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Mohshim, Dzeti Farhah, Hilmi bin Mukhtar, Zakaria Man, and Rizwan Nasir. "Latest Development on Membrane Fabrication for Natural Gas Purification: A Review." Journal of Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/101746.
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In the last few decades, membrane technology has been a great attention for gas separation technology especially for natural gas sweetening. The intrinsic character of membranes makes them fit for process escalation, and this versatility could be the significant factor to induce membrane technology in most gas separation areas. Membranes were synthesized with various materials which depended on the applications. The fabrication of polymeric membrane was one of the fastest growing fields of membrane technology. However, polymeric membranes could not meet the separation performances required especially in high operating pressure due to deficiencies problem. The chemistry and structure of support materials like inorganic membranes were also one of the focus areas when inorganic membranes showed some positive results towards gas separation. However, the materials are somewhat lacking to meet the separation performance requirement. Mixed matrix membrane (MMM) which is comprising polymeric and inorganic membranes presents an interesting approach for enhancing the separation performance. Nevertheless, MMM is yet to be commercialized as the material combinations are still in the research stage. This paper highlights the potential promising areas of research in gas separation by taking into account the material selections and the addition of a third component for conventional MMM.
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Drioli, Enrico. "Gas Separation Membranes: A Potential Dominant Technology." MEMBRANE 31, no. 2 (2006): 95–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.31.95.
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Jusoh, Norwahyu, Yin Fong Yeong, Kok Keong Lau, and Mohd Shariff Azmi. "Membranes for Gas Separation Current Development and Challenges." Applied Mechanics and Materials 773-774 (July 2015): 1085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.773-774.1085.
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—A new bang of natural gas demand has opened up the opportunities towards the utilization of membrane technology for the purification process.The advantages in terms of smaller footprint, lower weight, minimum utility requirement and low labor intensity make them appropriate for wide scale applications. Polymeric membrane is one of the greatest emerging fields in membrane material development. Nevertheless, the separation performance of the existing polymeric materials were reached a limit in the trade-off between permeability and selectivity. The development of inorganic material gives a significance improvement in membrane performance but it outrageously expensive for many applications and having complicated procedure during fabrication process have limit the application of inorganic membrane in gas separation. Thus, a rapid demand in membrane technology for gas separation and the effort toward seeking the membranes with higher permeability and selectivity has motivated the development of mixed matrix membrane. Mixed matrix membrane (MMM) which incorporating inorganic fillers in a polymer matrix is expected to overcome the limitations of the polymeric and inorganic membranes. Apart from an overview of the different membrane materials for gas separation, this paper also highlights the development of mixed matrix membrane and challenges in fabrication of mixed matrix membranes.
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Shekhah, Osama, Valeriya Chernikova, Youssef Belmabkhout, and Mohamed Eddaoudi. "Metal–Organic Framework Membranes: From Fabrication to Gas Separation." Crystals 8, no. 11 (October 31, 2018): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst8110412.
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Gas membrane-based separation is considered one of the most effective technologies to address energy efficiency and large footprint challenges. Various classes of advanced materials, including polymers, zeolites, porous carbons, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been investigated as potential suitable candidates for gas membrane-based separations. MOFs possess a uniquely tunable nature in which the pore size and environment can be controlled by connecting metal ions (or metal ion clusters) with organic linkers of various functionalities. This unique characteristic makes them attractive for the fabrication of thin membranes, as both the diffusion and solubility components of permeability can be altered. Numerous studies have been published on the synthesis and applications of MOFs, as well as the fabrication of MOF-based thin films. However, few studies have addressed their gas separation properties for potential applications in membrane-based separation technologies. Here, we present a synopsis of the different types of MOF-based membranes that have been fabricated over the past decade. In this review, we start with a short introduction touching on the gas separation membrane technology. We also shed light on the various techniques developed for the fabrication of MOF as membranes, and the key challenges that still need to be tackled before MOF-based membranes can successfully be used in gas separation and implemented in an industrial setting.
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Mondal, Arijit, and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee. "Membrane Transport for Gas Separation." Diffusion Foundations 23 (August 2019): 138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.23.138.
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Gas separations through organic membranes have been investigated from last several years and presently it has been accepted for commercial applications. This chapter will focus on membrane based gas separation mechanism as well as its application. This chapter will cover ‘‘diffusivity controlled’’ and ‘‘solubility controlled’’ mechanism and choice of suitable polymers for different gas phase applications like acidic gas, C3+ hydrocarbon, nitrogen, water vapor and helium. Diffusivity controlled mechanism performs on free volume elements of the glassy polymers via hindrance of chain packing by functional groups and restricted by the permselectivity. Other mechanism performs on the basis of molecular structure with affinity towards the target molecule and follows enhanced solution-diffusion rout. Commercially available organic membrane materials for Carbon dioxide (CO2) removal are discussed along with process design. Membranes based separation process for heavy hydrocarbon recovery, nitrogen separation, helium separation and dehydration are less developed. This article will help us to focus on the future direction of those applications based on membrane technology. Keywords: Membrane, C3+ hydrocarbon, Diffusivity controlled, Solubility controlled, Selectivity, Permeability. *Corresponding author: E-mail address: c.bhatta@gmail.com (Chiranjib Bhattacharjee), Tel.: +91-9836402118.
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Ahmad, Fatin Nurwahdah, Norazlianie Sazali, and Mohd Hafiz Dzafran Othman. "A Mini Review on Carbon Molecular Sieve Membrane for Oxygen Separation." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v4i1.3800.
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Membrane-based technology has proved its practicality in gas separation through its performance. Various type of membranes has been explored, showing that each type of them have their own advantages and disadvantages. Polymeric membranes have been widely used to separate O2/N2, however, its drawbacks lead to the development of carbon molecular sieve membrane. Carbon molecular sieve membranes have demonstrated excellent separation performance for almost similar kinetic diameter molecules such as O2/N2. Many polymer precursors can be used to produce carbon molecular sieve membrane through carbonization process or also known as heat treatment. This paper discusses the variety of precursors and carbonization parameters to produce high quality and performance of carbon molecular sieve membranes. This paper covers the evaluation in advancement and status of high-performance carbon membrane implemented for separating gas, comprising the variety of precursor materials and the fabrication process that involve many different parameters, also analysis of carbon membranes properties in separating various type of gas having high demand in the industries. The issues regarding the current challenges in developing carbon membrane and approaches with the purpose of solving and improving the performance and applications of carbon membrane are included in this paper. Also, the advantages of the carbon membrane compared to other types of membranes are highlighted. Observation and understanding the variables affecting the quality of membrane encourage the optimization of conditions and techniques in producing high-performance membrane.
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Friess, Karel, Pavel Izák, Magda Kárászová, Mariia Pasichnyk, Marek Lanč, Daria Nikolaeva, Patricia Luis, and Johannes Carolus Jansen. "A Review on Ionic Liquid Gas Separation Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020097.
