Academic literature on the topic 'Melody'
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Journal articles on the topic "Melody"
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Nainggolan, Oriana Tio Parahita. "Species Counterpoint: Pendekatan Dalam Pembelajaran Kontrapung." Virtuoso: Jurnal Pengkajian dan Penciptaan Musik 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/vt.v4n1.p31-38.
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Abstract: As a part of music theory, Counterpoint dealing with a combination of melody in contrary motion. It is focused on combining melody between cantus firmus and counterpoint. In learning counterpoint, there are two approaches which usually used, free Counterpoint and strict counterpoint (it is well known as species counterpoint). The free counterpoint method allows writing counterpoint melody without paying attention to Counterpoint rules. While in strict counterpoint does not give freedom to write counterpoint melody, hence in must follow Counterpoint rules. Based on an early observation of this study, it found that the free counterpoint method did not give a strong understanding of basic counterpoint to the students. It is showed that students are confused when they made a Counterpoint melody. They stated that they were confused about how to start the melodies and also how to develop their melody because they don’t have a strong basis of counterpoint rules. This research aims to analyze the role of species counterpoint in giving a rudiment to the students. Species counterpoint used here as a pedagogical tool, which makes students learned through several steps called species. This is qualitative research. The data acquired from observation and interviews during learning Counterpoint at Music Education Study Program, Faculty of Performing Arts, Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta. The results showed that species counterpoint builds a strong fundamental theory in writing counterpoint melody. Moreover, it also helps students to increase their skills in writing a counterpoint melody.Keywords: Counterpoint, Cantus Firmus, Species Counterpoint, Melody. Abstrak: Kontrapung merupakan cabang dari Teori Musik untuk menyusun kombinasi melodi secara berlawanan antara cantus firmus dan counterpoint. Dalam pembelajaran Kontrapung terdapat dua pendekatan yaitu free counterpoint dan strict counterpoint (species counterpoint). Free counterpoint memberikan kebebasan dalam membuat melodi Kontrapung, sementara strict counterpoint harus mempertimbangkan berbagai macam kaidah dalam membuat melodi Kontrapung. Berdasarkan observasi awal, penggunaan free counterpoint dalam pembelajaran Kontrapung tidak memberikan dasar yang kuat untuk dapat membuat melodi Kontrapung. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, maka sebaiknya pembelajaran Kontrapung dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan species counterpoint. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penggunaan species counterpoint pada pembelajaran Kontrapung dalam membuat melodi Kontrapung. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Data penelitian didapat dari hasil observasi dan wawancara yang dilakukan selama pembelajaran Kontrapung di Program Studi S-1 Pendidikan Musik, Fakultas Seni Pertunjukan, Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran Kontrapung dengan menggunakan pendekatan species counterpoint dapat meningkatkan pemahaman terhadap kaidah-kaidah Kontrapung dalam membuat melodi Kontrapung, selain itu pembelajaran Kontrapung dengan species counterpoint juga meningkatkan keterampilan dalam membuat melodi Kontrapung.Kata Kunci: Kontrapung, Cantus Firmus, Species Counterpoint, Melodi.
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Hidayatullah, Panakajaya. "Musik Adaptasi Dangdut Madura." Resital: Jurnal Seni Pertunjukan 16, no. 1 (February 17, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/resital.v16i1.1270.
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Musik adaptasi dangdut Madura adalah bentuk penciptaan musik yang prosesnya dilakukandengan mengadaptasi lagu asing (asal) menjadi lagu dangdut Madura (sasaran). Tujuan penelitianini adalah untuk mengetahui proses adaptasi musik dangdut Madura dari lagu asal ke lagu sasaranmelalui analisis musikologis. Analisis musikologis meliputi lirik, melodi vokal, dan hubungan antaralirik dan melodi vokal. Lirik dan melodi vokal dipilih sebagai objek studi karena keduanya merupakanunsur yang paling menonjol dalam musik adaptasi dangdut Madura. Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa dalam proses adaptasi lagu asal ke lagu sasaran terdapat pola-pola atau kecenderungan yangsering terjadi yaitu: 1) lirik lagu sasaran selalu menyesuaikan dengan lirik lagu asal, penyesuaiantersebut melalui penyesuaian pola liris, pola tiruan bunyi (onomatope), pola penyesuaian bunyi dansaduran. 2) Melodi vokal lagu asal selalu berorientasi untuk tetap dipertahankan, tetapi mengalamiperubahan yaitu penyesuaian ritme melodi vokal dan perubahan nada melodi vokal. 3) Terdapat hubungan lirik dan melodi vokal yang saling mempengaruhi dalam musik adaptasi dangdut Madura.The Musical Adaptation of Maduranese Dangdut. The musical adaptation of Maduranese dangdutis a form of musical creation process done by adapting a foreign song (origin) into a Maduranese dangdutsong (target). The purpose of this study was to determine the adaptation process of Maduranese dangdutmusic from the origin song to the target one through musicological analysis. The musicological analysisincludes the analysis of the lyrics, the vocal melodies, and the relationship between the lyrics and vocalmelodies. The lyrics and vocal melodies were chosen as the objects of study because both of which were themost prominent elements in the musical adaptation of Maduranese dangdut. The results showed that in theprocess of adaptation tracked from the target to the original songs there are several patterns or tendencies thatoften occur. The patterns are the followings: 1) The lyrics targets always adjust to the lyrics of origin, theseadjustments include the adjustment of lyrical pattern, the pattern of sound imitation (onomatopoeic), thepattern of sound adjustment and adaptation. 2) The melody of the original vocal songs are always designedto be retained, yet the changes are in the adjustment of the vocal melody rhythm and the tonal changes of thevocal melody. 3) There is a relationship between the lyrics and vocal melody which interplay in the musical adaptation of Maduranese dangdut.
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Larson, Steve. "Musical Forces, Melodic Expectation, and Jazz Melody." Music Perception 19, no. 3 (2002): 351–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2002.19.3.351.
