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Journal articles on the topic 'Membranes, bilayers and vesicles'
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1
PLASENCIA, Ines, Luis RIVAS, Kevin M. W. KEOUGH, Derek MARSH, and Jesús PÉREZ-GIL. "The N-terminal segment of pulmonary surfactant lipopeptide SP-C has intrinsic propensity to interact with and perturb phospholipid bilayers." Biochemical Journal 377, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20030815.
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In the present study, 13-residue peptides with sequences corresponding to the native N-terminal segment of pulmonary SP-C (surfactant protein C) have been synthesized and their interaction with phospholipid bilayers characterized. The peptides are soluble in aqueous media but associate spontaneously with bilayers composed of either zwitterionic (phosphatidylcholine) or anionic (phosphatidylglycerol) phospholipids. The peptides show higher affinity for anionic than for zwitterionic membranes. Interaction of the peptides with both zwitterionic and anionic membranes promotes phospholipid vesicle aggregation, and leakage of the aqueous content of the vesicles. The lipid–peptide interaction includes a significant hydrophobic component for both zwitterionic and anionic membranes, although the interaction with phosphatidylglycerol bilayers is also electrostatic in nature. The effects of the SP-C N-terminal peptides on the membrane structure are mediated by significant perturbations of the packing order and mobility of phospholipid acyl chain segments deep in the bilayer, as detected by differential scanning calorimetry and spin-label ESR. These results suggest that the N-terminal region of SP-C, even in the absence of acylation, possesses an intrinsic propensity to interact with and perturb phospholipid bilayers, thereby potentially facilitating SP-C promoting bilayer-monolayer transitions at the alveolar spaces.
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Martin, F. G., and M. G. Wolfersberger. "Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin and larval Manduca sexta midgut brush-border membrane vesicles act synergistically to cause very large increases in the conductance of planar lipid bilayers." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.1.91.
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Brush-border membrane vesicles prepared from midguts of Manduca sexta larvae were incorporated into planar phospholipid bilayers. Addition of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin to the buffered salt solutions bathing these bilayers resulted in large irreversible increases in conductance. At pH 9.6, the smallest toxin-dependent increase in bilayer conductance observed was 13 nS. Similar conductance increases were never observed in the absence of delta-endotoxin or in delta-endotoxin-treated bilayers not containing components of insect brush-border membranes.
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Niles, W. D., and F. S. Cohen. "Video fluorescence microscopy studies of phospholipid vesicle fusion with a planar phospholipid membrane. Nature of membrane-membrane interactions and detection of release of contents." Journal of General Physiology 90, no. 5 (November 1, 1987): 703–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.90.5.703.
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Video fluorescence microscopy was used to study adsorption and fusion of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles to solvent-free planar bilayer membranes. Large unilamellar vesicles (2-10 microns diam) were loaded with 200 mM of the membrane-impermeant fluorescent dye calcein. Vesicles were ejected from a pipette brought to within 10 microns of the planar membrane, thereby minimizing background fluorescence and diffusion times through the unstirred layer. Vesicle binding to the planar membrane reached a maximum at 20 mM calcium. The vesicles fused when they were osmotically swollen by dissipating a KCl gradient across the vesicular membrane with the channel-forming antibiotic nystatin or, alternatively, by making the cis compartment hyperosmotic. Osmotically induced ruptures appeared as bright flashes of light that lasted several video fields (each 1/60 s). Flashes of light, and therefore swelling, occurred only when channels were present in the vesicular membrane. The flashes were observed when nystatin was added to the cis compartment but not when added to the trans. This demonstrates that the vesicular and planar membranes remain individual bilayers in the region of contact, rather than melding into a single bilayer. Measurements of flash duration in the presence of cobalt (a quencher of calcein fluorescence) were used to determine the side of the planar membrane to which dye was released. In the presence of 20 mM calcium, 50% of the vesicle ruptures were found to result in fusion with the planar membrane. In 100 mM calcium, nearly 70% of the vesicle ruptures resulted in fusion. The methods of this study can be used to increase significantly the efficiency of reconstitution of channels into planar membranes by fusion techniques.
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Sessa, Lucia, Simona Concilio, Peter Walde, Tom Robinson, Petra S. Dittrich, Amalia Porta, Barbara Panunzi, Ugo Caruso, and Stefano Piotto. "Study of the Interaction of a Novel Semi-Synthetic Peptide with Model Lipid Membranes." Membranes 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2020): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10100294.
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Most linear peptides directly interact with membranes, but the mechanisms of interaction are far from being completely understood. Here, we present an investigation of the membrane interactions of a designed peptide containing a non-natural, synthetic amino acid. We selected a nonapeptide that is reported to interact with phospholipid membranes, ALYLAIRKR, abbreviated as ALY. We designed a modified peptide (azoALY) by substituting the tyrosine residue of ALY with an antimicrobial azobenzene-bearing amino acid. Both of the peptides were examined for their ability to interact with model membranes, assessing the penetration of phospholipid monolayers, and leakage across the bilayer of large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) and giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). The latter was performed in a microfluidic device in order to study the kinetics of leakage of entrapped calcein from the vesicles at the single vesicle level. Both types of vesicles were prepared from a 9:1 (mol/mol) mixture of POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) and POPG (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho(1′-rac-glycerol). Calcein leakage from the vesicles was more pronounced at a low concentration in the case of azoALY than for ALY. Increased vesicle membrane disturbance in the presence of azoALY was also evident from an enzymatic assay with LUVs and entrapped horseradish peroxidase. Molecular dynamics simulations of ALY and azoALY in an anionic POPC/POPG model bilayer showed that ALY peptide only interacts with the lipid head groups. In contrast, azoALY penetrates the hydrophobic core of the bilayers causing a stronger membrane perturbation as compared to ALY, in qualitative agreement with the experimental results from the leakage assays.
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Neupane, Shova, George Cordoyiannis, Frank Uwe Renner, and Patricia Losada-Pérez. "Real-Time Monitoring of Interactions between Solid-Supported Lipid Vesicle Layers and Short- and Medium-Chain Length Alcohols: Ethanol and 1-Pentanol." Biomimetics 4, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4010008.
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Lipid bilayers represent the interface between the cell and its environment, serving as model systems for the study of various biological processes. For instance, the addition of small molecules such as alcohols is a well-known process that modulates lipid bilayer properties, being considered as a reference for general anesthetic molecules. A plethora of experimental and simulation studies have focused on alcohol’s effect on lipid bilayers. Nevertheless, most studies have focused on lipid membranes formed in the presence of alcohols, while the effect of n-alcohols on preformed lipid membranes has received much less research interest. Here, we monitor the real-time interaction of short-chain alcohols with solid-supported vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) as a label-free method. Results indicate that the addition of ethanol at different concentrations induces changes in the bilayer organization but preserves the stability of the supported vesicle layer. In turn, the addition of 1-pentanol induces not only changes in the bilayer organization, but also promotes vesicle rupture and inhomogeneous lipid layers at very high concentrations.
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Tavares, G. D., M. C. de Oliveira, J. M. C. Vilela, and M. S. Andrade. "Deposition of Lipid Bilayers with Atomic Force Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 11, S03 (December 2005): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927605050853.
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Biological membranes are constituted of lipids organized as a two dimensional bilayer supporting peripheral and integral proteins, providing a barrier between the inside and the outside of a cell [1]. Similar membranes can be prepared from the lipid mixtures forming liposomes. The liposomes are multi or unilamellar spherical vesicles in which an aqueous volume is enclosed and can be used to encapsulate some drugs [2]. In order to better expose the details of their structure, these membranes are generally deposited on the surface of a flat substrate. These supported planar lipid membranes can also provide a model system for investigating the properties and functions of the complex cell membrane and membrane mediated processes such as recognition events and biological signal transduction. Various methods have been used to create artificial lipid membranes supported on a solid surface, being the most used the Langmuir-Blodgett monolayers formation [3], the vesicle fusion or liposome adsorption [4] and the solution spreading [5].
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Zheng, Hui, Sungsoo Lee, Marc C. Llaguno, and Qiu-Xing Jiang. "bSUM: A bead-supported unilamellar membrane system facilitating unidirectional insertion of membrane proteins into giant vesicles." Journal of General Physiology 147, no. 1 (December 28, 2015): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.201511448.
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Fused or giant vesicles, planar lipid bilayers, a droplet membrane system, and planar-supported membranes have been developed to incorporate membrane proteins for the electrical and biophysical analysis of such proteins or the bilayer properties. However, it remains difficult to incorporate membrane proteins, including ion channels, into reconstituted membrane systems that allow easy control of operational dimensions, incorporation orientation of the membrane proteins, and lipid composition of membranes. Here, using a newly developed chemical engineering procedure, we report on a bead-supported unilamellar membrane (bSUM) system that allows good control over membrane dimension, protein orientation, and lipid composition. Our new system uses specific ligands to facilitate the unidirectional incorporation of membrane proteins into lipid bilayers. Cryo–electron microscopic imaging demonstrates the unilamellar nature of the bSUMs. Electrical recordings from voltage-gated ion channels in bSUMs of varying diameters demonstrate the versatility of the new system. Using KvAP as a model system, we show that compared with other in vitro membrane systems, the bSUMs have the following advantages: (a) a major fraction of channels are orientated in a controlled way; (b) the channels mediate the formation of the lipid bilayer; (c) there is one and only one bilayer membrane on each bead; (d) the lipid composition can be controlled and the bSUM size is also under experimental control over a range of 0.2–20 µm; (e) the channel activity can be recorded by patch clamp using a planar electrode; and (f) the voltage-clamp speed (0.2–0.5 ms) of the bSUM on a planar electrode is fast, making it suitable to study ion channels with fast gating kinetics. Our observations suggest that the chemically engineered bSUMs afford a novel platform for studying lipid–protein interactions in membranes of varying lipid composition and may be useful for other applications, such as targeted delivery and single-molecule imaging.
