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Peltzer, Karl, and Johannes M. Thole. "Gambling Attitudes among Black South African University Students." Psychological Reports 86, no. 3 (June 2000): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.3.957.
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Political change in South Africa since 1994 has led to a marked increase in opportunities to gamble. The purpose of the study was, therefore, to investigate attitudes towards gambling in African University students with the Gambling Attitude Scales by sex, course of study, and personality traits such as conservatism and risk-taking. The sample included 136 University of the North students, 80 first-year psychology and 56 second-year African law students. The students were 69 men and 65 women in the age range of 18 to 32 years ( M of 21.8 yr., SD = 3.9). Analysis showed that men held more positive attitudes than women did towards gambling. Positive attitudes toward gambling were related to individual differences in risk-taking, liberalism, and course of study.
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Meissner, Birte, Jason Bantjes, and Ashraf Kagee. "I Would Rather Just Go Through With It Than Be Called a Wussy." American Journal of Men's Health 10, no. 4 (January 27, 2015): 338–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988314568183.
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Worldwide suicide is a deeply gendered phenomenon. In South Africa, approximately 80% of suicide completers are male. This study aimed to investigate how a group of young South African men understand and think about suicidal behavior. In-depth semistructured interviews and thematic analysis using a grounded theory approach revealed that this group of young South African men had permissive attitudes to suicide and viewed suicide as a morally defensible alternative in specific situations. They spoke of suicide as a goal-directed behavior that provides a means of regaining control, asserting power, communicating, and rendering oneself visible. From this perspective, suicide was understood as a brave act requiring strength and determination. These data have congruence with the Theory of Gender and Health, which proposes that constructions of masculinity may be implicated in the attitudes and beliefs young men in South Africa hold toward suicide.
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Morrell, Robert, Rachel Jewkes, and Graham Lindegger. "Hegemonic Masculinity/Masculinities in South Africa." Men and Masculinities 15, no. 1 (March 22, 2012): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1097184x12438001.
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The concept of hegemonic masculinity has had a profound impact on gender activism and has been taken up particularly in health interventions. The concept was part of a conceptual gendered vocabulary about men which opened up analytical space for research on masculinity and prompted a generation of gender interventions with men. Academic work focused primarily on relations between men, to the neglect of relations with women, while paradoxically acknowledging the power that men had over women. Interventions that drew on theories of masculinities focused on the content of hegemonic masculinity, identifying hegemony with oppressive attitudes and practices. Hegemonic masculinity was considered singular and universal, with little acknowledgment given to research-based work that argued for a model of multiple hegemonic masculinities. An unintended consequence of efforts to promote gender equity through a focus on men and hegemony has been a recent popular discursive backlash. In this, Jacob Zuma and Julius Malema, presidents of the African National Congress (ANC) and the ANC youth league respectively, have sought to valorize an African masculinity that is race-specific, backward-looking, and predicated on the notion of male superiority. In this article, the authors argue that the concept of hegemonic masculinities retains a utility in both scholarship and activism but that its use needs to be located within a broader gendered understanding of society which in turn needs to confront race and class-based national realities.
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J. Franklin, Anderson, Monde Makiwane, and Tawanda Makusha. "Male Attitudes Towards Children, Fatherhood, and Childrearing: A Descriptive Profile from South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS)." Open Family Studies Journal 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874922401406010047.
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South African male attitudes towards children, fatherhood and childrearing remain an important topic for research and policy development given concerns about men’s engagement with children and the family. This study utilizes a subsample of males from the national South African Social Attitudes Survey to profile attitudes of males cross analyzed by survey designated racial groups. Results show that males in general, have a positive attitude towards having children and feel that they are not a burden. A greater number of Black African males than the other racial groups believe children are a financial burden and restrict employment choices. Most males believe that men want to have a loving relationship with children and perform best as fathers if married to the mother. The majority of them believe that it is a crisis in the country that many fathers do not co-reside with their children. Consistent across racial groups, most males are split about discipline with half believing in spanking, and that it teaches children right from wrong. Most males believe that it is better to talk to children than spank them. In examining responses to survey questions, Black African males trended away from the prevalent attitudes more than Colored, Asian Indian, and White males. Family service providers can utilize these attitudes of men in planning intervention programs and policy development.
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Bell, James, Sunny Sharma, Shawn Malone, Melissa Levy, Jemma Reast, Joanna Ciecieląg, Svetlana Gogolina, et al. "Targeting interventions for HIV testing and treatment uptake: An attitudinal and behavioural segmentation of men aged 20–34 in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga, South Africa." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 10, 2021): e0247483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247483.
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Despite recent improvements, men still have worse HIV outcomes than women in South Africa. This study describes how young men form distinct behavioural and attitudinal subgroups, and is intended to inform the design of targeted interventions to encourage HIV testing and initiation on antiretroviral therapy. Data were collected using a cross-sectional survey with questions on men’s attitudes, beliefs and behaviours around HIV/AIDS. A total of 2,019 men were randomly sampled from eight district municipalities in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga provinces between October 2018 and January 2019. Men were eligible to participate if they were aged 20–34, Black African, had an education level below university graduation, were aware of HIV and were willing to disclose whether they had tested for HIV. Each participant responded to a questionnaire asking about their demographic characteristics, reported sexual behaviour, engagement with HIV testing and treatment services, alcohol consumption, HIV knowledge, attitudes to gender equity and reported level of depressive symptoms. Data were analysed using canonical correlation, hierarchical clustering and factor analysis techniques to produce five groups of men. The results were synthesised using Human Centred Design principles to suggests areas for potential intervention for each segment. The results showed that men vary based on their attitudes to gender and masculinity, use of alcohol, testing and treatment behaviour, HIV-related fears and preferences for testing modalities. Segment 1 (21%) avoids the topic of HIV, perhaps fearful of the impact on his life. Segment 2 (23%) is well connected to his community and has social concerns about HIV. Segment 3 (15%) struggles with more distal determinants of HIV acquisition such as unemployment and poor mental health. Segment 4 (25%) has concerns about the lifestyle changes that would be required if he were HIV positive. Segment 5 (16%) has a strong traditional mindset and is fearful of the ramifications of HIV in his community. The results will be used to design targeted interventions to increase HIV testing and treatment rates among young men in South Africa. Further research is required to understand the impact of interventions designed in this way.