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Ionic liquids have attracted the attention of the industry and research community as versatile solvents with unique properties, such as ionic conductivity, low volatility, high solubility of gases and vapors, thermal stability, and the possibility to combine anions and cations to yield an almost endless list of different structures. These features open perspectives for numerous applications, such as the reaction medium for chemical synthesis, electrolytes for batteries, solvent for gas sorption processes, and also membranes for gas separation. In the search for better-performing membrane materials and membranes for gas and vapor separation, ionic liquids have been investigated extensively in the last decade and a half. This review gives a complete overview of the main developments in the field of ionic liquid membranes since their first introduction. It covers all different materials, membrane types, their preparation, pure and mixed gas transport properties, and examples of potential gas separation applications. Special systems will also be discussed, including facilitated transport membranes and mixed matrix membranes. The main strengths and weaknesses of the different membrane types will be discussed, subdividing them into supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs), poly(ionic liquids) or polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), polymer/ionic liquid blends (physically or chemically cross-linked ‘ion-gels’), and PIL/IL blends. Since membrane processes are advancing as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional separation processes, having shown promising results for complex new separation challenges like carbon capture as well, they may be the key to developing a more sustainable future society. In this light, this review presents the state-of-the-art of ionic liquid membranes, to analyze their potential in the gas separation processes of the future.
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Bazhenov, Stepan D., Alexandr V. Bildyukevich, and Alexey V. Volkov. "Gas-Liquid Hollow Fiber Membrane Contactors for Different Applications." Fibers 6, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib6040076.
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Gas-liquid membrane contactors that were based on hollow fiber membranes are the example of highly effective hybrid separation processes in the field of membrane technology. Membranes provide a fixed and well-determined interface for gas/liquid mass transfer without dispensing one phase into another while their structure (hollow fiber) offers very large surface area per apparatus volume resulted in the compactness and modularity of separation equipment. In many cases, stated benefits are complemented with high separation selectivity typical for absorption technology. Since hollow fiber membrane contactors are agreed to be one of the most perspective methods for CO2 capture technologies, the major reviews are devoted to research activities within this field. This review is focused on the research works carried out so far on the applications of membrane contactors for other gas-liquid separation tasks, such as water deoxygenation/ozonation, air humidity control, ethylene/ethane separation, etc. A wide range of materials, membranes, and liquid solvents for membrane contactor processes are considered. Special attention is given to current studies on the capture of acid gases (H2S, SO2) from different mixtures. The examples of pilot-scale and semi-industrial implementation of membrane contactors are given.
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Yoon, Soong‐Seok, Hyun‐Kyung Lee, and Se‐Ryeong Hong. "CO2/N2 Gas Separation Using Pebax/ZIF-7—PSf Composite Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090708.
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In this study, we mixed the zeolitic imidazolate framework-7 (ZIF-7) with poly(ether-b-amide)® 2533 (Pebax-2533) and used it as a selective layer for a composite membrane. We prepared the composite membrane’s substrate using polysulfone (PSf), adjusted its pore size using polyethylene glycol (PEG), and applied polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to the gutter layer and the coating layer. Then, we investigated the membrane’s properties of gases by penetrating a single gas (N2, CO2) into the membrane. We identified the peaks and geometry of ZIF-7 to determine if it had been successfully synthesized. We confirmed that ZIF-7 had a BET surface area of 303 m2/g, a significantly high Langmuir surface area of 511 m2/g, and a high CO2/N2 adsorption selectivity of approximately 50. Considering the gas permeation, with ZIF-7 mixed into Pebax-2533, N2 permeation decreased from 2.68 GPU in a pure membrane to 0.43 GPU in the membrane with ZIF-7 25 wt%. CO2 permeation increased from 18.43 GPU in the pure membrane to 26.22 GPU in the ZIF-7 35 wt%. The CO2/N2 ideal selectivity increased from 6.88 in the pure membrane to 50.43 in the ZIF-7 25 wt%. Among the membranes, Pebax-2533/ZIF-7 25 wt% showed the highest permeation properties and the characteristics of CO2-friendly ZIF-7.
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Lv, Yue Xia, Gui Huan Yan, Chong Qing Xu, Min Xu, and Liang Sun. "Review on Membrane Technologies for Carbon Dioxide Capture from Power Plant Flue Gas." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 1140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.1140.
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Membrane technology is a promising alternative to conventional technologies for the mitigation of CO2from power plant flue gas due to its engineering and economic advantages. In this paper, CO2post combustion capture by gas separation membranes and gas absorption membranes was extensively summarized and reviewed. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of the technology, current status and future research direction of membrane technology for CO2capture from power plant flue gas were briefly prospected and discussed.
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Fain, D. E. "Membrane Gas Separation Principles." MRS Bulletin 19, no. 4 (April 1994): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400039506.
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Some industrial processes require the separation of gas or vapor mixtures. Methods for separating the mixtures vary from separation by diffusion to separation by distillation. Many of the methods, such as distillation, are energy intensive. Membranes can reduce the energy required to produce a desired separation. Because of their corrosion resistance and high temperature applications, engineered inorganic membranes can significantly increase the efficiency of many of these processes. The magnitude of the separation factor, available operating conditions, enrichment, yield, and cost of the membranes play a large role in determining whether membranes can be more economical than other methods of separation. These factors have to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.Martin Marietta Energy Systems' Office of Technology Transfer conducted a preliminary market survey with the assistance of the University of Tennessee and commercial marketing experts in inorganic membranes. The survey assumed that membranes could be made with permeabilities a factor of 3 larger and with cost per unit area a factor of 3 smaller than is currently available. The results indicated that active implementation of such technology could expect to achieve the following results:• $2 billion dollar per year sales market,• $16.6 billion increase in the national GDP,• $2 billion improvement in the balance of trade, and• 6 quads per year decrease in energy use.
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Raza, Ayesha, Sarah Farrukh, Arshad Hussain, Imranullah Khan, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman, and Muhammad Ahsan. "Performance Analysis of Blended Membranes of Cellulose Acetate with Variable Degree of Acetylation for CO2/CH4 Separation." Membranes 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11040245.
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The separation and capture of CO2 have become an urgent and important agenda because of the CO2-induced global warming and the requirement of industrial products. Membrane-based technologies have proven to be a promising alternative for CO2 separations. To make the gas-separation membrane process more competitive, productive membrane with high gas permeability and high selectivity is crucial. Herein, we developed new cellulose triacetate (CTA) and cellulose diacetate (CDA) blended membranes for CO2 separations. The CTA and CDA blends were chosen because they have similar chemical structures, good separation performance, and its economical and green nature. The best position in Robeson’s upper bound curve at 5 bar was obtained with the membrane containing 80 wt.% CTA and 20 wt.% CDA, which shows the CO2 permeability of 17.32 barrer and CO2/CH4 selectivity of 18.55. The membrane exhibits 98% enhancement in CO2/CH4 selectivity compared to neat membrane with only a slight reduction in CO2 permeability. The optimal membrane displays a plasticization pressure of 10.48 bar. The newly developed blended membranes show great potential for CO2 separations in the natural gas industry.
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Fain, Douglas E. "Mixed gas separation technology using inorganic membranes." Membrane Technology 2000, no. 120 (April 2000): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-2118(00)88586-9.
