions in describing the local structure in these mixtures
Souche, Mireille. "Hétérogénéités de la dynamique dans les mélanges polymère-solvant à l'approche de la transition vitreuse : Diffusion de type II et séchage de films polymère-solvant un modèle à l'échelle mésoscopique." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112008.
Full textA model describing the equilibrium and out equilibrium dynamics of a polymer solution near the glass transition is proposed. The equilibrium description relies on the existence of concentration fluctuations, which are assumed to account for the heterogeneity of the dynamics. The fast evolving regions control the evaporation of the solvent, while the slow evolving regions control the contraction of the mixture. Out of equilibrium, the dynamics is described by a system of coupled differential equations: one for the distribution of the polymer concentration and one for the evaporation of the solvent. The drying of a few micrometer thick polymer films, as well as the inverse process, namely the penetration of solvent in a glassy polymer matrix, are then discussed. In the first case, we show that, reducing the solvent activity down to zero, the solvent can be almost completely evaporated from the film in a reasonable experimental time, even at temperatures well below the glass transition temperature. For thicker films, we show the appearance of a glassy layer at the interface. When applied to the inverse process, our model allows for a description of type II diffusion in glassy polymers and gives an interpretation of the phenomenological parameters appearing in the model of Thomas and Windle
Carrière, Pascal. "Conformation de PMMA stéréoréguliers et de mélanges PMMA-oligomères à l'interface silice-solvant : conséquences sur la rhéologie de ces dispersions." Mulhouse, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MULH0632.
Full textMarekha, Bogdan. "Structure et dynamique microscopiques dans les mélanges de liquides ioniques à base d’imidazolium et de solvants polaires aprotiques : RMN, spectroscopie Raman et modélisation moléculaire." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10071/document.
Full textThis thesis presents a multi-technique approach for analysis of the structure and dynamics in the mixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (Bmim+) cation coupled with perfluorinated anions (BF4−, PF6−, CF3SO3−, (CF3SO2)2N−), on one side, and polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile (AN), ), γ-butyrolactone (γ-BL), and propylene carbonate (PC), on the other side. Raman spectroscopy and NMR chemical shift measurements were used to probe changes of electronic density at specific interaction sites of ILs and solvent molecules as a function of mixture composition. Quantum-chemical calculations of the representative configurations were performed to complement the interpenetration of spectral observations. Important changes in the structure and dynamics are observed only at low IL content (xIL<0.2). It was established that ion solvation phenomena prevail over those of ion association for the solvents of high donicity (γ-BL, PC) and for ILs whose anions are bulky and have diffusive charge distribution (PF6−, (CF3SO2)2N−). The relative diffusion coefficients of solvent molecules to cations as a function of concentration depend on the nature of the solvent but not on the anion. In all cases these relative coefficients exhibit constant values at low IL content (xLI<0.2) and then increase steeply (AN), moderately (γ-BL) or negligibly (PC) at high IL concentrations. In BmimPF6-based systems anionic diffusivities were followed via RMN of 31P nuclei
Ferrari, Bernard. "La RMN du carbone-13, outil d'analyse des mélanges naturels : caractérisation d' huiles végétales, d'huiles essentielles et d'extraits aux solvants." Corte, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CORTA002.
Full textFine, Thomas. "Etude du comportement de copolymères à blocs ABC en solvants réactifs : application à la compatibilisation de mélanges de polymères thermoplastique / thermodurcissable." Lyon, INSA, 2004. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2004ISAL0081/these.pdf.
