Journal articles: 'Melting of snow'

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Torpy, Janet M. "Melting Snow." JAMA 303, no. 12 (2010): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.182.

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OKUMA, Takashi, Hiroaki YONAI, Isao ONODA, and Yuji KOBAYASHI. "Snow-melting capacity and standard-design methods of snow-melting-gutter systems." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 371 (1986): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.1986.371_107.

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Ivanova, Anastasia, Sergey Pavlov, Luka Akimov, and Lidya Zakharova. "Zoning of the territory with snow removal using snow melting plants." MATEC Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817002023.

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In this paper, the issue of clearing the territory of snow with the use of snow melting units is being considered. The operating principle of the snow-melting stations is based on sewage heat) melting the snow collected in the snow collection chambers. Snow melt water mixed with wastewater is discharged into the collectors and transported to have a full treatment cycle at the wastewater treatment plant. Three problems of urban snow-melting process are considered. The solution of three problems is proposed: compiling a list of signs of mandatory snow removal zones; the allocation of the main zones corresponding to the proposed features; method of determining the amount of snow that is mandatory for export from the territory of the zone.

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Monastersky, R. "Greenhouse Snow: Melting the Preconceptions." Science News 140, no. 8 (1991): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3976105.

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Aoki, Kazuo, Masaru Hattori, and Nobuyuki Ishikawa. "Characteristic of Heat Exchanger Operating with Snow Melting. (1st Report, Melting of Piled Snow)." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 60, no. 571 (1994): 1022–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.60.1022.

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Ishikawa, Nobuyuki, Kazuo Aoki, Masaru Hattori, and Makoto Usui. "Characteristics of Heat Exchanger Operating with Snow Melting. 2nd Report, Melting of Falling Snow." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 60, no. 573 (1994): 1765–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.60.1765.

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Kantor, P., Z. Karl, F. Šach, and V. Černohous. "Analysis of snow accumulation and snow melting in a young mountain spruce and beech stand in the Orlické hory Mts., Czech Republic." Journal of Forest Science 55, No. 10 (2009): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/121/2008-jfs.

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The paper evaluates snow accumulation and the intensity of snow melting in a young spruce and beech stand. The study was carried out at the Deštné field research station in the Orlické hory Mts. (altitude 900 m, WSW aspect) in winter seasons 2005/2006, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008. The process of snow accumulation and melting was markedly affected or disturbed by the nearly total damage to the spruce stand by top breakage due to the extreme load of wet snow. Winter 2005/2006 was characterized by extreme parameters of snowpack (maximum depth of snow in spruce 157 cm, in beech 164 cm, maximum snow water equivalent in spruce 819 mm, in beech 833 mm). From the aspect of the snow cover duration, winter 2006/2007 was below the average, winter 2007/2008 was average. With respect to the significant reduction of the spruce crown biomass after snow breakage in winter 2005/2006, no significant differences were noted either in snow depth or in snow water equivalent in the spruce and beech stands. The rate of snow melting in the spruce and beech stands was never higher than 50 mm per day. If the spring final stage of snow melting is not accompanied by intensive rainstorms, mountain coniferous and broadleaved forest ecosystems reduce the danger of stormflows and floods within the required degree.

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Mensah, Kwesi, and Jong Min Choi. "Peak and Annual Snow Load Pattern for Effective Snow Melting System Design in Republic of Korea." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 04 (2015): 1550031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500315.

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Snowstorm, slippery pedestrian walkways, ice and snow on pavement and roofs of structures continue to serve as a threat to life and infrastructure in many low temperature nations. Owing to these menaces coupled with an increase in the demand and cost of energy globally, engineers and planners are tasked to design effective and efficient green technologies to counterbalance these demands. Snow melting systems are gradually gaining widespread application in the areas of bridge, pavements and roofs of buildings. Snow melting loads are an integral part in the design of snow melting systems. This paper developed snow melting and roof snow building load for the Republic of Korea. Annual averages and frequency distribution methods were used in the analysis of a 10-year period weather data. Monthly total as well as peak snowfall rate values were used to generate annual and peak snow melting load values, respectively. It was observed that the annual-average approach is more conservative for most climatic conditions than the frequency analysis method. Minimum flat roof snow building loads were presented to aid in the structural analysis of structures within the Republic of Korea. The developed database in this paper will provide the database for designing a snow melting system and for analyzing the building structural interpretation considering snow weight.

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Zhou, Jian, Jing Li, Guoqiang Liu, Tao Yang, and Yongli Zhao. "Long-Term Performance and Deicing Effect of Sustained-Release Snow Melting Asphalt Mixture." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (June 11, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1940692.

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To accelerate snow and ice melting, traditional chloride-based salts are spreaded on asphalt pavement surface, causing serious environmental pollution and infrastructure corrosion. For sustained-release snow melting asphalt mixture, the snow melting agent of Mafilon is directly added to asphalt mixture by replacing partial mineral powder to develop a new type of functional asphalt mixture. In this paper, through the Marshall test, immersion Marshall test, rutting test, trabecular bending test, and Cantabro test, the effects of Mafilon addition on asphalt pavement performance is systematically analysed. Meanwhile, salt precipitation rate is measured by conductimetry to estimate effective deicing period of the pavement. Finally, a new experimental device is designed to quantitatively evaluate snow melting effect of sustained-release snow melting asphalt pavement. The experimental results show that replacing 70% of the mineral powder with Mafilon by volume can achieve satisfactory snow melting effect without affecting usability of asphalt pavement.