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Schmitt, Sophia, Sergey Shishatskiy, Peter Krolla, Qi An, Salma Begum, Alexander Welle, Tawheed Hashem, et al. "Synthesis, Transfer, and Gas Separation Characteristics of MOF-Templated Polymer Membranes." Membranes 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9100124.
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This paper discusses the potential of polymer networks, templated by crystalline metal–organic framework (MOF), as novel selective layer material in thin film composite membranes. The ability to create mechanically stable membranes with an ultra-thin selective layer of advanced polymer materials is highly desirable in membrane technology. Here, we describe a novel polymeric membrane, which is synthesized via the conversion of a surface anchored metal–organic framework (SURMOF) into a surface anchored gel (SURGEL). The SURGEL membranes combine the high variability in the building blocks and the possibility to control the network topology and membrane thickness of the SURMOF synthesis with high mechanical and chemical stability of polymers. Next to the material design, the transfer of membranes to suitable supports is also usually a challenging task, due to the fragile nature of the ultra-thin films. To overcome this issue, we utilized a porous support on top of the membrane, which is mechanically stable enough to allow for the easy membrane transfer from the synthesis substrate to the final membrane support. To demonstrate the potential for gas separation of the synthesized SURGEL membranes, as well as the suitability of the transfer method, we determined the permeance for eight gases with different kinetic diameters.
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Mazumder, Ankita, Dwaipayan Sen, and Chiranjib Bhattacharjee. "Mass Transport through Composite Asymmetric Membranes." Diffusion Foundations 23 (August 2019): 151–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.23.151.
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In recent years, membrane separation technology has emerged as efficient and promising separation process from laboratory scale applications to wide range of technical industrial applications. The development of composite asymmetric membrane is a major breakthrough in membrane research field, as this membrane offers significantly high selectivity without affecting the mechanical durability of the membranes. In this chapter, structural characteristics and different fabrication techniques of composite membranes are reviewed. Moreover the mass transfer mechanism through the composite asymmetric membrane is described in details following solution-diffusion theory, Knudsen diffusion, and series resistance model. Composite membranes are preferred over others because of the high flux and enhanced selectivity without disturbing the mechanical stability of the membranes. These membranes are now widely employed in the applications of reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), pervaporation, gas separation, hydrocarbon fractionations, etc. As composite asymmetric membranes are “tailor-made” in nature, membrane characteristics can be tuned accordingly depending on their end use. Therefore plentiful research opportunities still exist to elevate their performance ability in terms of stability, selectivity and fouling resistance, which will in turn augment its application domain.
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Miri, Shadi, Mohammadreza Omidkhah, Abtin Ebadi Amooghin, and Takeshi Matsuura. "Membrane-based gas separation accelerated by quaternary mixed matrix membranes." Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering 84 (December 2020): 103655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2020.103655.
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Mubashir, Muhammad, Yeong Yin Fong, Lau Kok Keong, and Mohd Azmi Bin Sharrif. "Synthesis and Performance of Deca- Dodecasil 3 Rhombohedral (DDR)-Type Zeolite Membrane In CO2 Separation– A Review." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 14, no. 2 (March 19, 2015): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.49708.
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CO2 capture technologies including absorption, adsorption, and cryogenic distillation are reported. Conventional technologies for CO2 separation from natural gas have several disadvantages including high cost, high maintenance, occupy more space and consume high energy. Thus, membrane technology is introduced to separate CO2 due to their several advantages over conventional separation techniques. Inorganic membranes exhibit high thermal stability, chemical stability, permeability and selectivity for CO2 and CH4 separation as compared to other type of membranes. Zeolite membranes are potential for CO2 separation due to their characteristics such as, well define the pore structure and molecular sieving property. Among the zeolite membranes, DDR membranes exhibit highest selectivity for CO2 and CH4 separation. DDR membranes are synthesized by conventional hydrothermal and secondary growth methods. These methods required very long synthesis duration (25 days) due to extremely low nucleation and crystal growth rate of DDR zeolite. In this review, synthesis and performance of DDR membrane in CO2 separation from CH4 reported by various researchers are discussed. Challenges and upcoming guidelines related to the synthesis DDR membrane and performance of DDR membrane also included.
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Kagramanov, Georgy, Vladimir Gurkin, and Elena Farnosova. "Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hollow Fiber Membranes and Technological Parameters of the Gas Separation Process." Membranes 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080583.
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The porous layer of composite and asymmetric hollow fiber membranes acts as a support and is exposed to strong mechanical stresses. The effect of external pressure on the polymer structure and, as a consequence, the separation characteristics of the membrane remains unsolved. Based on the solution of the Lamé approach to the calculation of the stress state of a hollow cylinder, a method of calculation was proposed for hollow fiber membranes. Calculations were based on the approximation of the isotropic nature of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the selective layer and substrate. Permissible deformation of the membrane’s selective layer was determined from the linear sector of strain-on-stress dependence, where Hooke’s law was performed. For these calculations, commercial polyethersulfone membranes were chosen with an inner and/or outer selective layer and with the following values of Young’s modulus of 2650 and 72 MPa for the selective and porous layers, respectively. The results obtained indicate that the dependence of the maximum allowable operating pressure on the substrate thickness asymptotically trends to a certain maximum value for a given membrane. Presented data showed that membranes with outer selective layer can be operated at higher working pressure. Optimal parameters for hollow fiber gas separation membrane systems should be realized, solving the optimization problem and taking into account the influence of operating, physicochemical and physicomechanical parameters on each other.
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Wang, Shusen, Meiyun Zeng, and Zhizhong Wang. "Carbon Membranes for Gas Separation." Separation Science and Technology 31, no. 16 (September 1996): 2299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496399608001048.
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Ren, Xiuxiu, Masakoto Kanezashi, Meng Guo, Rong Xu, Jing Zhong, and Toshinori Tsuru. "Multiple Amine-Contained POSS-Functionalized Organosilica Membranes for Gas Separation." Membranes 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030194.
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A new polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) designed with eight –(CH2)3–NH–(CH2)2–NH2 groups (PNEN) at its apexes was used as nanocomposite uploading into 1,2-bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTESE)-derived organosilica to prepare mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for gas separation. The mixtures of BTESE-PNEN were uniform with particle size of around 31 nm, which is larger than that of pure BTESE sols. The characterization of thermogravimetric (TG) and gas permeance indicates good thermal stability. A similar amine-contained material of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was doped into BTESE to prepare hybrid membranes through a copolymerized strategy as comparison. The pore size of the BTESE-PNEN membrane evaluated through a modified gas-translation model was larger than that of the BTESE-APTES hybrid membrane at the same concentration of additions, which resulted in different separation performance. The low values of Ep(CO2)-Ep(N2) and Ep(N2) for the BTESE-PNEN membrane at a low concentration of PNEN were close to those of copolymerized BTESE-APTES-related hybrid membranes, which illustrates a potential CO2 separation performance by using a mixed matrix membrane strategy with multiple amine POSS as particles.
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Er, O. Orcun, Serhat Sen, Cigdem Atalay-Oral, F. Seniha Guner, and S. Birgul Tantekin-Ersolmaz. "Copolyimide Membranes for Gas Separation." Desalination 200, no. 1-3 (November 2006): 259–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.317.
