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1
Harrington, Robert Franklin 1955. "Release of meltwater and ionic solute from melting snow." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191224.
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The release of ionic solute from melting seasonal snow produces an influx of ion laden water into hydrologic systems at the start of spring snowmelt. The spatial and temporal variability of meltwater and solute release from melting snow was investigated at different spatial scales to assess the magnitude and variability of this process. Four laboratory experiments were performed where an 0.4 m³ volume of snow was placed in a plexiglass box and melted from above. NaCl and dye tracer experiments revealed contemporaneous areas of concentrated dye and dilute meltwater in flow fingers, indicating that meltwater in preferential flow paths is diluted by low concentration water from the top of the snowpack. Meltwater discharge and meltwater electrical conductivity were measured in snow lysimeters, and snow accumulation and electrical conductivity of samples from snowpits were measured over four snowmelt seasons at an alpine field site. Peak snow-water equivalent ranged from 0.57 to 2.92 m, and lysimeter discharges ranged from 20 to 205% of the mean flow; however mean lysimeter flow was representative of snow ablation observed in snow pits. The electrical conductivity in snowpit samples and lysimeter meltwater averaged 2-3 μS cm⁻¹. Peak meltwater electrical conductivity ranged from 6 to 14 times that of the bulk premelt snowpack. The highest conductivities were observed during the first few days following the onset of flow, and the lysimeters that began flowing earliest tended to have the highest conductivities at the onset of flow. A mathematical model for solute transport in snow was developed that includes the effects of mass transfer between mobile and immobile liquid phases, advection, hydrodynamic dispersion, and melt—freeze episodes. The ability of the model to accurately simulate solute movement and release depends on the validity of the assumption of one—dimensional flow and on the accuracy of modeling the snowpack energy balance. This model is preferable to the empirical models of solute elution currently in use for investigations of watershed hydrogeochemical response because it has the ability to respond directly to changes in snow accumulation or meteorlogical conditions.
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Viklander, Maria. "Melting of urban snow deposits : a water quality study." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 1994. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-26557.
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McLeod, Kari S. "Melting snow, a re-examination of Dr. John Snow, his dot-map and the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0002/MQ32371.pdf.
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Fortner, Sarah Kathryn. "The geochemistry of glacier snow and melt the Oregon Cascades and the Taylor Valley, Antarctica /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1228255773.
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Matthijsse, Mathilde. "Melting snow : the changing roles of Iqaluit women in family, work and society." Thesis, Durham University, 2010. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/279/.
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My thesis is a detailed anthropological study of the experiences of women as a result of their changing gender roles in Inuit families, in the labour market and in Inuit society more broadly. Although McElroy reported as early as 1975 that ‘a higher percentage of the total population of women than of men are employed [in Frobisher Bay and Pangnirtung]’ (McElroy 1975:679) the effects of this have never been systematically researched. This thesis is the first to use theoretical constructs from Bourdieu’s toolkit, including the capitals (social, cultural, symbolic), the habitus and the cultural arbitrary as well as theories of empowerment, to analyse how women have constructed and negotiated meaning in their new roles as financial provider for their families. It draws on data collected during ten months of fieldwork in Iqaluit, Canada, using a mix of qualitative methods including in-depth interviews, group discussions and participant observation. My findings show that different ideologies, values, ways of life and habitus shape and are shaped by life experiences of women in contemporary Iqaluit. These differences find their basis in women’s upbringing, ranging from traditional, to transitional, to contemporary; women’s experiences with education; and their interactions with incoming institutions with different cultural origins. Social negotiations characterise the process in which women create roles and identities for themselves, combining these different influences. Women’s access to financial and cultural capital in some cases impacts on and is a consequence of women’s empowerment, and their ability to challenge the cultural arbitrary. However, whilst empowerment is generally seen as a positive development, it can upset the balance between partners or other family members, who may struggle to appropriate economic, cultural and social change to the same extent. For that reason, it is important that the people of Nunavut, both men and women, work together to create for themselves a place in their family, community and society in which they can provide a meaningful contribution.
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Mahat, Vinod. "Effect of Vegetation on the Accumulation and Melting of Snow at the TW Daniels Experimental Forest." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1078.