Full textIn the field of polymer blends, the emulsifying activity of the block copolymers are very often used to compatibilise two immiscible polymers. On the other hand, what is more unusual is their use in thermoplastic/thermoset (TP/TS) polymer blends, what will represent our major axe of research. In this type of blends, the two phases structure is created during the polymerization of the TS precursor, the increase of its molar mass inducing a phase separation of the initially miscible system. The block copolymers used in this study are ABC type, which means that each block has a different chemical nature. The choice of the two extrem block has been done in order to obtain their respective miscibility in the TS rich phase and the TP rich phase. The middle block is an elastomeric one in order to create the best mechanical enhancement of the blends. The complexity of the systems lead us, in a first time, to the study of the thermodynamic of ternary systems based on two homopolymers and a diepoxy prepolymer. In a second time, we have focused our work on the behavior of the ABC block copolymer in the reactive solvent, and in particular on the influence of the middle block on the order-disorder transition of the solutions. We have then study the TP/TS/block copolymers systems by first discussing the organisation of the blends before polymerisation, then the evolution of the morphology during polymerisation and finally to evaluate the mechanical strength of this new compatibilised materials
Touchal, Samira. "Synthèse de nouveaux matériaux polymères hydrosolubles : application à la séparation de mélanges de solvants organiques de type alcool / éther par pervaporation." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_2003_TOUCHAL_S.pdf.
Full textBohy, Martine. "Caractérisation de sources de pollution composées d'un mélange de solvants chlorés en aquifère alluvial : Expérimentations en laboratoire et sur site contrôlé associées à la simulation numérique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2003/BOHY_Martine_2003.pdf.
Full textTwo large-scale experiments were conducted on the controlled site SCERES to study the transport of a mixture of two chlorinated solvents in the saturated and unsaturated zones of the sandy aquifer and to quantify the mass transfers across the capillary fringe and towards the atmosphere or to the groundwater. The experiments involved an injection of trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE) in SCERES, under controlled conditions, with multidepth sampling of gas in the unsaturated zone and water in the capillary zone and the groundwater. The mass transfer of TCE and PCE vapors from the vadose zone to the atmosphere was quantified using a vertical flux chamber and calculated with a semi-experimental method. The multiphase multicomponent code SIMUSCOPP was used in order to simulate the vapor transport in the unsaturated zone of the artificial aquifer environment. The calculated vapor concentrations were in good agreement with those observed. The obtained results point out that vertical dispersion of chlorinated solvent vapors across the capillary fringe can cause a significant groundwater pollution in spite of the slowness of the aqueous diffusion process. The study of the partitioning tracer method for quantification and location of TCE sources in the saturated zone of the aquifer constitutes the second part of this work. As the transposition of the method from laboratory columns to the experimental site failed, we decided to realize several complementary column-tests to determine the role of the volume of pollutant, its repartition in the porous medium, the presence of heterogeneities and the influence of the contact time of the tracers with the organic phase. We could thus show a partitioning kinetics of the reactive tracer
Durand, Erwann. "Solvants de type eutectiques profonds : nouveaux milieux réactionnels aux réactions de lipophilisation biocatalysées par les lipases ?" Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20138/document.
Full textWith the emergence of the green chemistry concept in the 90s, many studies have been dedicated to the discovery of new reactions media both suitable and efficient for chemical/enzyme catalysis. Up to now, the main efforts have focused on the development of ionic liquids. However, recently a novel class of solvent called "deep eutectic mixtures (DES)", have been described as a serious alternative and economically stronger than ionic liquids. Such solvents are formed by mixing an organic salt (ammonium or phosphonium) with a hydrogen-bond donor. Just like ionic liquid, DES may also be liquid at room temperature, non-volatile and have excellent thermal stability. However, unlike most ionic liquids, these new solvents are biodegradable, inexpensive, and very easy to prepare. In the field of biocatalysis, whereas the studies in ionic liquid are deeply documented, the published papers describing biotransformation reactions in DES are very low, especially in lipase-catalyzed processing, where these enzymes may be used in so-called "lipophilisation reactions", for the synthesis of new molecules with high added value (surfactants or lipophilized antioxidants).The main objective of this work was to assess and test the potential of DES as new "green" reaction media for lipase-catalyzed synthesis. On a fundamental point of view, this study provides valuable information to understand how the different components involved in these mixtures could contribute to their functional properties in order to enhance their use in various applications. Changes in reaction conditions (solvents and biocatalysts) allowed us to highlight the clear superiority of two DES (chloride cholinium:Urea and chloride cholinium:glycerol) to carry out lipase-catalyzed reactions using the lipase B from Candida antarctica as biocatalyst. However, our results showed that the biotransformations of dissolved substrates (such as phenolic compounds) in DES are extremely difficult to achieve without the addition of water. Studying DES-water mixtures (pH, thermodynamic activity of water, activity and stability of lipase, mixtures composition, etc ...) we were able to fine-tune the reaction conditions to optimize the performance of the lipasic catalysis. Thus, given the difficulties encountered when performing lipase-catalyzed reactions with substrates of two different polarities, it was still possible to synthesize high yields of a full range of lipophilic derivatives of ferulic and coumaric acids from C4 to C16 (aliphatic chain)
Nguyen, Thi Hoa. "Films minces de copolymères à blocs pour la réalisation de gabarits à porosité contrôlée." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00821029.