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Kozlov, M. M., and V. S. Markin. "Elastic properties of membranes: Monolayers, bilayers, vesicles." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 138, no. 2 (September 1990): 332–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(90)90216-b.
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Wang, Meina, Adriana M. Mihut, Ellen Rieloff, Aleksandra P. Dabkowska, Linda K. Månsson, Jasper N. Immink, Emma Sparr, and Jérôme J. Crassous. "Assembling responsive microgels at responsive lipid membranes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (March 1, 2019): 5442–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1807790116.
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Directed colloidal self-assembly at fluid interfaces can have a large impact in the fields of nanotechnology, materials, and biomedical sciences. The ability to control interfacial self-assembly relies on the fine interplay between bulk and surface interactions. Here, we investigate the interfacial assembly of thermoresponsive microgels and lipogels at the surface of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) consisting of phospholipids bilayers with different compositions. By altering the properties of the lipid membrane and the microgel particles, it is possible to control the adsorption/desorption processes as well as the organization and dynamics of the colloids at the vesicle surface. No translocation of the microgels and lipogels through the membrane was observed for any of the membrane compositions and temperatures investigated. The lipid membranes with fluid chains provide highly dynamic interfaces that can host and mediate long-range ordering into 2D hexagonal crystals. This is in clear contrast to the conditions when the membranes are composed of lipids with solid chains, where there is no crystalline arrangement, and most of the particles desorb from the membrane. Likewise, we show that in segregated membranes, the soft microgel colloids form closely packed 2D crystals on the fluid bilayer domains, while hardly any particles adhere to the more solid bilayer domains. These findings thus present an approach for selective and controlled colloidal assembly at lipid membranes, opening routes toward the development of tunable soft materials.
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Talbot, T., F. Booy, R. D. Leapman, and N. L. Gershfeld. "Cryo-Em of Large Unilamellar Phospholipid Vesicles That Self- Assemble At a Critical Temperature." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 714–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600029640.
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The mechanism for assembly of membrane lipid bilayers in vivo is generally considered to occur on existing membranes which act as templates for the assembly process. Not presently understood is the source of the membrane template. A thermodynamic theory describing a spontaneous process for assembly of unilamellar vesicles with properties of a critical state (1,2) has been tested in this study. The spontaneous formation of large unilamellar vesicles (LUV’s) from phospholipid components of cell membranes at a critical temperature T* has now been documented by cryo-electron microscope studies using aqueous dispersions of dimyrystoylphosphatidylcholine (T* = 29°C), and the total lipid extracts of E. coli membranes cultured at 32°C (T* = 32°C). The lipids were incubated at temperatures below, at and above the critical temperatures for LUV assembly. in conformity with thermodynamic theory, and other physical measurements that indicate unique bilayer properties exist at T* (3-5), LUV’s are seen to form only at T*.
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Ouberai, Myriam M., Juan Wang, Marcus J. Swann, Celine Galvagnion, Tim Guilliams, Christopher M. Dobson, and Mark E. Welland. "α-Synuclein Senses Lipid Packing Defects and Induces Lateral Expansion of Lipids Leading to Membrane Remodeling." Journal of Biological Chemistry 288, no. 29 (June 5, 2013): 20883–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m113.478297.
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There is increasing evidence for the involvement of lipid membranes in both the functional and pathological properties of α-synuclein (α-Syn). Despite many investigations to characterize the binding of α-Syn to membranes, there is still a lack of understanding of the binding mode linking the properties of lipid membranes to α-Syn insertion into these dynamic structures. Using a combination of an optical biosensing technique and in situ atomic force microscopy, we show that the binding strength of α-Syn is related to the specificity of the lipid environment (the lipid chemistry and steric properties within a bilayer structure) and to the ability of the membranes to accommodate and remodel upon the interaction of α-Syn with lipid membranes. We show that this interaction results in the insertion of α-Syn into the region of the headgroups, inducing a lateral expansion of lipid molecules that can progress to further bilayer remodeling, such as membrane thinning and expansion of lipids out of the membrane plane. We provide new insights into the affinity of α-Syn for lipid packing defects found in vesicles of high curvature and in planar membranes with cone-shaped lipids and suggest a comprehensive model of the interaction between α-Syn and lipid bilayers. The ability of α-Syn to sense lipid packing defects and to remodel membrane structure supports its proposed role in vesicle trafficking.
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Glabe, C. G. "Interaction of the sperm adhesive protein, bindin, with phospholipid vesicles. II. Bindin induces the fusion of mixed-phase vesicles that contain phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine in vitro." Journal of Cell Biology 100, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 800–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.100.3.800.
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Bindin from sea urchin sperm associates with gel-phase phospholipid bilayers (Glabe, C. G., 1985, J. Cell Biol., 100:794-799). Bindin also interacts with phospholipid vesicles containing both gel-phase and fluid-phase domains and thereby induces their aggregation. Association of bindin with vesicles containing gel-phase domains of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and fluid-phase domains of brain phosphatidylserine (PS) was found to result in the fusion of the vesicles. After incubation with bindin, these mixed-phase vesicles were much larger as determined by gel filtration chromatography and electron microscopic observations of negatively stained samples. The average diameter of the vesicles after incubation was 190 +/- 109 nm compared with 39 +/- 20 nm for vesicles incubated in the absence of bindin. Resonance energy transfer studies also indicated that bindin induces the fusion of vesicle bilayers. Two fluorescent probes (NBD-PE and Rh-PE) were incorporated into the membrane of mixed-phase DPPC:PS vesicles at a density of 0.5 mol%, where efficient energy transfer occurs between the probes. The efficiency of energy transfer was proportional to the concentration of the fluorescence energy acceptor in the bilayer. The fluorescent vesicles were mixed with an excess of unlabeled target vesicles to quantify fusion. After bindin addition, there was a significant decrease in the efficiency of energy transfer compared with controls incubated in the absence of bindin. Although bindin induced the fusion of vesicles in the absence of calcium, the rate of fusion in the presence of 2 mM calcium was three-fourfold higher. In the presence of calcium, approximately half of the vesicles in the population had fused with another vesicle after incubation with bindin for 20 min. Bindin did not induce the fusion of gel-phase DPPC vesicles or mixed-phase vesicles of DPPC and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, which suggests that the fusagenic activity of bindin requires specific phospholipids. Electron microscopic observations of DPPC:PS vesicles incubated in the presence of bindin suggest that the outer leaflets of bindin-aggregated vesicles are in close apposition. This is believed to be an important initial event for membrane fusion. These observations suggest that bindin may play a dual role in fertilization: Bindin mediates the attachment of sperm to glycoconjugate receptors of the egg surface and may also participate in the fusion of the sperm and egg plasma membranes.
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Palaniyar, Nades, Ross A. Ridsdale, Stephen A. Hearn, Yew Meng Heng, F. Peter Ottensmeyer, Fred Possmayer, and George Harauz. "Filaments of surfactant protein A specifically interact with corrugated surfaces of phospholipid membranes." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 276, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): L631—L641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.1999.276.4.l631.
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Pulmonary surfactant, a mixture of lipids and surfactant proteins (SPs), plays an important role in respiration and gas exchange. SP-A, the major SP, exists as an octadecamer that can self-associate to form elongated protein filaments in vitro. We have studied here the association of purified bovine SP-A with lipid vesicle bilayers in vitro with negative staining with uranyl acetate and transmission electron microscopy. Native bovine surfactant was also examined by transmission electron microscopy of thinly sectioned embedded material. Lipid vesicles made from dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylcholine (1:1 wt/wt) generally showed a smooth surface morphology, but some large vesicles showed a corrugated one. On the smooth-surfaced vesicles, SP-As primarily interacted in the form of separate octadecamers or as multidirectional protein networks. On the surfaces of the striated vesicles, SP-As primarily formed regularly spaced unidirectional filaments. The mean spacing between adjacent striations and between adjacent filaments was 49 nm. The striated surfaces were not essential for the formation of filaments but appeared to stabilize them. In native surfactant preparations, SP-A was detected in the dense layers. This latter arrangement of the lipid bilayer-associated SP-As supported the potential relevance of the in vitro structures to the in vivo situation.
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Reeves, W. B., C. J. Winters, D. M. Filipovic, and T. E. Andreoli. "Cl- channels in basolateral renal medullary vesicles. IX. Channels from mouse MTAL cell patches and medullary vesicles." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 269, no. 5 (November 1, 1995): F621—F627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1995.269.5.f621.