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I review the theoretical and experimental literature on musical forces and melodic expectation, showing important connections between that work and the work of leading jazz theorists. I then show how ideas derived from that work may help us understand a few passages of recorded jazz. The examples include two compositions (the "heads" to Charlie Parker's "Confirmation" and Toshiko Akiyoshi's "I Ain't Gonna Ask No More") and a few improvised passages (by Bill Evans and Charlie Parker). Viewing these examples in terms of what cognitive science tells us about melodic expectation clarifies their rhetorical and gestural "meanings." Furthermore, these same examples can help us test those same theories of melodic expectation——multiple regression analysis of the frequency with which certain patterns are completed within these same examples provides an empirical test of assertions derived from the literature reviewed.
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Ahlbäck, Sven. "Melodic similarity as a determinant of melody structure." Musicae Scientiae 11, no. 1_suppl (March 2007): 235–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102986490701100110.
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Rasula, Jed. "Endless Melody." Texas Studies in Literature and Language 55, no. 1 (March 2013): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7560/tsll55103.
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Reisch, B. I., R. M. Pool, J. P. Watson, W. B. Robinson, and T. H. E. Cottrell. "‘Melody’ Grape." HortScience 21, no. 1 (February 1986): 158–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.1.158.
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Abstract ‘Melody’ is a late midseason, white wine grape (Fig. 1) which produces a vinifera-type wine with varietal character. In addition, ‘Melody’ does not require cluster thinning and is moderately resistant to powdery mildew [Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr.]. It is the 3rd wine grape cultivar to be named by the Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Geneva, N.Y., and follows the release of ‘Cayuga White’ (1) and ‘Horizon’ (2). It is the first in a series of wine grape releases from this station to be given a name with a musical theme.
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Dunne, Tom, and Conor Cruise O'Brien. "Unchained Melody." Irish Review (1986-), no. 13 (1992): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29735693.
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GIORDANO, GEOFF. "Melody Makers." Plastics Engineering 77, no. 10 (December 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/peng.20598.
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Cowen, Ron. "Cosmic Melody." Science News 166, no. 8 (August 21, 2004): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4015474.
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W., G. "Unchained Melody." Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly 40, no. 4 (August 1999): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001088049904000420.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Melody"
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Kathiresan, Thayabaran. "Automatic Melody Generation." Thesis, KTH, Signalbehandling, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-175990.
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Chai, Wei 1972. "Melody retrieval on the Web." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/61120.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-90).
The emergence of digital music on the Internet requires new information retrieval methods adapted to specific characteristics and needs. While music retrieval based on the text information, such as title, composers, or subject classification, has been implemented in many existing systems, retrieval of a piece of music based on musical content, especially an incomplete, imperfect recall of a fragment of the music, has not yet been fully explored. This thesis will explore both theoretical and practical issues involved in a web-based melody retrieval system. I built a query-by-humming system, which can find a piece of music in the digital music repository based on a few hummed notes. Since an input query (hummed melody) may have various errors due to uncertainty of the user's memory or the user's singing ability, the system should be able to tolerate errors. Furthermore, extracting melodies to build a melody database is also a complicated task. Therefore, melody representation, query construction, melody matching and melody extraction are critical for an efficient and robust query-by-humming system. Thus, these are the main tasks to be addressed in the thesis. Compared to previous systems, a new and more effective melody representation and corresponding matching methods which combined both pitch and rhythmic information were adopted, a whole set of tools and deliverable software were implemented, and experiments were conducted to evaluate the system performance as well as to explore other melody perception issues. Experimental results demonstrate that our methods incorporating rhythmic information rather than previous pitch-only methods did help improving the effectiveness of a query-by-humming system.
by Wei Chai.
S.M.
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Salamon, Justin J. "Melody extraction from polyphonic music signals." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/123777.
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Music was the first mass-market industry to be completely restructured by digital technology, and today we can have access to thousands of tracks stored locally on our smartphone and millions of tracks through cloud-based music services. Given the vast quantity of music at our fingertips, we now require novel ways of describing, indexing, searching and interacting with musical content. In this thesis we focus on a technology that opens the door to a wide range of such applications: automatically estimating the pitch sequence of the melody directly from the audio signal of a polyphonic music recording, also referred to as melody extraction. Whilst identifying the pitch of the melody is something human listeners can do quite well, doing this automatically is highly challenging. We present a novel method for melody extraction based on the tracking and characterisation of the pitch contours that form the melodic line of a piece. We show how different contour characteristics can be exploited in combination with auditory streaming cues to identify the melody out of all the pitch content in a music recording using both heuristic and model-based approaches. The performance of our method is assessed in an international evaluation campaign where it is shown to obtain state-of-the-art results. In fact, it achieves the highest mean overall accuracy obtained by any algorithm that has participated in the campaign to date. We demonstrate the applicability of our method both for research and end-user applications by developing systems that exploit the extracted melody pitch sequence for similarity-based music retrieval (version identification and query-by-humming), genre classification, automatic transcription and computational music analysis. The thesis also provides a comprehensive comparative analysis and review of the current state-of-the-art in melody extraction and a first of its kind analysis of melody extraction evaluation methodology.La industria de la música fue una de las primeras en verse completamente reestructurada por los avances de la tecnología digital, y hoy en día tenemos acceso a miles de canciones almacenadas en nuestros dispositivos móviles y a millones más a través de servicios en la nube. Dada esta inmensa cantidad de música al nuestro alcance, necesitamos nuevas maneras de describir, indexar, buscar e interactuar con el contenido musical. Esta tesis se centra en una tecnología que abre las puertas a nuevas aplicaciones en este área: la extracción automática de la melodía a partir de una grabación musical polifónica. Mientras que identificar la melodía de una pieza es algo