Relevant bibliographies by topics / Membranes (Technology). Gas separation membranes

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Academic literature on the topic 'Membranes (Technology). Gas separation membranes'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Membranes (Technology). Gas separation membranes"

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Mohshim, Dzeti Farhah, Hilmi bin Mukhtar, Zakaria Man, and Rizwan Nasir. "Latest Development on Membrane Fabrication for Natural Gas Purification: A Review." Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/101746.

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In the last few decades, membrane technology has been a great attention for gas separation technology especially for natural gas sweetening. The intrinsic character of membranes makes them fit for process escalation, and this versatility could be the significant factor to induce membrane technology in most gas separation areas. Membranes were synthesized with various materials which depended on the applications. The fabrication of polymeric membrane was one of the fastest growing fields of membrane technology. However, polymeric membranes could not meet the separation performances required especially in high operating pressure due to deficiencies problem. The chemistry and structure of support materials like inorganic membranes were also one of the focus areas when inorganic membranes showed some positive results towards gas separation. However, the materials are somewhat lacking to meet the separation performance requirement. Mixed matrix membrane (MMM) which is comprising polymeric and inorganic membranes presents an interesting approach for enhancing the separation performance. Nevertheless, MMM is yet to be commercialized as the material combinations are still in the research stage. This paper highlights the potential promising areas of research in gas separation by taking into account the material selections and the addition of a third component for conventional MMM.
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Drioli, Enrico. "Gas Separation Membranes: A Potential Dominant Technology." MEMBRANE 31, no. 2 (2006): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.31.95.

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Jusoh, Norwahyu, Yin Fong Yeong, Kok Keong Lau, and Mohd Shariff Azmi. "Membranes for Gas Separation Current Development and Challenges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1085.

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—A new bang of natural gas demand has opened up the opportunities towards the utilization of membrane technology for the purification process.The advantages in terms of smaller footprint, lower weight, minimum utility requirement and low labor intensity make them appropriate for wide scale applications. Polymeric membrane is one of the greatest emerging fields in membrane material development. Nevertheless, the separation performance of the existing polymeric materials were reached a limit in the trade-off between permeability and selectivity. The development of inorganic material gives a significance improvement in membrane performance but it outrageously expensive for many applications and having complicated procedure during fabrication process have limit the application of inorganic membrane in gas separation. Thus, a rapid demand in membrane technology for gas separation and the effort toward seeking the membranes with higher permeability and selectivity has motivated the development of mixed matrix membrane. Mixed matrix membrane (MMM) which incorporating inorganic fillers in a polymer matrix is expected to overcome the limitations of the polymeric and inorganic membranes. Apart from an overview of the different membrane materials for gas separation, this paper also highlights the development of mixed matrix membrane and challenges in fabrication of mixed matrix membranes.
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Shekhah, Osama, Valeriya Chernikova, Youssef Belmabkhout, and Mohamed Eddaoudi. "Metal–Organic Framework Membranes: From Fabrication to Gas Separation." Crystals 8, no. 11 (October 31, 2018): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8110412.

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Gas membrane-based separation is considered one of the most effective technologies to address energy efficiency and large footprint challenges. Various classes of advanced materials, including polymers, zeolites, porous carbons, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been investigated as potential suitable candidates for gas membrane-based separations. MOFs possess a uniquely tunable nature in which the pore size and environment can be controlled by connecting metal ions (or metal ion clusters) with organic linkers of various functionalities. This unique characteristic makes them attractive for the fabrication of thin membranes, as both the diffusion and solubility components of permeability can be altered. Numerous studies have been published on the synthesis and applications of MOFs, as well as the fabrication of MOF-based thin films. However, few studies have addressed their gas separation properties for potential applications in membrane-based separation technologies. Here, we present a synopsis of the different types of MOF-based membranes that have been fabricated over the past decade. In this review, we start with a short introduction touching on the gas separation membrane technology. We also shed light on the various techniques developed for the fabrication of MOF as membranes, and the key challenges that still need to be tackled before MOF-based membranes can successfully be used in gas separation and implemented in an industrial setting.
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Mondal, Arijit, and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee. "Membrane Transport for Gas Separation." Diffusion Foundations 23 (August 2019): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.23.138.

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Gas separations through organic membranes have been investigated from last several years and presently it has been accepted for commercial applications. This chapter will focus on membrane based gas separation mechanism as well as its application. This chapter will cover ‘‘diffusivity controlled’’ and ‘‘solubility controlled’’ mechanism and choice of suitable polymers for different gas phase applications like acidic gas, C3+ hydrocarbon, nitrogen, water vapor and helium. Diffusivity controlled mechanism performs on free volume elements of the glassy polymers via hindrance of chain packing by functional groups and restricted by the permselectivity. Other mechanism performs on the basis of molecular structure with affinity towards the target molecule and follows enhanced solution-diffusion rout. Commercially available organic membrane materials for Carbon dioxide (CO2) removal are discussed along with process design. Membranes based separation process for heavy hydrocarbon recovery, nitrogen separation, helium separation and dehydration are less developed. This article will help us to focus on the future direction of those applications based on membrane technology. Keywords: Membrane, C3+ hydrocarbon, Diffusivity controlled, Solubility controlled, Selectivity, Permeability. *Corresponding author: E-mail address: c.bhatta@gmail.com (Chiranjib Bhattacharjee), Tel.: +91-9836402118.
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Ahmad, Fatin Nurwahdah, Norazlianie Sazali, and Mohd Hafiz Dzafran Othman. "A Mini Review on Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane for Oxygen Separation." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v4i1.3800.