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The experiments reported herein compared Cl- channels fused into bilayers from rabbit outer medullary vesicles with Cl- channels in excised patches of basolateral membranes from cultured mouse medullary thick ascending limb (MTAL) cells and evaluated whether the latter were plausible candidates for the Cl- channels mediating net NaCl absorption in microperfused mouse MTAL segments. The unique signature characteristics of Cl- channels incorporated into lipid bilayers from outer medullary vesicles include activation of open probability (Po) by increases in the Cl- concentrations bathing intracellular faces; activation of Po by protein kinase A (PKA) + ATP, when the Cl- concentrations bathing intracellular faces are low; and no effect of PKA + ATP on Po with high cytoplasmic-face Cl- concentrations. These same properties were observed in Cl- channels studied using excised patches of basolateral membranes from mouse MTAL cells. Moreover, in both bilayers and in excised patches, the sharpest fractional increase in Cl- channel Po occurred with cytosolic-face Cl- concentration increases to values similar to the antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-dependent values of intracellular Cl- activity in microperfused mouse MTAL segments, and these fractional Po increases were adequate to account quantitatively for the ADH-dependent increase in basolateral membrane Cl- conductance in microperfused mouse MTAL segments. Thus the excised-patch basolateral Cl- channels reported here are reasonable candidates for those mediating net Cl- absorption in the MTAL.
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CHEETHAM, James J., Sabine HILFIKER, Fabio BENFENATI, Thomas WEBER, Paul GREENGARD, and Andrew J. CZERNIK. "Identification of synapsin I peptides that insert into lipid membranes." Biochemical Journal 354, no. 1 (February 8, 2001): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3540057.
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The synapsins constitute a family of synaptic vesicle-associated phosphoproteins essential for regulating neurotransmitter release and synaptogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the selective targeting of synapsin I to synaptic vesicles are thought to involve specific protein–protein interactions, while the high-affinity binding to the synaptic vesicle membrane may involve both protein–protein and protein–lipid interactions. The highly hydrophobic N-terminal region of the protein has been shown to bind with high affinity to the acidic phospholipids phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol and to penetrate the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer. To precisely identify the domains of synapsin I which mediate the interaction with lipids, synapsin I was bound to liposomes containing the membrane-directed carbene-generating reagent 3-(trifluoromethyl)-3-(m-[125I]iodophenyl)diazirine and subjected to photolysis. Isolation and N-terminal amino acid sequencing of 125I-labelled synapsin I peptides derived from CNBr cleavage indicated that three distinct regions in the highly conserved domain C of synapsin I insert into the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer. The boundaries of the regions encompass residues 166–192, 233–258 and 278–327 of bovine synapsin I. These regions are surface-exposed in the crystal structure of domain C of bovine synapsin I and are evolutionarily conserved among isoforms across species. The present data offer a molecular explanation for the high-affinity binding of synapsin I to phospholipid bilayers and synaptic vesicles.
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Niles, W. D., J. R. Silvius, and F. S. Cohen. "Resonance energy transfer imaging of phospholipid vesicle interaction with a planar phospholipid membrane: undulations and attachment sites in the region of calcium-mediated membrane--membrane adhesion." Journal of General Physiology 107, no. 3 (March 1, 1996): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.107.3.329.
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Membrane fusion of a phospholipid vesicle with a planar lipid bilayer is preceded by an initial prefusion stage in which a region of the vesicle membrane adheres to the planar membrane. A resonance energy transfer (RET) imaging microscope, with measured spectral transfer functions and a pair of radiometrically calibrated video cameras, was used to determine both the area of the contact region and the distances between the membranes within this zone. Large vesicles (5-20 microns diam) were labeled with the donor fluorophore coumarin-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), while the planar membrane was labeled with the acceptor rhodamine-PE. The donor was excited with 390 nm light, and separate images of donor and acceptor emission were formed by the microscope. Distances between the membranes at each location in the image were determined from the RET rate constant (kt) computed from the acceptor:donor emission intensity ratio. In the absence of an osmotic gradient, the vesicles stably adhered to the planar membrane, and the dyes did not migrate between membranes. The region of contact was detected as an area of planar membrane, coincident with the vesicle image, over which rhodamine fluorescence was sensitized by RET. The total area of the contact region depended biphasically on the Ca2+ concentration, but the distance between the bilayers in this zone decreased with increasing [Ca2+]. The changes in area and separation were probably related to divalent cation effects on electrostatic screening and binding to charged membranes. At each [Ca2+], the intermembrane separation varied between 1 and 6 nm within each contact region, indicating membrane undulation prior to adhesion. Intermembrane separation distances < or = 2 nm were localized to discrete sites that formed in an ordered arrangement throughout the contact region. The area of the contact region occupied by these punctate attachment sites was increased at high [Ca2+]. Membrane fusion may be initiated at these sites of closest membrane apposition.
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Harris, H. W., M. L. Zeidel, and C. Hosselet. "Quantitation and topography of membrane proteins in highly water-permeable vesicles from ADH-stimulated toad bladder." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 261, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): C143—C153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.1.c143.
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stimulation of toad bladder granular cells rapidly increases the osmotic water permeability (Pf) of their apical membranes by insertion of highly selective water channels. Before ADH stimulation, these water channels are stored in large cytoplasmic vesicles called aggrephores. ADH causes aggrephores to fuse with the apical membrane. Termination of ADH stimulation results in prompt endocytosis of water channel-containing membranes via retrieval of these specialized regions of apical membrane. Protein components of the ADH water channel contained within these retrieved vesicles would be expected to be integral membrane protein(s) that span the vesicle's lipid bilayer to create narrow aqueous channels. Our previous work has identified proteins of 55 (actually a 55/53-kDa doublet), 17, 15, and 7 kDa as candidate ADH water channel components. We now have investigated these candidate ADH water channel proteins in purified retrieved vesicles. These vesicles do not contain a functional proton pump as assayed by Western blots of purified vesicle protein probed with anti-H(+)-ATPase antisera. Approximately 60% of vesicle protein is accounted for by three protein bands of 55, 53, and 46 kDa. Smaller contributions to vesicle protein are made by the 17- and 15-kDa proteins. Triton X-114-partitioning analysis shows that the 55, 53, 46, and 17 kDa are integral membrane proteins. Vectorial labeling analysis with two membrane-impermeant reagents shows that the 55-, 53-, and 46-kDa protein species span the lipid bilayer of these vesicles. Thus the 55-, 53-, and 46-kDa proteins possess characteristics expected for ADH water channel components. These data show that the 55- and 53- and perhaps the 46-, 17-, and 15-kDa proteins are likely components of aqueous transmembrane pores that constitute ADH water channels contained within these vesicles.
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Konarev, Petr V., Maxim V. Petoukhov, Liubov A. Dadinova, Natalia V. Fedorova, Pavel E. Volynsky, Dmitri I. Svergun, Oleg V. Batishchev, and Eleonora V. Shtykova. "BILMIX: a new approach to restore the size polydispersity and electron density profiles of lipid bilayers from liposomes using small-angle X-ray scattering data." Journal of Applied Crystallography 53, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576719015656.
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Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is one of the major tools for the study of model membranes, but interpretation of the scattering data remains non-trivial. Current approaches allow the extraction of some structural parameters and the electron density profile of lipid bilayers. Here it is demonstrated that parametric modelling can be employed to determine the polydispersity of spherical or ellipsoidal vesicles and describe the electron density profile across the lipid bilayer. This approach is implemented in the computer program BILMIX. BILMIX delivers a description of the electron density of a lipid bilayer from SAXS data and simultaneously generates the corresponding size distribution of the unilamellar lipid vesicles.
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Hertle, Alexander P., José G. García-Cerdán, Ute Armbruster, Robert Shih, Jimmy J. Lee, Winnie Wong, and Krishna K. Niyogi. "A Sec14 domain protein is required for photoautotrophic growth and chloroplast vesicle formation in Arabidopsis thaliana." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 16 (April 3, 2020): 9101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916946117.
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In eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms, the conversion of solar into chemical energy occurs in thylakoid membranes in the chloroplast. How thylakoid membranes are formed and maintained is poorly understood. However, previous observations of vesicles adjacent to the stromal side of the inner envelope membrane of the chloroplast suggest a possible role of membrane transport via vesicle trafficking from the inner envelope to the thylakoids. Here we show that the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana has a chloroplast-localized Sec14-like protein (CPSFL1) that is necessary for photoautotrophic growth and vesicle formation at the inner envelope membrane of the chloroplast. The cpsfl1 mutants are seedling lethal, show a defect in thylakoid structure, and lack chloroplast vesicles. Sec14 domain proteins are found only in eukaryotes and have been well characterized in yeast, where they regulate vesicle budding at the trans-Golgi network. Like the yeast Sec14p, CPSFL1 binds phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs) and phosphatidic acid (PA) and acts as a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein in vitro, and expression of Arabidopsis CPSFL1 can complement the yeast sec14 mutation. CPSFL1 can transfer PIP into PA-rich membrane bilayers in vitro, suggesting that CPSFL1 potentially facilitates vesicle formation by trafficking PA and/or PIP, known regulators of membrane trafficking between organellar subcompartments. These results underscore the role of vesicles in thylakoid biogenesis and/or maintenance. CPSFL1 appears to be an example of a eukaryotic cytosolic protein that has been coopted for a function in the chloroplast, an organelle derived from endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium.
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Lindenthal, Sabine, Uwe Scheuring, Horst Ruf, Zbigniew Kojro, Peter Petrasch, and Dieter Schubert. "Asymmetrie Reconstitution of the Erythrocyte Anion Transport System in Vesicles of Different Curvature: Implications for the Shape of the Band 3 Protein." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 45, no. 9-10 (October 1, 1990): 1021–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1990-9-1014.