Full textAdje, Estelle Yaba. "Hydrolyse ménagée de l’hémoglobine bovine par la pepsine porcine en mélanges hydroalcooliques et obtention d’une nouvelle famille de peptides antimicrobiens." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10103/document.
Full textIn view of the emergence of resistant bacteria, hydrolysis of bovine hemoglobin by pepsin can be considered as an important way for the obtaining of antimicrobial peptides. Known alcohols as structural solvents were used to lead to a limited hydrolysis of bovine hemoglobin. Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, or trifluoroethanol were used in order to preserve or induce further structural changes of hemoglobin. Peptic hydrolysis of hemoglobin in hydroalcoholic solution has permitted to obtain less complex hydrolysate mainly composed of intermediate antimicrobial peptides. Structural changes of proteins were investigated using spectroscopic methods, such as, UV-visible spectophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and circular dichroïsm. Use of 10% TFE was allowed to less complex hydrolysate, containing intermediate hydrophobic peptides. Neverless, concentration of these peptides was low. Use of 40% methanol, 30% ethanol, 20% propanol or 10% butanol has improved this concentration. These alcohols have induced and increased more specific activity of pepsin, located preferentially in C-terminal position of leucine. They have also made available the hydrophobic core of hemoglobin allowing to a new peptide family: 67-106 α family. This family showed antimicrobial activity against four bacterial strains (MIC: 35.2-187.1 μM) and displayed at the same time ACE inhibitory activity (IC50: 42.55-1095 μM)
Požar, Martina. "On the nature of structural fluctuations in complex liquids." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS269.
Full textThe analysis of different types of structuring, present in simple and complex liquids and their mixtures, was done using the method of molecular dynamics. Complex mixtures have at least one associative component, such as water, alcohols (mono-ols and diols) and amines. The supra-molecular structuring in these mixtures is detected, described, quantified and connected with the atom-atom interactions is the molecules. These systems have interesting fluctuation behaviors, as shown through Kirkwood-Buff integrals. Their correlation functions behave in a complex way, depending on the component, concentration and temperature. The pre-peak at small k values in the site-site structure factor is defined as a signature of molecular domains in these mixtures. A special focus is placed on long-range structuring, which is a novelty considering the majority of the work in the field of the physics of liquids. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of micro-heterogeneous structures in molecular liquids, and gives new links to structural heterogeneities in soft and bio-matter
Provost, Elise. "Études thermodynamique et structurale de deux n-alcanes lourds (n-hexacosane et n-octacosane) et de leurs mélanges dans des solvants organiques contenant sept atomes de carbone." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL069N.
Full textKrebs, Stéphane. "Modélisation des propriétés thermodynamiques de solutions d'électrolytes à intérêt industriel." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00357703.
Full textSpigolis, Camille. "Silicone blends for aeronautic applications." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI031.
