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Journal articles on the topic 'Memory – Experiments'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Williams, John N. "Memory, Attention, and Inductive Learning." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, no. 1 (1999): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263199001011.

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Three experiments investigated the relationship between memory for input and inductive learning of morphological rules relating to functional categories in a semiartificial form of Italian. A verbatim memory task was used as both the vehicle for presenting sentences and as a continuous measure of memory performance. Experiments 2 and 3 introduced increasingly explicit manipulations of attention to form compared to Experiment 1. In all experiments there were strong relationships between individual differences in memory for input as measured early in the experiment and eventual learning outcomes

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Ishiguro, Sho, and Satoru Saito. "Person-based organisation in working memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 6 (2018): 1439–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818794541.

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Working memory (WM) helps maintain information during a variety of cognitive activities in scholastic and social situations. This study focused on a social aspect of WM, specifically, how it maintains information related to people. We investigated person-based organisation of information across four experiments using the reading span task (RST). Person information (i.e., an occupational title) was provided with sentences manipulated across conditions. In Experiment 1, consistent with the assumption that person-based organisation exists in WM, participants performed better when they could easil

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Surprenant, Aimée M., Mark A. Pitt, and Robert G. Crowder. "Auditory Recency in Immediate Memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 46, no. 2 (1993): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749308401044.

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Six experiments investigated the locus of the recency effect in immediate serial recall. Previous research has shown much larger recency for speech as compared to non-speech sounds. We compared two hypotheses: (1) speech sounds are processed differently from non-speech sounds (e.g. Liberman & Mattingly, 1985); and (2) speech sounds are more familiar and more discriminable than non-speech sounds (e.g. Nairne, 1988, 1990). In Experiments 1 and 2 we determined that merely varying the label given to the sets of stimuli (speech or non-speech) had no effect on recency or overall recall. We varie

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Gegenfurtner, Karl R., and George Sperling. "Information transfer in iconic memory experiments." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 19, no. 4 (1993): 845–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.19.4.845.

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Loprinzi, Paul D., Lauren Koehler, Emily Frith, et al. "Acute Exercise, Psychological Stress Induction, and Episodic Memory." American Journal of Health Behavior 43, no. 6 (2019): 1016–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.43.6.1.

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Objective: In this study, we evaluated whether exercise prior to memory encoding or during memory consolidation can influence episodic memory function after being exposed to a stressful environment. Methods: We conducted 3 between-group randomized controlled experiments among young adults. We assessed episodic memory (via logic memory task) at the beginning of the experiment and approximately 45 minutes later. Across the 3 experiments, we varied the temporal period (eg, before memory encoding or during consolidation) of the acute bout of exercise (15-minute moderate-intensity exercise) and psy

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Muhmenthaler, Michèle C., and Beat Meier. "Task Switching Hurts Memory Encoding." Experimental Psychology 66, no. 1 (2019): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000431.

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Abstract. Research consistently shows that task switching slows down performance on switch compared to repeat trials, but the consequences on memory are less clear. In the present study, we investigated the impact of task switching on subsequent memory performance. Participants had to switch between two semantic classification tasks. In Experiment 1, the stimuli were univalent; in Experiment 2, the stimuli were bivalent (relevant for both tasks). The aim was to disentangle the conflicts triggered by task switching and bivalency. In both experiments, recognition memory for switch and repeat sti

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Toms, Margaret, Neil Morris, and Deborah Ward. "Working Memory and Conditional Reasoning." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 46, no. 4 (1993): 679–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749308401033.

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Little is known about the role of working memory in conditional reasoning. This paper reports three experiments that examine the contributions of the visuo-spatial scratch pad (VSSP), the articulatory loop, and the central executive components of Baddeley and Hitch's (1974) model of working memory to conditional reasoning. The first experiment employs a spatial memory task that is presented concurrently with two putative spatial interference tasks (tapping and tracking), articulatory suppression, and a verbal memory load. Only the tracking and memory load impaired performance, suggesting that

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Gurevich, Olga, Matthew A. Johnson, and Adele E. Goldberg. "Incidental verbatim memory for language." Language and Cognition 2, no. 1 (2010): 45–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/langcog.2010.003.