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Abstract The anion transport protein of the human erythrocyte membrane, band 3, was solubilized and purified in solutions of the non-ionic detergent nonaethylene glycol lauryl ether and then reconstituted in spherical egg phosphatidylcholine bilayers as described earlier (U. Scheuring, K. Kollewe, W. Haase, and D. Schubert, J. Membrane Biol. 90, 123-135 (1986)). The resulting paucilamellar proteoliposom es of average diameter 70 nm were transformed into smaller vesicles by French press treatment and fractionated according to size by gel filtration. The smallest protein-containing liposomes obtained had diameters around 32 nm; still smaller vesicles were free of protein. All proteoliposome samples studied showed a rapid sulfate efflux which was sensitive to specific inhibitors of band 3-mediated anion exchange. In addition, the orientation of the transport protein in the vesicle membranes was found to be “right-side-out” in all samples. This suggests that the orientation of the protein in the vesicle membranes is dictated by the shape of the protein’s intramembrane domain and that this domain has the form of a truncated cone or pyramid
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Suwalsky, M., P. Hernández, F. Villena, F. Aguilar, and C. P. Sotomayor. "Interaction of the Anticancer Drug Tamoxifen with the Human Erythrocyte Membrane and Molecular Models." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 53, no. 3-4 (April 1, 1998): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1998-3-407.
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Abstract Tamoxifen, Anticancer Drug, Erythrocyte Membrane, Phospholipid Bilayer Tamoxifen is a non steroidal antiestrogen drug extensively used in the prevention and treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. To evaluate its perturbing effect upon cell membranes it was made to interact with human erythrocytes and molecular models. These consisted of bilayers of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and of dimyristoylphospha-tidylethanolamine (DMPE), representative of phospholipids classes located in the outer and inner leaflets of the erythrocyte membrane, respectively. Experiments by fluorescence spectroscopy showed that tamoxifen interacted with DMPC vesicles fluidizing both its polar head and acyl chain regions. These results were confirmed by X-ray diffraction which indi cated that tamoxifen perturbed the same regions of the lipid. However, it did not cause any significant structural perturbation to DMPE bilayers. The examination by electron micro scopy of human erythrocytes incubated with tamoxifen revealed that they changed their normal discoid shape to stomatocytes. According to the bilayer couple hypothesis, this result means that the drug is inserted in the inner leaflet of the erythrocyte membrane. Given the fact that tamoxifen did not interact with DMPE, it is concluded that it interacted with a protein located in the cytoplasmic moiety of the erythrocyte membrane.
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Resh, M. D. "Reconstitution of the Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein pp60v-src into phospholipid vesicles." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 5 (May 1988): 1896–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.5.1896.
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An artificial membrane system was developed to study the molecular basis for interaction of pp60v-src, the Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein, with lipid bilayers. pp60v-src was extracted from cell membranes by detergent solubilization and reincorporated into phospholipid vesicles. Reconstituted pp60v-src retained tyrosine kinase activity and was integrally associated with the liposome through a 10-kilodalton (kDa) amino-terminal domain. The same 10-kDa domain was shown to anchor pp60v-src to the plasma membrane of transformed cells. Reconstitution experiments performed with nonmyristylated pp60v-src proteins revealed that these polypeptides did not interact with phospholipid vesicles. In contrast, myristylated, soluble pp60v-src molecules (including a highly purified pp60v-src preparation) could be reconstituted into liposomes, but their interaction with the liposomal bilayer was not mediated by the 10-kDa amino-terminal domain. When membrane proteins were included during reconstitution of purified pp60v-src, binding through the 10-kDa anchor was restored. A model is presented to accommodate the different types of interactions of pp60v-src with liposomes; the model postulates the existence of an additional membrane component that anchors the pp60v-src polypeptide to the phospholipid bilayer.
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Resh, M. D. "Reconstitution of the Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein pp60v-src into phospholipid vesicles." Molecular and Cellular Biology 8, no. 5 (May 1988): 1896–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.8.5.1896-1905.1988.
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An artificial membrane system was developed to study the molecular basis for interaction of pp60v-src, the Rous sarcoma virus transforming protein, with lipid bilayers. pp60v-src was extracted from cell membranes by detergent solubilization and reincorporated into phospholipid vesicles. Reconstituted pp60v-src retained tyrosine kinase activity and was integrally associated with the liposome through a 10-kilodalton (kDa) amino-terminal domain. The same 10-kDa domain was shown to anchor pp60v-src to the plasma membrane of transformed cells. Reconstitution experiments performed with nonmyristylated pp60v-src proteins revealed that these polypeptides did not interact with phospholipid vesicles. In contrast, myristylated, soluble pp60v-src molecules (including a highly purified pp60v-src preparation) could be reconstituted into liposomes, but their interaction with the liposomal bilayer was not mediated by the 10-kDa amino-terminal domain. When membrane proteins were included during reconstitution of purified pp60v-src, binding through the 10-kDa anchor was restored. A model is presented to accommodate the different types of interactions of pp60v-src with liposomes; the model postulates the existence of an additional membrane component that anchors the pp60v-src polypeptide to the phospholipid bilayer.
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Zhou, Danhua, Hu Zhou, Shufeng Zhou, and Yen Wah Tong. "Investigating the Mechanisms of AquaporinZ Reconstitution through Polymeric Vesicle Composition for a Biomimetic Membrane." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2020): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091944.
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Aquaporin-Z (AqpZ) are water channel proteins with excellent water permeability and solute rejection properties. AqpZ can be reconstituted into vesicles utilizing cell-like bilayer membranes assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers, for the preparation of high-performance biomimetic membranes. However, only a few copolymers have been found suitable to act as the membrane matrix for protein reconstitution. Hence, this work analyzes the mechanism of protein reconstitution based on a composition-reconstitution relationship. The vesicle formation and AqpZ reconstitution processes in various amphiphilic block copolymers were investigated in terms of size, morphology, stability, polymeric bilayer membrane rigidity, and thermal behavior. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of the composition-reconstitution relationship of biomimetic membranes based on AqpZ-reconstituted polymeric vesicles.
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Raval, Jeel, Ekaterina Gongadze, Metka Benčina, Ita Junkar, Niharika Rawat, Luka Mesarec, Veronika Kralj-Iglič, Wojciech Góźdź, and Aleš Iglič. "Mechanical and Electrical Interaction of Biological Membranes with Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces." Membranes 11, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11070533.
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In this review paper, we theoretically explain the origin of electrostatic interactions between lipid bilayers and charged solid surfaces using a statistical mechanics approach, where the orientational degree of freedom of lipid head groups and the orientational ordering of the water dipoles are considered. Within the modified Langevin Poisson–Boltzmann model of an electric double layer, we derived an analytical expression for the osmotic pressure between the planar zwitterionic lipid bilayer and charged solid planar surface. We also show that the electrostatic interaction between the zwitterionic lipid head groups of the proximal leaflet and the negatively charged solid surface is accompanied with a more perpendicular average orientation of the lipid head-groups. We further highlight the important role of the surfaces’ nanostructured topography in their interactions with biological material. As an example of nanostructured surfaces, we describe the synthesis of TiO2 nanotubular and octahedral surfaces by using the electrochemical anodization method and hydrothermal method, respectively. The physical and chemical properties of these nanostructured surfaces are described in order to elucidate the influence of the surface topography and other physical properties on the behavior of human cells adhered to TiO2 nanostructured surfaces. In the last part of the paper, we theoretically explain the interplay of elastic and adhesive contributions to the adsorption of lipid vesicles on the solid surfaces. We show the numerically predicted shapes of adhered lipid vesicles corresponding to the minimum of the membrane free energy to describe the influence of the vesicle size, bending modulus, and adhesion strength on the adhesion of lipid vesicles on solid charged surfaces.
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Benfenati, F., P. Greengard, J. Brunner, and M. Bähler. "Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions of synapsin I and synapsin I fragments with phospholipid bilayers." Journal of Cell Biology 108, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1851–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.5.1851.
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Synapsin I, a major neuron-specific phosphoprotein, is localized on the cytoplasmic surface of small synaptic vesicles to which it binds with high affinity. It contains a collagenase-resistant head domain and a collagenase-sensitive elongated tail domain. In the present study, the interaction between synapsin I and phospholipid vesicles has been characterized, and the protein domains involved in these interactions have been identified. When lipid vesicles were prepared from cholesterol and phospholipids using a lipid composition similar to that found in native synaptic vesicle membranes (40% phosphatidylcholine, 32% phosphatidylethanolamine, 12% phosphatidylserine, 5% phosphatidylinositol, 10% cholesterol, wt/wt), synapsin I bound with a dissociation constant of 14 nM and a maximal binding capacity of about 160 fmol of synapsin I/microgram of phospholipid. Increasing the ionic strength decreased the affinity without greatly affecting the maximal amount of synapsin I bound. When vesicles containing cholesterol and either phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine were tested, no significant binding was detected under any conditions examined. On the other hand, phosphatidylcholine vesicles containing either phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylinositol strongly interacted with synapsin I. The amount of synapsin I maximally bound was directly proportional to the percentage of acidic phospholipids present in the lipid bilayer, whereas the Kd value was not affected by varying the phospholipid composition. A study of synapsin I fragments obtained by cysteine-specific cleavage showed that the collagenase-resistant head domain actively bound to phospholipid vesicles; in contrast, the collagenase-sensitive tail domain, though strongly basic, did not significantly interact. Photolabeling of synapsin I was performed with the phosphatidylcholine analogue 1-palmitoyl-2-[11-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)diazirinyl]phenyl] [2-3H]undecanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; this compound generates a highly reactive carbene that selectively interacts with membrane-embedded domains of membrane proteins. Synapsin I was significantly labeled upon photolysis when incubated with lipid vesicles containing acidic phospholipids and trace amounts of the photoactivatable phospholipid. Proteolytic cleavage of photolabeled synapsin I localized the label to the head domain of the molecule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Tien, Wu-jhao, Kun-you Chen, Fong-yin Huang, and Chi-cheng Chiu. "Effects of Cholesterol on Water Permittivity of Biomimetic Ion Pair Amphiphile Bilayers: Interplay between Membrane Bending and Molecular Packing." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 13 (July 2, 2019): 3252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133252.