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Mwaba, Kelvin. "Attitudes and beliefs about homosexuality and same-sex marriage among a sample of South African students." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 6 (July 1, 2009): 801–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.6.801.
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With the enactment of the Civil Unions Bill in 2006, South Africa became the fifth country in the world, and the first in Africa, to legalize same-sex marriage. While supporters of the bill hailed the decision as signaling the end of discrimination against homosexual couples, critics slammed it as undermining traditional marriage between a man and woman. The attitudes and beliefs of a sample of South African students regarding homosexuality and same-sex marriage were investigated. A survey was conducted among a sample of 150 undergraduate students at a predominantly black university in the Western Cape. Results showed that 71% viewed same-sex marriages as strange and supported religious groups opposed to such marriages. Close to 40% supported discrimination against homosexuals with 46% indicating that they should be denied the right to adopt children. It is concluded that, despite having legal protection, public acceptance of homosexuals and same-sex marriage may be quite limited in South Africa.
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Kalichman, Seth C., Leickness C. Simbayi, Michelle Kaufman, Demetria Cain, Chauncey Cherry, Sean Jooste, and Vuyisile Mathiti. "Gender attitudes, sexual violence, and HIV/AIDS risks among men and women in Cape Town, South Africa." Journal of Sex Research 42, no. 4 (November 2005): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224490509552285.
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Kaighobadi, Farnaz, Justin Knox, Vasu Reddy, and Theo Sandfort. "Age and sexual risk among Black men who have sex with men in South Africa: The mediating role of attitudes toward condoms." Journal of Health Psychology 19, no. 10 (July 2013): 1271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105313488977.
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Hugo, J. M., R. D. Stall, K. Rebe, J. E. Egan, G. Jobson, G. De Swardt, H. Struthers, and J. A. McIntyre. "Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs regarding Post Exposure Prophylaxis among South African Men who have Sex with Men." AIDS and Behavior 20, S3 (August 18, 2016): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1520-9.
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Hoque, A. M., S. Buckus, M. Hoque, A. B. M. Mahbub Alam, M. E. Hoque, and N. Singh. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Patients on COVID-19 Epidemic Attending a Primary Health Care Setting Durban, South Africa." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (March 27, 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.2.758.
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There is no proven specific treatment or adequate vaccination roll out against COVID-19 infection in South Africa. Optimal infection control measures encompass primary intervention to minimize the spread of COVID-19. Public knowledge, attitude, and practices of dealing with this highly infectious respiratory disease play a vital role in limiting the spread of the infection. Aim was to identify knowledge, attitudes, and practices gaps on COVID-19 pandemic for possible health education intervention. The objectives were to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of out-patients attending a primary health care facility. A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted. The Student’s t-test and ANOVA test were carried out to determine the different mean scores for knowledge, attitudes and practices. Pearson’s correlation test was conducted to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and practices scores. Binary logistic regression was undertaken to determine the predictor of good knowledge, positive attitude, and preventive practices. A total of 345 out-patient attendees participated of which 51% were male. Over half (52%) of respondents were evaluated as having good knowledge, 59% as having positive attitudes and almost all (95%) were practicing prevention of COVID-19. The knowledge of the respondent was correlated with preventive practices (r=.173, p<0.05). Multiple regression showed that respondents in the age groups 35-44 years and 45-54 years were 2.8 times and 5.7 times more likely to have good knowledge respectively. Non-smokers were 79% less likely to have good knowledge (OR=.219, p<0.05). Respondents with no comorbidity were 50% less likely to have good knowledge (OR=.503, p <0.05), when compared to those having co-morbidities. Respondents with the highest level of education was found to be positive predictor of positive attitudes (OR =7.3, p <0.05). Primary Health Care users have poor knowledge, negative attitudes but practiced properly for the prevention of the transmission of COVID-19. Mass education is required to educate communities to improve knowledge and attitudes on COVID-19 epidemic in SA.
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Van der Merwe, Stephan P., Andre G. Steenekamp, and Rosemary Athayde. "Application of the Attitude Toward Enterprise (ATE) test on scondary school learners in South Africa." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 14, no. 3 (August 25, 2011): 314–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v14i3.18.
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The main aim of this research paper was to discuss the application of the Attitude Toward Enterprise (ATE) Test1 developed by Kingston University, London on secondary school learners in South Africa. A total of 1 748 usable questionnaires were gathered from grade 10 learners in the Sedibeng District and utilised for statistical analysis. Five factors with eigen-values greater than one describing the entrepreneurial attitudes of young learners were extracted during exploratory factor analysis. Tests for reliability and construct correlation produced satisfactory results to recommend the Enterprise Attitude Questionnaire for further use on young learners in South Africa. A comparison of the mean differences between the constructs for demographic variables produced statistically significant differences in a number of instances, but no visible effects or practical significance to suggest that these differences have any effect in practice. Practical recommendations are offered for further employment of the Enterprise Attitude Questionnaire in entrepreneurship research on young learners.
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Gibbs, Andrew, Kristin Dunkle, Shibe Mhlongo, Esnat Chirwa, Abigail Hatcher, Nicola J. Christofides, and Rachel Jewkes. "Which men change in intimate partner violence prevention interventions? A trajectory analysis in Rwanda and South Africa." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 5 (May 2020): e002199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002199.