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Zawadzki, I., W. Szyrmer, C. Bell, and F. Fabry. "Modeling of the Melting Layer. Part III: The Density Effect." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 62, no. 10 (2005): 3705–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3563.1.

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Abstract A model of the melting snow and its radar reflectivity is presented here. The main addition to previous description of the melting layer is the explicit introduction of snow density as a variable. The model is validated with radar observations. Differences in brightband intensity for comparable precipitation rates are related here to the coexistence of supercooled cloud water (SCW) with snow above the melting level leading to riming and change in snow density. Cases where riming was suspected were selected according to the characteristics of the vertical profile of reflectivity flux above the melting layer and vertical Doppler velocities faster than expected from low-density snow. For stratiform precipitation with a melting layer, high snow-to-rain velocity ratio indicates high-density snow and consequently a small peak-to-rain reflectivity difference is expected. This relationship was computed from the model and confirmed with vertically pointing radar observations. In spite of the complexity of the physical processes present in the melting layer the model appears to capture the essential elements.

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Woods, Christopher P., John D. Locatelli, and Mark T. Stoelinga. "The IMPROVE-1 Storm of 1–2 February 2001. Part IV: Precipitation Enhancement across the Melting Layer." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 65, no. 3 (2008): 1087–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jas2247.1.

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Abstract Previous model simulations indicate that in stratiform precipitation, the precipitation rate can increase by 7% in the melting layer through direct condensation onto melting snow and the resultant cooled rain. In the present study, a model simulation of stratiform precipitation in a wide cold frontal rainband indicates that the precipitation rate can also increase by 5% in the melting layer through accretion, by melting snow and rain, of additional cloud water produced by the latent cooling of the ambient air associated with melting snow. The contribution of the combined processes, and therefore the additional precipitation gained through the latent cooling of melting snow within the melting layer, may contribute as much as 10% to the precipitation rate in stratiform precipitation.

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Burnett, Kimberly, Christopher Wada, Makoto Taniguchi, Ryo Sugimoto, and Daisuke Tahara. "Evaluating the Tradeoffs between Groundwater Pumping for Snow-Melting and Nearshore Fishery Productivity in Obama City, Japan." Water 10, no. 11 (2018): 1556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111556.

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Groundwater is used in Obama City, Japan, to melt snow (~13% of total groundwater use) during the winter, the remainder being used for mostly domestic purposes, such as drinking water. Due to concern about the impacts of this snow-melting practice on nearshore marine resources, we estimate the benefits and costs of increasing the volume of the groundwater used for snow-melting by 50%. Assuming that the outcome is the same for all possible snow-melting techniques—snow effectively removed from roads—the primary benefit of the use of groundwater for snow-melting is the avoided cost of, or cost savings relative to, alternative technologies. The costs include losses to nearshore fishery productivity, due to a decline in submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), and increased energy expenditures on groundwater pumping, used to supply the snow-melting system. Our results suggest that the net benefit of increasing the use of groundwater to melt snow by 1.5 times its current rate in Obama is positive, and that the annual net benefit ranges from 10.9 million JPY/year to 547.7 million JPY/year. Because the cost of operating the groundwater system is relatively low, the net benefit of continuing to use groundwater for snow-melting becomes negative only if the impact on fishery productivity is substantial.

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Meinander, O., A. Kontu, A. Virkkula, et al. "Brief communication: Light-absorbing impurities can reduce the density of melting snow." Cryosphere 8, no. 3 (2014): 991–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-991-2014.

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Abstract. Climatic effects of black carbon (BC) deposition on snow have been proposed to result from reduced snow albedo and increased melt due to light-absorbing particles. In this study, we hypothesize that BC may decrease the liquid-water retention capacity of melting snow, and present our first data, where both the snow density and elemental carbon content were measured. In our experiments, artificially added light-absorbing impurities decreased the density of seasonally melting natural snow. No relationship was found in case of natural non-melting snow. We also suggest three possible processes that might lead to lower snow density.

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Smolíková, Jana, Hana Pokladníková, and František Toman. "Zoning of erosion potential of water accumulated in snow cover based on climatological data analysis." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 57, no. 5 (2009): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200957050271.

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Melting of snow in winter and early spring often causes soil erosion. The results of erosion studies show that the runoff generated in the cold period can cause more intensive erosion than in the warm half year. By analysis of the monthly catchment of suspended sediments, it was found maximum of suspended sediments in the spring likely as effect of the spring melting of snow. Erosion caused by water from melting snow in our conditions does not reach the same intensity as the erosion caused by torrential rainfall. However, the torrential rainfall has only a local character, while the spring melting of snow usually affects larger territory. Erosive potential of water stored in snow cover can be established on the basis of the quantity of water resulting from melting snow and the speed of melting snow. Erosion caused by melting snow is given by quantity and the maximum speed of water runoff, which may be enhanced by rainfall, occurring in parallel with the snow melting. The total soil loss due to melting snow is also influenced by other factors: soil moisture, which affects the size of infiltration, soil freezing, the topography, the protective effect of vegetation, soil erodibility and implemented erosion control measures.The work analyzed erosive potential of snow cover during the cold period 1981/82 to 2007/2008 for the part of the Czech Republic, which falls within the scope of the Brno branch of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI). For zoning of erosive potential of snow cover in the area of interest 22 climatological stations has been chosen (with regard to their equitable representation in different altitudes and different climatic conditions).The work brings erosive potential determination of water stored in snow cover. Its size corresponds to the altitude and climatic conditions represented by climatic region (according to Estimated Ecological Pedological Unit – EPEU) of investigational sites. Closeness of the relationship, expressed as a coefficient of correlation is 0.794, respectively 0.844. By the GIS interpolation on the basis of altitude a map of the erosive potential of the water stored in snow cover for the field of interest was processed.