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Membrane-based technology has proved its practicality in gas separation through its performance. Various type of membranes has been explored, showing that each type of them have their own advantages and disadvantages. Polymeric membranes have been widely used to separate O2/N2, however, its drawbacks lead to the development of carbon molecular sieve membrane. Carbon molecular sieve membranes have demonstrated excellent separation performance for almost similar kinetic diameter molecules such as O2/N2. Many polymer precursors can be used to produce carbon molecular sieve membrane through carbonization process or also known as heat treatment. This paper discusses the variety of precursors and carbonization parameters to produce high quality and performance of carbon molecular sieve membranes. This paper covers the evaluation in advancement and status of high-performance carbon membrane implemented for separating gas, comprising the variety of precursor materials and the fabrication process that involve many different parameters, also analysis of carbon membranes properties in separating various type of gas having high demand in the industries. The issues regarding the current challenges in developing carbon membrane and approaches with the purpose of solving and improving the performance and applications of carbon membrane are included in this paper. Also, the advantages of the carbon membrane compared to other types of membranes are highlighted. Observation and understanding the variables affecting the quality of membrane encourage the optimization of conditions and techniques in producing high-performance membrane.
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Friess, Karel, Pavel Izák, Magda Kárászová, Mariia Pasichnyk, Marek Lanč, Daria Nikolaeva, Patricia Luis, and Johannes Carolus Jansen. "A Review on Ionic Liquid Gas Separation Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020097.

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Ionic liquids have attracted the attention of the industry and research community as versatile solvents with unique properties, such as ionic conductivity, low volatility, high solubility of gases and vapors, thermal stability, and the possibility to combine anions and cations to yield an almost endless list of different structures. These features open perspectives for numerous applications, such as the reaction medium for chemical synthesis, electrolytes for batteries, solvent for gas sorption processes, and also membranes for gas separation. In the search for better-performing membrane materials and membranes for gas and vapor separation, ionic liquids have been investigated extensively in the last decade and a half. This review gives a complete overview of the main developments in the field of ionic liquid membranes since their first introduction. It covers all different materials, membrane types, their preparation, pure and mixed gas transport properties, and examples of potential gas separation applications. Special systems will also be discussed, including facilitated transport membranes and mixed matrix membranes. The main strengths and weaknesses of the different membrane types will be discussed, subdividing them into supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs), poly(ionic liquids) or polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), polymer/ionic liquid blends (physically or chemically cross-linked ‘ion-gels’), and PIL/IL blends. Since membrane processes are advancing as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional separation processes, having shown promising results for complex new separation challenges like carbon capture as well, they may be the key to developing a more sustainable future society. In this light, this review presents the state-of-the-art of ionic liquid membranes, to analyze their potential in the gas separation processes of the future.
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Bazhenov, Stepan D., Alexandr V. Bildyukevich, and Alexey V. Volkov. "Gas-Liquid Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors for Different Applications." Fibers 6, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6040076.

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Gas-liquid membrane contactors that were based on hollow fiber membranes are the example of highly effective hybrid separation processes in the field of membrane technology. Membranes provide a fixed and well-determined interface for gas/liquid mass transfer without dispensing one phase into another while their structure (hollow fiber) offers very large surface area per apparatus volume resulted in the compactness and modularity of separation equipment. In many cases, stated benefits are complemented with high separation selectivity typical for absorption technology. Since hollow fiber membrane contactors are agreed to be one of the most perspective methods for CO2 capture technologies, the major reviews are devoted to research activities within this field. This review is focused on the research works carried out so far on the applications of membrane contactors for other gas-liquid separation tasks, such as water deoxygenation/ozonation, air humidity control, ethylene/ethane separation, etc. A wide range of materials, membranes, and liquid solvents for membrane contactor processes are considered. Special attention is given to current studies on the capture of acid gases (H2S, SO2) from different mixtures. The examples of pilot-scale and semi-industrial implementation of membrane contactors are given.
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Yoon, Soong‐Seok, Hyun‐Kyung Lee, and Se‐Ryeong Hong. "CO2/N2 Gas Separation Using Pebax/ZIF-7—PSf Composite Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090708.

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In this study, we mixed the zeolitic imidazolate framework-7 (ZIF-7) with poly(ether-b-amide)® 2533 (Pebax-2533) and used it as a selective layer for a composite membrane. We prepared the composite membrane’s substrate using polysulfone (PSf), adjusted its pore size using polyethylene glycol (PEG), and applied polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to the gutter layer and the coating layer. Then, we investigated the membrane’s properties of gases by penetrating a single gas (N2, CO2) into the membrane. We identified the peaks and geometry of ZIF-7 to determine if it had been successfully synthesized. We confirmed that ZIF-7 had a BET surface area of 303 m2/g, a significantly high Langmuir surface area of 511 m2/g, and a high CO2/N2 adsorption selectivity of approximately 50. Considering the gas permeation, with ZIF-7 mixed into Pebax-2533, N2 permeation decreased from 2.68 GPU in a pure membrane to 0.43 GPU in the membrane with ZIF-7 25 wt%. CO2 permeation increased from 18.43 GPU in the pure membrane to 26.22 GPU in the ZIF-7 35 wt%. The CO2/N2 ideal selectivity increased from 6.88 in the pure membrane to 50.43 in the ZIF-7 25 wt%. Among the membranes, Pebax-2533/ZIF-7 25 wt% showed the highest permeation properties and the characteristics of CO2-friendly ZIF-7.
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Lv, Yue Xia, Gui Huan Yan, Chong Qing Xu, Min Xu, and Liang Sun. "Review on Membrane Technologies for Carbon Dioxide Capture from Power Plant Flue Gas." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1140.