que los humanos pueden hacer relativamente bien, hacerlo de forma automática presenta mucha complejidad, ya que requiere combinar conocimiento de procesado de señal, acústica, aprendizaje automático y percepción sonora. Esta tarea se conoce en el ámbito de investigación como “extracción de melodía”, y consiste técnicamente en estimar la secuencia de alturas correspondiente a la melodía predominante de una pieza musical a partir del análisis de la señal de audio. Esta tesis presenta un método innovador para la extracción de la melodía basado en el seguimiento y caracterización de contornos tonales. En la tesis, mostramos cómo se pueden explotar las características de contornos en combinación con reglas basadas en la percepción auditiva, para identificar la melodía a partir de todo el contenido tonal de una grabación, tanto de manera heurística como a través de modelos aprendidos automáticamente. A través de una iniciativa internacional de evaluación comparativa de algoritmos, comprobamos además que el método propuesto obtiene resultados punteros. De hecho, logra la precisión más alta de todos los algoritmos que han participado en la iniciativa hasta la fecha. Además, la tesis demuestra la utilidad de nuestro método en diversas aplicaciones tanto de investigación como para usuarios finales, desarrollando una serie de sistemas que aprovechan la melodía extraída para la búsqueda de música por semejanza (identificación de versiones y búsqueda por tarareo), la clasificación del estilo musical, la transcripción o conversión de audio a partitura, y el análisis musical con métodos computacionales. La tesis también incluye un amplio análisis comparativo del estado de la cuestión en extracción de melodía y el primer análisis crítico existente de la metodología de evaluación de algoritmos de este tipo
La indústria musical va ser una de les primeres a veure's completament reestructurada pels avenços de la tecnologia digital, i avui en dia tenim accés a milers de cançons emmagatzemades als nostres dispositius mòbils i a milions més a través de serveis en xarxa. Al tenir aquesta immensa quantitat de música al nostre abast, necessitem noves maneres de descriure, indexar, buscar i interactuar amb el contingut musical. Aquesta tesi es centra en una tecnologia que obre les portes a noves aplicacions en aquesta àrea: l'extracció automàtica de la melodia a partir d'una gravació musical polifònica. Tot i que identificar la melodia d'una peça és quelcom que els humans podem fer relativament fàcilment, fer-ho de forma automàtica presenta una alta complexitat, ja que requereix combinar coneixement de processament del senyal, acústica, aprenentatge automàtic i percepció sonora. Aquesta tasca es coneix dins de l'àmbit d'investigació com a “extracció de melodia”, i consisteix tècnicament a estimar la seqüència de altures tonals corresponents a la melodia predominant d'una peça musical a partir de l'anàlisi del senyal d'àudio. Aquesta tesi presenta un mètode innovador per a l'extracció de la melodia basat en el seguiment i caracterització de contorns tonals. Per a fer-ho, mostrem com es poden explotar les característiques de contorns combinades amb regles basades en la percepció auditiva per a identificar la melodia a partir de tot el contingut tonal d'una gravació, tant de manera heurística com a través de models apresos automàticament. A més d'això, comprovem a través d'una iniciativa internacional d'avaluació comparativa d'algoritmes que el mètode proposat obté resultats punters. De fet, obté la precisió més alta de tots els algoritmes proposats fins la data d'avui. A demés, la tesi demostra la utilitat del mètode en diverses aplicacions tant d'investigació com per a usuaris finals, desenvolupant una sèrie de sistemes que aprofiten la melodia extreta per a la cerca de música per semblança (identificació de versions i cerca per taral•larà), la classificació de l'estil musical, la transcripció o conversió d'àudio a partitura, i l'anàlisi musical amb mètodes computacionals. La tesi també inclou una àmplia anàlisi comparativa de l'estat de l'art en extracció de melodia i la primera anàlisi crítica existent de la metodologia d'avaluació d'algoritmes d'aquesta mena.
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Pritchard, Matthew. "Analysis amd melody in late Beethoven." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.538320.
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Tang, Fung Michael, and 鄧峰. "Sequence classification and melody tracks selection." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29742973.
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Robertson, James (James Stewart) 1977. "Melody : a distributed music-sharing system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29691.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 47-49).
Text search has been an important feature of file sharing applications since Napster. This thesis explores a directory hierarchy for categorizing and retrieving content in peer-to-peer systems as an alternative to keyword search. This thesis discusses Melody, a music sharing system that implements a directory hierarchy. Melody is built on Chord, a distributed lookup algorithm, and DHash, a distributed hash table. We evaluate the performance consequences and usability of Melody. In addition, this thesis presents two support applications: Autocat, to support automatic categorization, and Paynet, to encourage users to pay for the songs they listen to.
by James Robertson.
M.Eng.
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Tang, Fung Michael. "Sequence classification and melody tracks selection /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25017470.
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Durey, Adriane Swalm. "Melody spotting using hidden Markov models." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082004-180126/unrestricted/durey%5Fadriane%5Fs%5F200312%5Fphd.pdf.
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Bäckström, Björn. "Where’s the Melody, Where’s the Harmony?" Thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för jazz, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-3474.
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This paper is about my process of composing and performing music inspired by The Great American Songbook. Doing this via tools acquired by analyzing the works from composers like Irving Berlin, George Gershwin, Arthur Johnston and other composers from that era. I have analyzed and found common associations with form and harmony, the use of melodic content and often used clichés which I have incorporated in my own composing. It also deals with my progress to arrange and rehearse the music to present it in form of a concert at The Royal College of Music on the 6thof March 2020. I reflect about the process of composing and if I achieved the same level of freedom playing my compositions as I have playing jazz standards. I come to the conclusion that I feel as confident performing these tunes as I do music from The Great American Songbook.Medverkande på konserten: Björn Bäckström (tenorsaxofon), Erik Tengholm (trumpet), Lars Ullberg (trombon), Jonny Ek (piano), Uno Dvärby (kontrabas), Jakob Bylund (trummor). Till uppsatsen bifogas inspelningar och partitur på mina egna kompositioner som är kopplade till arbetet: It's Time, Diminished Results, You can't keep this up, Midnight mood, Oh sweet Olivia och Dortmund Express. Även bifogas inspelning på Don't Get Around Much Anymore, skriven av Duke Ellington, som framförts vid konserttillfället.
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Mongiovi, Angelo Guimarães. "Chord-melody : investigação e arranjos para guitarra." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/11393.
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Mestrado em MúsicaO presente trabalho apresenta uma investigação na área do jazz sobre a performance da guitarra elétrica solo, mais popularmente conhecida como chord-melody. Estão presentes breves dados históricos, uma síntese das principais técnicas musicais utilizadas neste estilo performático e arranjos compostos por nós baseados neste idioma musical, tanto em partituras como em DVD.