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Wu, Yu Hui. "Study on Environmentally-Friendly Snow-Melting Agents Application." Advanced Materials Research 709 (June 2013): 923–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.709.923.

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s:Snow and ice control is important for expressway transportation in winter. The use of snow-melting agents is one of the indispensable measures to fight against snow and ice. Opening traffic as soon as possible and ensuring traffic safety for expressways require removing ice and snow on the pavement effectively and quickly. First of all, thematerial selection,spreading quantity must be considered in the use of snow-melting agents. How to use snow-melting agents scientifically is discussed in the paper.

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Frick, C., A. Seifert, and H. Wernli. "A bulk parametrization of melting snowflakes with explicit liquid water fraction for the COSMO model." Geoscientific Model Development 6, no. 6 (2013): 1925–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1925-2013.

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Abstract. A new snow melting parametrization is presented for the non-hydrostatic limited-area COSMO ("consortium for small-scale modelling") model. In contrast to the standard cloud microphysics of the COSMO model, which instantaneously transfers the meltwater from the snow to the rain category, the new scheme explicitly considers the liquid water fraction of the melting snowflakes. These semi-melted hydrometeors have characteristics (e.g., shape and fall speed) that differ from those of dry snow and rain droplets. Where possible, theoretical considerations and results from vertical wind tunnel laboratory experiments of melting snowflakes are used as the basis for characterising the melting snow as a function of its liquid water fraction. These characteristics include the capacitance, the ventilation coefficient, and the terminal fall speed. For the bulk parametrization, a critical diameter is introduced. It is assumed that particles smaller than this diameter, which increases during the melting process, have completely melted, i.e., they are converted to the rain category. The values of the bulk integrals are calculated with a finite difference method and approximately represented by polynomial functions, which allows an efficient implementation of the parametrization. Two case studies of (wet) snowfall in Germany are presented to illustrate the potential of the new snow melting parametrization. It is shown that the new scheme (i) produces wet snow instead of rain in some regions with surface temperatures slightly above the freezing point, (ii) simulates realistic atmospheric melting layers with a gradual transition from dry snow to melting snow to rain, and (iii) leads to a slower snow melting process. In the future, it will be important to thoroughly validate the scheme, also with radar data and to further explore its potential for improved surface precipitation forecasts for various meteorological conditions.

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Frick, C., A. Seifert, and H. Wernli. "A bulk parameterization of melting snowflakes with explicit liquid water fraction for the COSMO model version 4.14." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 6, no. 2 (2013): 2927–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-6-2927-2013.

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Abstract. A new snow melting parameterization is presented for the non-hydrostatic limited-area COSMO ("consortium for small-scale modelling") model version 4.14. In contrast to the standard cloud microphysics of the COSMO model, which instantaneously transfers the meltwater from the snow to the rain category, the new scheme explicitly considers the liquid water fraction of the melting snowflakes. These semi-melted hydrometeors have characteristics (e.g., shape and fall speed) that differ from those of dry snow and rain droplets. Where possible, theoretical considerations and results from vertical wind tunnel laboratory experiments of melting snowflakes are used as the basis for characterizing the melting snow as a function of its liquid water fraction. These characteristics include the capacitance, the ventilation coefficient, and the terminal fall speed. For the bulk parameterization, a critical diameter is introduced. It is assumed that particles smaller than this diameter, which increases during the melting process, have completely melted, i.e., they are converted to the rain category. The values of the bulk integrals are calculated with a finite difference method and approximatively represented by polynomial functions, which allows an efficient implementation of the parameterization. Two case studies of (wet) snowfall in Germany are presented to illustrate the potential of the new snow melting parameterization. It is shown that the new scheme (i) produces wet snow instead of rain in some regions with surface temperatures slightly above the freezing point, (ii) simulates realistic atmospheric melting layers with a gradual transition from dry snow to melting snow to rain, and (iii) leads to a slower snow melting process. In the future, it will be important to thoroughly validate the scheme, also with radar data and to further explore its potential for improved surface precipitation forecasts for various meteorological conditions.

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Chen, Ming Yu, Shao Peng Wu, Ji Zhe Zhang, and Pan Pan. "Design and Performance of an Asphalt Pavement Snow Melting System." Key Engineering Materials 467-469 (February 2011): 1550–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.467-469.1550.

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Asphalt pavement can be used in solar energy harnessing, by means of solar collector developed in heating and cooling the adjacent buildings, as well as keeping the pavement ice-free directly. In the light of the actual situation of preparation and formation of a larger asphalt concrete slab, an experimental method and evaluation system for asphalt pavement snow melting was designed and constructed. The feasibility of snow melting using asphalt solar collector was verified, and the effect of the heat exchanger on the temperature distribution was quantitatively tested The results indicated that although the entire snowmelt time is longer than expected, it is acceptable for us to use asphalt solar collector for snow melting, especially, low temperature water about 25°C is used for snow melting. Besides, the melting process of ice and snow generally includes three phases: the starting period, the linear period and the accelerated period. The snow melting system is controlled to maintain the asphalt pavement surface temperature of 3 to 5°C which is sufficient to prevent freezing of the road.

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Chen, Fengchen, Xin Su, Qing Ye, and Jianfeng Fu. "Experimental Investigation of Concrete Runway Snow Melting Utilizing Heat Pipe Technology." Scientific World Journal 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4343167.