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Ion pair amphiphile (IPA), a molecular complex composed of a pair of cationic and anionic amphiphiles, is an inexpensive phospholipid substitute to fabricate vesicles with various pharmaceutical applications. Modulating the physicochemical and permeation properties of IPA vesicles are important for carrier designs. Here, we applied molecular dynamics simulations to examine the cholesterol effects on the structures, mechanics, and water permittivity of hexadecyltrimethylammonium-dodecylsulfate (HTMA-DS) and dodecyltrimethylammonium- hexadecylsulfate (DTMA-HS) IPA bilayers. Structural and mechanical analyses indicate that both IPA systems are in gel phase at 298 K. Adding cholesterol induces alkyl chain ordering around the rigid sterol ring and increases the cavity density within the hydrophilic region of both IPA bilayers. Furthermore, the enhanced alkyl chain ordering and the membrane deformation energy induced by cholesterol increase the permeation free energy penalty. In contrast, cholesterol has minor effects on the water local diffusivities within IPA membranes. Overall, the cholesterol reduces the water permittivity of rigid IPA membranes due to the synergistic effects of increased alkyl chain ordering and enhanced membrane mechanical modulus. The results provide molecular insights into the effects of molecular packing and mechanical deformations on the water permittivity of biomimetic IPA membranes, which is critical for designing IPA vesicular carriers.
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Menger, Fredric M., and Jason S. Keiper. "Giant Vesicles: Micromanipulation of Membrane Bilayers." Advanced Materials 10, no. 11 (August 1998): 888–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(199808)10:11<888::aid-adma888>3.0.co;2-u.
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Fernandez, David I., Marc-Antoine Sani, and Frances Separovic. "Interactions of the Antimicrobial Peptide Maculatin 1.1 and Analogues with Phospholipid Bilayers." Australian Journal of Chemistry 64, no. 6 (2011): 798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch11062.
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The interactions of the antimicrobial peptide, maculatin 1.1 (GLFGVLAKVAAHVVPAIAEHF-NH2) and two analogues, with model phospholipid membranes have been studied using solid-state NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Maculatin 1.1 and the P15G and P15A analogues displayed minimal secondary structure in water, but with zwitterionic dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) vesicles displayed a significant increase in α-helical content. In mixed phospholipid vesicles of DMPC and anionic dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), each peptide was highly structured with ~80% α-helical content. In DMPC vesicles, the native peptide displayed moderate head group interaction and significant perturbation of the lipid acyl chains. In DMPC/DMPG vesicles, maculatin 1.1 promoted formation of a DMPG-enriched phase and moderately increased disorder towards acyl chain ends of DMPC in the mixed bilayer. Both analogues showed reduced phospholipid head group interactions with DMPC but displayed significant interactions with the mixed lipid system. These effects support the preferential activity of these antimicrobial peptides for bacterial membranes.
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Lipowsky, Reinhard. "Remodeling of membrane compartments: some consequences of membrane fluidity." Biological Chemistry 395, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 253–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2013-0244.
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Abstract Biological membranes consist of fluid bilayers with many lipid and protein components. This fluidity implies a high flexibility that allows the membranes to attain a large variety of different shapes. One important shape parameter is the spontaneous curvature, which describes the asymmetry between the two leaflets of a bilayer and can be changed by adsorption of ‘particles’ such as ions or proteins from the aqueous phases. Membrane fluidity also implies that the membranes can change their local composition via lateral diffusion and form intramembrane compartments. Two mechanisms for the formation of such compartments can be distinguished: membrane segmentation arising from structured environments and domain formation as a result of phase separation within the membranes. The interplay between these two mechanisms provides a simple and generic explanation for the difficulty to observe phase domains in vivo. Intramembrane domains can form new membrane compartments via budding and tubulation processes. Which of these two processes actually occurs depends on the fluid-elastic properties of the domains, on the adsorption kinetics, and on external constraints arising, e.g., from the osmotic conditions. Vesicles are predicted to unbind from adhesive surfaces via tubulation when the spontaneous curvature of their membranes exceeds a certain threshold value.
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Botterbusch, Samuel, and Tobias Baumgart. "Interactions between Phase-Separated Liquids and Membrane Surfaces." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 31, 2021): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11031288.
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Liquid-liquid phase separation has recently emerged as an important fundamental organizational phenomenon in biological settings. Most studies of biological phase separation have focused on droplets that “condense” from solution above a critical concentration, forming so-called “membraneless organelles” suspended in solution. However, membranes are ubiquitous throughout cells, and many biomolecular condensates interact with membrane surfaces. Such membrane-associated phase-separated systems range from clusters of integral or peripheral membrane proteins in the plane of the membrane to free, spherical droplets wetting membrane surfaces to droplets containing small lipid vesicles. In this review, we consider phase-separated liquids that interact with membrane surfaces and we discuss the consequences of those interactions. The physical properties of distinct liquid phases in contact with bilayers can reshape the membrane, and liquid-liquid phase separation can construct membrane-associated protein structures, modulate their function, and organize collections of lipid vesicles dynamically. We summarize the common phenomena that arise in these systems of liquid phases and membranes.
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Liu, S., W. P. Dubinsky, M. K. Haddox, and S. G. Schultz. "Reconstitution of isolated Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel proteins from basolateral membranes of rabbit colonocytes." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 261, no. 4 (October 1, 1991): C713—C717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1991.261.4.c713.
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Using calmodulin-affinity chromatography, we have isolated a fraction of proteins from solubilized basolateral membranes of rabbit colonocytes which when reconstituted into planar phospholipid bilayers disclosed Ca(2+)-activated single K+ channel activities. The properties of the reconstituted channels are identical to those of native membrane vesicles incorporated into these bilayers with respect to their high selectivity for K+ over C-, high ("maxi") conductance, voltage gating, and inhibition by trifluoperazine. Two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of these proteins revealed three major protein species with molecular masses of 120, 60, and 35 kDa, which constituted 70, 10, and 20%, respectively, of the total protein. The results of other studies strongly suggest that the 35-kDa protein may be the Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel protein in these membranes.
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Martín, César, M. Asunción Requero, Jiri Masin, Ivo Konopasek, Félix M. Goñi, Peter Sebo, and Helena Ostolaza. "Membrane Restructuring by Bordetella pertussis Adenylate Cyclase Toxin, a Member of the RTX Toxin Family." Journal of Bacteriology 186, no. 12 (June 15, 2004): 3760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.12.3760-3765.2004.
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ABSTRACT Adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT) is secreted by Bordetella pertussis, the bacterium causing whooping cough. ACT is a member of the RTX (repeats in toxin) family of toxins, and like other members in the family, it may bind cell membranes and cause disruption of the permeability barrier, leading to efflux of cell contents. The present paper summarizes studies performed on cell and model membranes with the aim of understanding the mechanism of toxin insertion and membrane restructuring leading to release of contents. ACT does not necessarily require a protein receptor to bind the membrane bilayer, and this may explain its broad range of host cell types. In fact, red blood cells and liposomes (large unilamellar vesicles) display similar sensitivities to ACT. A varying liposomal bilayer composition leads to significant changes in ACT-induced membrane lysis, measured as efflux of fluorescent vesicle contents. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), a lipid that favors formation of nonlamellar (inverted hexagonal) phases, stimulated ACT-promoted efflux. Conversely, lysophosphatidylcholine, a micelle-forming lipid that opposes the formation of inverted nonlamellar phases, inhibited ACT-induced efflux in a dose-dependent manner and neutralized the stimulatory effect of PE. These results strongly suggest that ACT-induced efflux is mediated by transient inverted nonlamellar lipid structures. Cholesterol, a lipid that favors inverted nonlamellar phase formation and also increases the static order of phospholipid hydrocarbon chains, among other effects, also enhanced ACT-induced liposomal efflux. Moreover, the use of a recently developed fluorescence assay technique allowed the detection of trans-bilayer (flip-flop) lipid motion simultaneous with efflux. Lipid flip-flop further confirms the formation of transient nonlamellar lipid structures as a result of ACT insertion in bilayers.
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Benfenati, F., F. Valtorta, M. C. Rossi, F. Onofri, T. Sihra, and P. Greengard. "Interactions of synapsin I with phospholipids: possible role in synaptic vesicle clustering and in the maintenance of bilayer structures." Journal of Cell Biology 123, no. 6 (December 15, 1993): 1845–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.123.6.1845.