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Egan, B. Z., D. E. Fain, G. E. Roettger, and D. E. White. "Separating Hydrogen From Coal Gasification Gases With Alumina Membranes." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 367–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906600.
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Synthesis gas produced in coal gasification processes contains hydrogen, along with carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, water, nitrogen, and other gases, depending on the particular gasification process. Development of membrane technology to separate the hydrogen from the raw gas at the high operating temperatures and pressures near exit gas conditions would improve the efficiency of the process. Tubular porous alumina membranes with mean pore radii ranging from about 9-22 Å have been fabricated and characterized. Based on the results of hydrostatic tests, the burst strength of the membranes ranged from 800-1600 psig, with a mean value of about 1300 psig. These membranes were evaluated for separating hydrogen and other gases. Tests of membrane permeabilities were made with helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. Measurements were made at room temperature in the pressure range of 15-589 psi. In general, the relative gas permeabilities correlated qualitatively with a Knudsen flow mechanism; however, other gas transport mechanisms such as surface adsorption also may be involved. Efforts are under way to fabricate membranes having still smaller pores. At smaller pore sizes, higher separation factors are expected from molecular sieving effects.
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Zhuang, Guo-Liang, Chao-Fong Wu, Ming-Yen Wey, and Hui-Hsin Tseng. "Impacts of Green Synthesis Process on Asymmetric Hybrid PDMS Membrane for Efficient CO2/N2 Separation." Membranes 11, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010059.
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The effects of green processes in hybrid polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes on CO2 separation have received little attention to date. The effective CO2 separation of the membranes is believed to be controlled by the reaction and curing process. In this study, hybrid PDMS membranes were fabricated on ceramic substrates using the water-in-emulsion method and evaluated for their gas transport properties. The effects of the tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) concentration and curing temperature on the morphology and CO2 separation performance were investigated. The viscosity measurement showed that, at specific reaction times, it is benefit beneficial to fabricate the symmetric hybrid PDMS membranes with a uniform and dense selective layer on the substrate. Moreover, the a high TEOS concentration can decrease the reaction time and obtain create the a fully crosslinked structure, allowing more efficient CO2/N2 separation. The separation performance was furtherly improved with in the membrane prepared at a high curing temperature of 120 °C. The developed membrane shows excellent CO2/N2 separation with a CO2 permeance of 27.7 ± 1.3 GPU and a CO2/N2 selectivity of 10.3 ± 0.3. Moreover, the membrane shows a stable gas separation performance of up to 5 bar of pressure.
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Salleh, W. N. W., Norazlianie Sazali, H. Hasbullah, Norhaniza Yusof, Juhana Jaafar, and Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. "Gas Permeation Study of Carbon Tubular Membrane by Manipulating Carbonization Temperature Profile." Advanced Materials Research 1112 (July 2015): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1112.145.
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Membrane-based separation technology has been widely applied for large-scale industrial CO2 capture due to its lower energy consumption and low pollutant production compared with other conventional techniques. The desirable properties in high performance gas separation membranes involve steps that must carefully be designed and controlled. This study investigates the role of carbonization temperature in the fabrication and performance analysis of carbon membranes prepared from polyimide. A commercial polyimide, Matrimid® 5218, was coated on the surface of ceramic tube to produce supported polymer membrane. The prepared polymer membrane was then carbonized under nitrogen atmosphere to produce supported carbon membrane for CO2/CH4 separation. The resulting carbon tubular membrane separation performance was evaluated using pure gas permeation test. Results showed that the suitable carbonization temperature for Matrimid-based carbon tubular membrane was at 850 °C. The highest selectivity for CO2/CH4 of 82.47 was obtained from carbon tubular membrane prepared at 850 °C.
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Santos, Gabriela H. G., Maíra A. Rodrigues, Helen Conceição Ferraz, Luiza Cristina Moura, and Jussara Lopes de Miranda. "A more Sustainable Polyurethane Membrane for Gas Separation at Room Temperature and Low Pressure." Materials Science Forum 965 (July 2019): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.965.125.
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Membrane separation technology has been recently attracted more attention as an option for gas separations due to its compact system, ease of operation and low power consumption. In this study, polymer membranes with different percentages of polyurethane were synthesized and submitted to permeability and selectivity tests for the following gases, CO2, N2, O2 and CH4, at two pressures of 4 and 8 bar and at room temperature. The membranes were characterized by FTIR-ATR, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). At low pressure of 4 bar and room temperature, the membrane with low percentage of PU, 10 %, presented the higher selectivity to CO2 in relation to both N2 and CH4. The same behavior was observed at a high pressure of 8 bar, with higher selectivity to CO2 in relation to all studied gases, N2, O2 and CH4, compared to the already analogous reported membranes submitted at greater pressures.
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Avila, Adolfo M., and Eleuterio L. Arancibia. "On a Rational Performance Evaluation for the Development of Inorganic Membrane Technology in Gas Separation and Membrane Reactors." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 875–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2015-0219.
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Abstract Inorganic membranes can be made of different materials. However, there have been only few reports on membrane evaluation to convert lab-scale membranes into a prototype for industrial applications. In order to fill this significant gap, new approaches for the development and optimization of membrane products are required. This work focuses on the different aspects related to the performance assessment of membranes used for gas separation and membrane reactors. This approach can be visualized as an algorithm consisting of three specific loops involving different aspects of the overall membrane evaluation. Several factors that have an impact on membrane performance are discussed. These factors are divided into two categories: directly affecting the measurements (setup leakage, concentration polarization, repeatability, pressure gradient) and related to the intrinsic characteristics of permeation flux across the membrane (single and mixture permeation, transport modeling, defect flux, microstructure flexibility). This evaluation protocol includes a literature review with the most recent breakthroughs in this research area.
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Casado-Coterillo, Clara, Aurora Garea, and Ángel Irabien. "Effect of Water and Organic Pollutant in CO2/CH4 Separation Using Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Composite Membranes." Membranes 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2020): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10120405.
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Membrane technology is a simple and energy-conservative separation option that is considered to be a green alternative for CO2 capture processes. However, commercially available membranes still face challenges regarding water and chemical resistance. In this study, the effect of water and organic contaminants in the feed stream on the CO2/CH4 separation performance is evaluated as a function of the hydrophilic and permselective features of the top layer of the membrane. The membranes were a commercial hydrophobic membrane with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) top layer (Sulzer Chemtech) and a hydrophilic flat composite membrane with a hydrophilic [emim][ac] ionic liquid–chitosan (IL–CS) thin layer on a commercial polyethersulfone (PES) support developed in our laboratory. Both membranes were immersed in NaOH 1M solutions and washed thoroughly before characterization. The CO2 permeance was similar for both NaOH-treated membranes in the whole range of feed concentration (up to 250 GPU). The presence of water vapor and organic impurities of the feed gas largely affects the gas permeance through the hydrophobic PDMS membrane, while the behavior of the hydrophilic IL–CS/PES membranes is scarcely affected. The effects of the interaction of the contaminants in the membrane selective layer are being further evaluated.