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A full scale snow melting system with heat pipe technology is built in this work, which avoids the negative effects on concrete structure and environment caused by traditional deicing chemicals. The snow melting, ice-freezing performance and temperature distribution characteristics of heat pipe concrete runway were discussed by the outdoor experiments. The results show that the temperature of the concrete pavement is greatly improved with the heat pipe system. The environment temperature and embedded depth of heat pipe play a dominant role among the decision variables of the snow melting system. Heat pipe snow melting pavement melts the snow completely and avoids freezing at any time when the environment temperature is below freezing point, which is secure enough for planes take-off and landing. Besides, the exportation and recovery of geothermal energy indicate that this system can run for a long time. This paper will be useful for the design and application of the heat pipe used in the runway snow melting.

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Magand, O., G. Picard, L. Brucker, M. Fily, and C. Genthon. "Snow melting bias in microwave mapping of Antarctic snow accumulation." Cryosphere 2, no. 2 (2008): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-2-109-2008.

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Abstract. Satellite records of microwave surface emission have been used to interpolate in-situ observations of Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) and build continental-scale maps of accumulation. Using a carefully screened subset of SMB measurements in the 90°–180° E sector, we show a reasonable agreement with microwave-based accumulation map in the dry-snow regions, but large discrepancies in the coastal regions where melt occurs during summer. Using an emission microwave model, we explain the failure of microwave sensors to retrieve SMB by the presence of layers created by melt/refreeze cycles. We conclude that regions potentially affected by melting should be masked-out in microwave-based interpolation schemes.

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Magand, O., G. Picard, L. Brucker, M. Fily, and C. Genthon. "Snow melting bias in microwave mapping of Antarctic snow accumulation." Cryosphere Discussions 2, no. 2 (2008): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-2-255-2008.

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Abstract. Satellite records of microwave surface emission have been used to interpolate in-situ observations of Antarctic surface mass balance (SMB) and build continental-scale maps of accumulation. Using a carefully screened subset of accumulation measurements in the 90°–180° E sector, we show a reasonable agreement with microwave-based accumulation map in the dry-snow regions, but large discrepancies in the coastal regions where melt occurs during summer. Using an emission microwave model, we explain the failure of microwave sensors to retrieve accumulation by the presence of layers created by melt/re-freeze cycles. We conclude that regions potentially affected by melting should be masked-out in microwave-based interpolation schemes.

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Liu, Chun Xiao, Guo Zhu Cheng, and Ya Ping Zhang. "Influences of Ice-Snow on Capacity of Signalized Intersection and the Minimum Green Time." Applied Mechanics and Materials 209-211 (October 2012): 870–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.209-211.870.

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In order to evaluate traffic operation status of signalized intersection and improve pedestrian traffic safety under the condition of ice-snow, it was studied that the influence of ice-snow on capacity of signalized intersection and the minimum green time. Saturated headway data of nine signalized intersections were observed by video method. And the influence of ice-snow melting pavement, compacted partly snowy pavement, compacted snowy pavement and normal pavement on saturated flow rate of signalized intersection were analyzed respectively. Correction coefficients of capacity of signalized intersection on different ice-snow pavement were given. Pedestrian’s crossing speed at nine signalized intersection on snowy pavement, icy pavement and normal pavement were observed and compared. And then the suggestion values of minimum green time calculation parameter were put forward.

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23

Tusima, Katutosi, and Fumio Tanii. "Control of Snow Melting by Insulation." Journal of Snow Engineering of Japan 10, no. 1 (1994): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4106/jsse.10.22.

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Katsuragi, Kouhei. "Snow Melting Systems with Ground Water." Journal of Snow Engineering of Japan 12, no. 1 (1996): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4106/jsse.12.61.

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Nohguchi, Yasuaki. "Air-gap formation by snow melting." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500011605.

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This paper describes theoretically the formation of air gaps at the lower boundary of a snow cover during basal melting. In general, initiation of the formation of air gaps is dependent on both the horizontal heterogeneity of the snowmelt rate and viscous deformation. From this point of view, we propose a dimensionless parameter ξ (bridge-effect ratio) which is a function of the amplitude and wavelength of the heterogeneity of the snowmelt rate at the base, and the density, thickness and viscosity of the snow. This parameter expresses the heterogeneity of the normal stress at the base. We derive a necessary condition for air-gap formation in terms of the bridge-effect ratio, and show that a large amplitude, a small wavelength, a high density, a thin layer and/or high viscosities are favorable for air-gap formation.

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Callanan, Martin. "Melting snow patches reveal Neolithic archery." Antiquity 87, no. 337 (2013): 728–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00049425.

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High altitude snowfields provide repositories of well-preserved organic remains of considerable antiquity, as spectacular discoveries such as the Similaun Iceman illustrate. In Scandinavia, melting snow patches have been systematically surveyed by volunteer groups for almost a century, and a growing collection of archaeological artefacts has been recovered. Only recently, however, has AMS dating confirmed that some of the finds go back as far as the Neolithic. Here fragments of five Neolithic arrowshafts and a Neolithic longbow discovered in 2010–11 in the Oppdal area of Norway are described. They throw light on Neolithic bow and arrow technology and tangentially on the hunting techniques which may have attracted hunters to these snow patches in search of game. The progressive and accelerated melting of the snow patches in recent years draws attention to processes of climate change and the urgency of discovering and recovering these fragile perishable artefacts.

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Lin, Charles A., and Ronald E. Stewart. "Mesoscale circulations initiated by melting snow." Journal of Geophysical Research 91, no. D12 (1986): 13299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jd091id12p13299.