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IntroductionEmerging evidence suggests working with men to prevent intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration can be effective. However, it is unknown whether all men benefit equally, or whether different groups of men respond differentially to interventions.MethodsWe conducted trajectory modelling using longitudinal data from men enrolled in intervention arms of three IPV trials in South Africa and Rwanda to identify trajectories of IPV perpetration. We then use multinomial regression to describe baseline characteristics associated with group allocation.ResultsIn South Africa, the Stepping Stones and Creating Futures (SS-CF) trial had 289 men and the CHANGE trial had 803 men, and in Rwanda, Indashyikirwa had 821 men. We identified three trajectories of IPV perpetration: a low-flat (60%–67% of men), high with large reduction (19%–24%) and high with slight increase (10%–21%). Baseline factors associated men in high-start IPV trajectories, compared with low-flat trajectory, varied by study, but included higher poverty, poorer mental health, greater substance use, younger age and more childhood traumas. Attitudes supportive of IPV were consistently associated with high-start trajectories. In separate models comparing high-reducing to high-increasing trajectories, baseline factors associated with reduced IPV perpetration were depressive symptoms (relative risk ratio, RRR=3.06, p=0.01 SS-CF); living separately from their partner (RRR=2.14, p=0.01 CHANGE); recent employment (RRR=1.85, p=0.04 CHANGE) and lower acceptability of IPV (RRR=0.60, p=0.08 Indashyikirwa). Older aged men had a trend towards reducing IPV perpetration in CHANGE (p=0.06) and younger men in Indashyikirwa (p=0.07).ConclusionsThree distinct groups of men differed in their response to IPV prevention interventions. Baseline characteristics of past traumas and current poverty, mental health and gender beliefs predicted trajectory group allocation. The analysis may inform targeting of interventions towards those who have propensity to change or guide how contextual factors may alter intervention effects.Trial registration numbersNCT03022370; NCT02823288; NCT03477877.
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Nyangeni, Nosisa P., and Michael J. Glencross. "Sex Differences in Mathematics Achievement and Attitude toward Mathematics." Psychological Reports 80, no. 2 (April 1997): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.2.603.
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In a study of sex differences in mathematics achievement and attitude toward mathematics, a sample of 278 Standard 10 (Grade 12) students (95 boys and 183 girls) from seven senior secondary schools in the Umtata district of Transkei, South Africa, wrote tests in algebra and geometry and completed an attitude questionnaire. Analysis showed no significant difference between the mean scores of boys and girls in algebra but a significant difference between scores in geometry, with the mean score of boys being greater than that of girls. There was no significant difference between the mean scores of boys and girls on the Attitude Toward Mathematics scale, although boys had a significantly more positive Attitude Toward Geometry than girls. Significant low correlations were found between scores on Attitudes Toward Mathematics and scores in mathematics and between scores on Attitudes Toward Geometry and scores in geometry.
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Tucker, Andrew, Jose Liht, Glenn de Swardt, Clarissa Arendse, James McIntyre, and Helen Struthers. "Efficacy of Tailored Clinic Trainings to Improve Knowledge of Men Who Have Sex with Men Health Needs and Reduce Homoprejudicial Attitudes in South Africa." LGBT Health 3, no. 6 (December 2016): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0055.
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Peltzer, Karl, Varghese I. Cherian, and Lily Cherian. "Attitudes toward Suicide among South African Secondary School Pupils." Psychological Reports 83, no. 3_suppl (December 1998): 1259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.3f.1259.
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This study investigated attitudes towards suicide among 622 Standard 9 (U.S. Grade 11) secondary school pupils chosen at random from schools throughout the Northern Province in South Africa. The pupils were 254 (41%) boys and 368 (59%) girls in the age range of 17 to 24 years, with a mean age of 19.3 yr. A questionnaire was administered to obtain data on attitudes and other measures. There were 31 (17%) parasuicidal boys and 34 (13%) girls. Major intentions or reasons to commit suicide mentioned were “failing to solve problems” and “mental illness.” Most frequent possible suicide methods were firearms, pills, or poison. Significant associations were found with having a friend or relative who committed suicide, parasuicide (oneself), depression, stress events, ethnicity, and attitudes towards suicide.
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Penn, Mafor, and Umesh Ramnarain. "South African university students’ attitudes towards chemistry learning in a virtually simulated learning environment." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 20, no. 4 (2019): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9rp00014c.
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This mixed method study investigated changes in 3rd year Bachelor of Education students’ attitudes towards chemistry after learning interventions with virtual chemistry simulations. After participant students identified certain concepts from their 3rd year chemistry module as being abstract and not easily comprehensible, these concepts were facilitated during a 5 week learning intervention using PhET simulations as an alternative to traditional laboratory experimentation. In the first quantitative phase of the study, a 30-item pre-attitude test was administered to assess students’ attitudes towards chemistry, followed by PhET chemistry simulation learning interventions. Thereafter, students wrote a post-attitude test. Findings of this phase revealed a significantly higher mean post-attitude test score, with students showing a positive attitude towards chemistry learning, post-intervention. The quantitative phase was followed by a qualitative phase which examined students’ experiences on the use of simulations through semi-structured interviews. Findings from the qualitative phase revealed that students experienced autonomy and enjoyment during engagement with the simulations. They also perceived that their experiences in the virtually simulated environment improved their visualisation of chemistry concepts, thereby improving conceptual understanding. However, the students acknowledged that simulations cannot replicate the realism and authenticity associated with practical work in an actual laboratory. The implications of these findings are that virtual simulations provide a complementary learning tool capable of improving students’ attitudes towards chemistry, and perceived by students to support their visualisation of abstract chemistry concepts. The findings of this study are particularly significant for chemistry learning at schools and universities in economically challenged countries such as South Africa where there is a shortage of well-equipped laboratories.