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Membrane technology is a promising alternative to conventional technologies for the mitigation of CO2from power plant flue gas due to its engineering and economic advantages. In this paper, CO2post combustion capture by gas separation membranes and gas absorption membranes was extensively summarized and reviewed. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of the technology, current status and future research direction of membrane technology for CO2capture from power plant flue gas were briefly prospected and discussed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Membranes (Technology). Gas separation membranes"

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Bighane, Neha. "Novel silica membranes for high temeprature gas separations." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43732.

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Membrane materials for gas separations span a wide range including polymers, metals, ceramics and composites. Our aim is to create economical hydrothermally stable membranes that can provide high H₂-CO₂ separation at a temperature of 300 degree Celsius, for application in the water-gas shift reactor process. The present work describes the development of novel silica and silica-titania membranes from the controlled oxidative thermolysis of polydimethylsiloxane. The scope of this thesis is fabrication of membranes, material characterization and preliminary gas permeation tests (35-80 degree Celsius) on PDMS derived silica membrane films. The developed membranes can withstand up to 350 degree C in air. High permeabilties of small gas penetrants like He, H₂ and CO₂ have been observed and fairly high separation factors of O₂/N₂=3, H₂/N₂= 14 and H₂/CH₄=11 have been obtained. As the temperature of operation increases, the permeability of hydrogen increases and the separation factor of H₂ from CO₂ increases. The silica membranes exhibit gas separation factors higher than the respective Knudsen values. Additionally, design and construction of a new high temperature gas permeation testing system is described, which will cater to gas permeation tests at temperatures up to 300 degree Celsius for future work. The thesis also includes a detailed plan for future studies on this topic of research.
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Ma, Canghai. "Optimization of asymmetric hollow fiber membranes for natural gas separation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43700.

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Compared to the conventional amine adsorption process to separate CO₂ from natural gas, the membrane separation technology has exhibited advantages in easy operation and lower capital cost. However, the high CO₂ partial pressure in natural gas can plasticize the membranes, which can lead to the loss of CH₄ and low CO₂/CH₄ separation efficiency. Crosslinking of polymer membranes have been proven effective to increase the CO₂ induced plasticization resistance by controlling the degree of swelling and segmental chain mobility in the polymer. This thesis focuses on extending the success of crosslinking to more productive asymmetric hollow fibers. In this work, the productivity of asymmetric hollow fibers was optimized by reducing the effective selective skin layer thickness. Thermal crosslinking and catalyst assisted crosslinking were performed on the defect-free thin skin hollow fibers to stabilize the fibers against plasticization. The natural gas separation performance of hollow fibers was evaluated by feeding CO₂/CH₄ gas mixture with high CO₂ content and pressure.
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Kiyono, Mayumi. "Carbon molecular sieve membranes for natural gas separations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42798.

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A new innovative polymer pyrolysis method was proposed for creation of attractive carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes. Oxygen exposure at ppm levels during pyrolysis was hypothesized and demonstrated to make slit-like CMS structures more selective and less permeable, which I contrary to ones expectation. Indeed prior to this work, any exposure to oxygen was expected to result in removal of carbon mass and increase in permeability. The results of this study indicated that the separation performance and CMS structure may be optimized for various gas separations by careful tuning of the oxygen level. This finding represents a breakthrough in the field of CMS membranes. Simple replacement of pyrolysis atmospheres from vacuum to inert can enable scale-up. The deviation in CMS membrane performance was significantly reduced once oxygen levels were carefully monitored and controlled. The method was shown to be effective and repeatable not only with dense films but also with asymmetric hollow fiber membranes. As a result, this work led the development of the "inert" pyrolysis method which has overcome the challenges faced with previously studied pyrolysis method to prepare attractive CMS membranes. The effect of oxygen exposure during inert pyrolysis was evaluated by a series of well-controlled experiments using homogeneous CMS dense films. Results indicated that the oxygen "doping" process on selective pores is likely governed by equilibrium limited reaction rather than (i) an external or (ii) internal transport or (iii) kinetically limited reaction. This significant finding was validated with two polyimide precursors: synthesized 6FDA/BPDA-DAM and commercial Matrimid®, which implies a possibility of the "inert" pyrolysis method application extending towards various precursors. The investigation was further extended to prepare CMS fibers. Despite the challenge of two different morphologies between homogeneous films and asymmetric hollow fibers, the "inert" pyrolysis method was successfully adapted and shown that separation performance can be tuned by changing oxygen level in inert pyrolysis atmosphere. Moreover, resulting CMS fibers were shown to be industrially viable. Under the operating condition of ~80 atm high pressure 50/50 CO2/CH4 mixed gas feed, the high separation performance of CMS fibers was shown to be maintained. In addition, elevated permeate pressures of ~20 atm did effect the theoretically predicted separation factor. While high humidity exposures (80%RH) resulted in reduced permeance, high selectivity was sustained in the fibers. Recommendations to overcome such negative effects as well as future investigations to help CMS membranes to be commercialized are provided.
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McCool, Benjamin A. "Synthesis and Characterization of Microporous Silica Membranes Fabricated through Pore Size Reduction of Mesoporous Silica Membranes Using Catalyzed Atomic Layer Deposition." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2004. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/McCoolBA2004.pdf.

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Bae, Tae-Hyun. "Engineering nanoporous materials for application in gas separation membranes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42712.