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Sommerfeld, R. A., R. C. Musselman, J. O. Reuss, and A. R. Mosier. "Preliminary measurements of CO2in melting snow." Geophysical Research Letters 18, no. 7 (1991): 1225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91gl01502.

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Nohguchi, Yasuaki. "Air-gap formation by snow melting." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500011605.

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This paper describes theoretically the formation of air gaps at the lower boundary of a snow cover during basal melting. In general, initiation of the formation of air gaps is dependent on both the horizontal heterogeneity of the snowmelt rate and viscous deformation. From this point of view, we propose a dimensionless parameter ξ (bridge-effect ratio) which is a function of the amplitude and wavelength of the heterogeneity of the snowmelt rate at the base, and the density, thickness and viscosity of the snow. This parameter expresses the heterogeneity of the normal stress at the base. We derive a necessary condition for air-gap formation in terms of the bridge-effect ratio, and show that a large amplitude, a small wavelength, a high density, a thin layer and/or high viscosities are favorable for air-gap formation.

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YAMAYA, Mutsumi, Kiichi NUMAZAWA, Tsukasa SATO, Junichi AKIYAMA, Shinya ENDO, and Hiroto ABIKO. "Snow-melting system using ground heat." Proceedings of the Thermal Engineering Conference 2004 (2004): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeted.2004.293.

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Su, Xin, Yong Lai, Yan Liu, Daoxun Ma, and Peng Wang. "Research of Deicing and Melting Snow on Airport Asphalt Pavement by Carbon Fiber Heating Wire." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (July 27, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5209350.

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In the paper, the method of deicing and melting snow by the carbon fiber heating wire (CFHW) embedded in the airport asphalt pavement is proposed to improve the security of airport operation. The field experiment of deicing and melting snow on the airport asphalt pavement is conducted. Deicing and melting snow, asphalt pavement temperature, ice-free area ratio, and snow-free area ratio are analyzed. Electrical power with 350 W/m2 is input to the airport asphalt pavement for deicing and melting snow by the CFHW. In the experiment, 3 mm ice can be melted, and the average infrared ray temperature (IRT) of the airport asphalt pavement surface can achieve an increment of 13.0°C in 2.5 hours when the air temperature is from −7.5°C to −2.2°C. Snow with 3.2 mm precipitation can be melted in 2 hours when the air temperature is from −4.8°C to −3.5°C, and the asphalt pavement temperature can achieve an increment of 5.9°C at the depth of 0.5 cm. The results show that the method of deicing and melting snow on the airport asphalt pavement by the CFHW is practicable in the cold zone.

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Wu, Yu Hui. "Development of a New Non-Chloride Snow-Melting Agent." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 716–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.716.

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This paper shows a method to develop a new non-chloride snow-melting agent to fight against snow and ice covered on the road in winter by recycling and reusing byproducts of nylon industry to make full use of waste and reduce environment. The agent doesn’t have Cl-and is friendly to environment. Furthermore, the snow-melting agent performances are evaluated. The results show that the CM-DBA is better than CMA on many aspects and better than chlorides except on melting snow and ice performance.

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Kinase, Takeshi, Kazuyuki Kita, Yoshimi Tsukagawa-Ogawa, Kumiko Goto-Azuma, and Hiroto Kawashima. "Influence of the melting temperature on the measurement of the mass concentration and size distribution of black carbon in snow." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 9, no. 4 (2016): 1939–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-1939-2016.

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Abstract. The influence of temperature and time of snow sample melting on the measurement of mass concentration and size distribution of black carbon (BC) in snow was evaluated experimentally. In the experiments, fresh (Shirouma) and aged (Hakusan) snow samples were melted at different temperatures or at different time lengths, and the BC mass concentration and size distribution in the melted snow samples were measured using a nebulizer and a single-particle soot photometer (SP2). In the experiment where melting temperature was varied, the BC mass concentration in the liquid decreased at a melting temperature of 70 °C. This decrease was 8.0 % for the Shirouma sample and 46.4 % for the Hakusan sample and depended on BC particle size, with a significant decrease found at BC diameters less than 350 nm. A similar decrease in BC mass concentration was found when the Hakusan snow sample that had been melted at 5 °C was heated to 70 °C. The experiment in which melting time was varied indicated that BC mass concentration in the liquid did not change for the Shirouma sample but decreased significantly with a longer melting time for the Hakusan sample (38.6 %). These results indicate that melting of snow samples at high temperatures or over long time periods can significantly affect the measurement of BC mass and its size distribution, especially for aged snow samples.

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Liu, Yan, Pu Zhang, Lei Nie, Jianhui Xu, Xinyu Lu, and Shuai Li. "Exploration of the Snow Ablation Process in the Semiarid Region in China by Combining Site-Based Measurements and the Utah Energy Balance Model—A Case Study of the Manas River Basin." Water 11, no. 5 (2019): 1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051058.