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AbstractIt is widely believed that explicit verbatim memory for language is virtually nonexistent except in certain circumstances, for example if participants are warned they are to receive a memory test, if the language is ‘interactive’ (emotion-laden), or if the texts are exceedingly short and memory is tested immediately. The present experiments revisit the question of verbatim memory for language and demonstrate that participants do reliably recognize and recall full sentences that they are exposed to only once at above chance rates (Experiments 1 and 3). The texts are 300 words long, non-

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VanArsdall, Joshua E., James S. Nairne, Josefa N. S. Pandeirada, and Janell R. Blunt. "Adaptive Memory." Experimental Psychology 60, no. 3 (2013): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000186.

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It is adaptive to remember animates, particularly animate agents, because they play an important role in survival and reproduction. Yet, surprisingly, the role of animacy in mnemonic processing has received little direct attention in the literature. In two experiments, participants were presented with pronounceable nonwords and properties characteristic of either living (animate) or nonliving (inanimate) things. The task was to rate the likelihood that each nonword-property pair represented a living thing or a nonliving object. In Experiment 1, a subsequent recognition memory test for the nonw

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Sweetman, Rebecca, Alison Hadfield, and Akira O'Connor. "Material Culture, Museums, and Memory: Experiments in Visitor Recall and Memory." Visitor Studies 23, no. 1 (2020): 18–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10645578.2020.1731671.

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Jeon, Youngbin A., Alexis M. Banquer, Anaya S. Navangul, and Kyungmi Kim. "Social group membership and an incidental ingroup-memory advantage." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74, no. 1 (2020): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820948721.

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Extending the self-reference effect in memory to the level of social identity, previous research showed that processing information in reference to one’s ingroup at encoding enhances memory for the information (i.e., the group-reference effect). Notably, recent work on the self-reference effect has shown that even simply co-presenting an item with self-relevant vs. other-relevant information (e.g., one’s own or another person’s name) at encoding can produce an “incidental” self-memory advantage in the absence of any task demand to evaluate the item’s self-relevancy. In three experiments, the p

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Pandeirada, Josefa N. S., Natália Lisandra Fernandes, Marco Vasconcelos, and James S. Nairne. "Adaptive Memory: Remembering Potential Mates." Evolutionary Psychology 15, no. 4 (2017): 147470491774280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704917742807.

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According to the adaptive memory perspective, memory should function more efficiently in fitness-relevant domains. The current work explored whether there is a mnemonic tuning in a fundamental domain for human evolution: reproduction. In two experiments, female participants assessed how desirable potential male candidates (represented by a face and a short descriptor) would be in the context of a long-term mating relationship or in the context of a long-term work relationship. Then, after a short distractor task, participants performed a recognition task for the faces and a source memory task.

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Ma, Shuangmei, Boyu Zhang, Shinan Cao, Jun S. Liu, and Wen-Xu Wang. "Limited memory optimizes cooperation in social dilemma experiments." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 8 (2021): 210653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210653.

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Cooperation is one of the key collective behaviours of human society. Despite discoveries of several social mechanisms underpinning cooperation, relatively little is known about how our neural functions affect cooperative behaviours. Here, we study the effect of a main neural function, working-memory capacity, on cooperation in repeated Prisoner's Dilemma experiments. Our experimental paradigm overcomes the obstacles in measuring and changing subjects' working-memory capacity. We find that the optimal cooperation level occurs when subjects remember two previous rounds of information, and coope

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Aharonov, Y., S. Popescu, and L. Vaidman. "Causality, memory erasing, and delayed-choice experiments." Physical Review A 52, no. 6 (1995): 4984–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.52.4984.

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Lecroq, Thierry. "Experiments on string matching in memory structures." Software: Practice and Experience 28, no. 5 (1998): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-024x(19980425)28:5<561::aid-spe170>3.0.co;2-w.