Full textPolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polytrifluoropropylmethylsiloxane (PTFPMS) elastomers are popular material in the aeronautic and connector fields. Their flexibility, wide service temperature range and chemical resistance make them first-choice materials for such applications. PTFPMS provides oil and apolar solvent resistance to the final material, while PDMS provides resistance to polar solvents, greater thermal resistance than PTFPMS, and cost reduction. Typically, connector seals comprising PDMS and PTFPMS can be composed of blends of homopolymers, of copolymers or of blends of homopolymers and copolymers. This present work deals only with blends of homopolymers. First, commercial PDMS and PTFPMS bases were selected and characterised, the blending process chosen and the PDMS/PTFPMS ratio tuned so as to minimise swelling in acetone and methylcyclohexane while maximising thermal properties. The optimal blend composition comprised 30 wt% PTFPMS. The second part of this work explored the influence of crosslinking conditions on final properties of the cured PDMS/FS blend. Crosslinking parameters, such as the temperature (160 and 180°C), the nature (DCP and DBPH) and the quantity (0.5 and 1 wt%) of peroxide, were varied. It appeared that co vulcanisation between PDMS and PTFPMS, occurs in certain conditions. Swelling as well is influenced by crosslinking conditions but not thermal properties. Finally, the formulation of the ideal elastomer was developed. Fillers, such as TiO2, CaCO3, quartz, CeO, a pigment, Fe2O3 and a platinum compound, were selected and their influence on thermal, mechanical and swelling properties studied. Regarding thermal and solvent properties, a high loading of fillers is a good strategy, however, an increase of permanent set was observed with the augmentation of filler fraction. Final formulations were selected for the compromise they offered between thermal and swelling properties and mechanical behaviour on the lab scale. Morphology observation revealed well dispersed domains, comparable to that of the non additivated blend
Echcherki, Thami. "Mise au point d'électrodes a membranes polymères contenant des ionophores sélectifs aux ions K, Na et Li pour le dosage de ces cations dans les milieux biologiques (analyses cliniques), et la détermination des énergies libres de transfert de l'eau dans les mélanges de solvants hydro-organiques." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10151.
Full textDebia, Maximilien. "Évaluation d’indices de comparaison pour la substitution des solvants en milieu de travail." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5952.
Full textSubstitution is a primary preventive method which allows the elimination of hazards to workers at the source. One of the steps in substitution analysis is the comparison between options in order to choose the best alternative. Various comparison indices based on physicochemical, health and environmental parameters of substances may facilitate the choice. However, no evaluation of theses indices has been done in the case of solvent substitution. Development research was undertaken in order to propose an improved methodology for solvent substitution. A systematic procedure of solvent substitution was applied to a real workplace case and the comparison between options was made using the Vapour Hazard Ratio (VHR). Three Overexposure Potential Indices (OPIs) (VHR, « Måleteknisk Arbejdshygiejnisk Luftbehov » (MAL) and SUBstitution FACtor (SUBFAC)) and three comprehensive hazard screening indices (air index (ψiair), Indiana Relative Chemical Hazard Score (IRCHS) and Final Hazard Score (FHS)) were evaluated and compared using a list of 56 and 67 solvents respectively. In the case of mixtures, the effect of nonideality on OPIs was also investigated by comparing 50 solvent mixtures. Quantitative property-property relationship (QPPR) models were developed for estimating Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) for solvents without OELs. QPPR models were made from octanol:air, blood:air and metabolic constants using a list of 88 solvents. The case study showed that the use of the VHR made comparison of replacement options easier, although it was limited by the absence of an OEL for a solvent. VHR and SUBFAC were shown to be close with excellent correlation between the two indices (R=0.99) but a worse correlation was calculated between MAL and VHR (R=0.75). This was attributed to the discrete nature of the volatility parameter in MAL. The impact of nonideality, evaluated by the calculation of activity coefficients on 50 solvent mixtures, resulted in ratios between corrected and non corrected VHRs varying between 0.57 and 2.7, suggesting that a safety factor of five could be used when comparing solvent mixtures. Correlation and sensitivity analysis showed that hazard screening indices differed in the way they integrate key substitution factors such as volatility, OEL, skin exposure, flammability, carcinogenicity and various environmental parameters. No index was found to be suitable for performing solvent substitution. Two QPPR modeling approaches were developed for computing OELs and VHRs; and 61 % and 87 % of the predicted VHRs were within a factor of two and five, respectively, of the calculated VHRs. Our results lead us to propose an improved comparison procedure using a two-tier approach. In the first tier, a selection would eliminate solvent candidates having crucial health, safety and environmental impacts. In the second tier, the comparison would emphasize the VHR but also consider other parameters which are relevant to the specific context. Comparison would also take into account nonideality for mixtures and predicted OELs for solvents without such values.