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Snow melt is an important component of Western US water resources, accounting for about 50-80% of the annual runoff. Prediction of runoff from snowmelt in heterogeneous watersheds requires the quantification of physical processes accounting for the effects of forest canopy on snow accumulation, melt and sublimation. The forest canopy intercepts snowfall that resulting in smaller snow accumulations in forest area than in open area. The forest canopy also modifies the energy exchange between snow surface and the atmosphere, and alters the sublimation and melting of sub-canopy snow relative to open area. This dissertation has examined ways to improve snowmelt modeling capability to better account for canopy effects and has presented enhancements to an energy balance model that include i) an improved representation of the transmission of radiation through the canopy, ii) an improved representation of the atmospheric transport of heat and water vapor between the snow on the ground, in the canopy and the atmosphere above, and iii) an improved representation of the processes of canopy snow interception and unloading. These enhancements were evaluated against 4 years of field data (2006-2010) collected at the TW Daniels Experimental Forest (TWDEF) located 30 miles N-E of Logan. Observations included continuous automated climate and snow depth measurements supported by periodic field measurements of snow water equivalent and temperature in four different vegetation classes (grass, shrubs, coniferous forest, deciduous forest). The enhanced canopy components were included into the Utah Energy Balance Snowmelt model and provide improved capability to predict the surface water input and runoff from snowmelt in heterogeneous watersheds using a parsimonious approach that can be used with practically available information.
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Bhattacharya, Indrajit. "ANALYSIS OF SURFACE MELTING AND SNOW ACCUMULATION OVER THE GREENLAND ICE SHEET FROM SPACEBORNE MICROWAVE SENSORS." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276621670.
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Gari, Abdullatif Abdulhadi. "Analysis of conjugate heat transfer in tube-in-block heat exchangers for some engineering applications." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001716.
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Guventurk, Abdulkadir. "Impacts Of Climate Change On Water Resources On Eastern Mountainous Region Of Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615706/index.pdf.
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Temperature and precipitation are the most important indicators of climate change. Especially for the basins fed by snow, the shifts of melting to earlier times, affects the streamflow. Increase in temperature causes to shifts of melting of snow to shift to earlier times so that hydrologic regime of the river system changes, and leads to changes in climatic conditions of the region.
In this study the shifts of snow melting times are analyzed for the selected 15 streamflow stations located in Euphrates, Tigris, Aras, and Ç<br>oruh basins in Eastern Anatolia of Turkey along with period from 1970 to 2010. The shifts in snowmelt runoff are determined by Center Time (CT) method. Meteorological stations representing the stream gauge stations regarding the basin characteristics are also selected to be used in the analyses. In order to relate CT shifts to temperature and precipitation changes, trend analysis are applied to temperature, precipitation and streamflow data. In addition to these, days with daily average temperature less than freezing and wet days below freezing until CT for each station pair between stream gauge and meteorological stations and each year are also analyzed. These days till CT within a year for each station pair can be indirectly linked to snowy days and accumulated snow amount. Complete analyses show significant warming at each station in the region and no important trends in annual precipitation. However at a few stations meaningful seasonal changes in precipitation are observed. Regional warming and associated changes in precipitation and snowmelt runoff cause significant shifts to earlier times of snowmelt runoff. In the region eight out of fifteen stream gauge stations in Euphrates, Tigris and Aras basins showed significant time shifts according to statistical trend tests.
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Bouron, Gaël. "Mécanismes et effets de la fonte des accumulations neigeuses sur le fonctionnement hydrologique du Lignon du Forez, Massif Central, France." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00937095.
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Ce travail de thèse propose une méthodologie d'instrumentation reposant sur plusieurs outils hydrologiques, géophysiques et géochimiques afin de quantifier l'apport nival dans les débits du Lignon. Cette instrumentation consiste en un suivi des échanges aux différents compartiments/interfaces hydrologiques que forment l'atmosphère, la neige, le sol et les cours d'eau au cours des saisons. La neige, et surtout l'équivalent en eau liquide qu'elle représente, est fondamentale pour la compréhension du fonctionnement des sources du Lignon, situées à l'aval direct d'une congère de grand volume. Ce volume d'eau est stocké durant la saison froide pour être restitué lors de la fonte printanière. Cette restitution est loin d'être homogène dans le Haut Lignon, en raison de la forte variabilité spatio-temporelle des paramètres qui la pilotent.L'infiltration de l'eau alors produite est une étape clef dans le comportement hydrologique du Lignon au printemps. La structure du sol à proximité des sources explique également la forte dépendance des sources du Lignon par rapport aux précipitations neigeuses. Cette dépendance est particulièrement visible lors de la fonte de la neige, qui modifie à très court terme les débits aux sources. Cette relation neige-pluie-débit met en évidence une alimentation superficielle pluvio-neigeuse prépondérante par rapport aux débits issus d'eau plus profonde, mais variable au cours de l'année.La méthode d'instrumentation employée, adaptée à l'hydrologie locale employée, permet de corroborer les résultats obtenus avec une précision appréciable, tout en ouvrant de nouvelles perspectives d'application à d'autres bassins versants d'altitude.