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Choi, Kyoungjun, Amirhossein Droudian, Roman M. Wyss, Karl-Philipp Schlichting, and Hyung Gyu Park. "Multifunctional wafer-scale graphene membranes for fast ultrafiltration and high permeation gas separation." Science Advances 4, no. 11 (November 2018): eaau0476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau0476.
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Reliable and large-scale manufacturing routes for perforated graphene membranes in separation and filtration remain challenging. We introduce two manufacturing pathways for the fabrication of highly porous, perforated graphene membranes with sub–100-nm pores, suitable for ultrafiltration and as a two-dimensional (2D) scaffold for synthesizing ultrathin, gas-selective polymers. The two complementary processes—bottom up and top down—enable perforated graphene membranes with desired layer number and allow ultrafiltration applications with liquid permeances up to 5.55 × 10−8 m3 s−1 Pa−1 m−2. Moreover, thin-film polymers fabricated via vapor-liquid interfacial polymerization on these perforated graphene membranes constitute gas-selective polyimide graphene membranes as thin as 20 nm with superior permeances. The methods of controlled, simple, and reliable graphene perforation on wafer scale along with vapor-liquid polymerization allow the expansion of current 2D membrane technology to high-performance ultrafiltration and 2D material reinforced, gas-selective thin-film polymers.
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Makaruk, A., M. Miltner, and M. Harasek. "Biogas desulfurization and biogas upgrading using a hybrid membrane system – modeling study." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.566.
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Membrane gas permeation using glassy membranes proved to be a suitable method for biogas upgrading and natural gas substitute production on account of low energy consumption and high compactness. Glassy membranes are very effective in the separation of bulk carbon dioxide and water from a methane-containing stream. However, the content of hydrogen sulfide can be lowered only partially. This work employs process modeling based upon the finite difference method to evaluate a hybrid membrane system built of a combination of rubbery and glassy membranes. The former are responsible for the separation of hydrogen sulfide and the latter separate carbon dioxide to produce standard-conform natural gas substitute. The evaluation focuses on the most critical upgrading parameters like achievable gas purity, methane recovery and specific energy consumption. The obtained results indicate that the evaluated hybrid membrane configuration is a potentially efficient system for the biogas processing tasks that do not require high methane recoveries, and allows effective desulfurization for medium and high hydrogen sulfide concentrations without additional process steps.
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Sazali, Norazlianie, W. N. W. Salleh, Zawati Harun, and Ahmad Fauzi Ismail. "Gas Permeation Properties and Characterization of Polymer Based Carbon Membrane." Advanced Materials Research 983 (June 2014): 246–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.983.246.
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Membrane gas separation is a forthcoming technology that advertised a great commercial potential in diverse industrial applications. Consequently, membrane-based natural gas processing has been among the fastest growing segments of the economic growth. The turbostratic structure of carbon membranes has been affirmed to accommodate with good separation selectivity for permanent gases. With that, the most auspicious technique acquired is by controlling the carbonization temperature during the carbon membrane fabrication. In this study, polymer-based carbon tubular membranes have been fabricated and characterized in terms of its structural morphology and gas permeation properties. Polyimide (Matrimid 5218) was used as a precursor for carbon tubular membrane preparation to produce high quality of carbon membrane via carbonization process. The polymer solution was coated on TiO2 –ZrO2 tubular tubes (Tami) by using dip-coating method. The polymer tubular membrane was then carbonized under Nitrogen atmosphere at 600, 750, and 850 ◦C. The structural morphology of the resultant carbon membranes was analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM). Pure gas permeation tests were performed using CO2 and N2 gases at 8 bars and room temperature. Based on the results, the highest CO2/ N2 selectivity of 79.53 was obtained for carbon membrane prepared at 850 oC.
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Pulyalina, Alexandra, Galina Polotskaya, Valeriia Rostovtseva, Zbynek Pientka, and Alexander Toikka. "Improved Hydrogen Separation Using Hybrid Membrane Composed of Nanodiamonds and P84 Copolyimide." Polymers 10, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080828.
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Membrane gas separation is a prospective technology for hydrogen separation from various refinery and petrochemical process streams. To improve efficiency of gas separation, a novel hybrid membrane consisting of nanodiamonds and P84 copolyimide is developed. The particularities of the hybrid membrane structure, physicochemical, and gas transport properties were studied by comparison with that of pure P84 membrane. The gas permeability of H2, CO2, and CH4 through the hybrid membrane is lower than through the unmodified membrane, whereas ideal selectivity in separation of H2/CO2, H2/CH4, and CO2/CH4 gas pairs is higher for the hybrid membrane. Correlation analysis of diffusion and solubility coefficients confirms the reliability of the gas permeability results. The position of P84/ND membrane is among the most selective membranes on the Robeson diagram for H2/CH4 gas pair.
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Wan Zainal, Wan Nurul Huda, Soon Huat Tan, and Mohd Azmier Ahmad. "Controlled Carbonization Heating Rate for Enhancing CO2 Separation Based on Single Gas Studies." Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 65, no. 1 (November 18, 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.14397.
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Concerns about the impact of greenhouse gas have driven the development of new separation technology to meet CO2 emission reduction targets. Membrane-based technologies using carbon membranes that are able to separate CO2 efficiently appears to be a competitive method. This research was focused on the development of carbon membranes derived from polymer blend of polyetherimide and polyethylene glycol to separate CO2 rendering it suitable to be used in many applications such as landfill gas purification, CO2 removal from natural gas or flue gas streams. Carbonization process was conducted at temperature of 923 K and 2 h of soaking time. To enhance membrane separation properties, pore structure was tailored by varying the carbonization heating rates to 1, 3, 5, and 7 K / min. The effect of carbonization heating rate on the separation performance was investigated by single gas permeabilities using CO2 , N2 , and CH4 at room temperature. Carbonization heating rate of 1 K / min produced carbon membrane with the most CO2 / N2 and CO2 / CH4 selectivity of 38 and 64, respectively, with the CO2 permeability of 211 barrer. Therefore, carbonization needs to be carried out at sufficiently slow heating rates to avoid significant loss of selectivity of the derived carbon membranes.
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Li, Guoqiang, Wojciech Kujawski, Katarzyna Knozowska, and Joanna Kujawa. "The Effects of PEI Hollow Fiber Substrate Characteristics on PDMS/PEI Hollow Fiber Membranes for CO2/N2 Separation." Membranes 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010056.
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The CO2 separation from flue gas based on membrane technology has drawn great attention in the last few decades. In this work, polyetherimide (PEI) hollow fibers were fabricated by using a dry-jet-wet spinning technique. Subsequently, the composite hollow fiber membranes were prepared by dip coating of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) selective layer on the outer surface of PEI hollow fibers. The hollow fibers spun from various spinning conditions were fully characterized. The influence of hollow fiber substrates on the CO2/N2 separation performance of PDMS/PEI composite membranes was estimated by gas permeance and ideal selectivity. The prepared composite membrane where the hollow fiber substrate was spun from 20 wt% of dope solution, 12 mL/min of bore fluid (water) flow rate exhibited the highest ideal selectivity equal to 21.3 with CO2 permeance of 59 GPU. It was found that the dope concentration, bore fluid flow rate and bore fluid composition affect the porous structure, surface morphology and dimension of hollow fibers. The bore fluid composition significantly influenced the gas permeance and ideal selectivity of the PDMS/PEI composite membrane. The prepared PDMS/PEI composite membranes possess comparable CO2/N2 separation performance to literature ones.