This work presents an investigation in jazz area about the solo performance played in electric guitar, more popularly known as chord-melody. Are here brief historical data, a summary of the main musical techniques used in this performative style and arrangements composed by us based on this musical language, both in score as on DVD.
Books on the topic "Melody"
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Zak, Vladimir Ilʹich. O zakonomernosti︠a︡kh pesennoĭ melodiki. Moskva: "Sov. kompozitor", 1990.
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Aliberti, Francesco. Analisi della linearità melodica. Capua] (Caserta): Esarmonia, 2010.
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Aldridge, Gudrun. Melody in music therapy: A therapeutic narrative analysis. London: J. Kingsley, 2008.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Melody"
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Bertinetto, Alessandro. "Melody." In Lecture Notes in Morphogenesis, 315–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51324-5_74.
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van Leeuwen, Theo. "Melody." In Speech, Music, Sound, 92–124. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27700-1_5.
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Kidde, Geoffrey. "Melody." In Learning Music Theory with Logic, Max, and Finale, 127–48. New York: Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351004381-6.
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Thibault, Paul J. "Melody." In Distributed Languaging, Affective Dynamics, and the Human Ecology Volume I, 126–203. London; New York: Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351215589-4.
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Collins, Beverley, Inger M. Mees, and Paul Carley. "Speech Melody." In Practical English Phonetics and Phonology, 139–63. Fourth edition. | New York, NY : Routledge, [2019] | Series: Routledge English language introductions: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429490392-13.
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Kenway, Jane. "A Melancholic Melody." In Education, Social Justice and the Legacy of Deakin University, 93–103. Rotterdam: SensePublishers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-639-7_8.
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Bader, Rolf. "Pitch, Melody, Tonality." In Nonlinearities and Synchronization in Musical Acoustics and Music Psychology, 403–37. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36098-5_13.
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McCandless, Greg, and Daniel McIntyre. "Melody and Counterpoint." In The Craft of Contemporary Commercial Music, 91–113. New York ; London : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315680330-5.
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Lidov, David. "Melody as representation." In The Routledge Handbook of Music Signification, 285–96. [1.] | New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351237536-25.
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Angelov, Vladimir. "Melody in Motion." In You, the Choreographer, 403–23. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003009764-26.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Melody"
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Zheng, Zimu, Daqi Xie, Jie Pu, and Feng Wang. "MELODY." In e-Energy '20: The Eleventh ACM International Conference on Future Energy Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3396851.3397689.
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Renda, Giulia, Marilena Daquino, and Valentina Presutti. "Melody." In HT '23: 34th ACM Conference on Hypertext and Social Media. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3603163.3609035.
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Suzuki, Risa, Taro Suzuki, Seiichi Ariga, Makoto Iida, and Chuichi Arakawa. ""ephemeral melody"." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 posters. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1400885.1400971.
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Sebag, Annabel. "Wanted melody." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2012 Computer Animation Festival. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2341836.2341898.
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Yamada, Hiroki. "Floral melody." In ACM SIGGRAPH 2010 Posters. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1836845.1836885.
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Tsuchiya, Takahiko, and Jason Freeman. "A Study of Exploratory Analysis in Melodic Sonification with Structural and Durational Time Scales." In The 24th International Conference on Auditory Display. Arlington, Virginia: The International Community for Auditory Display, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2018.031.
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Melodic sonification is one of the most common methods of sonification: data modulates the pitch of an audio synthesizer over time. This simple sonification, however, still raises questions about how we listen to a melody and perceive the motions and patterns characterized by the underlying data. We argue that analytical listening to such melodies may focus on different ranges of the melody at different times and discover the pitch (and data) relationships gradually over time and after repeated listening. To examine such behaviors in real-time listening to a melodic sonification, we conducted a user study employing interactive time and pitch resolution controls for the user. The study also examines the relationships of these changing time and pitch resolutions to perceived musicality. The results indicate a stronger general relationship between the time progression and the use of time-resolution control to analyze data characteristics, while the pitch resolution controls tend to have more correlation with subjective perceptions of musicality.
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Sun, Weiyue, Jian Wu, and Shengcheng Yuan. "Melodic Skeleton: A Musical Feature for Automatic Melody Harmonization." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmew56448.2022.9859421.
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Tang, Taoran, Jia Jia, and Hanyang Mao. "Dance with Melody." In MM '18: ACM Multimedia Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3240508.3240526.
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Hamanaka, Masatoshi, Takayuki Nakatsuka, and Shigeo Morishima. "Melody slot machine." In SIGGRAPH '19: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3305367.3327985.
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Hamanaka, Masatoshi. "Melody Slot Machine." In MM '19: The 27th ACM International Conference on Multimedia. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3343031.3350863.
Full textReports on the topic "Melody"
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Perl-Treves, Rafael, M. Kyle, and Esra Galun. Development and Application of a Molecular Genetic Map for Melon (Cucumis melo). United States Department of Agriculture, October 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568094.bard.
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This project has generated a systematic survey of DNA polymorphism in Cucumis melo. An RFLP and RAPD survey of the major cultivar groups and botanical varieties of this species has been conducted, with the purpose of assessing the degree of molecular variation and phylogenetic relationships within the melon germplasm and, at the same time, develop sets of markets suitable for mapping the melon genome. Additional activities regarding variation in the melon germplasm in fruit traits and regeneration ability have been initiated as well. The necessary populations required for the development of a molecular map of the C. melo genome have been prepared. An F2 that segregated for 4 viral resistances, powdery mildew resitance and sex type has been derived from a PI 414723 x Topmark cross, and a RILs population has been prepared from it. We have confirmed the resistances in the population and have analyzed the genetic relationships between these resistances. Progress toward the construction of a molecular map of C. melo and the development of markers linked to those traits is described. We have so far screened the first few tens of markers in the F2 population, and many additional ones were screened in DNA bulks prepared from such population.
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Cohen, Roni, Kevin Crosby, Menahem Edelstein, John Jifon, Beny Aloni, Nurit Katzir, Haim Nerson, and Daniel Leskovar. Grafting as a strategy for disease and stress management in muskmelon production. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7613874.bard.