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Hidaka, Y. "Fundamental Experiments for the Bloch Line Memory." IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan 3, no. 10 (1988): 698–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tjmj.1988.4563840.

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Zucco, Gesualdo M. "Anomalies in Cognition: Olfactory Memory." European Psychologist 8, no. 2 (2003): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.8.2.77.

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The two experiments presented in this paper examine the effects of strategies and interference tasks on odor recognition. In the first experiment (an extension of Lyman and McDaniel's study from 1986 ), participants were asked to smell 30 odors and to perform different elaborative tasks for each of them such as: (1) providing a name or a short definition; (2) creating an image; (3) describing a specific life episode; (4) simply smelling the odors. Results showed no effect of encoding tasks on the correct recognition of odors. In the second experiment, participants were exposed to either 15 olf

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Zhang, Chi, Sarah Bernolet, and Robert J. Hartsuiker. "The role of explicit memory in syntactic persistence: Effects of lexical cueing and load on sentence memory and sentence production." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (2020): e0240909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240909.

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Speakers’ memory of sentence structure can persist and modulate the syntactic choices of subsequent utterances (i.e., structural priming). Much research on structural priming posited a multifactorial account by which an implicit learning process and a process related to explicit memory jointly contribute to the priming effect. Here, we tested two predictions from that account: (1) that lexical repetition facilitates the retrieval of sentence structures from memory; (2) that priming is partly driven by a short-term explicit memory mechanism with limited resources. In two pairs of structural pri

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Ovalle-Fresa, Rebecca, Arif Sinan Uslu, and Nicolas Rothen. "Levels of Processing Affect Perceptual Features in Visual Associative Memory." Psychological Science 32, no. 2 (2021): 267–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797620965519.

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The levels of processing (LOP) account has inspired thousands of studies with verbal material. The few studies investigating levels of processing with nonverbal stimuli used images with nameable objects that, like meaningful words, lend themselves to semantic processing. Thus, nothing is known about the effects of different levels of processing on basic visual perceptual features, such as color. Across four experiments, we tested 187 participants to investigate whether the LOP framework also applies to basic perceptual features in visual associative memory. For Experiments 1 and 2, we develope

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Krings, Franciska. "Automatic and Controlled Influences of Associations with Age on Memory." Swiss Journal of Psychology 63, no. 4 (2004): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.63.4.247.

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The influence of positive and negative associations with age on memory through automatic and controlled processes was investigated in three experiments using Jacoby’s (1991) process dissociation procedure. Experiments 1 and 2 (with younger people) demonstrated that negative associations with older people influenced recognition memory performance through automatic processes whereas positive associations influenced memory through controlled processes. Experiment 3 investigated the influence of age attitudes on memory in older adults. Again, negative associations with older adults influenced memo

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Rossetti, Tom, Somdeb Banerjee, Chris Kim, et al. "Memory Erasure Experiments Indicate a Critical Role of CaMKII in Memory Storage." Neuron 96, no. 1 (2017): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2017.09.010.

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Knight, Matthew James, and Michael Tlauka. "Map learning and working memory: Multimodal learning strategies." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 6 (2018): 1405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1326954.

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The current research investigated whether learning spatial information from a map involves different modalities, which are managed by discrete components in working memory. In four experiments, participants studied a map either while performing a simultaneous interference task (high cognitive load) or without interference (low cognitive load). The modality of interference varied between experiments. Experiment 1 used a tapping task (visuospatial), Experiment 2 a backward counting task (verbal), Experiment 3 an articulatory suppression task (verbal) and Experiment 4 an n-back task (central exec

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Passolunghi, M. Chiara, Maria A. Brandimonte, and Cesare Cornoldi. "Encoding Modality and Prospective Memory in Children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 18, no. 4 (1995): 631–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549501800404.