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The main theme of this dissertation is to engineer nanoporous materials and nanostructured surfaces for applications in gas separation membranes. Tunable methods have been developed to create inorganic hydroxide nanostructures on zeolite surfaces, and used to control the inorganic/polymer interfacial morphology in zeolite/polymer composite membranes. The study of the structure-property relationships in this material system showed that appropriate tuning of the surface modification methods leads to quite promising structural and permeation properties of the membranes made with the modified zeolites. First, a facile solvothermal deposition process was developed to prepare roughened inorganic nanostructures on zeolite pure silica MFI crystal surfaces. The functionalized zeolite crystals resulted in high-quality ̒mixed matrix̕ membranes, wherein the zeolite crystals were well-adhered to the polymeric matrix. Substantially enhanced gas separation characteristics were observed in mixed matrix membranes containing solvothermally modified MFI crystals. Gas permeation measurements on membranes containing nonporous uncalcined MFI revealed that the performance enhancements were due to significantly enhanced MFI-polymer adhesion and distribution of the MFI crystals. Solvothermal deposition of inorganic nanostructures was successfully applied to aluminosilicate LTA surfaces. Solvothermal treatment of LTA was tuned to deposit smaller/finer Mg(OH)₂ nanostructures, resulting in a more highly roughened zeolite surface. Characterization of particles and mixed matrix membranes revealed that the solvothermally surface-treated LTA particles were promising for application in mixed matrix membranes. Zeolite LTA materials with highly roughened surfaces were also successfully prepared by a new method: the ion-exchange-induced growth of Mg(OH)₂ nanostructures using the zeolite as the source of the Mg²⁺ ions. The size/shape of the inorganic nanostructures was tuned by adjusting several parameters such as the pH of the reagent solution and the amount of magnesium in the substrates and systematic modification of reaction conditions allowed generation of a good candidate for application in mixed matrix membranes. Zeolite/polymer adhesion properties in mixed matrix membranes were improved after the surface treatment compared to the untreated bare LTA. Surface modified zeolite 5A/6FDA-DAM mixed matrix membranes showed significant enhancement in CO₂ permeability with slight increases in CO₂/CH₄ selectivity as compared to the pure polymer membrane. The CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of the membrane containing surface treated zeolite 5A was much higher than that of membrane with untreated zeolite 5A. In addition, the use of metal organic framework (MOF) materials has been explored in mixed matrix membrane applications. ZIF-90 crystals with submicron and 2-μm sizes were successfully synthesized by a nonsolvent induced crystallization technique. Structural investigation revealed that the ZIF-90 particles synthesized by this method had high crystallinity, microporosity and thermal stability. The ZIF-90 particles showed good adhesion with polymers in mixed matrix membranes without any compatibilization. A significant increase in CO₂ permeability was observed without sacrificing CO₂/CH₄ selectivity when Ultem® and Matrimd® were used as the polymer matrix. In contrast, mixed matrix membranes with the highly permeable polymer 6FDA-DAM showed substantial enhancement in both permeability and selectivity, as the transport properties of the two phases were more closely matched.
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Vatcha, Sorab R. "Gas separation by membranes : technology and business assessment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/15233.

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Diamond, Geoffrey Graham. "Organically templated inorganic membranes for gas separation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3071/.

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This work is an attempt to develop inorganic gas separation membranes for the purposes of separating high temperature binary gaseous mixtures. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen mixtures are the focus of this work but other mixtures could be used. The membrane synthesis route is derived from the sol-gel technique. It relies upon micropores being produced within the membrane and this is accomplished by the thermal removal of organic ligands (the "templates"). The thermal stability and structural evolution with temperature of these materials has been characterised with TGA, DTA, FTIR, 13C CP MAS NMR 11B MAS NMR and 29Si MAS NMR investigations. The research was demarcated into the comparisons between two systems: non-borosilicate and borosilicate. The borosilicate systems were thought to merit special investigation due to the known property of the boron atom in borosiloxane bonds to act as a network enhancer. Three different organic ligands; methyl, ethyl and phenyl have been investigated. The higher thermal stability (~770K) and the known CO2 affinity of the phenyl ligand, led to the production of materials containing both the methyl ligand (to generate porosity) and the phenyl ligand (to hopefully provide CO2 affinity). Other structures with methyl as a backbone but containing boron were found to have superior performance in terms of separation factors, robustness and durability. The permeability of CO2, N2 Ar and He was measured through all the membranes systems, as a function of pressure, temperature and time. In both the borosilicate and non-borosilicate systems, CO2 was found to permeate preferentially over He in the best specimens. This was despite its much larger molecular diameter and for both classes of system, permeance was observed to decrease with elevated temperatures. The general conclusion that for both classes of system the mechanism of preferential CO2 transport is activated surface diffusion. Evidence of gradual adsorption of CO2 by the non-borosilicate systems was indicated by their steady decrease in performance with time when exposed to this species. (Such degradation in permeance performance was not observed for those non-borosilicate systems that had not been exposed to CO2 but just N2, He or Ar. The borosilicate systems however, were far more robust. Any decrease in permeance with time, after exposure to CO2 under pressure, was orders of magnitude slower than with the non-borosilicate systems. For the non-borosilicate systems the decrease in permeability is deemed to be due to CO2 chemisorption and must be related to the surface diffusion. For the non-borosilicate systems however, chemisorption appears to play a far less important role. Structural studies (NMR and FTIR) of all the systems indicated that the pyrolysis of the organic templates produces both siloxane and in the case of the borosilicate systems, borosiloxane linkages as well. These are assumed to be the generators of the sites through which surface diffusion occurs. For the non-borosilicate systems, surface diffusion seems to be improved by the incorporation of phenyl ligands within the siloxane network. However, this is associated with accelerated adsorption and decrease in overall performance. For the borosilicate systems, the most successful system had a methyl backbone and decreased in performance very gradually and after that remained constant except for long-term modulations which were mirrored by the inert species as well. Thermally rejuvenating the degraded non-borosilicate membranes did not meet with success. However, the borosilicate systems did partially respond to this treatment and regained a significant fraction of their original performance. The conclusion is that in the non-borosilicate system chemisorption dominates over physisorption as a CO2 selectivity mechanism, whilst for the borosilicate systems the reverse appears to be true.
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Kim, Wun-Gwi. "Nanoporous layered oxide materials and membranes for gas separations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/47591.