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The overall objective of this research was to elucidate the horticultural, pathological, physiological and molecular factors impacting melon varieties (scion) grafted onto M. cannonballus resistant melon and squash rootstocks. Specific objectives were- to compare the performance of resistant melon germplasm (grafted and non-grafted) when exposed to M. cannoballus in the Lower Rio Grande valley and the Wintergarden, Texas, and in the Arava valley, Israel; to address inter-species relationships between a Monosporascus resistant melon rootstock and susceptible melon scions in terms of fruit-set, fruit quality and yield; to study the factors which determine the compatibility between the rootstock and the scion in melon; to compare the responses of graft unions of differing compatibilities under disease stress, high temperatures, deficit irrigation, and salinity stress; and to investigate the effect of rootstock on stress related gene expression in the scion. Some revisions were- to include watermelon in the Texas investigations since it is much more economically important to the state, and also to evaluate additional vine decline pathogens Didymella bryoniae and Macrophomina phaseolina. Current strategies for managing vine decline rely heavily on soil fumigation with methyl bromide, but restrictions on its use have increased the need for alternative management strategies. Grafting of commercial melon varieties onto resistant rootstocks with vigorous root systems is an alternative to methyl bromide for Monosporascus root rot/vine decline (MRR/VD) management in melon production. Extensive selection and breeding has already produced potential melon rootstock lines with vigorous root systems and disease resistance. Melons can also be grafted onto Cucurbita spp., providing nonspecific but efficient protection from a wide range of soil-borne diseases and against some abiotic stresses, but compatibility between the scion and the rootstock can be problematic. During the first year experiments to evaluate resistance to the vine decline pathogens Monosporascus cannonballus, Didymella bryoniae, and Macrophomina phaseolina in melon and squash rootstocks proved the efficacy of these grafted plants in improving yield and quality. Sugars and fruit size were better in grafted versus non-grafted plants in both Texas and Israel. Two melons (1207 and 124104) and one pumpkin, Tetsukabuto, were identified as the best candidate rootstocks in Texas field trials, while in Israel, the pumpkin rootstock RS59 performed best. Additionally, three hybrid melon rootstocks demonstrated excellent resistance to both M. cannonballus and D. bryoniae in inoculated tests, suggesting that further screening for fruit quality and yield should be conducted. Experiments with ABA in Uvalde demonstrated a significant increase in drought stress tolerance and concurrent reduction in transplant shock due to reduced transpiration for ‘Caravelle’ plants. In Israel, auxin was implicated in reducing root development and contributing to increased hydrogen peroxide, which may explain incompatibility reactions with some squash rootstocks. However, trellised plants responded favorably to auxin (NAA) application at the time of fruit development. Gene expression analyses in Israel identified several cDNAs which may code for phloem related proteins, cyclins or other factors which impact the graft compatibility. Manipulation of these genes by transformation or traditional breeding may lead to improved rootstock cultivars. Commercial applications of the new melon rootstocks as well as the ABA and TIBA growth regulators have potential to improve the success of grafted melons in both Israel and Texas. The disease resistance, fruit quality and yield data generated by the field trials will help producers in both locations to decide what rootstock/scion combinations will be best.
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Katzir, Nurit, James Giovannoni, and Joseph Burger. Genomic approach to the improvement of fruit quality in melon (Cucumis melo) and related cucurbit crops. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587224.bard.
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Fruit quality is determined by numerous genetic traits that affect taste, aroma, texture, pigmentation, nutritional value and duration of shelf-life. The molecular basis of many of these important traits is poorly understood and it’s understanding offers an excellent opportunity for adding value to agricultural products. Improvement of melon fruit quality was the primary goal of the project. The original objectives of the project were: The isolation of a minimum of 1000 fruit specific ESTs. The development of a microarray of melon fruit ESTs. The analysis of gene expression in melon using melon and tomato fruit enriched microarrays. A comprehensive study of fruit gene expression of the major cucurbit crops. In our current project we have focused on the development of genomics tools for the enhancement of melon research with an emphasis on fruit, specifically the first public melon EST collection. We have also developed a database to relay this information to the research community and developed a publicly available microarray. The release of this information was one of the catalysts for the establishment of the International Cucurbit Genomic Initiative (ICuGI, Barcelona, Spain, July 2005) aimed at collecting and generating up to 100,000 melon EST sequences in 2006, leveraging a significant expansion of melon genomic resources. A total of 1000 ESTs were promised under the original proposal (Objective 1). Non-subtracted mature fruit and young fruit flesh of a climacteric variety in addition to a non-climacteric variety resulted in the majority of additional EST sequences for a total of 4800 attempted reads. 3731 high quality sequences from independent ESTs were assembled, representing 2,467 melon unigenes (1,873 singletons, 594 contigs). In comparison, as of June 2004, a total of 170 melon mRNA sequences had been deposited in GENBANK. The current project has thus resulted in nearly five- fold the number of ESTs promised and ca. 15-fold increase in the depth of publicly available melon gene sequences. All of these sequences have been deposited in GENBANK and are also available and searchable via multiple approaches in the public database (http://melon.bti.cornell.edu). Our database was selected as the central location for presentation of public melon EST data of the International Cucurbit Genomic Initiative. With the available unigenes we recently constructed a microarray, which was successfully applied in hybridizations (planned public release by August 2006). Current gene expression analyses focus on fruit development and on comparative studies between climacteric and non-climacteric melons. Earlier, expression profiling was conducted using macroarrays developed at the preliminary stage of the project. This analysis replaced the study of tomato microarray following the recommendations of the reviewers and the panel of the original project. Comparative study between melon and other cucurbit crops have begun, mainly with watermelon, in collaboration with Dr. Amnon Levi (USDA-ARS). In conclusion, all four objectives have been addressed and achieved. In the continuation project that have been approved we plan to apply the genomic tools developed here to achieve detailed functional analyses of genes associated with major metabolic pathway.
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Badami, Kaswan, Budi Setiadi Daryono, Achmad Amzeri, and Syaiful Khoiri. COMBINING ABILITY AND HETEROTIC STUDIES ON HYBRID MELON (Cucumis melo L.) POPULATIONS FOR FRUIT YIELD AND QUALITY TRAITS. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.3.