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Kalichman, S. C., L. C. Simbayi, D. Cain, C. Cherry, N. Henda, and A. Cloete. "Sexual assault, sexual risks and gender attitudes in a community sample of South African men." AIDS Care 19, no. 1 (January 2007): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120600984003.
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Simo Kengne, Beatrice Desiree. "Mixed-gender ownership and financial performance of SMEs in South Africa." International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship 8, no. 2 (June 13, 2016): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijge-10-2014-0040.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the presence of women among owner-stakeholders affects firms’ financial performance. Particularly, it extends the corporate governance literature by linking stakeholder theory and gender differences to explain why gender composition of ownership matters for firms’ performance. As the management of small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs) revolves around owner-managers and their individual characteristics that are likely to affect their achievements, the study further investigates the relationship between the gender composition of ownership and the firm survival. Design/methodology/approach Using survey data on SMEs for 2007 and 2010, this study uses a panel-level heteroskedasticity technique and a probit methodology to assess the effect women’s presence among owners may exert on SMEs performance and survival, respectively. Findings Results indicate that firms jointly owned by men and women appear to perform better than those owned by men although the presence of women among owners does not correlate with firm survival. Research limitations/implications While the findings of this study shed some light on the performance impact of gender composition of firm ownership, reports based on the presence of women among owners may not present the full picture. Whether the ownership is shared equally between different genders might provide further insides on the magnitude and/or robustness of such effect. Moreover, a small sample period (T = 2) was used to analyse a single industrial sector (manufacturing), and even though the Hausman test confirmed the use of random-effects specification, caution should be taken when generalizing the findings to other cases. Practical implications The findings suggest that the leadership in mixed-gender context propels a perspective of women as a valuable resource within SMEs, but relying on it to sustain the survival would be unwise. Social implications South Africa scores particularly high on positive actions towards women entrepreneurship, and this is compounded in the SMEs sector by managerial attitudes that could offer positive developments for women. Originality/value The positive and significant relationship between women’s presence among owners and SMEs financial performance in South Africa complements the almost exclusively reported negative impact of gender diversity on firm performance. Consequently, mixed-gender owners’ team can be used as a fulcrum to promote SMEs growth in South Africa.
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Mfolo, Tshepiso, Thomas K. Madiba, and Ahmed Bhayat. "Oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices among school teachers in Tshwane district, South Africa." South African Dental Journal 76, no. 5 (June 30, 2021): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/10.17159/2519-0105/2021/v76no6a3.
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Teachers are perceived as role models and studies have shown that they can enhance the oral health behaviour of young children. To assess the oral health (OH) knowledge, attitudes and practices of public school teachers in a district in Pretoria, South Africa. This was a cross sectional analytical study. The sample comprised of six schools that were randomly selected within the Tshwane West sub district. A total of 160 teachers were included. A modified, self-administered, validated questionnaire was used to obtain the data. Of the 160 teachers included, 97 (61%) completed the questionnaire. The majority (80%) were female and the mean age was 38.23 years (±12.85; 22-66). More than 80% had an adequate level of OH knowledge, 94% reported it was important to visit a dental practitioner (DP) regularly and 94% believed that OH education should form part of the teaching curriculum. The most common reason for visiting a DP was toothache (32%) while fear (35%) was the most common barrier. Those with a higher mean age were more likely to brush frequently (p<0.01), utilise dental aids (p=0.01) and visit a DP regularly (p=0.02). The majority of teachers had adequate OH knowledge. The respondents with a higher mean age were more likely to brush frequently, use dental aids and visit a DP regularly. Workshops for teachers are required to improve current levels of knowledge and address any queries regarding prevention and diagnosing of dental diseases.
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Ricks, JaNelle M., Angelica Geter, Richard A. Crosby, and Emma Brown. "Concurrent partnering and condom use among rural heterosexual African-American men." Sexual Health 11, no. 1 (2014): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13135.
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Background Limited research has targeted HIV risk among heterosexual African-American men in the rural south-eastern United States. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was administered to 538 men to assess HIV knowledge, attitudes towards HIV testing and sexual risk behaviour. Results: Fifty-one percent reported consistent condom use in the past 3 months. Monogamous men reported more consistent condom use (t = 3.47, d.f. = 536, P < 0.001). In concurrent partnerships, condom use was inversely related to age (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95–0.998, P = 0.03) and increased with the number of female partners (AOR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.26–1.76, P < 0.001). Conclusions: African-American HIV prevention outreach should include focus on concurrent partnering in rural settings.
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Swendeman, Dallas, Jason Bantjes, Deborah Mindry, Jackie Stewart, Mark Tomlinson, Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus, and Melissa Medich. "The Experiences of Young Men, Their Families, and Their Coaches Following a Soccer and Vocational Training Intervention to Prevent HIV and Drug Abuse in South Africa." AIDS Education and Prevention 31, no. 3 (June 2019): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2019.31.3.224.
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Young men in South Africa are at high-risk for HIV, substance abuse, and gender-based violence. This article presents qualitative results from a pilot study testing soccer leagues and vocational training to engage young-adult township men to deliver preventive interventions, including rapid HIV and alcohol/drug testing, shifting attitudes toward gender-based violence, and promoting other prosocial behaviors. Three groups participated in focus groups and in-depth interviews on experiences with the program: (1) a subset of 15 participants, (2) 15 family members, and (3) five intervention coaches. Results suggest that participants first reduced substance use on tournament days and then gradually reduced to practice days and beyond. Families suggested that “keeping young men occupied” and encouragement of prosocial behaviors was critical to risk reduction and led to increased community respect for the men. Coaches noted that behavioral and attitudinal changes were incremental and slow. The use of incentives was problematic and more research is needed to understand how incentives can be used in interventions of this nature.