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Veselov, D. S., and Yu A. Voronov. "Manufacturing Technology of the Sensitive Elements for Gas Sensors Based on Dielectric Membrane Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 919–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.919.
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The new fabrication method of dielectric membrane structures for sensitive elements of gas sensors, based on the separation of anisotropic etching of silicon into two stages, is proposed. The preference etchant compositions, the preference elemental composition of membrane films and the acceptable thickness of the thermal silicon oxide underlay to obtain mechanically relaxed membranes are presented. The group technology for manufacturing of sensitive elements for gas sensors is developed, membrane structures are fabricated and their properties are studied.
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Fain, D. E., and G. E. Roettger. "Coal Gas Cleaning and Purification With Inorganic Membranes." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 628–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906752.
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The economic viability of coal gasification could depend on the ability to clean and purify the coal gases at elevated temperatures. Inorganic membranes have the potential for being used for that purpose. Efforts have been undertaken at the Oak Ridge K-25 Site to develop membranes that would be useful for separating hydrogen from the coal gas at the high operating temperatures. This paper will give a brief review of some fundamentals of gas separation with membranes. Also, a brief discussion of the theory derived to guide the development process will be given. The theory can be used to indicate the pore size needed to achieve good separation. In addition, some experimental results that have been obtained with some of the membranes that have been fabricated will be discussed.
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Goh, Kunli, H. Enis Karahan, Euntae Yang, and Tae-Hyun Bae. "Graphene-Based Membranes for CO2/CH4 Separation: Key Challenges and Perspectives." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 10, 2019): 2784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142784.
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Increasing demand to strengthen energy security has increased the importance of natural gas sweetening and biogas upgrading processes. Membrane-based separation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) is a relatively newer technology, which offers several competitive advantages, such as higher energy-efficiency and cost-effectiveness, over conventional technologies. Recently, the use of graphene-based materials to elevate the performance of polymeric membranes have attracted immense attention. Herein, we do not seek to provide the reader with a comprehensive review of this topic but rather highlight the key challenges and our perspectives going ahead. We approach the topic by evaluating three mainstream membrane designs using graphene-based materials: (1) nanoporous single-layer graphene, (2) few- to multi-layered graphene-based stacked laminates, and (3) mixed-matrix membranes. At present, each design faces different challenges, including low scalability, high production cost, limited performance enhancement, and the lack of robust techno-economic review and systematic membrane design optimization. To help address these challenges, we have mapped out a technology landscape of the current graphene-based membrane research based on the separation performance enhancement, commercial viability, and production cost. Accordingly, we contend that future efforts devoted to advancing graphene-based membranes must be matched by progress in these strategic areas so as to realize practical and commercially relevant graphene-based membranes for CO2/CH4 separation and beyond.
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Choi, Ook, Iqubal Hossain, Insu Jeong, Chul-Ho Park, Yeonho Kim, and Tae-Hyun Kim. "Modified Graphene Oxide-Incorporated Thin-Film Composite Hollow Fiber Membranes through Interface Polymerization on Hydrophilic Substrate for CO2 Separation." Membranes 11, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11090650.
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Thin-film composite mixed matrix membranes (CMMMs) were fabricated using interfacial polymerization to achieve high permeance and selectivity for CO2 separation. This study revealed the role of substrate properties on performance, which are not typically considered important. In order to enhance the affinity between the substrate and the coating solution during interfacial polymerization and increase the selectivity of CO2, a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dopamine (DOPA) was subjected to a spinning process. Then, the surface of the substrate was subjected to interfacial polymerization using polyethyleneimine (PEI), trimesoyl chloride (TMC), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The effect of adding SDS as a surfactant on the structure and gas permeation properties of the fabricated membranes was examined. Thin-film composite hollow fiber membranes containing modified graphene oxide (mGO) were fabricated, and their characteristics were analyzed. The membranes exhibited very promising separation performance, with CO2 permeance of 73 GPU and CO2/N2 selectivity of 60. From the design of a membrane substrate for separating CO2, the CMMMs hollow fiber membrane was optimized using the active layer and mGO nanoparticles through interfacial polymerization.
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Amusa, Abiodun, Abdul Ahmad, and Adewole Jimoh. "Enhanced Gas Separation Prowess Using Functionalized Lignin-Free Lignocellulosic Biomass/Polysulfone Composite Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11030202.
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Delignified lignocellulosic biomass was functionalized with amine groups. Then, the pretreated lignin-free date pits cellulose and the amine-functionalized-date pits cellulose (0–5 wt%) were incorporated into a polysulfone polymer matrix to fabricate composite membranes. The amine groups give additional hydrogen bonding to those existing from the hydroxyl groups in the date pits cellulose. The approach gives an efficient avenue to enhance the CO2 molecules’ transport pathways through the membrane matrix. The interactions between phases were investigated via Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whereas pure gases (CO2 and N2) were used to evaluate the gas separation performances. Additionally, the thermal and mechanical properties of the fabricated composites were tested. The pure polysulfone membrane achieved an optimum separation performance at 4 Bar. The optimum separation performance for the composite membranes is achieved at 2 wt%. About 32% and 33% increments of the ideal CO2/N2 selectivity is achieved for the lignin-free date pits cellulose composite membrane and the amine-functionalized-date pits cellulose composite membrane, respectively.
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Kim, Seungju. "Membranes for Water, Gas and Ion Separation." Membranes 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050325.
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Mushtaq, Asim, Hilmi Mukhtar, and Azmi Muhammad Shariff. "Gas Permeability Study of Amine-Polymer Blend Membranes to Separate Carbondioxide from Natural Gas." Applied Mechanics and Materials 625 (September 2014): 704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.625.704.
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The confinement and storage of carbon dioxide has been acknowledged as a prospective solution towards the greenhouse gas effect which in turn cause climate change. Proficient separation technologies are required for removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas streams to allow this solution to be extensively feasible. An emerging technology is the membrane gas separation, which is more dense, energy efficient and possibly more economical than older technologies, such as solvent absorption. Amine has a natural affinity for both carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide, allowing it to be a very effective removal process. In this context blending of glassy polymer that is polysulfone and amines, which are diethanol amine, methyl diethanol amine, mono ethanol amine in dimethyl acetamide solvent, flat sheet membranes were developed with desirable properties. Gas permeability study of PSU with amines, blend membranes were evaluated using pure gas CO2and CH4at different feed pressures.
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Li, Guoqiang, Wojciech Kujawski, Katarzyna Knozowska, and Joanna Kujawa. "Thin Film Mixed Matrix Hollow Fiber Membrane Fabricated by Incorporation of Amine Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework for CO2/N2 Separation." Materials 14, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 3366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14123366.