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In different crop plants, combining ability and heterosis are used as important diagnostic tools for assessing the performance of parental genotypes and their hybrids. This research aimed to evaluate heterotic and combining ability effects in the diallel crosses of melon (Cucumis melo L.) for yield- and quality-related traits. Seven melon (C. melo L.) genotypes were grown and crossed in a complete diallel fashion to produce F1 hybrids. During the 2019 crop season, 49 melon genotypes (7 parents + 42 F1 hybrids) were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Observations were made for seven characters. Analysis of variance revealed significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences among the melon genotypes for harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit diameter and merely significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) for fruit weight. Combining ability analysis revealed that mean squares due to general combining ability (GCA) were significant for fruit diameter but were nonsignificant for all other traits. However, mean squares due to specific combining ability (SCA) were significant for all traits. The parental genotypes PK-165, PK-464, and PK-669 exhibited the highest and desirable GCA effects for yield and quality traits. Hence, these genotypes could be used to generate high-yielding hybrid/open-pollinated cultivars. GCA:SCA ratios further revealed that the traits of harvest age, fruit flesh thickness, fruit total soluble solids, fruit length, and fruit weight were controlled by dominant gene action, whereas fruit diameter was managed by additive and dominant genes. The majority of the traits were controlled by nonadditive gene action, verifying that the said breeding material could be efficiently used for the production of hybrid cultivars on the basis of heterotic effects.
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Grumet, R., J. Burger, Y. Tadmor, A. Gur, C. Barry, A. Schäffer, and M. Petreikov. Cucumis fruit surface biology: Genetic analysis of fruit exocarp features in melon (C. melo) and cucumber (C. sativus). Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.8134155.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The fruit surface (exocarp) is a unique tissue with multiple roles influencing fruit growth and development, disease susceptibility, crop yield, post-harvest treatments, shipping and storage quality, and food safety. Furthermore, highly visible exocarp traits are the consumer's first exposure to the fruit, serving to identify fruit type, variety, attractiveness, and market value. Cucurbit fruit, including the closely related Cucumis species, melon (C. melo) and cucumber (C. sativus), exhibit tremendous diversity for fruit surface properties that are not present in model species. In this project, we identified genetic factors influencing Cucumis fruit surface morphology with respect to important quality determinants such as exocarp and flesh color, cuticle deposition, and surface netting. We employed a combination of approaches including: genome-wide association studies (GWAS) utilizing an extensive melon population and the U.S. Plant Introduction (PI) collection for cucumber to identify genomic regions associated with natural variation in fruit surface traits; bulked segregant RNA-seq (BSR-seq) analysis of bi-parental F2:3 or RIL (recombinant inbred line) populations to genomic regions and candidate genes segregating for fruit surface traits; and comparison of syntenic genomic regions and identification of homologous candidate genes. Candidate genes were examined for sequence and/or expression differences during fruit development that correspond with phenotypic differences. Primary outcomes of the work included identification of candidate genes influencing cuticle deposition, epidermal cell structure, surface netting, and intensity of rind and flesh color. Parallel studies identified mutations within the cucumber and melon homologs of the transcription factor WIN1 (WAX INDUCER1) as a significant factor influencing these surface properties. Additional QTL (quantitative trait loci) were identified in both species, and candidate genes in melon include a novel beta-glucosidase involved in lignin production and an integral membrane protein potentially involved in cuticle metabolism. Genetic resources and biochemical approaches have been developed to study cuticle and wax deposition in both species: segregating populations of melon were developed and sequenced for bulked segregant analysis and samples collected for metabolic analysis; an isolation procedure was developed for lipid droplets from cucumber peel and metabolomic analyses have been initiated. Genetic studies in melon identified mutations in a candidate gene (APRR2), associated with light immature rind, and further indicated that this gene is also associated with color intensity of both mature rinds and flesh, making it a good target for breeding. GWAS studies utilizing the cucumber core diversity population are being performed to identify additional sources of variation for fruit surface properties, map QTL, and examine for synteny with melon. Collectively these studies identified genetic regions associated with important quality traits and contributed to our understanding of underlying biological processes associated with fruit surface development. Knowledge of genetic control of these characteristics can facilitate more efficient breeding for important fruit surface traits.
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Katzir, Nurit, James Giovannoni, Marla Binzel, Efraim Lewinsohn, Joseph Burger, and Arthur Schaffer. Genomic Approach to the Improvement of Fruit Quality in Melon (Cucumis melo) and Related Cucurbit Crops II: Functional Genomics. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592123.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Genomics tools for enhancement of melon research, with an emphasis on fruit, were developed through a previous BARD project of the PIs (IS -333-02). These included the first public melon EST collection, a database to relay this information to the research community and a publicly available microarray. The current project (IS-3877- 06) aimed to apply these tools for identification of important genes for improvement of melon (Cucumis melo) fruit quality. Specifically, the research plans included expression analysis using the microarray and functional analyses of selected genes. The original project objectives, as they appeared in the approved project, were: Objective 1: Utilization of a public melon microarray developed under the existing project to characterize melon transcriptome activity during the ripening of normal melon fruit (cv. Galia) in order to provide a basis for both a general view of melon transcriptome activity during ripening and for comparison with existing transcriptome data of developing tomato and pepper fruit. Objective 2: Utilization of the same public melon microarray to characterize melon transcriptome activity in lines available in the collection of the Israeli group, focusing on sugar, organic acids and aroma metabolism, so as to identify potentially useful candidates for functional analysis and possible manipulation, through comparison with the general fruit development profile resulting from (1) above. Objective 3: Expansion of our existing melon EST database to include publicly available gene expression data and query tools, as the US group has done with tomato. Objective 4: Selection of 6-8 candidate genes for functional analysis and development of DNA constructs for repression or over-expression. Objective 5: Creation of transgenic melon lines, or transgenic heterologous systems (e.g. E. coli or tomato), to assess putative functions and potential as tools for molecular enhancement of melon fruit quality, using the candidate gene constructs from (4).