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Haffejee, Firoza, Katie A. Ports, and Maghboeba Mosavel. "Knowledge and attitudes about HIV infection and prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in an urban, low income community in Durban, South Africa: Perspectives of residents and health care volunteers." Health SA Gesondheid 21 (October 11, 2016): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v21i0.949.
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Background: HIV prevalence is high among South African women of reproductive age and transmission of HIV from mothers to children is a concern. This study ascertained the level of knowledge about HIV infection and prevention, particularly prevention of mother toc hild transmission (PMTCT) amongst South African women from a low income community. It also established the challenges in delivering HIV education from the perspectives of health care volunteers.Method: Female residents (n = 67) from Kenneth Gardens, a low income community in Durban, South Africa were interviewed. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 health care volunteers who were either health care workers or residents who provided some form of social support in the community.Results: The majority of respondents indicated that a mother could transmit HIV to her child but were unable to specify how. Many women had general HIV/AIDS knowledge but were unable to identify essential prevention behaviours and were not very receptive to more information on HIV/AIDS. They were supportive of routine testing procedures and child bearing amongst HIV positive women. Health care volunteers indicated a need for a community clinic in the area.They also had limited knowledge of PMTCT and indicated that there was a need for more education on HIV, particularly to encourage the youth and men to use preventative measures.Conclusion: Innovative ways to impart knowledge particularly of PMTCT and updated standards of practice are essential. It is important that the community understands how transmission occurs so that prevention can follow.
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Kaufman, Michelle R., Tamara Shefer, Mary Crawford, Leickness C. Simbayi, and Seth C. Kalichman. "Gender attitudes, sexual power, HIV risk: a model for understanding HIV risk behavior of South African men." AIDS Care 20, no. 4 (April 2008): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120701867057.
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Hoque, A. M., A. M. Alam, M. Hoque, M. E. Hoque, and G. Van Hal. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices towards COVID-19 of Pregnant Women at a Primary Health Care Facility in South Africa." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.1.654.
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COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of people globally. Several preventive measures have been recommended to reduce the spread of the disease. However, the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of these preventive measures among pregnant women, are yet to be evaluated in South Africa. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the KAP towards COVID-19 among pregnant women. The purpose was to identify KAP gaps of pregnant women and develop educational materials and implement programmes. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was undertaken. Student’s t-test, ANOVA test, Pearson’s correlation test and Binary logistic regression analysis was carried out. Majority of the respondents were single (71%), unemployed (52%), and had low education (78% had either no or less than 12 years education). More than half (51.2%) had vulnerable comorbidities for COVID-19 infection and complication. Both knowledge and attitude mean of pregnant women were found to be low at 43.5% and 30% respectively. However, their practice on prevention of COVID-19 was good at 76%. Knowledge was found to be significantly positively correlated with practice towards COVID-19 (r= 0.111). Women having good knowledge were seven times more likely to practice positively regarding COVID-19 (P=0.019). Women having 1-5 years of education were 94% less likely to practice good towards COVID-19 prevention (P=0.018) compared to those having post matric education. The pregnant women in this research had inadequate knowledge and attitude of COVID-19 infection. However, preventive practices were good among them. Mass education and communication strategies are thus required to improve the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women towards COVID-19.
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Mantell, Joanne E., Theresa M. Exner, Dan Bai, Cheng-Shiun Leu, Mags Beksinska, Zonke Mabude, Susie Hoffman, and Jennifer A. Smit. "Perceived male partner attitudes toward the female condom predict female university students’ use of the female condom." International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 8 (July 2020): 753–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420912986.
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Female and male condoms are the only methods that prevent both sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, and unintended pregnancy. Despite continuing high STI rates, few studies investigate factors predicting whether women initiating female condom (FC) use sustain use. Using data from a randomized trial, we examined predictors of sustained FC use at five-month follow-up (FU2) among female university students in South Africa who participated in either a one-session, information-only, group-delivered Minimal Intervention or a two-session, group-delivered Enhanced Intervention. In the final multiple logistic regression model, believing one’s partner holds positive attitudes toward the FC (aOR = 1.40; p = 0.028), and greater FC use for vaginal sex at previous assessment (aOR) = 1.19; p = 0.008) were associated with greater odds of FC use at FU2. Excluding number of FC-protected occasions at FU1 from the analysis, discussing FC use with partner (aOR = 2.89; p = 0.071) and believing one’s partner holds positive attitudes toward the FC (aOR = 1.63; p < 0.001) were associated with greater odds of use at FU2. The FC empowers women to protect themselves from both STIs and unintended pregnancy, but targeted interventions are needed to address men’s negative attitudes toward the device. Engaging men as FC champions to support and promote FC use, along with marketing campaigns targeted to men, may expand FC coverage and enhance uptake.
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Agaku, Israel Terungwa, Catherine O. Egbe, and Olalekan A. Ayo-Yusuf. "E-cigarette advertising exposure among South African adults in 2017: findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional survey." BMJ Open 11, no. 8 (August 2021): e048462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048462.