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In three experiments, we investigated the effects of different cue encoding modalities on young and older children's prospective memory. In Experiments 1 and 2, younger subjects showed the highest performance when the cue prompting the action was visually presented, whereas older children's performance benefited from enactment of the response. However, results from Experiment 3 showed that, under conditions which emphasise the link between the cue and the action to be performed, even younger children's memory benefits from motoric enactment of the response. These results are discussed in terms

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Loprinzi, Paul D., Sierra Day, and Raymond Deming. "Acute Exercise Intensity and Memory Function: Evaluation of the Transient Hypofrontality Hypothesis." Medicina 55, no. 8 (2019): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080445.

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Background and Objective: The transient hypofrontality hypothesis predicts that memory function will be impaired during high-intensity exercise, as a result of a need for metabolic and cognitive resources to be allocated toward sustaining movement, as opposed to performing a cognitive task. The purpose of these experiments was to evaluate this transient hypofrontality hypothesis. Materials and Methods: Experiment 1 involved participants (n = 24; Mage = 21.9 years) completing four counterbalanced visits. Two visits evaluated working memory function, either at rest or during a high-intensity bou

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Dent, Kevin. "Dynamic Visual Noise Affects Visual Short-Term Memory for Surface Color, but not Spatial Location." Experimental Psychology 57, no. 1 (2010): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000003.

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In two experiments participants retained a single color or a set of four spatial locations in memory. During a 5 s retention interval participants viewed either flickering dynamic visual noise or a static matrix pattern. In Experiment 1 memory was assessed using a recognition procedure, in which participants indicated if a particular test stimulus matched the memorized stimulus or not. In Experiment 2 participants attempted to either reproduce the locations or they picked the color from a whole range of possibilities. Both experiments revealed effects of dynamic visual noise (DVN) on memory fo

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RAKHLIN, NATALIA, SERGEY A. KORNILOV, and ELENA L. GRIGORENKO. "Gender and agreement processing in children with Developmental Language Disorder." Journal of Child Language 41, no. 2 (2013): 241–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500091200058x.

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ABSTRACTTwo experiments tested whether Russian-speaking children with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) are sensitive to gender agreement when performing a gender decision task. In Experiment 1, the presence of overt gender agreement between verbs and/or adjectival modifiers and postverbal subject nouns memory was varied. In Experiment 2, agreement violations were introduced and the targets varied between words, pseudo-words, or pseudo-words with derivational suffixes. In both experiments, children with DLD did not differ from typically developing children in their reaction time or sensiti

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Wearden, J. H., A. Parry, and L. Stamp. "Is Subjective Shortening in Human Memory Unique to Time Representations?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B 55, no. 1b (2002): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724990143000108.

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Three experiments compared forgetting of the duration of a bar-like visual stimulus with forgetting of its length. The main aim of the experiments was to investigate whether subjective shortening (a decrease in the subjective magnitude of a stimulus as its retention interval increased) was observable in length judgements as well as in time judgements, where subjective shortening has been often observed previously. On all trials of the three experiments, humans received two briefly presented coloured bars, separated by adelay ranging from 1 to 10 s, and the bars could differ in length, duration

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Boucher, Thomas R. "Long-Memory and Spurious Breaks in Ecological Experiments." Open Journal of Statistics 07, no. 05 (2017): 768–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojs.2017.75054.

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Schleich, Martin, and Friedrich Pfeiffer. "Simulation and Experiments for Shape Memory Alloy Wires." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 33, no. 26 (2000): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)39173-5.

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Wang, Wensheng, Tomoaki Karaki, and Masatoshi Adachi. "Principle of Photoconductive Ferroelectric Memory and Preliminary Experiments." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 39, Part 1, No. 8 (2000): 4853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.39.4853.

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Ojha, A., S. Alkan, L. Patriarca, H. Sehitoglu, and Y. Chumlyakov. "Shape memory behavior in Fe3Al-modeling and experiments." Philosophical Magazine 95, no. 23 (2015): 2553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786435.2015.1066939.

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Towse, John N., Nelson Cowan, Graham J. Hitch, and Neil J. Horton. "The Recall of Information from Working Memory." Experimental Psychology 55, no. 6 (2008): 371–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.55.6.371.