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Grumet, Rebecca, Rafael Perl-Treves, and Jack Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Cucumis Reproduction - from Sex Expression to Fruit Set. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696533.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Reproductive development is a critical determinant of agricultural yield. For species with unisexual flowers, floral secualdifferentation adds additional complexity, that can influenec productivity. The hormone ethylene has long, been known to play a primary role in sex determination in the Cucumis species cucumber (C. sativus) and melon (C. melo). Our objectives were to: (1) Determine critical sites of ethylene production and perception for sex determination; (2) Identify additional ethylene related genes associated with sex expression; and (3) Examine the role of environment ami prior fruit set on sex expression, pistillate flower maturation, and fruit set. We made progress in each of these areas. (1) Transgenic melon produced with the Arabidopsis dominant negative ethylene perception mutant gene, etrl-1, under the control of floral primordia targeted promoters [AP3 (petal and stamen) and CRC (carpel and nectary)], showed that ethylene perception by the stamen primordia, rather than carpel primordia, is critical for carpel development at the time of sex determination. Transgenic melons also were produced with the ethylene production enzyme gene. ACS, encoding l-aminocyclopropane-lcarboylate synthase, fused to the AP3 or CRC promoters. Consistent with the etr1-1 results, CRC::ACS did not increase femaleness; however, AP3::ACS reduced or eliminated male flower production. The effects of AP3:ACS were stronger than those of 35S::ACS plants, demonstratin g the importance of targeted expression, while avoiding disadvantages of constitutive ethylene production. (2) Linkage analysis coupled with SNP discovery was per formed on ethylene and floral development genes in cucumber populations segregating for the three major sex genes. A break-through towards cloning the cucumber M gene occurred when the melon andromonoecious gene (a), an ACS gene, was cloned in 2008. Both cucumber M and melon a suppress stamen development in pistillate flowers. We hypothesized that cucumber M could be orthologous to melon a, and found that mutations in CsACS2 co-segregated perfectly with the M gene. We also sought to identify miRNA molecules associated with sex determination. miRNA159, whose target in Arabidopsis is GAMYB[a transcription factor gene mediating response to10 gibberellin (GA)], was more highly expressed in young female buds than male. Since GA promotes maleness in cucumber, a micro RNA that counteracts GAMYB could promote femaleness. miRNA157, which in other plants targets transcription factors involved in flower development , was expressed in young male buds and mature flower anthers. (3) Gene expression profiling showed that ethylene-, senescence-, stress- and ubiquitin-related genes were up-regulated in senescing and inhibited fruits, while those undergoing successful fruit set up-regulated photosynthesis, respiration and metabolic genes. Melon plants can change sex expression in response to environmental conditions, leading to changes in yield potential. Unique melon lines with varying sex expression were developed and evaluated in the field in Hancock, Wisconsin . Environmental changes during the growing season influenced sex expression in highly inbred melon lines. Collectively these results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression. The fact that both cucumber sex loci identified so far (F and M) encode isoforms of the same ethylene synthesis enzyme, underscores the importance of ethylene as the main sex determining hormone in cucumber. The targeting studies give insight into developmental switch points and suggest a means to develop lines with earlier carpel-bearing flower production and fruit set. These results are of significance for understanding regulation of sex expression to facilitate shorter growing seasons and earlier time to market. Field results provide information for development of management strategies for commercial production of melon cultivars with different sex expression characteristics during fruit production.
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Gur, Amit, Edward Buckler, Joseph Burger, Yaakov Tadmor, and Iftach Klapp. Characterization of genetic variation and yield heterosis in Cucumis melo. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600047.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Project objectives: 1) Characterization of variation for yield heterosis in melon using Half-Diallele (HDA) design. 2) Development and implementation of image-based yield phenotyping in melon. 3) Characterization of genetic, epigenetic and transcriptional variation across 25 founder lines and selected hybrids. The epigentic part of this objective was modified during the course of the project: instead of characterization of chromatin structure in a single melon line through genome-wide mapping of nucleosomes using MNase-seq approach, we took advantage of rapid advancements in single-molecule sequencing and shifted the focus to Nanoporelong-read sequencing of all 25 founder lines. This analysis provides invaluable information on genome-wide structural variation across our diversity 4) Integrated analyses and development of prediction models Agricultural heterosis relates to hybrids that outperform their inbred parents for yield. First generation (F1) hybrids are produced in many crop species and it is estimated that heterosis increases yield by 15-30% globally. Melon (Cucumismelo) is an economically important species of The Cucurbitaceae family and is among the most important fleshy fruits for fresh consumption Worldwide. The major goal of this project was to explore the patterns and magnitude of yield heterosis in melon and link it to whole genome sequence variation. A core subset of 25 diverse lines was selected from the Newe-Yaar melon diversity panel for whole-genome re-sequencing (WGS) and test-crosses, to produce structured half-diallele design of 300 F1 hybrids (MelHDA25). Yield variation was measured in replicated yield trials at the whole-plant and at the rootstock levels (through a common-scion grafted experiments), across the F1s and parental lines. As part of this project we also developed an algorithmic pipeline for detection and yield estimation of melons from aerial-images, towards future implementation of such high throughput, cost-effective method for remote yield evaluation in open-field melons. We found extensive, highly heritable root-derived yield variation across the diallele population that was characterized by prominent best-parent heterosis (BPH), where hybrids rootstocks outperformed their parents by 38% and 56 % under optimal irrigation and drought- stress, respectively. Through integration of the genotypic data (~4,000,000 SNPs) and yield analyses we show that root-derived hybrids yield is independent of parental genetic distance. However, we mapped novel root-derived yield QTLs through genome-wide association (GWA) analysis and a multi-QTLs model explained more than 45% of the hybrids yield variation, providing a potential route for marker-assisted hybrid rootstock breeding. Four selected hybrid rootstocks are further studied under multiple scion varieties and their validated positive effect on yield performance is now leading to ongoing evaluation of their commercial potential. On the genomic level, this project resulted in 3 layers of data: 1) whole-genome short-read Illumina sequencing (30X) of the 25 founder lines provided us with 25 genome alignments and high-density melon HapMap that is already shown to be an effective resource for QTL annotation and candidate gene analysis in melon. 2) fast advancements in long-read single-molecule sequencing allowed us to shift focus towards this technology and generate ~50X Nanoporesequencing of the 25 founders which in combination with the short-read data now enable de novo assembly of the 25 genomes that will soon lead to construction of the first melon pan-genome. 3) Transcriptomic (3' RNA-Seq) analysis of several selected hybrids and their parents provide preliminary information on differentially expressed genes that can be further used to explain the root-derived yield variation. Taken together, this project expanded our view on yield heterosis in melon with novel specific insights on root-derived yield heterosis. To our knowledge, thus far this is the largest systematic genetic analysis of rootstock effects on yield heterosis in cucurbits or any other crop plant, and our results are now translated into potential breeding applications. The genomic resources that were developed as part of this project are putting melon in the forefront of genomic research and will continue to be useful tool for the cucurbits community in years to come.