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Membrane separation technology can used to capture carbon dioxide from flue gas. However, plenty of research has been focused on the flat sheet mixed matrix membrane rather than the mixed matrix thin film hollow fiber membranes. In this work, mixed matrix thin film hollow fiber membranes were fabricated by incorporating amine functionalized UiO-66 nanoparticles into the Pebax® 2533 thin selective layer on the polypropylene (PP) hollow fiber supports via dip-coating process. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping analysis, and thermal analysis (TGA-DTA) were used to characterize the synthesized UiO-66-NH2 nanoparticles. The morphology, surface chemistry, and the gas separation performance of the fabricated Pebax® 2533-UiO-66-NH2/PP mixed matrix thin film hollow fiber membranes were characterized by using SEM, ATR-FTIR, and gas permeance measurements, respectively. It was found that the surface morphology of the prepared membranes was influenced by the incorporation of UiO-66 nanoparticles. The CO2 permeance increased along with an increase of UiO-66 nanoparticles content in the prepared membranes, while the CO2/N2 ideal gas selectively firstly increased then decreased due to the aggregation of UiO-66 nanoparticles. The Pebax® 2533-UiO-66-NH2/PP mixed matrix thin film hollow fiber membranes containing 10 wt% UiO-66 nanoparticles exhibited the CO2 permeance of 26 GPU and CO2/N2 selectivity of 37.
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Wotzka, Alexander, Majid Namayandeh Jorabchi, and Sebastian Wohlrab. "Separation of H2O/CO2 Mixtures by MFI Membranes: Experiment and Monte Carlo Study." Membranes 11, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11060439.
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The separation of CO2 from gas streams is a central process to close the carbon cycle. Established amine scrubbing methods often require hot water vapour to desorb the previously stored CO2. In this work, the applicability of MFI membranes for H2O/CO2 separation is principally demonstrated by means of realistic adsorption isotherms computed by configurational-biased Monte Carlo (CBMC) simulations, then parameters such as temperatures, pressures and compositions were identified at which inorganic membranes with high selectivity can separate hot water vapour and thus make it available for recycling. Capillary condensation/adsorption by water in the microporous membranes used drastically reduces the transport and thus the CO2 permeance. Thus, separation factors of αH2O/CO2 = 6970 could be achieved at 70 °C and 1.8 bar feed pressure. Furthermore, the membranes were tested for stability against typical amines used in gas scrubbing processes. The preferred MFI membrane showed particularly high stability under application conditions.
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Regmi, Chhabilal, Saeed Ashtiani, Zdeněk Sofer, Zdeněk Hrdlička, Filip Průša, Ondřej Vopička, and Karel Friess. "CeO2-Blended Cellulose Triacetate Mixed-Matrix Membranes for Selective CO2 Separation." Membranes 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080632.
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Due to the high affinity of ceria (CeO2) towards carbon dioxide (CO2) and the high thermal and mechanical properties of cellulose triacetate (CTA) polymer, mixed-matrix CTA-CeO2 membranes were fabricated. A facile solution-casting method was used for the fabrication process. CeO2 nanoparticles at concentrations of 0.32, 0.64 and 0.9 wt.% were incorporated into the CTA matrix. The physico-chemical properties of the membranes were evaluated by SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, TGA, DSC and strain-stress analysis. Gas sorption and permeation affinity were evaluated using different single gases. The CTA-CeO2 (0.64) membrane matrix showed a high affinity towards CO2 sorption. Almost complete saturation of CeO2 nanoparticles with CO2 was observed, even at low pressure. Embedding CeO2 nanoparticles led to increased gas permeability compared to pristine CTA. The highest gas permeabilities were achieved with 0.64 wt.%, with a threefold increase in CO2 permeability as compared to pristine CTA membranes. Unwanted aggregation of the filler nanoparticles was observed at a 0.9 wt.% concentration of CeO2 and was reflected in decreased gas permeability compared to lower filler loadings with homogenous filler distributions. The determined gas selectivity was in the order CO2/CH4 > CO2/N2 > O2/N2 > H2/CO2 and suggests the potential of CTA-CeO2 membranes for CO2 separation in flue/biogas applications.
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Mccaffrey, R. R., and D. G. Cummings. "Gas Separation Properties of Phosphazene Polymer Membranes." Separation Science and Technology 23, no. 12-13 (October 1988): 1627–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01496398808075653.
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Arinelli, Lara de Oliveira, Alexandre Mendonça Teixeira, José Luiz de Medeiros, and Ofélia de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo. "CO2 Rich Natural Gas Processing: Technical, Power Consumption and Emission Comparisons of Conventional and Supersonic Technologies." Materials Science Forum 965 (July 2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.965.79.
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Supersonic separator is investigated via process simulation for treating CO2 rich (>40%) natural gas in terms of dew-points adjustment and CO2 removal for enhanced oil recovery. These applications are compared in terms of technical and energetic performances with conventional technologies, also comparing CO2 emissions by power generation. The context is that of an offshore platform to treat raw gas with 45%mol of CO2, producing a lean gas stream with maximum CO2 composition of ≈20%mol, suitable for use as fuel gas, and a CO2 rich stream that is compressed and injected to the oil and gas fields. The conventional process comprises dehydration by chemical absorption in TEG, Joule-Thomson expansion for C3+ removal, and membrane permeation for CO2 capture. The other alternatives use supersonic separation for dew-points adjustment, and membranes or another supersonic separation unit for CO2 capture. Simulations are carried out in HYSYS 8.8, where membranes and supersonic separation are modeled via unit operation extensions developed in a previous work: MP-UOE and SS-UOE. A full technical and power consumption analysis is performed for comparison of the three cases. The results show that the replacement of conventional dehydration technology by supersonic separators decreases power demand by 8.5%, consequently reducing 69.66 t/d of CO2 emitted to the atmosphere. The use of supersonic separation for CO2 capture is also superior than membranes, mainly due to the production of a high-pressure CO2 stream, that requires much less power for injection compression than the low-pressure permeate stream from membranes. Therefore, the case with two supersonic separator units in series presents the best results: lowest power demand (-23.9% than conventional case), directly impacting on CO2 emissions, which are reduced by 2598 t/d (-27.82%).
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Liu, Xiaoying, Wenlin Ruan, Wei Wang, Xianming Zhang, Yunqi Liu, and Jingcheng Liu. "The Perspective and Challenge of Nanomaterials in Oil and Gas Wastewater Treatment." Molecules 26, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 3945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26133945.
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Oil and gas wastewater refers to the waste stream produced in special production activities such as drilling and fracturing. This kind of wastewater has the following characteristics: high salinity, high chromaticity, toxic and harmful substances, poor biodegradability, and a difficulty to treat. Interestingly, nanomaterials show great potential in water treatment technology because of their small size, large surface area, and high surface energy. When nanotechnology is combined with membrane treatment materials, nanofiber membranes with a controllable pore size and high porosity can be prepared, which provides more possibilities for oil–water separation. In this review, the important applications of nanomaterials in wastewater treatment, including membrane separation technology and photocatalysis technology, are summarized. Membrane separation technology is mainly manifested in ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO). It also focuses on the application of semiconductor photocatalysis technology induced by TiO2 in the degradation of oil and gas wastewater. Finally, the development trends of nanomaterials in oil and gas wastewater treatment are prospected.