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Synapsin I is a synaptic vesicle-specific phosphoprotein composed of a globular and hydrophobic head and of a proline-rich, elongated and basic tail. Synapsin I binds with high affinity to phospholipid and protein components of synaptic vesicles. The head region of the protein has a very high surface activity, strongly interacts with acidic phospholipids and penetrates the hydrophobic core of the vesicle membrane. In the present paper, we have investigated the possible functional effects of the interaction between synapsin I and vesicle phospholipids. Synapsin I enhances both the rate and the extent of Ca(2+)-dependent membrane fusion, although it has no detectable fusogenic activity per se. This effect, which appears to be independent of synapsin I phosphorylation and localized to the head region of the protein, is attributable to aggregation of adjacent vesicles. The facilitation of Ca(2+)-induced liposome fusion is maximal at 50-80% of vesicle saturation and then decreases steeply, whereas vesicle aggregation does not show this biphasic behavior. Association of synapsin I with phospholipid bilayers does not induce membrane destabilization. Rather, 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that synapsin I inhibits the transition of membrane phospholipids from the bilayer (L alpha) to the inverted hexagonal (HII) phase induced either by increases in temperature or by Ca2+. These properties might contribute to the remarkable selectivity of the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane during exocytosis.
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Duarte, A. A., and M. Raposo. "Surface roughness as rupture control factor of lipid vesicles." Microscopy and Microanalysis 19, S4 (August 2013): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613001153.
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Liposomes or lipid vesicles are self-closed structures formed by one or several concentric lipid bilayers with an aqueous phase inside, which may incorporate almost any molecule, namely proteins, hormones, enzymes, antibiotics, anticancer agents, antifungical agents, gene transfer agents, DNA, and whole viruses. Scientific evidences prove that unprotected liposomes containing drugs are easily released from the endoplasmic reticulum of the cell. To increase the vesicles lifetime and to activate a controlled drug release with an external stimulus, the vesicles immobilization on a surface and the factors which create conditions to the liposome rupture have to be analyzed. A number of studies have identified some of the critical stages of vesicle adsorption (adhesion), fusion, deformation, rupture, and spreading of the lipid bilayer. Nevertheless, the formation mechanisms of well-controlled continuous supported bilayers or adsorption of whole liposomes are still not fully understood. As yet it was demonstrated that a controlled adsorption of vesicles containing a small fraction of charged lipids occurs without rupture and their subsequent embedding in polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films, meaning vesicles may be immobilized in an intact or slightly deformed state, which can act as drug reservoirs. Moreover, depending on the nature of the physicochemical conditions of the vesicle solution and the substrate surface, a flat lipid bilayer can be formed, known as supported lipid bilayers, which can incorporate membrane proteins and keep the native dynamics of the lipid bilayer mimicking a biological membrane. In this study, a layer of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-rac-(1-glycerol)] (sodium salt) (DPPG) liposomes adsorbed onto PEMs cushions based on poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) polyelectrolytes was analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique in non-contact mode and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM).Sequential heterostructures of Si/PEI(PSS/PAH)4 and Si/PAH, also designated cushions, were prepared onto silicon substrates using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique with polyelectrolyte solutions of PEI, PSS and PAH of monomeric concentrations of 0.01M. Topographic images of 1×1μm2 area of Si/PAH/DPPG (Figure 1 a), and Si/PEI(PSS/PAH)4/DPPG (Figure 1 b) LbL films were acquired by AFM. The root mean square roughness (RMS) calculated from topographies data are listed in table I. As shown, when a DPPG layer is adsorbed onto Si/PAH the RMS keeps an approximately equal value meaning that the liposome disrupted and spread onto the surface forming a planar lipid bilayer. But when a DPPG layer is adsorbed onto Si/PEI(PSS/PAH)4 the RMS value doubled, indicating that the structural integrity of the liposomes is maintained, even though there has been any deformation during adsorption. The adsorbed amount of the two PEMs and DPPG-liposomes layers was measured using a QCM and is displayed in table I. The DPPG adsorbed amount obtained on the PAH cushion was approximately equal to a planar lipid bilayer, while the adsorption onto PEI(PSS/PAH)4 was higher than the predicted for a planar lipid bilayer. This behavior suggests that the DPPG liposomes on the second PEM remained intact during adsorption. Both confirm the AFM results. Therefore we conclude that the initial roughness of the surface is a primordial factor to determine the adsorption or not of intact vesicles.The authors acknowledge the “Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia” (FCT-MEC) by the post-graduate scholarship SFRH/BD/62229/2009 and the “Plurianual” funding.
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Yu, Haijia, Yinghui Liu, Daniel R. Gulbranson, Alex Paine, Shailendra S. Rathore, and Jingshi Shen. "Extended synaptotagmins are Ca2+-dependent lipid transfer proteins at membrane contact sites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 16 (April 4, 2016): 4362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1517259113.
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Organelles are in constant communication with each other through exchange of proteins (mediated by trafficking vesicles) and lipids [mediated by both trafficking vesicles and lipid transfer proteins (LTPs)]. It has long been known that vesicle trafficking can be tightly regulated by the second messenger Ca2+, allowing membrane protein transport to be adjusted according to physiological demands. However, it remains unclear whether LTP-mediated lipid transport can also be regulated by Ca2+. In this work, we show that extended synaptotagmins (E-Syts), poorly understood membrane proteins at endoplasmic reticulum–plasma membrane contact sites, are Ca2+-dependent LTPs. Using both recombinant and endogenous mammalian proteins, we discovered that E-Syts transfer glycerophospholipids between membrane bilayers in the presence of Ca2+. E-Syts use their lipid-accommodating synaptotagmin-like mitochondrial lipid binding protein (SMP) domains to transfer lipids. However, the SMP domains themselves cannot transport lipids unless the two membranes are tightly tethered by Ca2+-bound C2 domains. Strikingly, the Ca2+-regulated lipid transfer activity of E-Syts was fully recapitulated when the SMP domain was fused to the cytosolic domain of synaptotagmin-1, the Ca2+ sensor in synaptic vesicle fusion, indicating that a common mechanism of membrane tethering governs the Ca2+ regulation of lipid transfer and vesicle fusion. Finally, we showed that microsomal vesicles isolated from mammalian cells contained robust Ca2+-dependent lipid transfer activities, which were mediated by E-Syts. These findings established E-Syts as a novel class of LTPs and showed that LTP-mediated lipid trafficking, like vesicular transport, can be subject to tight Ca2+ regulation.
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Coldren, B., H. T. Jung, and J. Zasadzinski. "CRYO-Tem Measurements of Membrane Elasticity in Equilibrium Vesicle Systems: Two Distinct Mechanisms of Stability." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 848–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600036734.
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Aqueous mixtures of oppositely charged surfactants spontaneously form equilibrium phases of unilamellar vesicles.1 The wide variety of surfactants that display this behavior allows control over vesicle charge, size, and polydispersity. This may be useful for new applications in drug delivery, nanomaterials synthesis, and as tests of theoretical concepts of membrane organization and interactions.A subtle competition between the entropy of mixing and the elastic properties of surfactant and lipid bilayers determines their phase behavior and morphology. The curvature energy per unit area of bilayer, fc, iswhere R1 and R2 are the principle radii of curvature, K is the curvature modulus, and is the saddle-splay modulus. The spontaneous curvature, l/ro, is nonzero only if there is asymmetry between the two sides of the bilayer.
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Tietz, Stefanie, Michelle Leuenberger, Ricarda Höhner, Alice H. Olson, Graham R. Fleming, and Helmut Kirchhoff. "A proteoliposome-based system reveals how lipids control photosynthetic light harvesting." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 7 (January 12, 2020): 1857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra119.011707.
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Integral membrane proteins are exposed to a complex and dynamic lipid environment modulated by nonbilayer lipids that can influence protein functions by lipid-protein interactions. The nonbilayer lipid monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) is the most abundant lipid in plant photosynthetic thylakoid membranes, but its impact on the functionality of energy-converting membrane protein complexes is unknown. Here, we optimized a detergent-based reconstitution protocol to develop a proteoliposome technique that incorporates the major light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) into compositionally well-defined large unilamellar lipid bilayer vesicles to study the impact of MGDG on light harvesting by LHCII. Using steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy, CD spectroscopy, and time-correlated single-photon counting, we found that both chlorophyll fluorescence quantum yields and fluorescence lifetimes clearly indicate that the presence of MGDG in lipid bilayers switches LHCII from a light-harvesting to a more energy-quenching mode that dissipates harvested light into heat. It is hypothesized that in the in vitro system developed here, MGDG controls light harvesting of LHCII by modulating the hydrostatic lateral membrane pressure profile in the lipid bilayer sensed by LHCII-bound peripheral pigments.
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Lücken, Uwe, and Joachim Jäger. "The structure of membranes and membrane proteins embedded in amorphous ice." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 432–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100122563.