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We describe and evaluate a recall reconstruction hypothesis for working memory (WM), according to which items can be recovered from multiple memory representations. Across four experiments, participants recalled memoranda that were either integrated with or independent of the sentence content. We found consistently longer pauses accompanying the correct recall of integrated compared with independent words, supporting the argument that sentence memory could scaffold the access of target items. Integrated words were also more likely to be recalled correctly, dependent on the details of the task.

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Berry, Dianne C., Simon Banbury, and Lucy Henry. "Transfer across Form and Modality in Implicit and Explicit Memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 50, no. 1 (1997): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713755685.

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Three experiments examined transfer across form (words/pictures) and modality (visual/ auditory) in written word, auditory word, and pictorial implicit memory tests, as well as on a free recall task. Experiment 1 showed no significant transfer across form on any of the three implicit memory tests, and an asymmetric pattern of transfer across modality. In contrast, the free recall results revealed a very different picture. Experiment 2 further investigated the asymmetric modality effects obtained for the implicit memory measures by employing articulatory suppression and picture naming to contro

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Grinschgl, Sandra, Frank Papenmeier, and Hauke S. Meyerhoff. "Consequences of cognitive offloading: Boosting performance but diminishing memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 74, no. 9 (2021): 1477–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17470218211008060.

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Modern technical tools such as tablets allow for the temporal externalisation of working memory processes (i.e., cognitive offloading). Although such externalisations support immediate performance on different tasks, little is known about potential long-term consequences of offloading behaviour. In the current set of experiments, we studied the relationship between cognitive offloading and subsequent memory for the offloaded information as well as the interplay of this relationship with the goal to acquire new memory representations. Our participants solved the Pattern Copy Task, in which we m

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Engelkamp, Johannes, and Kerstin H. Seiler. "Gains and Losses in Action Memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 56, no. 5 (2003): 829–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980244000648.

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Enacting action phrases (SPT for subject-performed task) produces better free recall than only learning the phrases verbally (VT for verbal task). A widespread explanation of the enactment effect is based on the distinction between item-specific and relational information. There is widespread agreement that the main reason is the excellent item-specific encoding by enactment. However, there is little direct evidence in the case of free recall. The role of relational information is less clear. We suggest that content-based relational encoding is better in VTs than in SPTs. In three experiments,

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Kuo, Chun-Yu, Hsuan-Fu Chao, and Yei-Yu Yeh. "Strategic Control Modulates Working Memory-Driven Attentional Capture." Experimental Psychology 60, no. 1 (2013): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000167.

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The current study used a naming task to investigate whether strategic control could modulate the process of attentional capture that is driven by working memory. The use of a naming task to engage working memory eliminates potential strategic perceptual resampling, which may have played a role in several previous studies. After naming a prime, participants performed a selection task in which they judged the direction of a moving target in each trial. Prime validity, which is the probability that the primes are identical to the selection targets, was manipulated across four experiments. The res

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Burgess, Neil, Suzanna Becker, John A. King, and John O'Keefe. "Memory for events and their spatial context: models and experiments." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 356, no. 1413 (2001): 1493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2001.0948.

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The computational role of the hippocampus in memory has been characterized as: (i) an index to disparate neocortical storage sites; (ii) a time–limited store supporting neocortical long–term memory; and (iii) a content–addressable associative memory. These ideas are reviewed and related to several general aspects of episodic memory, including the differences between episodic, recognition and semantic memory, and whether hippocampal lesions differentially affect recent or remote memories. Some outstanding questions remain, such as: what characterizes episodic retrieval as opposed to other forms

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Jha, Amishi P., and Gregory McCarthy. "The Influence of Memory Load Upon Delay-Interval Activity in a Working-Memory Task: An Event-Related Functional MRI Study." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, supplement 2 (2000): 90–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900564091.