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ObjectivesIn South Africa, the Control of Tobacco and Electronic Delivery Systems Bill seeks to regulate e-cigarettes as tobacco products, including their advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Population data on e-cigarette advertising in South Africa are needed to inform public health programs, practice and policy. We examined self-reported e-cigarette advertising exposure during 2017.DesignCross-sectional.SettingHousehold-based survey.Participants3063 individuals who participated in the 2017 South African Social Attitudes survey, a nationally representative, in-person survey of the non-institutionalised civilian adult population aged ≥16 yearsExposure‘In the past 12 months, have you seen advertisements or promotions for e-cigarettes (including e-shisha, e-pipe) on any of the following media: newspapers/magazines, billboards, in the malls or any other source?’Main outcomesBeliefs and attitudes regarding e-cigarettes.FindingsParticipants’ mean age was 37.7 years. Overall, 20.1% reported exposure to e-cigarette advertisements. By age, exposure was most prevalent among those aged 16–19 years (24.6%). Top sources of exposure among those exposed were stores, 40.7%; malls, 30.9%; and television, 32.5%. Of those aware of e-cigarettes, 61.2% believed ‘e-cigarette advertisements and promotion may make adolescents think of smoking traditional cigarettes’; 62.7% believed that ‘e-cigarette advertisements and promotions may make ex-smokers think of starting smoking cigarettes again’; and 59.5% supported the statement that ‘e-cigarette smoking should be banned indoors just as traditional cigarette smoking’. Notably, teens aged 16–19 reported the lowest prevalence (49.0%) of those believing that ‘e-cigarette advertisements and promotion may make adolescents think of smoking traditional cigarettes’, whereas this percentage was highest among those aged 55–64 years (73.2%).ConclusionComprehensive regulatory efforts are needed to address e-cigarette advertising, marketing and sponsorship in order to protect public health. The urgent enactment of the new tobacco control legislation, The Control of Tobacco Products and Electronic Delivery Systems Bill, can help reduce youth exposure to e-cigarette advertising in South Africa.
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Abamara, Nnaemeka C., Leonard N. Ezeh, Nkechi N. Anazodo, and Cynthia N. Onyejiaka. "Attitudinal Factors Associated with Prostate Cancer among Adult Males in South Eastern Nigeria." Research in Health Science 2, no. 2 (April 14, 2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v2n2p147.
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<p><em>Prostate cancer is one of the most common and lethal cancers in the world. The incidence of prostate cancer has been increasing in recent years. Beliefs and awareness towards prostate cancer screening among men is very crucial for early detection and management of the condition. In Nigeria, it is the most common male cancer and maybe as high as that seen in African Americans in the united states. This paper examines the knowledge, belief and attitudes of men in Nigeria towards prostate cancer and prostate cancer screening for the peaceful existence in our society</em><em>.</em></p>
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Amponsah, Kwaku Darko, Godwin Kwame Aboagye, Elliot Kossi Kumassah, and Alfred Mensah. "Physical Science Students’ Perceptions of Their Chemistry Classroom Environment and the Students’ Resultant Attitudes towards Chemistry." Journal of Studies in Education 8, no. 3 (June 26, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jse.v8i3.13289.
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This paper investigates physical sciences students’ perceptions of classroom environment and their attitude towards chemistry in South African High Schools’ in the Ximhungwe circuit of the Bohlabela district in the Mpumalanga province of South Africa. The present paper reports on the research findings on associations between the type of school attended by students and their perception of their chemistry classroom environment and their attitude towards chemistry, as measured with a standardised test. A sample of 210 12th grade physical sciences students from the ten public schools in the circuit was conveniently selected to complete a survey on Chemistry Classroom Environment Questionnaire (CCEQ) and Attitude Towards Chemistry Questionnaire (ATCQ). One-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and a follow-up between-group analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted and showed that students in high achieving schools (HAS) had a high perception of their CCEQ inventory, which was influenced by all the five sub-scales. Mean scores and independent samples t-tests showed that students in both school types had a positive attitude towards chemistry. Spearman’s Correlation revealed that there was no relationship between physical sciences students’ perception of their classroom environment and their attitude towards chemistry in both types of schools. The study discusses these findings and compares them to prior learning environment studies.
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Arndt, Marlene, and Karina de Bruin. "Measurement of Attitudes Toward Bisexual Men and Women Among South African University Students: The Validation of an Instrument." Journal of Homosexuality 58, no. 4 (March 28, 2011): 497–520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.555672.
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Mwamwenda, Tuntufye S. "African University Students' Responses to Questions on Interracial Marriage." Psychological Reports 83, no. 2 (October 1998): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.2.658.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the attitudes of African university students towards interracial marriage. On whether they would choose a black or white person for marriage and whether their parents would approve their marrying a white person, most respondents (first-year undergraduates, 76 women and 63 men) preferred marrying a black person and indicated their parents would oppose their marrying a white person. Such findings were no surprise given the cultural value attached to marriage as well as South African multiracial interrelations marked by differential treatment.
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Christofides, Nicola J., Abigail M. Hatcher, Angelica Pino, Dumisani Rebombo, Ruari Santiago McBride, Althea Anderson, and Dean Peacock. "A cluster randomised controlled trial to determine the effect of community mobilisation and advocacy on men’s use of violence in periurban South Africa: study protocol." BMJ Open 8, no. 3 (March 2018): e017579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017579.
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ObjectiveThis paper describes the design and methods of a cluster randomised controlled trial (C-RCT) to determine the effectiveness of a community mobilisation intervention that is designed to reduce the perpetration of violence against women (VAW).Methods and analysisA C-RCT of nine intervention and nine control clusters is being carried out in a periurban, semiformal settlement near Johannesburg, South Africa, between 2016 and 2018. A community mobilisation and advocacy intervention, called Sonke CHANGE is being implemented over 18 months. It comprises local advocacy and group activities to engage community members to challenge harmful gender norms and reduce VAW. The intervention is hypothesised to improve equitable masculinities, reduce alcohol use and ultimately, to reduce VAW. Intervention effectiveness will be determined through an audio computer-assisted self-interview questionnaire with behavioural measures among 2600 men aged between 18 and 40 years at baseline, 12 months and 24 months. The primary trial outcome is men’s use of physical and/or sexual VAW. Secondary outcomes include harmful alcohol use, gender attitudes, controlling behaviours, transactional sex and social cohesion. The main analysis will be intention-to-treat based on the randomisation of clusters. A qualitative process evaluation is being conducted alongside the C-RCT. Implementers and men participating in the intervention will be interviewed longitudinally over the period of intervention implementation and observations of the workshops and other intervention activities are being carried out.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the University of the Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee and procedures comply with ethical recommendations of the United Nations Multi-Country Study on Men and Violence. Dissemination of research findings will take place with local stakeholders and through peer-reviewed publications, with data available on request or after 5 years of trial completion.Trial registration numberNCT02823288; Pre-result.