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The overall focus of this thesis is on the development and understanding of nanoporous layered silicates and membranes, particularly for potential applications in gas separations. Nanoporous layered materials are a rapidly growing area of interest, and include materials such as layered zeolites, porous layered oxides, layered aluminophosphates, and porous graphenes. They possess unique transport properties that may be advantageous for membrane and thin film applications. These materials also have very different chemistry from 3-D porous materials due to the existence of a large, chemically active, external surface area. This feature also necessitates the development of innovative strategies to process these materials into membranes and thin films with high performance.
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Liu, Junqiang. "Development of next generation mixed matrix hollow fiber membranes for butane isomer separation." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/42807.

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Mixed matrix hollow fiber membranes maintain the ease of processing polymers while enhancing the separation performance of the pure polymer due to inclusion of molecular sieve filler particles. This work shows the development process of high loading mixed matrix hollow fiber membranes for butane isomer separation, from material selection and engineering of polymer-sieve interfacial adhesion to mixed matrix hollow fiber spinning. The matching of gas transport properties in polymer and zeolite is critical for forming successful mixed matrix membranes. The nC4 permeability in glassy commercial polymers such as Ultem® and Matrimid® is too low (< 0.1 Barrer) for commercial application. A group of fluorinated (6FDA) polyimides, with high nC4 permeability and nC4/iC4 selectivity, are selected as the polymer matrix. No glassy polymers can possibly match the high permeable MFI to make mixed matrix membranes with selectivity enhancement for C4s separation. Zeolite 5A, which has a nC4 permeability (~3 Barrer) and nC4/iC4 selectivity (essentially ∞), matches well with the 6FDA polymers. A 24% nC4/iC4 selectivity enhancement was achieved in mixed matrix membranes containing 6FDA-DAM and 25 wt% treated 5A particles. A more promising mixed matrix membrane contains 6FDA-DAM-DABA matrix and 5A, because of a better match of gas transport properties in polymer and zeolite. Dual layer hollow fibers, with cellulose acetate core layer and sheath layers of 6FDA polyimides, were successfully fabricated. Successive engineering of the 6FDA sheath layer and the dense skin is needed for the challenging C4s separation, which is extremely sensitive to the integrity of the dense skin layer. The delamination-free, macrovoid-free dual layer hollow fiber membranes provide the solution for the expensive 6FDA polyimides spinning. Mixed matrix hollow fiber membranes are spun base on the platform of 6FDA/Cellulose acetate dual layer hollow fibers. Preliminary results suggest that high loading mixed matrix hollow fiber membranes for C4s is feasible. Following research is needed on the fiber spinning with well treated zeolite 5A nanoparticles. The key aspect of this research is elucidating the three-step (sol-gel-precipitation) mechanism of sol-gel-Grignard treatment, based on which further controlling of Mg(OH)2 whisker morphologies is possible. A Mg(OH)2 nucleation process promoted by acid species is proposed to explain the heterogeneous Mg(OH)2 growing process. Different acid species were tried: 1) HCl solution, 2) AlClx species generated by dealumination process and 3) AlCl3 supported on zeolite surfaces. Acids introduced through HCl solution and dealumination are effective on commercial 5A particles to generate Mg(OH)2 whiskers in the sol-gel-Grignard treatment. Supported AlCl3 is effective on both commercial and synthesized 5A particles (150 nm-1 µm) during the sol-gel-Grignard treatment, in terms of promoting heterogeneous Mg(OH)2 whiskers formation. But the byproduct of Al(OH)3 layer separates the Mg(OH)2 whiskers from zeolite surface, and leads to undesirable morphologies for polymer-zeolite interfacial adhesion. The elucidation of sol-gel-Grignard mechanism and importance of zeolite surface acidity on Mg(OH)2 formation, builds a solid foundation for future development towards ''universal'' method of growing Mg(OH)2 whiskers on zeolite surfaces.
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Carruthers, Seth Blue. "Integral-skin formation in hollow fiber membranes for gas separations." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3036162.

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Books on the topic "Membranes (Technology). Gas separation membranes"

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Freeman, B. D. Membrane gas separation. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2010.

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Environmental and Water Resources Institute (U.S.). Membrane Technology Task Committee, ed. Membrane technology and environmental applications. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012.

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Xing, Wei, ed. Mo fen li ji shu gai lun. Beijing Shi: Guo fang gong ye chu ban she, 2008.

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Membrane process design using residue curve maps. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2011.

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Ceramic membranes for reaction and separation. Chichester, England: John Wiley, 2007.

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Bientinesi, M. Preparation of thin film Pd membranes for H2 separation from synthesis gas and detailed design of a permeability testing unit. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Bose, Arun Chand. Inorganic membranes for energy and environmental applications. Edited by Bose Arun C. New York: Springer, 2009.

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Ismail, Ahmad Fauzi, Kailash Chandra Khulbe, and Takeshi Matsuura. Gas Separation Membranes. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01095-3.

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K, Fritzsche A., ed. Polymeric gas separation membranes. New York: Wiley, 1993.