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TEM imaging of frozen-hydrated lipid vesicles has been done by several groups Thermotrophic and lyotrophic polymorphism has been reported. By using image processing, computer simulation and tilt experiments, we tried to learn about the influence of freezing-stress and defocus artifacts on the lipid polymorphism and fine structure of the bilayer profile. We show integrated membrane proteins do modulate the bilayer structure and the morphology of the vesicles.Phase transitions of DMPC vesicles were visualized after freezing under equilibrium conditions at different temperatures in a controlled-environment vitrification system. Below the main phase transition temperature of 24°C (Fig. 1), vesicles show a facetted appearance due to the quasicrystalline areas. A gradual increase in temperature leads to melting processes with different morphology in the bilayer profile. Far above the phase transition temperature the bilayer profile is still present. In the band-pass-filtered images (Fig. 2) no significant change in the width of the bilayer profile is visible.
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Suwalsky, M., M. Benites, F. Villena, F. Aguilar, and C. P. Sotomayor. "Interaction of the Organochlorine Pesticide Dieldrin with Phospholipid Bilayers." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 52, no. 7-8 (August 1, 1997): 450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1997-7-806.
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Abstract Dieldrin is an organochlorine insecticide highly toxic for human beings. Although its exact mechanism of action is not well known, there is evidence that it acts at the cell membrane level. In fact, the lipophilicity of the pesticide as well as that of the phospholipid bilayer present in biological membranes makes the latter a most likely target for the interaction of dieldrin with living organisms. In order to evaluate its perturbing effect upon cell membranes the pesticide was made to interact with human erythrocytes and molecular models. These studies were performed by scanning electron microscopy on erythrocytes, fluorescence spectroscopy on dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) large unilamellar vesicles and X-ray diffraction on multilayers of dimirystoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE). It was observed that dieldrin particularly interacted with DMPC liposomes and multilayers perturbing its molecular arrangements. However, no effect was noticed on erythrocytes, which might be due to its high cholesterol content.
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Chappa, Veronica, Yuliya Smirnova, Karlo Komorowski, Marcus Müller, and Tim Salditt. "The effect of polydispersity, shape fluctuations and curvature on small unilamellar vesicle small-angle X-ray scattering curves." Journal of Applied Crystallography 54, no. 2 (March 25, 2021): 557–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576721001461.
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Small unilamellar vesicles (20–100 nm diameter) are model systems for strongly curved lipid membranes, in particular for cell organelles. Routinely, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is employed to study their size and electron-density profile (EDP). Current SAXS analysis of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) often employs a factorization into the structure factor (vesicle shape) and the form factor (lipid bilayer electron-density profile) and invokes additional idealizations: (i) an effective polydispersity distribution of vesicle radii, (ii) a spherical vesicle shape and (iii) an approximate account of membrane asymmetry, a feature particularly relevant for strongly curved membranes. These idealizations do not account for thermal shape fluctuations and also break down for strong salt- or protein-induced deformations, as well as vesicle adhesion and fusion, which complicate the analysis of the lipid bilayer structure. Presented here are simulations of SAXS curves of SUVs with experimentally relevant size, shape and EDPs of the curved bilayer, inferred from coarse-grained simulations and elasticity considerations, to quantify the effects of size polydispersity, thermal fluctuations of the SUV shape and membrane asymmetry. It is observed that the factorization approximation of the scattering intensity holds even for small vesicle radii (∼30 nm). However, the simulations show that, for very small vesicles, a curvature-induced asymmetry arises in the EDP, with sizeable effects on the SAXS curve. It is also demonstrated that thermal fluctuations in shape and the size polydispersity have distinguishable signatures in the SAXS intensity. Polydispersity gives rise to low-q features, whereas thermal fluctuations predominantly affect the scattering at larger q, related to membrane bending rigidity. Finally, it is shown that simulation of fluctuating vesicle ensembles can be used for analysis of experimental SAXS curves.
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Cook, Tarnawsky, Swinton, Yang, Senetra, Caputo, Carone, and Vaden. "Correlating Lipid Membrane Permeabilities of Imidazolium Ionic Liquids with their Cytotoxicities on Yeast, Bacterial, and Mammalian Cells." Biomolecules 9, no. 6 (June 25, 2019): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9060251.
Full textAbstract:
Alkyl-imidazolium chloride ionic liquids (ILs) have been broadly studied for biochemical and biomedical technologies. They can permeabilize lipid bilayer membranes and have cytotoxic effects, which makes them targets for drug delivery biomaterials. We assessed the lipid-membrane permeabilities of ILs with increasing alkyl chain lengths from ethyl to octyl groups on large unilamellar vesicles using a trapped-fluorophore fluorescence lifetime-based leakage experiment. Only the most hydrophobic IL, with the octyl chain, permeabilizes vesicles, and the concentration required for permeabilization corresponds to its critical micelle concentration. To correlate the model vesicle studies with biological cells, we quantified the IL permeabilities and cytotoxicities on different cell lines including bacterial, yeast, and ovine blood cells. The IL permeabilities on vesicles strongly correlate with permeabilities and minimum inhibitory concentrations on biological cells. Despite exhibiting a broad range of lipid compositions, the ILs appear to have similar effects on the vesicles and cell membranes.
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Hyldgaard, Morten, Tina Mygind, Brian S. Vad, Marcel Stenvang, Daniel E. Otzen, and Rikke L. Meyer. "The Antimicrobial Mechanism of Action of Epsilon-Poly-l-Lysine." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80, no. 24 (October 10, 2014): 7758–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02204-14.
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ABSTRACTEpsilon-poly-l-lysine (ε-PL) is a natural antimicrobial cationic peptide which is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) as a food preservative. Although its antimicrobial activity is well documented, its mechanism of action is only vaguely described. The aim of this study was to clarify ε-PL's mechanism of action usingEscherichia coliandListeria innocuaas model organisms. We examined ε-PL's effect on cell morphology and membrane integrity and used an array ofE. colideletion mutants to study how specific outer membrane components affected the action of ε-PL. We furthermore studied its interaction with lipid bilayers using membrane models.In vitrocell studies indicated that divalent cations and the heptose I and II phosphate groups in the lipopolysaccharide layer ofE. coliare critical for ε-PL's binding efficiency. ε-PL removed the lipopolysaccharide layer and affected cell morphology ofE. coli, whileL. innocuaunderwent minor morphological changes. Propidium iodide staining showed that ε-PL permeabilized the cytoplasmic membrane in both species, indicating the membrane as the site of attack. We compared the interaction with neutral or negatively charged membrane systems and showed that the interaction with ε-PL relied on negative charges on the membrane. Suspended membrane vesicles were disrupted by ε-PL, and a detergent-like disruption ofE. colimembrane was confirmed by atomic force microscopy imaging of supported lipid bilayers. We hypothesize that ε-PL destabilizes membranes in a carpet-like mechanism by interacting with negatively charged phospholipid head groups, which displace divalent cations and enforce a negative curvature folding on membranes that leads to formation of vesicles/micelles.
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Zweifach, A., G. V. Desir, P. S. Aronson, and G. H. Giebisch. "A Ca-activated K channel from rabbit renal brush-border membrane vesicles in planar lipid bilayers." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 261, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): F187—F196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1991.261.1.f187.
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Rabbit renal brush-border membranes were fused to planar lipid bilayers to gain insight into the nature and properties of ion channels from the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule. Fusion was obtained using osmotic gradients. A large conductance channel was commonly observed. Measurements of reversal potentials indicated that the channel was selective for K over Rb, Na, and Cl. Channel open probability was increased by membrane depolarization and by increased Ca activity on the intracellular face of the channel. The channel was inhibited by charybdotoxin (CTX), a protein from leiurus venom, from the external side of the channel. The channel was also blocked by Ba and quinidine added to the intracellular bathing solution. Na added to the intracellular bathing solution reduced current amplitude in a voltage-dependent fashion. In addition, methylisobutyl amiloride, an analogue of the K-sparing diuretic amiloride, inhibited channel activity when added to the external solution. The possible physiological role of the channel is discussed. The usefulness to the study of renal ion channels of the technique of fusing membrane vesicles to planar lipid bilayers is evaluated.
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van der Vaart, Aniek, Janice Griffith, and Fulvio Reggiori. "Exit from the Golgi Is Required for the Expansion of the Autophagosomal Phagophore in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular Biology of the Cell 21, no. 13 (July 2010): 2270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e09-04-0345.
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The delivery of proteins and organelles to the vacuole by autophagy involves membrane rearrangements that result in the formation of large vesicles called autophagosomes. The mechanism underlying autophagosome biogenesis and the origin of the membranes composing these vesicles remains largely unclear. We have investigated the role of the Golgi complex in autophagy and have determined that in yeast, activation of ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf)1 and Arf2 GTPases by Sec7, Gea1, and Gea2 is essential for this catabolic process. The two main events catalyzed by these components, the biogenesis of COPI- and clathrin-coated vesicles, do not play a critical role in autophagy. Analysis of the sec7 strain under starvation conditions revealed that the autophagy machinery is correctly assembled and the precursor membrane cisterna of autophagosomes, the phagophore, is normally formed. However, the expansion of the phagophore into an autophagosome is severely impaired. Our data show that the Golgi complex plays a crucial role in supplying the lipid bilayers necessary for the biogenesis of double-membrane vesicles possibly through a new class of transport carriers or a new mechanism.
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Orynbayeva, Z., S. Kolusheva, N. Groysman, N. Gavrielov, L. Lobel, and R. Jelinek. "Vaccinia Virus Interactions with the Cell Membrane Studied by New Chromatic Vesicle and Cell Sensor Assays." Journal of Virology 81, no. 3 (November 15, 2006): 1140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01345-06.