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Nduna, Mzikazi, and Grace Khunou. "Editorial: Father Connections." Open Family Studies Journal 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2014): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874922401406010017.
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South Africa celebrated twenty years of democracy in 2014 following more than 100 years of colonization and institutionalized discrimination through Apartheid. A ‘broken’ family structure is one of the pathetic legacies left by political instability in post-colonial and post war countries globally. This phenomenon of broken families is evident in South Africa following the period of discrimination against Black people and the systematic migrant labor system that was sponsored by and for the Apartheid government. The migrant labor system separated fathers from their families and men left their families in the rural communities to work in the burgeoning mines and factories in urban areas. The current democratic State has a responsibility to strengthen broken families through policies and intervention informed by research evidence. There is an emerging body of research on Father Connections in post-war and post-colonial settings. This special issue brings together eight articles on Father Connections in South Africa. The articles present data from diverse but interesting research; for example the piece by Nduna M and Taulela M focuses on the experiences of ‘discovering’ biological fathers for youth who grew up with absent and unknown fathers. The participants that the article draws from are young women from a small town, in Mpumalanga. Through narrative analysis, the article explores how young people deal with finding out who their biological fathers are. In the article by Selebano N and Khunou G, the experiences of young fathers from Soweto are explored. It is illustrated in this article that, there are strong ties between young men’s experiences and the community values, history and culture where they experience fatherhood. The article by Langa M interestingly looks at narratives and meaning makings of young boys who grew up without fathers. Langa looks at how young boys can adopt alternative ideas of what it means to be a man in contexts that would otherwise be assumed to automatically lead to an embrace of hegemonic notions of masculinities. On a similar note the article by Nduna M focuses on experiences of young people who grow up without a father entering into endeavours to find and use their father’s surname. The article looks at how the signifying paternal ancestry is developed and maintained in contexts of father absence, through pursuing an absent father’s surname as the ‘right surname’. The article by Lesch E and Ismail A focuses on the significant question of the father daughter relationship and examines constraining constructions of fatherhood for daughters with a specific focus on the Cape Winelands community in South Africa. In Chauke P and Khunou G‘s contribution on the media’s influence on societal notions of fatherhood in relation to the maintenance system is examined. The article looks at how cases of maintenance are dealt with in print media. Franklin A & Makiwane M’s article provides a significant examination of male attitudes of family and children. This article begins to speak to the transformations of expectations of men in families. This transformation is addressed through a look at racially disaggregated quantitative data. Mthombeni A reviews a book, Good Morning Mr. Mandela by Zelda Le Grange where she examines some of the challenges of fatherhood in South Africa’s past and present.
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Peltzer, Karl, and Supa Promtussananon. "EVALUATION OF SOUL CITY SCHOOL AND MASS MEDIA LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION AMONG JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL LEARNERS IN SOUTH AFRICA." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 31, no. 8 (January 1, 2003): 825–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.8.825.
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The study aimed at evaluating Soul City school and mass media life skills education among junior secondary school learners in South Africa using a postintervention design. The sample consisted of 3150 learners, 44.1% were male and 55.9% female, and their mean age was 15.6 yrs (SD=1.6) ranging from 13 to 24 years. Results indicate that Soul City school life skills exposure was positively associated with puberty/body knowledge, HIV knowledge, HIV risk perception, and condom use at last sex. The Soul City life skills mass-media edutainment had mainly a significant positive impact on condom use knowledge, attitudes towards people with HIV/AIDS, self-efficacy, and delaying sex.
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Adeagbo, Oluwafemi, Carina Herbst, Ann Blandford, Rachel McKendry, Claudia Estcourt, Janet Seeley, and Maryam Shahmanesh. "Exploring People’s Candidacy for Mobile Health–Supported HIV Testing and Care Services in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Qualitative Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 21, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): e15681. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15681.
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Background The use of mobile communication technologies (mHealth: mobile health) in chronic disease management has grown significantly over the years. mHealth interventions have the potential to decentralize access to health care and make it convenient, particularly in resource-constrained settings. It is against this backdrop that we aimed to codevelop (with potential users) a new generation of mobile phone–connected HIV diagnostic tests and Web-based clinical care pathways needed for optimal delivery of decentralized HIV testing, prevention, and care in low- and middle-income countries. Objective The aim of this study was to understand ways in which an mHealth intervention could be developed to overcome barriers to existing HIV testing and care services and promote HIV self-testing and linkage to prevention and care in a poor, HIV hyperendemic community in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods A total of 54 in-depth interviews and 9 focus group discussions were conducted with potential users (including health care providers) in 2 different communities. Theoretically informed by the candidacy framework, themes were identified from the interview transcripts, manually coded, and thematically analyzed. Results Participants reported barriers, such as fear of HIV identity, stigma, long waiting hours, clinic space, and health care workers’ attitudes, as major impediments to effective uptake of HIV testing and care services. People continued to reassess their candidacy for HIV testing and care services on the basis of their experiences and how they or others were treated within the health systems. Despite the few concerns raised about new technology, mobile phone–linked HIV testing was broadly acceptable to potential users (particularly men and young people) and providers because of its privacy (individual control of HIV testing over health provider–initiated testing), convenience (individual time and place of choice for HIV testing versus clinic-based testing), and time saving. Conclusions Mobile phone–connected HIV testing and Web-based clinical care and prevention pathways have the potential to support access to HIV prevention and care, particularly for young people and men. Although mHealth provides a way for individuals to test their candidacy for HIV services, the barriers that can make the service unattractive at the clinic level will also need to be addressed if potential demand is to turn into actual demand.