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Li, Kang. Gas separation using membranes. Salford: University of Salford, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Membranes (Technology). Gas separation membranes"

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Eickmann, U., and U. Werner. "Porous Membranes in Gas Separation Technology." In Membranes and Membrane Processes, 327–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2019-5_33.

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Nunes, S. P., and K. V. Peinemann. "Gas Separation with Membranes." In Membrane Technology, 53–90. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527608788.ch7.

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Khanbabaei, Ghader, Jamal Aalaei, and Ali Rahmatpour. "Polymeric Nanocomposite Membranes for Gas Separation." In Sustainable Membrane Technology for Energy, Water, and Environment, 87–94. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118190180.ch8.

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Ohlrogge, K., and K. Stürken. "The Separation of Organic Vapors from Gas Streams by Means of Membranes." In Membrane Technology, 91–117. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527608788.ch8.

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Zhang, Xiaolei, Tanaji T. More, Song Yan, R. D. Tyagi, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang. "Nanomaterial-Based Membranes for Gas Separation and Water Treatment." In Membrane Technology and Environmental Applications, 662–95. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412275.ch22.

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Liu, Gongping, Zhi Xu, and Wanqin Jin. "Recent Progress on Asymmetric Membranes Developed for Natural Gas Purification." In Membrane Technology for CO2 Sequestration and Separation, 74–94. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, [2018] | “A science publishers book.”: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22409-4.

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Nagai, Kazukiyo, Young Moo Lee, and Toshio Masuda. "Polymeric Membranes for Gas Separation, Water Purification and Fuel Cell Technology." In Macromolecular Engineering, 2451–91. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527631421.ch59.

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Stookey, D. J. "Gas-separation Membrane Applications." In Membrane Technology, 119–50. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527608788.ch9.

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Carta, Mariolino. "Gas Separation." In Encyclopedia of Membranes, 1–3. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_261-1.

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Shindo, Ryohei, and Kazukiyo Nagai. "Gas Separation Membranes." In Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials, 841–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29648-2_134.

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Conference papers on the topic "Membranes (Technology). Gas separation membranes"

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Egan, B. Z., D. E. Fain, G. E. Roettger, and D. E. White. "Separating Hydrogen From Coal Gasification Gases With Alumina Membranes." In ASME 1991 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/91-gt-132.

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Synthesis gas produced in coal gasification processes contains hydrogen, along with carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, water, nitrogen, and other gases, depending on the particular gasification process. Development of membrane technology to separate the hydrogen from the raw gas at the high operating temperatures and pressures near exit gas conditions would improve the efficiency of the process. Tubular porous alumina membranes with mean pore radii ranging from about 9 to 22 A have been fabricated and characterized. Based on the results of hydrostatic tests, the burst strength of the membranes ranged from 800 to 1600 psig, with a mean value of about 1300 psig. These membranes were evaluated for separating hydrogen and other gases. Tests of membrane permeabilities were made with helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. Measurements were made at room temperature in the pressure range of 15 to 589 psi. In general, the relative gas permeabilities correlated qualitatively with a Knudsen flow mechanism; however, other gas transport mechanisms such as surface adsorption may also be involved. Efforts are under way to fabricate membranes having still smaller pores. At smaller pore sizes, higher separation factors are expected from molecular sieving effects.
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Moritsuka, Hideto. "CO2 Capture Using a Hydrogen Decomposed From Natural Gas Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0093.

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The present writer proposes a new concept of power generation system for CO2 recovery named Hydrogen Decomposed from Natural Gas Turbine (HYDET) in this paper. This concept is natural gas reforming and hydrogen separation. The natural gas is reformed with steam simultaneously the hydrogen is separated from the reformed gas through the hydrogen separation membrane. After the residual gas is combusted by the after burner with pure oxygen, CO2 steam mixture is exhausted. An inorganic hydrogen separation membrane will be assumed to use such as ceramic multi-layer porous membranes. The performance of the proposed system will be over 50% HHV at the sending-end. Though the CO2 recovery ratio will depend upon Hydrogen and CO2 separation ratio of the membrane, theoretically it will be over 90%. And using CO2 liquefaction equipment of LNG cold heat exchanger, liquefied CO2 will be recovered with extra high efficiency. In order to apply this system, the development of the membrane reformer is the key technology.
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Atsonios, Kostantinos, Antonios Koumanakos, Kyriakos D. Panopoulos, Aggelos Doukelis, and Emmanuel Kakaras. "Techno-Economic Comparison of CO2 Capture Technologies Employed With Natural Gas Derived GTCC." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95117.

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Carbon Capture and Storage can either concern the removal of carbon as CO2 in flue gases (post-combustion option) or before its combustion in a Gas Turbine (pre-combustion option). Among the numerous CO2 capture technologies, amine scrubbing (MEA and MDEA), physical absorption (Selexol™ and Rectisol™) and H2 separator membrane reactors are investigated and compared in this study. In the pre-combustion options, the final fuel combusted in the GT is a rich-H2 fuel. Process simulations in ASPEN Plus™ showed that the case of H2 separation with Pd-based membranes has the greatest performance as far as the net efficiency of the energy system is concerned. The economic assessment reveals that the technology is promising in terms of cost of CO2 avoided, provided that the current high membrane costs are reduced.
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Biruduganti, Munidhar, Sreenath Gupta, Bipin Bihari, Steve McConnell, and Raj Sekar. "Air Separation Membranes: An Alternative to EGR in Large Bore Natural Gas Engines." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76054.