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Syk, Madeleine, and Joakim Vollmer. "Characterizing particulate carbon using dielectric property measurements." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-346536.
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Interest in effects of carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere has recently taken an upswing due to knowledge of how these particles affect our environment. Carbonaceous aerosols are characterized by their dark color, giving them the ability to absorb both incoming and outgoing radiation of all wavelengths in the atmosphere. If these particles are deposited on snow or ice they blacken the surface, with an increased rate of melting as a consequence. These particles play a significant role in climate change and it is important to characterize the particles in order to determine their environmental impact and their origin. In this thesis, two non-destructive dielectric measurement approaches for characterizing carbonaceous particles at microwave frequencies were explored: measurements with an impedance analyzer and measurements using a cavity resonator. Measurements were carried out on quartz filters containing concentrations of carbon normally found in snow in northern Scandinavia. To validate the carbon concentration on the filters a field trip to northern Sweden was conducted. Snow samples were collected and analyzed in regards of carbon content, confirming that the amount of carbon on the filters were accurate. The impedance analyzer showed great uncertainty and the results were not precise enough to determine the credibility of the approach. Measurements with the cavity resonator showed some promising results due to its extreme sensitivity but require adjustments to distinguish different particle types from each other. Thus, it is expected that the use of a cavity resonator operating at microwave frequencies will become an applicable method for characterizing carbonaceous particles in the future.
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Meyer, Torsten. "Organic Contaminant Release from Melting Snow." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/19339.
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Snow efficiently scavenges organic contaminants from the atmosphere. Those chemicals can be released in short, concentrated pulses during spring snowmelt, potentially affecting both aquatic and terrestrial environments. In order to investigate the behavior of organic contaminants in melting snow laboratory experiments were conducted using artificial snow spiked with the organic target substances naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo(ghi)perylene, lindane, and atrazine. The behavior of those substances during melting is dependent on their partitioning between the different phases present within the bulk snow. Very water soluble organic chemicals, such as atrazine, are preferentially released at an early stage of melting similar to inorganic ions. This first chemical flush becomes more pronounced when a deep, aged, and relatively homogeneous snow pack is exposed to intense melting. Hydrophobic substances attached to particles, such as high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are often released at the very end of the melt period. Dirt cones at the surface of a deep snow pack amplify this late chemical enrichment. Whereas chemicals that are clearly hydrophilic or hydrophobic are likely to be released in pulse loads, the snowmelt behavior of chemicals with intermediate partitioning properties, such as lindane, is more dependent on the varying snow pack and melt characteristics. A notable fraction of volatile chemicals may transfer from the melting snow pack to the lower atmosphere due to evaporation. Shallow snow covers in temperate regions with depths below 10cm that are exposed to recurrent melt phases during the winter are less likely to lead to pulse releases. When the melt water runs off as overland flow over frozen ground, pollutants are directly transferred into catchment streams, and their water quality is affected most. Melt water flow along the soil subsurface dilutes and buffers organic contaminant loads. The findings of this laboratory study may assist in the development of contaminant fate models that includes snowmelt processes. The results may further help to explain observations of organic contaminants in natural snow environments.
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Harrington, Robert Franklin. "Release of meltwater and ionic solute from melting snow." 1997. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1997_97_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Zhang, Chunying. "Modeling and simulation of melting process in a snow sleeve on overhead conductors." Thèse, 2011. http://constellation.uqac.ca/2155/1/030259513.pdf.
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L'objectif général de cette recherche était de développer des modèles capables de simuler les processus de fonte de la neige accumulée sur des conducteurs aériens et de prévoir leur délestage, dans diverses conditions météorologiques et types de transmission de courant.
Dans le but de valider ce nouveau modèle, un certain nombre de tests expérimentaux ont été réalisés aux laboratoires de la CIGELE, à l'aide d'une chambre climatique et de la soufflerie réfrigérée, qui ont ensuite été comparés avec ceux simulés numériquement.