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Understanding the snow accumulation and melting process is of great significance for the assessment and regulation of water resources and the prevention of meltwater flooding, especially for the semiarid region in the Manas River Basin. However, the lack of long snow measurement time series in this semiarid region prevents a full understanding of the detailed local-scale snow ablation process. Additionally, the modeling of snow accumulation and melting is challenging due to parameter uncertainty. In this study, the snow ablation process in the Manas River Basin was quantitatively explored with long time-series of 3-h measurements of snow depth, snow density and snow water equivalent (SWE) at the Wulanwusu (WLWS), Hanqiazi (HQZ), and Baiyanggou (BYG) sites. This study explored the ability of the Utah energy balance (UEB) snow accumulation and melt model to simulate SWE, energy flux and water loss in the study area. Furthermore, the uncertainty in the ground surface aerodynamic roughness index zos in the UEB model was also analyzed. The results showed that: (1) noticeable variations in snow depth, SWE and snow density occurred on seasonal and interannual time scales, and variations in melting time and melting ratios occurred on short time scales; (2) a rapid decrease in snow depth did not influence the variations in SWE, and snow melting occurred during all time periods, even winter, which is a typical characteristic of snow accumulation in arid environments; (3) the UEB model accurately simulated the snow ablation processes, including SWE, snow surface temperature, and energy flux, at WLWS, HQZ, and BYG sites; (4) the lowest contribution of net radiation to melting occurred in the piedmont clinoplain, followed by the mountain desert grassland belt and mountain forest belt, whereas the contributions of net turbulence exhibited the opposite pattern; (5) the optimal zos in the UEB model was experimentally determined to be 0.01 m, and the UEB model-simulated SWE based on this value was the most consistent with the measured SWE; and (6) the results may provide theoretical and data foundations for research on the snow accumulation process at the watershed scale.

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Cui, Jing, Yu Peng Liang, Yong Hui Guo, Xue Bin Zhao, Si Yue Ma, and Li Xue Shi. "Numerical Study on Heat Exchange Characteristics of Runways with Snow-Melting System Using Geothermal Sources." Applied Mechanics and Materials 509 (February 2014): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.509.141.

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In this paper, a wall-soil-snow coupling model was established and the mechanism to heat melting system was analyzed. The temperature field and the phase interface moving rule in the process of melting snow were obtained.The selection of system parameters (ambient conditions, diameter, buried depth, pipeline pitch) were studied as well. These results have important reference value for design and optimization of heat source snow-melting system.

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Maeda, T., S. Kinoshita, S. Sato, and A. Ujiie. "Design of a Snow Melting Tank Using Treated Wastewater." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (1994): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0679.

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Iwamizawa City, which is located at lat. 43 deg N. and long. 141 deg E., on Hokkaido Island, in the northern part of Japan, experiences heavy snowfall during winter. Every year, the City disposes 610,000 tons of snow collected from its roads and spends 573 million yen for snow removal and 48 million yen for maintenance of the snow dumping sites. However, these dumping sites have, at present, almost reached the limit of their capacities. It is for this reason that snow melting and disposal with treated wastewater was planned. In planning the equalization tank at Nankoen Wastewater Treatment Plant (NWTP), the City intended to use the tank for snow melting during winter. As there were no available data for designing such a tank, experiments were conducted to generate data necessary for designing the snow melting tank. The full-scale tank was constructed based on findings and results of the series of experiments. Results of operation show stable snow disposal and cost reduction for snow removal.

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Marks, A. A., and M. D. King. "The effect of snow/sea ice type on the response of albedo and light penetration depth (<i>e</i>-folding depth) to increasing black carbon." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 1 (2014): 1023–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-1023-2014.

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Abstract. The optical properties of snow/sea ice vary with age and by the processes they were formed, giving characteristic types of snow and sea ice. The response of albedo and light penetration depth (e-folding depth) to increasing mass-ratio of black carbon is shown to depend on the snow and sea ice type and the thickness of the snow or sea ice. The response of albedo and e-folding depth of three different types of snow (cold polar snow, windpacked snow and melting snow) and three sea ice (multi-year ice, first-year ice and melting sea ice) to increasing black carbon is calculated using a coupled atmosphere–snow/sea ice radiative-transfer model (TUV-snow), over the optical wavelengths of 300–700 nm. The snow and sea ice types are defined by a scattering-cross section, density and asymmetry parameter. The relative change in albedo of a melting snowpack is a factor of four more responsive to additions of black carbon compared to cold polar snow over a black carbon increase from 1 to 50 ng g−1. While the relative change in albedo of a melting sea ice is a factor of two more responsive to additions of black carbon compared to multi-year ice for the same black carbon mass-ratio increase. The response of e-folding depth is effectively not dependent on snow/sea ice type. The albedo of sea ice is more responsive to increased mass-ratios of black carbon than snow.

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38

Ikoma, Tetsuo. "Structural Properties of Air-Supported Structures." International Journal of Space Structures 2, no. 4 (1987): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635118700200401.

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This paper describes the results of static loading tests simulating snow load, of wind pressure measurements and of melting snow tests, respectively, concerning full scale air-supported domes. Static loading tests are conducted for a full scale single-skin air-supported dome, whereas wind pressure measurements are performed using two kinds of model. One is the full scale dome mentioned above, the other is the wind tunnel model. Furthermore, melting snow tests are performed using another full scale double-skin dome in order to investigate how much snow can be melted artificially. Through these series of tests, structural characteristics of this kind of structure against snow load and wind load are confirmed. The results of loading tests and melting snow tests are compared with analytical results; good agreement is obtained.

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Meinander, O., A. Kontu, A. Virkkula, et al. "Brief Communication: Light-absorbing impurities can reduce the density of melting snow." Cryosphere Discussions 8, no. 1 (2014): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-8-259-2014.

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Abstract. Climatic effects of Black Carbon (BC) deposition on snow have been proposed to result from reduced snow albedo and increased melt due to light-absorbing particles. In this study, we hypothesize that BC may decrease the liquid water retention capacity of melting snow, and present our first data, where both the snow density and elemental carbon content were measured. In our experiments, artificially added light-absorbing impurities decreased the density of seasonally melting natural snow. We also suggest three possible processes that might lead to the lower snow density.