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Air Separation Membranes (ASM) could potentially replace Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) technology in engines due to the proven benefits in NOx reduction but without the drawbacks of EGR. Previous investigations of Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) combustion using nitrogen bottles showed up to 70% NOx reduction with modest 2% nitrogen enrichment. The investigation in this paper was performed with an ASM capable of delivering at least 3.5% NEA to a single cylinder spark ignited natural gas engine. Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) is one of the pathways to meet the mandatory ultra low NOx emissions levels set by regulatory agencies. In this study, a comparative assessment is made between natural gas combustion in standard air and 2% NEA. Enrichment beyond this level degraded engine performance in terms of power density, Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions for a given equivalence ratio. The ignition timing was optimized to yield maximum brake torque for standard air and NEA. Subsequently, conventional spark ignition (SI) was replaced by laser ignition (LI) to extend lean ignition limit. Both ignition systems were studied under a wide operating range from ψ: 1.0 to the lean misfire limit. It was observed that with 2% NEA, for a similar fuel quantity, the equivalence ratio (Ψ) increases by 0.1 relative to standard air conditions. Analysis showed that lean burn operation along with NEA and alternative ignition source such as LI could pave the pathway for realizing lower NOx emissions with a slight penalty in BTE.
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Biruduganti, Munidhar, Sreenath Gupta, Bipin Bihari, and Raj Sekar. "NOx Emissions Reduction Using Air Separation Membranes for Different Loads in Gas-Fired Engines." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11363.

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Air Separation Membranes (ASM) could potentially replace Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) technology in engines due to the proven benefits in NOx reduction but without the drawbacks of EGR. Previous investigations of Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) combustion using nitrogen bottles showed up to 70% NOx reduction with modest 2% nitrogen enrichment. The investigation in this paper was performed with an ASM capable of delivering at least 3.5% NEA to a single cylinder spark ignited natural gas engine. Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) is one of the pathways to meet the mandatory ultra low NOx emissions levels set by regulatory agencies. In this study, a comparative assessment is made between natural gas combustion in standard air and 2% NEA for different engine loads. Enrichment beyond this level degraded engine performance in terms of power density, Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), and unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) emissions for a given equivalence ratio. The ignition timing was optimized to yield maximum brake torque for standard air and NEA. The parasitic loss associated with the usage of ASM technology is presented. It was observed that with 2% NEA, for a similar fuel quantity, the equivalence ratio (Ψ) increases by 0.1 relative to standard air conditions. Analysis showed that lean burn operation along with NEA could pave the pathway for realizing lower NOx emissions with a slight penalty in BTE.
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Chiesa, Paolo, Tom Kreutz, and Giovanni Lozza. "CO2 Sequestration From IGCC Power Plants by Means of Metallic Membranes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2005: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2005-68023.

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This paper investigates novel IGCC plants that employ hydrogen separation membranes in order to capture carbon dioxide for long-term storage. The thermodynamic performance of these membrane-based plants are compared with similar IGCCs that capture CO2 using conventional (i.e. solvent absorption) technology. The basic plant configuration employs an entrained-flow, oxygen-blown coal gasifier with quench cooling, followed by an adiabatic water gas shift (WGS) reactor that converts most of CO contained in the syngas into CO2 and H2. The syngas then enters a WGS membrane reactor where the syngas undergoes further shifting; simultaneously, H2 in the syngas permeates through the hydrogen-selective, dense metal membrane into a counter-current nitrogen “sweep” flow. The permeated H2, diluted by N2, constitutes a decarbonized fuel for the combined cycle power plant whose exhaust is CO2-free. Exiting the membrane reactor is a hot, high pressure “raffinate” stream composed primarily of CO2 and steam, but also containing “fuel species” such as H2S, unconverted CO, and unpermeated H2. Two different schemes (oxygen catalytic combustion and cryogenic separation) have been investigated to both exploit the heating value of the fuel species and produce a CO2-rich stream for long term storage. Our calculations indicate that, when 85%vol of the H2+CO in the original syngas is extracted as H2 by the membrane reactor, the membrane-based IGCC systems are more efficient by ∼1.7 percentage points than the reference IGCC with CO2 capture based on commercially ready technology.
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Carapellucci, Roberto, Eric Favre, Lorena Giordano, and Denis Roizard. "Hydrogen Production From Methane Steam Reforming With CO2 Capture Through Metallic Membranes." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65363.

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As an energy carrier, hydrogen has the potential to boost the transition toward a cleaner and sustainable energy infrastructure. In this context, steam methane reforming coupled with carbon capture through membrane separation is emerging as a potential route for hydrogen generation with a reduced carbon footprint. A potential way to improve the efficiency and reduce costs of the entire process is to integrate the hydrogen production system with a gas turbine power plant, using a fraction of waste heat exhausted to provide the heat and the steam required by the endothermic reforming reaction. The paper assesses the techno-economic performances of a small-scale hydrogen and electricity co-production system, integrating a syngas production section, a gas turbine and a membrane separation unit. The simulation study investigates two main configurations, depending on whether the gas turbine is fed by hydrogen or natural gas. For each configuration, energy and economic performance indices are evaluated varying the main plant operating parameters, i.e. the steam reforming temperature, the permeate sweep dilution, the membrane pressure ratio and the technology of gas turbine.
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Lai, Yeh-Hung, Daniel P. Miller, Chunxin Ji, and Thomas A. Trabold. "Stack Compression of PEM Fuel Cells." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2522.