Premièrement, des simulations en deux dimensions Reynolds Average Navier-Stokes (RANS) ont été effectuées avec FLUENT pour prédire le coefficient de distribution du transfert de chaleur local, le long de la surface du manchon avec flux transversal d'air, ainsi que le taux global de transfert de chaleur. Ces investigations permettent de connaître les caractéristiques de la convection forcée autour d'un manchon de neige, et également les effets dus à la rugosité de la surface de la neige et à la forme non-circulaire du manchon. Elles montrent aussi l'effet significatif de la rugosité de surface sur le taux de transfert de la chaleur.
Deuxièmement, un modèle microstructural a été développé pour estimer la conductivité thermique équivalente de la neige sèche, qui établit la relation entre la conductivité thermique équivalente et la microstructure de la neige sèche dans divers régimes de température. Ces résultats ont été comparés avec ceux de recherches antérieures, montrant un bon accord. De plus, une série d'expériences a été réalisée dans les laboratoires de la CIGELE et leurs résultats ont été comparés avec ceux du modèle. Finalement, une relation entre le modèle de conductivité de la neige et la température a été proposée.
Troisièmement, un modèle numérique 2-D en fonction du temps, de la percolation de l'eau dans un manchon de neige fondante a été établi sur la base de la méthode de Galerkin. L'influence de la vitesse du vent, de la température de l'air, de l'effet Joule, de la rugosité de la surface de la neige et de la dimension des grains de neige a été étudiée. Les résultats du modèle montrent que l'effet Joule et la rugosité de la surface de neige ont des effets notables sur la percolation de l'eau. Le temps requis pour parvenir à un état de quasiéquilibre est réduit de 50% ou plus, si le courant électrique ou la rugosité de surface excèdent certaines valeurs critiques. On a trouvé que les résultats du modèle concordaient bien avec ceux obtenus expérimentalement aux laboratoires de la CIGELE.
Quatrièmement, la question de la détermination du déclenchement du délestage de la neige a été étudiée. Un tel modèle analytique est basé sur un modèle de défaillance de la neige sèche et sur des essais expérimentaux réalisés aux laboratoires de la CIGELE. Ce modèle prend en compte l'effet de l'écoulement de l'eau dans le manchon de neige. Les résultats montrent que le temps requis pour parvenir au délestage de la neige diminue de façon non linéaire alors que la teneur en eau initiale, la vitesse de l'air et l'intensité du courant électrique augmentent. Ce modèle peut fournir une estimation rapide de la chaleur de Joule ou du vent nécessaire pour déclencher le délestage de la neige sur un câble.
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Hulays, Rafeh Ahmad. "Precipitation scatter interference on communication links with emphasis on the melting-snow layer." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1862.
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A geometrical model has been developed to calculate hydrometeor interference between different microwave systems sharing the same frequency. The model is capable of calculating the interference for any combination of transmitter-receiver geometry and the program is flexible enough to allow for many assumptions related to the spatial and vertical structure of the rain cell. Furthermore, it can easily accommodate different attenuation and scattering models.
The study also focuses on the melting-snow layer and it is found that this layer plays a significant role in the interference calculations. The melting layer significantly increases the interference in the 1-8 GHz range, and moderately in the 8-12 GHz. On the other hand, the melting layer results in a significant decrease in the interference level at higher frequencies, especially in the 30-40 GHz range.
The study also examines the effect of the ice/snow region above the melting layer and it is concluded that this region plays an important role in the interference calculations, especially at higher frequencies.
Three examples of interference geometries are examined in Chapter 4. The first deals with the interference from an up-link to terrestrial links in the near-forward direction, the second deals with the interference from an up-link to terrestrial links in the near-backward direction and the third deals with the interference from an up-link to a satellite in the forward direction.
A comparison is made between two rain-cell models in Chapter 5. The COST 210 rain-cell model, which is adopted by the CCIR (International Radio Consultative Committee), is compared with the more physical Capsoni rain-cell model. A new empirical attenuation formula for rain and melting-snow has been developed, which, unlike previous formulae, has the frequency as a separate parameter. For detailed analysis, refer to Appendix D.
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Liu, Xiaobing. "Development and experimental validation of simulation of hydronic snow melting systems for bridges." 2005. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-1308.pdf.