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We conducted two fMRI studies to investigate the sensitivity of delay-period activity to changes in memory load during a delayed-recognition task for faces. In Experiment 1, each trial began with the presentation of a memory array consisting of one, two, or three faces that lasted for 3 sec. A 15-sec delay period followed during which no stimuli were present. The delay interval concluded with a one-face probe to which subjects made a button press response indicating whether this face was part of the memory array. Experiment 2 was similar in design except that the delay period was lengthened to

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Zhang, Ke, Shi-Tang Cui, Yi-Chao Chen, and Zhi-Ping Tang. "Hydraulic shape memory alloy shock absorber: Design, analysis, and experiments." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 29, no. 9 (2018): 1986–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x18758177.

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In this article, a new hydraulic shape memory alloy shock absorber is introduced. The shape memory alloy bars are used as the kernel components for energy dissipation and restoration in the stress mode of pure tension, and their initial deformation is enlarged by a hydraulic system with two pistons of different sizes. This particular arrangement yields high shape memory alloy material utilization and large displacement–length ratio simultaneously. A prototype device was fabricated and tested. The specific input energy (input energy/mass of shape memory alloy) and energy dissipation ratio (diss

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Buchin, Zachary L., and Neil W. Mulligan. "Divided attention and the encoding effects of retrieval." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 10 (2019): 2474–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819847141.

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Retrieving from memory both reveals as well as modifies memory. It is important to understand how these encoding effects of retrieval differ from other forms of encoding. One possible difference relates to attention: divided attention is well known to disrupt memory encoding but typically has much less impact on memory retrieval. However, less is known about the relative attentional demands of the encoding consequences of retrieval. The current experiments examined retrieval-based encoding using free recall, a retrieval task purported to require substantial attentional resources. In three expe

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de Vaan, Laura, Kobie Van Krieken, Winie Van den Bosch, Robert Schreuder, and Mirjam Ernestus. "The traces that novel morphologically complex words leave in memory are abstract in nature." Mental Lexicon 12, no. 2 (2017): 181–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.16006.vaa.

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Abstract Previous work has shown that novel morphologically complex words (henceforth neologisms) leave traces in memory after just one encounter. This study addressed the question whether these traces are abstract in nature or exemplars. In three experiments, neologisms were either primed by themselves or by their stems. The primes occurred in the visual modality whereas the targets were presented in the auditory modality (Experiment 1) or vice versa (Experiments 2 and 3). The primes were presented in sentences in a selfpaced reading task (Experiment 1) or in stories in a listening comprehens

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Glover, John A., Joan Rankin, Nancy Langner, Cathy Todero, and Dale Dinnel. "Memory for Sentences and Prose: Levels-of-Processing or Transfer-Appropriate-Processing?" Journal of Reading Behavior 17, no. 3 (1985): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10862968509547541.

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Four experiments were conducted in order to contrast the levels-of-processing perspective with the transfer-appropriate-processing perspective. Experiment 1 employed a within-groups design to contrast the effects of various types of questions at different positions on subjects' recognition of sentences. The results seemed to support the transfer-appropriate-processing perspective's predictions but were confounded by the form of design. Experiment 2 examined the same questions with a between-groups design, while Experiment 3 replicated Experiment 2 with the use of a free recall posttest. The re

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Rumiati, Rino, Roberto Nicoletti, and Remo Job. "Processing of global and local information in memory." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 41, no. 1 (1989): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402358.

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The experiments reported in this paper were designed to test how global and local information are processed by the memory system. When subjects are required to match a given letter with either a previously presented large capital letter or the small capital letters comprising it, (1) responses to the global level (i.e. the big letter) are faster than responses to the local level (i.e. the small letters), and (2) responses to the latter level only are affected by the consistency between the large and the small letters (Experiment 2), a pattern similar to that obtained in perception (Experiment

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ICHT, MICHAL, and YANIV MAMA. "The production effect in memory: a prominent mnemonic in children." Journal of Child Language 42, no. 5 (2014): 1102–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000914000713.