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40

Koh, Gary, and Rachel Jordan. "Sub-surface melting in a seasonal snow cover." Journal of Glaciology 41, no. 139 (1995): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002214300003481x.

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AbstractThe ability of solar radiation to penetrate into a snow cover combined with the low thermal conductivity of snow can lead to a sub-surface temperature maximum. This elevated sub-surface temperature allows a layer of wet snow to form below the surface even on days when the air temperature remains sub-freezing. A high-resolution frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar has been used to detect the onset of sub-surface melting in a seasonal snow cover. The experimental observation of sub-surface melting is shown to be in good agreement with the predictions of a one-dimensional mass- and energy-balance model. The effects of varying snow characteristics and solar extinction parameters on the sub-surface melt characteristics are investigated using model simulations.

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Koh, Gary, and Rachel Jordan. "Sub-surface melting in a seasonal snow cover." Journal of Glaciology 41, no. 139 (1995): 474–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s002214300003481x.

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AbstractThe ability of solar radiation to penetrate into a snow cover combined with the low thermal conductivity of snow can lead to a sub-surface temperature maximum. This elevated sub-surface temperature allows a layer of wet snow to form below the surface even on days when the air temperature remains sub-freezing. A high-resolution frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar has been used to detect the onset of sub-surface melting in a seasonal snow cover. The experimental observation of sub-surface melting is shown to be in good agreement with the predictions of a one-dimensional mass- and energy-balance model. The effects of varying snow characteristics and solar extinction parameters on the sub-surface melt characteristics are investigated using model simulations.

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Kudryashov, N. A., I. K. Alekseeva, and O. V. Nagornov. "Formation of a snow-firn layer in surface melting of snow." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 72, no. 6 (1999): 1099–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02699457.

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Wang, Shuai, Yang Yang, Ming Li, De Chen Shan, and Mi Zhou. "Study on High Efficient Snow-Dissolving Agent with Coloration Function." Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (March 2015): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.508.

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In this study, a high-efficient snow-dissolving agent with coloration function was made, the main raw material was calcium chloride (CaCl2).The advantage of this agent was that we could control the spreading dosage according to the color change. The optimal proportion of the raw materials was obtained through experiment. The experimental results show: the ice melting amount of homemade snow-dissolving agent increased with time ; homemade snow-dissolving agent had the best effect on snow melting compared with CaCl2,NaCl and commercial snow-dissolving agent.

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44

Hribik, Matus, Tomas Vida, Jaroslav Skvarenina, Jana Skvareninova, and Lubomir Ivan. "Hydrological effects of Norway spruce and European beech on snow cover in a mid-mountain region of the Polana mts., Slovakia / Hydrologický vplyv smreka obyčajného a buka lesného na snehovú pokrývku v stredohorských polohách pohoria poľana na slovensku." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 60, no. 4 (2012): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10098-012-0028-x.

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The paper evaluates the results of a 6-year-monitoring of the eco-hydrological influence of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and European beech (Fagus silvatica L.) forest stands on the hydro-physical properties of snow cover. The experiment was carried out in the artificially regenerated 20-25-year-old forest stands approaching the pole timber stage in the middle mountain region of the Polana Mts. - Biosphere reserve situated at about 600 m a.s.l. during the period of maximum snow supply in winters of years 2004 - -2009. Forest canopy plays a decisive role at both the snow cover duration and spring snow melting and runoff generation. A spruce stand is the poorest of snow at the beginning of winter. High interception of spruce canopy hampers the throughfall of snow to soil. During the same period, the soil surface of a beech stand accumulates greater amount of snow. However, a spruce stand accumulates snow by creating snow heaps during the periods of maximum snow cumulation and stand´s microclimate slows down snow melting. These processes are in detail discussed in the paper. The forest stands of the whole biosphere reserve slow down to a significant extent both the snow cover melting and the spring runoff of the whole watershed.

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Skaugen, T. "Modelling the spatial variability of snow water equivalent at the catchment scale." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 11, no. 5 (2007): 1543–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-11-1543-2007.

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Abstract. The spatial distribution of snow water equivalent (SWE) is modelled as a two parameter gamma distribution. The parameters of the distribution are dynamical in that they are functions of the number of accumulation and melting events and the temporal correlation of accumulation and melting events. The estimated spatial variability is compared to snow course observations from the alpine catchments Norefjell and Aursunden in Southern Norway. A fixed snow course at Norefjell was measured 26 times during the snow season and showed that the spatial coefficient of variation change during the snow season with a decreasing trend from the start of the accumulation period and a sharp increase in the melting period. The gamma distribution with dynamical parameters reproduced the observed spatial statistical features of SWE well both at Norefjell and Aursunden. Also the shape of simulated spatial distribution of SWE agreed well with the observed at Norefjell. The temporal correlation tends to be positive for both accumulation and melting events. However, at the start of melting, a better fit between modelled and observed spatial standard deviation of SWE is obtained by using negative correlation between SWE and melt.

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46

Reinosdotter, Karin, and Maria Viklander. "Road Salt Influence on Pollutant Releases from Melting Urban Snow." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 3 (2007): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.019.