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Perl-Treves, Rafael, Rebecca Grumet, Nurit Katzir, and Jack E. Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Sex Expression in Cucumis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586536.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Monoecious species such as melon and cucumber develop separate male and female (or bisexual) flowers on the same plant individual. They display complex genetic and hormonal regulation of sex patterns along the plant. Ethylene is known to play an important role in promoting femaleness and inhibiting male development, but many questions regarding critical sites of ethylene production versus perception, the relationship between ethylene and the sex determining loci, and the possible differences between melon and cucumber in this respect are still open. The general goal of the project was to elucidate the role of ethylene in determining flower sex in Cucumis species, melon and cucumber. The specific Objectives were: 1. Clone and characterize expression patterns of cucumber genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and perception. 2. Genetic mapping of cloned genes and markers with respect to sex loci in melon and cucumber. 3. Produce and analyze transgenic melons altered in ethylene production or perception. In the course of the project, some modifications/adjustments were made: under Objective 2 (genetic mapping) a set of new mapping populations had to be developed, to allow better detection of polymorphism. Under Objective 3, cucumber transformation systems became available to us and we included this second model species in our plan. The main findings of our study support the pivotal role of ethylene in cucumber and melon sex determination and later stages of reproductive development. Modifying ethylene production resulted in profound alteration of sex patterns in melon: femaleness increased, and also flower maturation and fruit set were enhanced, resulting in earlier, more concentrated fruit yield in the field. Such effect was previously unknown and could have agronomic value. Our results also demonstrate the great importance of ethylene sensitivity in sex expression. Ethylene perception genes are expressed in sex-related patterns, e.g., gynoecious lines express higher levels of receptor-transcripts, and copper treatments that activate the receptor can increase femaleness. Transgenic cucumbers with increased expression of an ethylene receptor showed enhanced femaleness. Melons that expressed a defective receptor produced fewer hermaphrodite flowers and were insensitive to exogenous ethylene. When the expression of defective receptor was restricted to specific floral whorls, we saw that pistils were not inhibited by the blocked perception at the fourth whorl. Such unexpected findings suggest an indirect effect of ethylene on the affected whorl; it also points at interesting differences between melon and cucumber regarding the mode of action of ethylene. Such effects will require further study. Finally, our project also generated and tested a set of novel genetic tools for finer identification of sex determining genes in the two species and for efficient breeding for these characters. Populations that will allow easier linkage analysis of candidate genes with each sex locus were developed. Moreover, effects of modifier genes on the major femaleness trait were resolved. QTL analysis of femaleness and related developmental traits was conducted, and a comprehensive set of Near Isogenic Lines that differ in specific QTLs were prepared and made available for the private and public research. Marker assisted selection (MAS) of femaleness and fruit yield components was directly compared with phenotypic selection in field trials, and the relative efficiency of MAS was demonstrated. Such level of genetic resolution and such advanced tools were not used before to study these traits, that act as primary yield components to determine economic yields of cucurbits. In addition, this project resulted in the establishment of workable transformation procedures in our laboratories and these can be further utilized to study the function of sex-related genes in detail.
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Li, Li, Joseph Burger, Nurit Katzir, Yaakov Tadmor, Ari Schaffer, and Zhangjun Fei. Characterization of the Or regulatory network in melon for carotenoid biofortification in food crops. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594408.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The general goals of the BARD research grant US-4423-11 are to understand how Or regulates carotenoid accumulation and to reveal novel strategies for breeding agricultural crops with enhanced β-carotene level. The original objectives are: 1) to identify the genes and proteins in the Or regulatory network in melon; 2) to genetically and molecularly characterize the candidate genes; and 3) to define genetic and functional allelic variation of these genes in a representative germplasm collection of the C. melo species. Or was found by the US group to causes provitamin A accumulation in chromoplasts in cauliflower. Preliminary genetic study from the Israeli group revealed that the melon Or gene (CmOr) completely co-segregated with fruit flesh color in a segregating mapping population and in a wide melon germplasm collection, which set the stage for the funded research. Major conclusions and achievements include: 1). CmOris proved to be the gene that controls melon fruit flesh color and represents the previously described gflocus in melon. 2). Genetic and molecular analyses of CmOridentify and confirm a single SNP that is responsible for the orange and non-orange phenotypes in melon fruit. 3). Alteration of the evolutionarily conserved arginine in an OR protein to both histidine or alanine greatly enhances its ability to promote carotenoid accumulation. 4). OR promotes massive carotenoid accumulation due to its dual functions in regulating both chromoplast biogenesis and carotenoid biosynthesis. 5). A bulk segregant transcriptome (BSRseq) analysis identifies a list of genes associated with the CmOrregulatory network. 6). BSRseq is proved to be an effective approach for gene discovery. 7). Screening of an EMS mutation library identifies a low β mutant, which contains low level of carotenoids due to a mutation in CmOrto produce a truncated form of OR protein. 8). low β exhibits lower germination rate and slow growth under salt stress condition. 9). Postharvest storage of fruit enhances carotenoid accumulation, which is associated with chromoplast development. Our research uncovers the molecular mechanisms underlying the Or-regulated high level of carotenoid accumulation via regulating carotenoidbiosynthetic capacity and storage sink strength. The findings provide mechanistic insights into how carotenoid accumulation is controlled in plants. Our research also provides general and reliable molecular markers for melon-breeding programs to select orange varieties, and offers effective genetic tools for pro-vitamin A enrichment in other important crops via the rapidly developed genome editing technology. The newly discovered low β mutant could lead to a better understanding of the Or gene function and its association with stress response, which may explain the high conservation of the Or gene among various plant species.