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Chung Chong, Kok, Yin Yin Chan, Woei Jye Lau, Soon Onn Lai, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, and Hui Shan Thiam. "Preparation and characterization of polysulfone membrane coated with poly(ether block amid) for oxygen enrichment process." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 15, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v15n2019.1226.
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Oxygen enriched air (OEA) is widely applied in various areas such as chemical and medical applications. Currently, cryogenic distillation and pressure swing adsorption are the two common technologies that being commercially used for i the production of OEA. However, these two techniques are not economically favorable due to required intensive energy and large built-up area. With the advancement of membrane technology in separation process, it garners the interest from both industrial and academic to explore the feasibility of membrane in gas separation. In this study, polysulfone (PSF) hollow fiber membranes with poly(ether block amide) (PEBAX) coating were used for the separation of O2/N2 gas. The hollow fiber membranes used in this work were fabricated by phase inversion spinning process using PSF pellet, along with N,N-dimetyhlacetamide (DMAc) and ethanol (EtOH) as solvent and co-solvent, whereas tetrahydrofuran (THF) as additive. The fabricated membrane exhibited dense structure in the inner layer whereas finger like layer at the outer surface. The formation of this structure was attributed by rapid phase inversion of the solution arose from strong solvent used. The EDX surface mapping analysis confirmed the formation of PEBAX coating on the membrane surface. Gas permeation study in this work illustrated that the pristine PSF membrane exhibited better gas separation performance relative to the PEBAX coated membrane with 20% higher in terms of permeance. The results obtained from this work suggested that the PEBAX coating enhanced the membrane surface but not certain to improve the gas separation performance. Further study on the PEBAX materials for the membrane coating is essential to polish its potential in gas separation.
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Zamani, Ali, F. Handan Tezel, and Jules Thibault. "Modelling the Molecular Permeation through Mixed-Matrix Membranes Incorporating Tubular Fillers." Membranes 11, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11010058.
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Membrane-based processes are considered a promising separation method for many chemical and environmental applications such as pervaporation and gas separation. Numerous polymeric membranes have been used for these processes due to their good transport properties, ease of fabrication, and relatively low fabrication cost per unit membrane area. However, these types of membranes are suffering from the trade-off between permeability and selectivity. Mixed-matrix membranes, comprising a filler phase embedded into a polymer matrix, have emerged in an attempt to partly overcome some of the limitations of conventional polymer and inorganic membranes. Among them, membranes incorporating tubular fillers are new nanomaterials having the potential to transcend Robeson’s upper bound. Aligning nanotubes in the host polymer matrix in the permeation direction could lead to a significant improvement in membrane permeability. However, although much effort has been devoted to experimentally evaluating nanotube mixed-matrix membranes, their modelling is mostly based on early theories for mass transport in composite membranes. In this study, the effective permeability of mixed-matrix membranes with tubular fillers was estimated from the steady-state concentration profile within the membrane, calculated by solving the Fick diffusion equation numerically. Using this approach, the effects of various structural parameters, including the tubular filler volume fraction, orientation, length-to-diameter aspect ratio, and permeability ratio were assessed. Enhanced relative permeability was obtained with vertically aligned nanotubes. The relative permeability increased with the filler-polymer permeability ratio, filler volume fraction, and the length-to-diameter aspect ratio. For water-butanol separation, mixed-matrix membranes using polydimethylsiloxane with nanotubes did not lead to performance enhancement in terms of permeability and selectivity. The results were then compared with analytical prediction models such as the Maxwell, Hamilton-Crosser and Kang-Jones-Nair (KJN) models. Overall, this work presents a useful tool for understanding and designing mixed-matrix membranes with tubular fillers.
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Lestari, Witri Wahyu, Robiah Al Adawiyah, Moh Ali Khafidhin, Rika Wijiyanti, Nurul Widiastuti, and Desi Suci Handayani. "CO2 gas separation using mixed matrix membranes based on polyethersulfone/MIL-100(Al)." Open Chemistry 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0033.
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Abstract The excessive use of natural gas and other fossil fuels by the industrial sector leads to the production of great quantities of gas pollutants, including CO2, SO2, and NO x . Consequently, these gases increase the temperature of the earth, producing global warming. Different strategies have been developed to help overcome this problem, including the utilization of separation membrane technology. Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are hybrid membranes that combine an organic polymer as a matrix and an inorganic compound as a filler. In this study, MMMs were prepared based on polyethersulfone (PES) and a type of metal–organic framework (MOF), Materials of Institute Lavoisier (MIL)-100(Al) [Al3O(H2O)2(OH)(BTC)2] (BTC: benzene 1,3,5-tricarboxylate) using a phase inversion method. The influence on the properties of the produced membranes by addition of 5, 10, 20, and 30% MIL-100(Al) (w/w) to the PES was also investigated. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicated that no chemical interactions occurred between PES and MIL-100(Al). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed agglomeration at PES/MIL-100(Al) 30% (w/w) and that the thickness of the dense layer increased up to 3.70 µm. After the addition of MIL-100(Al) of 30% (w/w), the permeability of the MMMs for CO2, O2, and N2 gases was enhanced by approximately 16, 26, and 14 times, respectively, as compared with a neat PES membrane. The addition of MIL-100(Al) to PES increased the thermal stability of the membranes, reaching 40°C as indicated by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). An addition of 20% MIL-100(Al) (w/w) increased membrane selectivity for CO2/O2 from 2.67 to 4.49 (approximately 68.5%), and the addition of 10% MIL-100(Al) increased membrane selectivity for CO2/N2 from 1.01 to 2.12 (approximately 110.1%).
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Vu, Manh-Tuan, Gloria Monsalve-Bravo, Rijia Lin, Mengran Li, Suresh Bhatia, and Simon Smart. "Mitigating the Agglomeration of Nanofiller in a Mixed Matrix Membrane by Incorporating an Interface Agent." Membranes 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11050328.
Full textAbstract:
Nanodiamonds (ND) have recently emerged as excellent candidates for various applications including membrane technology due to their nanoscale size, non-toxic nature, excellent mechanical and thermal properties, high surface areas and tuneable surface structures with functional groups. However, their non-porous structure and strong tendency to aggregate are hindering their potential in gas separation membrane applications. To overcome those issues, this study proposes an efficient approach by decorating the ND surface with polyethyleneimine (PEI) before embedding it into the polymer matrix to fabricate MMMs for CO2/N2 separation. Acting as both interfacial binder and gas carrier agent, the PEI layer enhances the polymer/filler interfacial interaction, minimising the agglomeration of ND in the polymer matrix, which is evidenced by the focus ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). The incorporation of PEI into the membrane matrix effectively improves the CO2/N2 selectivity compared to the pristine polymer membranes. The improvement in CO2/N2 selectivity is also modelled by calculating the interfacial permeabilities with the Felske model using the gas permeabilities in the MMM. This study proposes a simple and effective modification method to address both the interface and gas selectivity in the application of nanoscale and non-porous fillers in gas separation membranes.