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Abstract A snow-melting experiment was performed to study the effects of road salt on the melting of urban snow from a snow windrow (pile) along a road in central Luleå, Sweden. Two snow piles were formed in the laboratory, with and without road salt added, and melted under similar conditions. All meltwater was collected and analyzed. The purpose of the experiment was to study the influence of the use of de-icing salt on meltwater quality and the release of pollutants from urban snow. The study indicated that the use of road salt may increase the dissolved metal phase in the urban snow meltwater. Also, the salt seems to have the largest effect at the beginning of the melting period when chloride is leaving the snow pile. Of total chloride, 90% was transported with the first 20% of the meltwater. Concentrations of the particulate-bound metals showed a fairly constant rate of release at the start of melt, but increased rapidly towards the end of the melting period, and this was more pronounced in the case of snow containing high chloride concentrations. Overall, a larger transport of solids was found for the pile with salt due to faster melting. Significantly larger masses of suspended solids and two heavy metals (Cu and Zn) were released with the meltwater from the pile with salt in comparison with the no-salt pile. The rest of the suspended solids and heavy metals stayed in the solid residue remaining at the end of the experiment.

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47

Li, Hong Lei, Guo Ping Cen, and Qiang Kang Gu. "Finite Element Analysis of Technology of Spontaneous Heating to Deice and Melt Snow." Advanced Materials Research 538-541 (June 2012): 2009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.538-541.2009.

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The technology of spontaneous heating is a new method of deicing and melting snow.It puts electrical conductor into asphalt concrete.After electrical conductor sending out heat,temperature of pavement will be increased.Untill temperature is higher than freezing point,ice and snow will be melted.According to theory of heating,a model of finite element is designed.Based on ANSYS,temperature field of pavement layer and temperature distribution of pavement surface,ascending rule of temperature,warm-up time,affection of deicing and snow-melting are researched.Finally,curved line and analyzed result of deicing and melting snow are received.The result can demonstrate the feasibility of technology of spontaneous heating to deice and melt snow on airport pavement.

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48

Liston, Glen E., Jan-Gunnar Winther, Oddbjørn Bruland, Hallgeir Elvehøy, and Knut Sand. "Below-surface ice melt on the coastal Antarctic ice sheet." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 150 (1999): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000001775.

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AbstractIn the Jutulgryta area of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, subsurface melting of the ice sheet has been observed. The melting takes place during the summer months in blue-ice areas under conditions of below-freezing air and surface temperatures. Adjacent snow-covered regions, having the same meteorological and climatic conditions, experience little or no subsurface melting. To help explain and understand the observed melt-rate differences in the blue-ice and snow-covered areas, a physically based numerical model of the coupled atmosphere, radiation, snow and blue-ice system has been developed. The model comprises a heat-transfer equation which includes a spectrally dependent solar-radiation source term. The penetration of radiation into the snow and blue ice depends on the solar-radiation spectrum, the surface albedo and the snow and blue-ice grain-sizes and densities. In addition, the model uses a complete surface energy balance to define the surface boundary conditions. It is run over the full annual cycle, simulating temperature profiles and melting and freezing quantities throughout the summer and winter seasons. The model is driven and validated using field observations collected during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 1996–97. The simulations suggest that the observed differences between subsurface snow and blue-ice melting can be explained largely by radiative and heat-transfer interactions resulting from differences in albedo, grain-size and density between the two mediums.

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49

Liston, Glen E., Jan-Gunnar Winther, Oddbjørn Bruland, Hallgeir Elvehøy, and Knut Sand. "Below-surface ice melt on the coastal Antarctic ice sheet." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 150 (1999): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000001775.

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AbstractIn the Jutulgryta area of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, subsurface melting of the ice sheet has been observed. The melting takes place during the summer months in blue-ice areas under conditions of below-freezing air and surface temperatures. Adjacent snow-covered regions, having the same meteorological and climatic conditions, experience little or no subsurface melting. To help explain and understand the observed melt-rate differences in the blue-ice and snow-covered areas, a physically based numerical model of the coupled atmosphere, radiation, snow and blue-ice system has been developed. The model comprises a heat-transfer equation which includes a spectrally dependent solar-radiation source term. The penetration of radiation into the snow and blue ice depends on the solar-radiation spectrum, the surface albedo and the snow and blue-ice grain-sizes and densities. In addition, the model uses a complete surface energy balance to define the surface boundary conditions. It is run over the full annual cycle, simulating temperature profiles and melting and freezing quantities throughout the summer and winter seasons. The model is driven and validated using field observations collected during the Norwegian Antarctic Research Expedition (NARE) 1996–97. The simulations suggest that the observed differences between subsurface snow and blue-ice melting can be explained largely by radiative and heat-transfer interactions resulting from differences in albedo, grain-size and density between the two mediums.

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Vo, Hai Viet, and Dae-Wook Park. "Application of Conductive Materials to Asphalt Pavement." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4101503.

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Snow-melting pavement technique is an advanced preservation method, which can prevent the forming of snow or ice on the pavement surface by increasing the temperature using an embedded heating system. The main scope of this study is to evaluate the impact of conductive additives on the heating efficiency. The electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity were considered to investigate effects of conductive additives, graphite, and carbon fibers on the snow-melting ability of asphalt mixtures. Also, the distribution of the conductive additives within the asphalt concrete body was investigated by microstructural imaging. An actual test was applied to simulate realistic heating for an asphalt concrete mixture. Thermal testing indicated that graphite and carbon fibers improve the snow-melting ability of asphalt mixes and their combination is more effective than when used alone. As observed in the microstructural image, carbon fibers show a long-range connecting effect among graphite conductive clusters and gather in bundles when added excessively. According to the actual test, adding the conductive additives helps improve snow-melting efficiency by shortening processing time and raising the surface temperature.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Melting of snow'

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