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ABSTRACT The potential danger of cross-species viral infection points to the significance of understanding the contributions of nonspecific membrane interactions with the viral envelope compared to receptor-mediated uptake as a factor in virus internalization and infection. We present a detailed investigation of the interactions of vaccinia virus particles with lipid bilayers and with epithelial cell membranes using newly developed chromatic biomimetic membrane assays. This analytical platform comprises vesicular particles containing lipids interspersed within reporter polymer units that emit intense fluorescence following viral interactions with the lipid domains. The chromatic vesicles were employed as membrane models in cell-free solutions and were also incorporated into the membranes of epithelial cells, thereby functioning as localized membrane sensors on the cell surface. These experiments provide important insight into membrane interactions with and fusion of virions and the kinetic profiles of these processes. In particular, the data emphasize the significance of cholesterol/sphingomyelin domains (lipid rafts) as a crucial factor promoting bilayer insertion of the viral particles. Our analysis of virus interactions with polymer-labeled living cells exposed the significant role of the epidermal growth factor receptor in vaccinia virus infectivity; however, the data also demonstrated the existence of additional non-receptor-mediated mechanisms contributing to attachment of the virus to the cell surface and its internalization.
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Veschi, Ekeveliny Amabile, Maytê Bolean, Agnieszka Strzelecka-Kiliszek, Joanna Bandorowicz-Pikula, Slawomir Pikula, Thierry Granjon, Saida Mebarek, et al. "Localization of Annexin A6 in Matrix Vesicles During Physiological Mineralization." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041367.
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Annexin A6 (AnxA6) is the largest member of the annexin family of proteins present in matrix vesicles (MVs). MVs are a special class of extracellular vesicles that serve as a nucleation site during cartilage, bone, and mantle dentin mineralization. In this study, we assessed the localization of AnxA6 in the MV membrane bilayer using native MVs and MV biomimetics. Biochemical analyses revealed that AnxA6 in MVs can be divided into three distinct groups. The first group corresponds to Ca2+-bound AnxA6 interacting with the inner leaflet of the MV membrane. The second group corresponds to AnxA6 localized on the surface of the outer leaflet. The third group corresponds to AnxA6 inserted in the membrane’s hydrophobic bilayer and co-localized with cholesterol (Chol). Using monolayers and proteoliposomes composed of either dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) to mimic the outer leaflet of the MV membrane bilayer or a 9:1 DPPC:dipalmitoylphosphatidylserine (DPPS) mixture to mimic the inner leaflet, with and without Ca2+, we confirmed that, in agreement with the biochemical data, AnxA6 interacted differently with the MV membrane. Thermodynamic analyses based on the measurement of surface pressure exclusion (πexc), enthalpy (ΔH), and phase transition cooperativity (Δt1/2) showed that AnxA6 interacted with DPPC and 9:1 DPPC:DPPS systems and that this interaction increased in the presence of Chol. The selective recruitment of AnxA6 by Chol was observed in MVs as probed by the addition of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD). AnxA6-lipid interaction was also Ca2+-dependent, as evidenced by the increase in πexc in negatively charged 9:1 DPPC:DPPS monolayers and the decrease in ΔH in 9:1 DPPC:DPPS proteoliposomes caused by the addition of AnxA6 in the presence of Ca2+ compared to DPPC zwitterionic bilayers. The interaction of AnxA6 with DPPC and 9:1 DPPC:DPPS systems was distinct even in the absence of Ca2+ as observed by the larger change in Δt1/2 in 9:1 DPPC:DPPS vesicles as compared to DPPC vesicles. Protrusions on the surface of DPPC proteoliposomes observed by atomic force microscopy suggested that oligomeric AnxA6 interacted with the vesicle membrane. Further work is needed to delineate possible functions of AnxA6 at its different localizations and ways of interaction with lipids.
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Thomas, P. D., and M. J. Poznansky. "Effect of surface curvature on the rate of cholesterol transfer between lipid vesicles." Biochemical Journal 254, no. 1 (August 15, 1988): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2540155.
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The effect of surface curvature on the spontaneous movement of cholesterol between membranes was investigated by measuring the rates of cholesterol transfer from donor vesicles of various sizes to a common acceptor vesicle. Donor vesicles of size in the range 40-240 nm were prepared by extruding multilamellar dispersions through polycarbonate filters of different pore sizes under pressure. The smallest donor vesicle and the acceptor vesicles were obtained by the normal sonication procedures. The rate of cholesterol transfer, as measured by the movement of [3H]cholesterol, decreases with increasing size of the donor vesicle in an almost linear fashion. The extrapolation of the results gave a half-time (t1/2) of 16-20 h of the desorption of cholesterol from a planar bilayer, and this can be considered as a reference value for most cellular membranes which are characterized by very low curvatures. Our earlier studies have shown that the t1/2 for cholesterol efflux is influenced by the presence of gangliosides and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the asymmetric distribution of these lipids in the plasma membrane could partially account for the large difference in the rates of cholesterol movement from the two sides of the plasma membrane. The small differences in rates arising from asymmetric distribution will be magnified by the longer t1/2 obtained here for membranes of low curvatures, so that the large difference in rates might be a coupled effect of lipid asymmetry and low curvature of the plasma membrane. This, in turn, may have a role in maintaining the large differences in cholesterol/phospholipid molar ratios observed between plasma membrane and intracellular membranes.
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Porcelli, Fernando, Bethany Buck, Dong-Kuk Lee, Kevin J. Hallock, Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy, and Gianluigi Veglia. "Structure and Orientation of Pardaxin Determined by NMR Experiments in Model Membranes." Journal of Biological Chemistry 279, no. 44 (July 29, 2004): 45815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m405454200.
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Pardaxins are a class of ichthyotoxic peptides isolated from fish mucous glands. Pardaxins physically interact with cell membranes by forming pores or voltage-gated ion channels that disrupt cellular functions. Here we report the high-resolution structure of synthetic pardaxin Pa4 in sodium dodecylphosphocholine micelles, as determined by1H solution NMR spectroscopy. The peptide adopts a bend-helix-bend-helix motif with an angle between the two structure helices of 122 ± 9°, making this structure substantially different from the one previously determined in organic solvents. In addition, paramagnetic solution NMR experiments on Pa4 in micelles reveal that except for the C terminus, the peptide is not solvent-exposed. These results are complemented by solid-state NMR experiments on Pa4 in lipid bilayers. In particular,13C-15N rotational echo double-resonance experiments in multilamellar vesicles support the helical conformation of the C-terminal segment, whereas2H NMR experiments show that the peptide induces considerable disorder in both the head-groups and the hydrophobic core of the bilayers. These solid-state NMR studies indicate that the C-terminal helix has a transmembrane orientation in DMPC bilayers, whereas in POPC bilayers, this domain is heterogeneously oriented on the lipid surface and undergoes slow motion on the NMR time scale. These new data help explain how the non-covalent interactions of Pa4 with lipid membranes induce a stable secondary structure and provide an atomic view of the membrane insertion process of Pa4.
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Frey, S., and L. K. Tamm. "Membrane insertion and lateral diffusion of fluorescence-labelled cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV signal peptide in charged and uncharged phospholipid bilayers." Biochemical Journal 272, no. 3 (December 15, 1990): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2720713.
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The synthetic 25-residue signal peptide of cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV was labelled with the fluorophor 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) at its single cysteine residue. Addition of small unilamellar vesicles of 1-palmitoyl 2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine (POPC) to the labelled peptide resulted in a shift of the NBD excitation and emission spectra to shorter wavelengths. Binding of the peptide to the vesicles was measured by the increase in the fluorescence emission yield. A surface partition constant of (3.9 +/- 0.5) x 10(3) M-1 was derived from these titrations. When the membrane contained, in addition to POPC, negatively charged 1-palmitoyl 2-oleoyl phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), the NBD fluorescence spectra were further shifted to shorter wavelengths and exhibited increased quantum yields. The apparent partition constants were increased to 10(4)-10(5) M-1 for vesicles with 20 or 100 mol% POPG. Lateral diffusion of the peptide was measured by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching in multibilayers of POPC, POPG, POPC/POPG (4:1) and 1,2-dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine. The lateral diffusion coefficients of the peptide in bilayers of POPC (8 x 10(-8) cm2/s at 21 degrees C) were 1.5-1.6-fold greater than those of NBD-labelled phospholipids (5 x 10(-8) cm2/s at 21 degrees C), but 1.5-1.8-fold smaller (3 x 10(-8) cm2/s in 20% POPG and at 21 degrees C) than the lipid diffusion coefficients in the negatively charged bilayers. It is concluded that the signal peptide associates with phospholipid bilayers in two different forms, which depend on the lipid charge. The experiments with POPC bilayers are well explained by a model in which the peptide partitions into the region of the phospholipid head-groups and diffuses along the membrane/water interface. If POPG is present in the membrane, electrostatic attractions between the basic residues of the peptide and the acidic lipid head-groups result in a deeper penetration of the bilayer. For this case, two models that are both consistent with the experimental data are discussed, in which the peptide either forms an oligomer of three to six partially helical membrane-spanning monomers, or inserts into the bilayer with its amphiphilic helical segment aligned parallel to the plane of the membrane and located near the head-group and outer hydrocarbon region of the bilayer.