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Fliegl, Ondřej. "Vliv klíčových faktorů dynamiky vývoje sněhové pokrývky v podmínkách Šumavy." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322707.
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Master thesis is concerned with the subject of a snow cover dynamics (focused on snow melting) and of the detailed analysis of each physical-geographic factors effect on its character. Knowledges published in the domestic and foreign scientific literature are confronted with the data acquired within a number of expeditionary snow monitoring campaignes carried out during winter periods 2011/2012 a 2012/2013 in headwaters of rivers of Šumava (Šumava Mts., southwestern Czechia). Mobile field survey was done in a number of time horizons within the broadly conceived research in the upper Otava River basin concentrated on the assessment of the retention potential in headstream areas.
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Kutláková, Lucie. "Modelování akumulace a tání sněhu v povodí Bystřice v Krušných horách." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-284927.
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Dealing with the issue of spring flood events is primarily based on their causes. It is therefore important to study the processes of snow accumulation and snowmelt especially in mountain areas where the development of snow water equivalent (SWE) is primarily observed. The snow water equivalent indicates amount of the water in the snow and thus represents a runoff volume during the spring melting period and demonstrates the flood risk potential. In this thesis the lumped modelling approach of the rainfall-runoff model HEC- HMS was used. The model was applied in the Bystřice River basin in the Ore Mountains where the field measurements of the snow cover and SWE is carried out. Applied temperature-index method is the well-developed method because it takes into account both the melting during precipitation and melting in the period without any precipitation and aims to capture snow energy balance by means of air temperature. Three winter periods (2006, 2008 and 2009) were simulated. The evolution of the snow water equivalent was observed and the agreement between observed and simulated hydrographs was assessed in the closure profile Ostrov. Published results show the influence of winter course and character on the model capability to simulate the snow water equivalent and runoff. The observed and...
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吳明龍. "Low-melting temperature SnO-ZnO-P2O5 glasses." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94629206524826050449.
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Yeh, Chin-Hsien, and 葉志賢. "Lead-Free, Low Melting SnO-MgO-P2O5 Glasses." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/85250825860482949668.
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碩士<br>大同大學<br>材料工程學系(所)<br>93<br>The main objective of this thesis is to develop lead-free, low melting SnO-MgO-P2O5 glasses as an alternative to toxicity PbO-based soldering and sealing glass frits for low-temperature sealing applications. The glasses were melted in alumina crucibles for 10-30 min at 950-1200�aC. To maintain a reducing atmosphere during melting, addition of carbonaceous additive and N2 atmosphere is necessary. The melts were poured onto a Cu plate, and then annealed at 300�aC for 1-3 h. The glass formation region was examined in this study. The glasses are colorless. Glasses with a P2O5 content �d 35 mole% contained small bubbles. The increase in the MgO and P2O5 contents increased the melting temperature.
The glasses have dilatomeric softening temperature (Tds) of 290-420�aC, glass transition temperature (Tg) of 270-400�aC, and thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) of 110-160 ×10-7 K-1. For the glasses with a constant P2O5 content, the decrease in the SnO/(SnO+MgO) ratio increased the glass melting temperature, Tg, and Tds, while decreases CTE. Moreover, in general, the chemical durability first increased then reduced.
The dilatometric softening temperature and chemical durability of several glasses in the SnO-MgO-P2O5 system are better than the commercial PbO-ZnO-B2O3 frit.
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Chiang, Chih-chun, and 江志鈞. "Chemical durability of a low melting, lead free SnO-ZnO-P2O5 glass." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63661372596954934517.
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碩士<br>大同大學<br>材料工程學系(所)<br>92<br>This thesis is devoted to investigate the chemical durability of the lead-free, low-melting 60SnO-10ZnO-30P2O5 (mole%) glass in water. Effects of the sample surface-area on the dissolution rate, ion concentrations in the reacting solution, and the change in glass structure were studied.
When the sample surface-area increased, the weight loss per unit area and ion concentrations per unit area decreased. The major species first dissolved in the initial stage of reaction was the modifier Zn2+, followed by the breakdown of chain structure of (PO4)3- tetrahedron.
According to the structure analysis, the original glass has the pyro-phosphate structure, in which the chains of (PO4)3- tetrahedron were cross-linked by Sn2+ and Zn2+. The chain structure was attacked by water molecule during dissolution.
The dissolution of glass was not homogeneous over the sample surface, resulted from the possible oxidation of some Sn2+ to Sn4+ in the less-etched region.