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The effect of dimensional changes of fuel cell components from temperature and hydration cycles on the stack compression is investigated in this paper. Using a simple spring model including the membrane electrode assembly (MEA), gas diffusion layers (GDL), bipolar plates, seal gaskets, current collectors, insulation plates, end plates, and side plates, we find significant compression changes from 30% over-compression to 23% compression loss from both temperature and humidity changes. The wide range of variation in stack compression is attributed to the swelling behavior of polymer electrolyte membranes, the compression behavior of gas diffusion layers, and the design of stack assembly. This paper also reports the use of finite element method to investigate the compression of MEA and GDL over the channel area where MEA buckling from membrane swelling can result in separation of MEA and GDL. It is suggested that the compression over channels can be improved with higher transverse shear modulus in the GDL in addition to the use of narrower channels. In this paper, we will also discuss the challenges facing the fuel cell manufacturers and component suppliers on the needs for new materials with improved mechanical properties and better testing/modeling techniques to help achieving stable compression and better fuel cell stack designs.
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Sander, Frank, Sebastian Foeste, and Roland Span. "Model of an Oxygen Transport Membrane for Coal Fired Power Cycles With CO2 Capture." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27788.

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Greenhouse gas emissions from power generation will increase in future if the demand for electrical energy does not subside. Therefore capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) will become important technologies for lowering the rate of increase of global CO2 emissions, or even reducing them. A promising technology for coal fired power cycles is the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), where CO2 is separated from the syngas coming from the gasifier before the syngas is combusted in a more or less conventional gas turbine. But oxygen is required for the gasification process to achieve a high carbon conversion rate. The energy demand for the cryogenic air separation unit (ASU) lowers the net power output of the IGCC cycle. An alternative way of producing the oxygen could eliminate this disadvantage of the IGCC cycle. Oxygen transport membranes (also known as mixed conducting membranes – MCM) show a high potential for such applications in power cycles. In this paper results of an investigation on an IGCC cycle with CO2 capture and an integrated oxygen transport membrane (OTM) reactor are reported. The operating conditions of the membrane reactor have been analyzed; the feed inlet temperature and the pressure differences between permeate and retentate sides of the membrane reactor have been varied. The impact on the overall IGCC cycle has been discussed. The most optimistic assumptions give an overall net efficiency close to the case without CO2 capture. In this case the net efficiency is reduced by only 3 percentage points compared to an IGCC process without CO2 capture. But these assumptions lead to very challenging conditions for the membrane reactor. A pressure difference of 14.5 bar is assumed. Less severe operating conditions for the OTM reactor, which seem closer to realization, show less promising results. For sweep stream pressures of 10 and 15 bar the net efficiency ranges from 36% to 39%. This is in the range of an IGCC process with cryogenic ASU which achieves a net efficiency of 37% to 38%. It can be concluded that the integration of an OTM reactor into the IGCC cycle is an option with good prospects if the membrane is capable of bearing the challenging operating conditions. Calculations of investment costs have not been investigated in the frame of this work. Both the total capital costs and the durability are very important aspects for the membrane technology to be realized in power cycles such as IGCC.
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Hoffmann, Ste´phanie, Michael Bartlett, Matthias Finkenrath, Andrei Evulet, and Tord Peter Ursin. "Performance and Cost Analysis of Advanced Gas Turbine Cycles With Pre-Combustion CO2 Capture." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51027.

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This paper presents the results of an evaluation of advanced combined cycle gas turbine plants with pre-combustion capture of CO2 from natural gas. In particular, the designs are carried out with the objectives of high efficiency, low capital cost and low emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The novel cycles introduced in this paper are comprised of a high-pressure syngas generation island, in which an air-blown POX reformer is used to generate syngas from natural gas, and a power island, in which a CO2-lean syngas is burnt in a large frame machine. In order to reduce the efficiency penalty of natural gas reforming, a significant effort is spent evaluating and optimizing alternatives to recover the heat released during the process. CO2 is removed from the shifted syngas using either CO2 absorbing solvents or a CO2 membrane. CO2 separation membranes, in particular, have the potential for considerable cost or energy savings compared to conventional solvent-based separation and benefit from the high pressure level of the syngas generation island. A feasibility analysis and a cycle performance evaluation are carried out for large frame gas turbines such as the 9FB. Both short term and long term solutions have been investigated. An analysis of the cost of CO2 avoided is presented, including an evaluation of the cost of modifying the combined cycle due to CO2 separation. The paper describes a power plant reaching the performance targets of 50% net cycle efficiency and 80% CO2 capture, as well as the cost target of 30$ per ton of CO2 avoided. This paper indicates a development path to this power plant that minimizes technical risks by incremental implementation of new technology.
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Reports on the topic "Membranes (Technology). Gas separation membranes"

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Roberts, D. L., L. C. Abraham, Y. Blum, and J. D. Way. Gas separation with glass membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6987744.

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Giddings, T. M., and B. A. Farnand. A literature-review of gas separation membranes. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304514.

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Roberts, D. L., L. C. Abraham, Y. Blum, and J. D. Way. Gas separation with glass membranes. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10189009.

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Stone, M. L. Gas separation performance of inorganic polyphosphazene membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/116559.

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Balachandran, U., B. Ma, P. S. Maiya, J. T. Dusek, R. L. Mieville, and J. J. Picciolo. Oxygen-permeable ceramic membranes for gas separation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/631164.

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Fain, D. E. Development of Inorganic Membranes for Gas Separation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/795709.

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Gavalas, G. R. Silica membranes for hydrogen separation from coal gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6676485.

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Gavalas, G. R. Silica membranes for hydrogen separation from coal gas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6865675.

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Donald P. McCollor and John P. Hurley. Task 6.5/6.7.1 - Materials for Gas Separation and Hydrogen Separation Membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1675.

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Donald P. McCollor and John P. Hurley. Task 6.5/6.7.1 - Materials for Gas Separation and Hydrogen Separation Membranes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1680.

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