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ABSTRACTThe ‘Production Effect’ (PE) refers to a memory advantage for items studied aloud over items studied silently. Thus, vocalizing may serve as a mnemonic that can be used to assist learners in improving their memory for new concepts. Although many other types of mnemonic have been suggested in the literature, the PE seems especially appropriate for young children, as it does not involve literacy skills. The present study is a first investigation of the PE in children. In two experiments we tested five-year-olds in a PE paradigm using pictures of objects as stimuli. In Experiment 1, pictu

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Towse, John N., Graham J. Hitch, and Steven Skeates. "Developmental Sensitivity to Temporal Grouping Effects in Short-term Memory." International Journal of Behavioral Development 23, no. 2 (1999): 391–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502599383883.

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Four experiments investigate developmental changes in the effect of providing time-based cues to lists for immediate recall. Data both provide a context for adult research and have implications for children’s memory processes. Sets of letters (Experiments 1-3) or numbers (Experiment 4) were presented to children with either regular inter-item temporal intervals (ungrouped lists) or pauses to segment sets (grouped lists). Experiment 1 indicated a developmental shift between 4 and 8 years of age, with an increasing recall bene”t from temporal group structure for visually presented ”xed-length li

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Allen, Charles K. "Encoding of Colors in Short-Term Memory." Perceptual and Motor Skills 71, no. 1 (1990): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.1.211.

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A theory is proposed to explain results from prior experiments on release from proactive inhibition and the recall of colors or color names in short-term memory. It is assumed that colors are encoded in two ways, verbally and perceptually, while color names are encoded only verbally. Assuming that the release occurs when a new and different encoding is performed on changed material, it follows that release from proactive inhibition should occur with shifts from color names to colors but not with shifts in the opposite direction. These results were obtained in prior experiments. In the present

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Cortese, Michael J., David Von Nordheim, and Maya M. Khanna. "Word length negatively predicts recognition memory performance." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 10 (2020): 1675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820921133.

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We examined how word length affects performance in three recognition memory experiments to resolve discrepant results in the literature for which there are theoretical implications. Shorter and longer words were equated on frequency, orthographic similarity, age of acquisition, and imageability. In Experiments 1 and 2, orthographic length (i.e., the number of letters in a word) was negatively related to hits minus false alarms. In Experiment 3, recognition performance did not differ between one- and two-syllable words that were equated on orthographic length. These results are compatible with

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Rozemberg, Andrej. "Memories of Venice: Analysis of two thought experiments by Derek Parfit." Human Affairs 31, no. 1 (2020): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2021-0011.

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Abstract It is commonly believed that our episodic memory teaches us about the reality of personal identity over time. Derek Parfitt’s notion of quasi-memory challenges this belief. According to Parfit, q-memories provide us with knowledge of past experiences in the same way that memory does, without presupposing that the rememberer and the experiencer are the same person. Various aspects of Parfit’s theory have met with criticism from scholars such as D. Wiggins, J. McDowell, M. Schechtman, and others. In this paper, I will focus primarily on the holistic argument that q-memories cannot be sq

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Russo, Riccardo, and Jackie Andrade. "The Directed Forgetting Effect in Word-fragment Completion: An Application of the Process Dissociation Procedure." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 48, no. 2 (1995): 405–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14640749508401397.

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In three experiments, subjects were asked to remember and forget study words. In line with previous studies, a directed forgetting effect was observed in a word-fragment completion task: Instructions to remember increased the completion of target fragments compared with instructions to forget (Experiment 1). Using the process dissociation procedure (Jacoby, 1991), it appeared that instructions to remember increased the estimates of intentional influences of memory but did not affect the estimates of automatic uses of memory (Experiments 1, 2 and 3). This suggests that directed forgetting effec

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Mair, Ali, Marie Poirier, and Martin A. Conway. "Memory for staged events: Supporting older and younger adults’ memory with SenseCam." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 4 (2018): 717–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818765038.

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Two experiments measured the effect of retrieval support provided by a wearable camera, SenseCam, on older and younger adults’ memory for a recently experienced complex staged event. In each experiment, participants completed a series of tasks in groups, and the events were recalled 2 weeks later, after viewing SenseCam images (experimental condition) or thinking about the event (control condition). When IQ and education were matched, young adults recalled more event details than older adults, demonstrating an age-related deficit for novel autobiographical material. Reviewing SenseCam images i

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