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Goga, Ameena, Tanya Doherty, Samuel Manda, Tshifhiwa Nkwenika, Lyn Haskins, Vaughn John, Ingunn M. S. Engebretsen, et al. "Translating new evidence into clinical practice: a quasi-experimental controlled before–after study evaluating the effect of a novel outreach mentoring approach on knowledge, attitudes and confidence of health workers providing HIV and infant feeding counselling in South Africa." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e034770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034770.
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ObjectivesWe report the effectiveness of a mentoring approach to improve health workers’ (HWs’) knowledge, attitudes and confidence with counselling on HIV and infant feeding.DesignQuasi-experimental controlled before–after study.SettingRandomly selected primary healthcare clinics (n=24 intervention, n=12 comparison); two districts, South Africa.ParticipantsAll HWs providing infant feeding counselling in selected facilities were invited.InterventionsThree 1–2 hours, on-site workshops over 3–6 weeks.Primary outcome measuresKnowledge (22 binary questions), attitude (21 questions—5-point Likert Scale) and confidence (19 questions—3-point Likert Scale). Individual item responses were added within each of the attitude and confidence domains. The respective sums were taken to be the domain composite index and used as a dependent variable to evaluate intervention effect. Linear regression models were used to estimate the mean score difference between intervention and comparison groups postintervention, adjusting for the mean score difference between them at baseline. Analyses were adjusted for participant baseline characteristics and clustering at health facility level.ResultsIn intervention and comparison sites, respectively: 289 and 131 baseline and 253 and 114 follow-up interviews were conducted (August–December 2017). At baseline there was no difference in mean number of correctly answered knowledge questions; this differed significantly at follow-up (15.2 in comparison; 17.2 in intervention sites (p<0.001)). At follow-up, the mean attitude and confidence scores towards breast feeding were better in intervention versus comparison sites (p<0.001 and p=0.05, respectively). Controlling for confounders, interactions between time and intervention group and preintervention values, the attitude score was 5.1 points significantly higher in intervention versus comparison groups.ConclusionA participatory, low-intensity on-site mentoring approach to disseminating updated infant feeding guidelines improved HWs’ knowledge, attitudes and confidence more than standard dissemination via a circular. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness, feasibility and sustainability of this approach at scale.
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Manyaapelo, Thabang, Bart Van den Borne, Robert A. C. Ruiter, Sibusiso Sifunda, and Priscilla Reddy. "Effectiveness of a Health Behavioural Intervention Aimed at Reduction of Risky Sexual Behaviours among Young Men in the KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 11 (May 31, 2019): 1938. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111938.
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Two studies evaluating the same behavioural intervention were conducted in two areas in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa using a randomized pre-test post-test control group design for study 1 (peri-urban) and a pre-test post-test design without a control group for study 2 (rural). The intervention included discussions and skills training on: (1) notions of masculinity, manhood, and responsibility, (2) personal and sexual relationships, (3) general communication skills, and (4) alcohol and other substance use. The intervention was aimed at men between 18 and 35 years of age. Measures of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intention for condom use, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, reduction of alcohol and drug use, avoiding sex while intoxicated, and avoiding sex with intoxicated people were assessed using a facilitator-administered questionnaire. The results for study 1 showed that 4 of the 19 variables scored significantly different at baseline and that all 19 variables showed no significant changes between pre-test and post-test. For study 2, one significant difference was found for attitude towards avoiding sex when one is intoxicated. Overall, the intervention had minimal success with just one area of positive effect. Further development and testing of this programme is recommended before it can be considered for broader scale implementation.
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Grammatico, Megan A., Amiya A. Ahmed, Lauretta Grau, Anthony Moll, and Sheela Shenoi. "1644. “And the stick to fight TB is IPT”: Perspectives on TPT Implementation Among Senior Nurses in Rural South Africa." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1824.
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Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) disproportionately affects people living with HIV (PLH). The World Health Organization (WHO) has endorsed tuberculosis preventative therapy (TPT) in resource-limited settings with high HIV and TB burdens. South Africa has led global TPT efforts, yet implementation remains sub-optimal. Methods In a rural, impoverished region of South Africa with high TB and HIV prevalence, primary care clinic-based senior nurses were asked to participate in anonymous, semi-structured interviews assessing TPT knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes. The currently available regimen is isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for 12 months. Through an iterative process, a code list was generated and applied to each transcript. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis and Nvivo 12 software to identify facilitators and barriers to IPT prescribing. Results Among 22 nurses at 14 primary health clinics, 86% were female, median age 39 (IQR 31-54.8) years, with median 10.5 (IQR3-18) years of health care experience. Nurses felt that TPT was effective at preventing TB. Barriers to implementation included limited time to counsel patients due to understaffing in high-volume clinics and lack of documentation of IPT prescription in patients’ charts, which limited effective follow-up. Nurses certified in Nurse-Initiated Management of Antiretroviral Therapy (NIMART) expressed confidence in their IPT knowledge, but those not certified wanted additional training. Nurses identified patient-level factors impeding TPT implementation, including transportation, HIV-related stigma, mobility, particularly among men, and pill burden associated with length of IPT (12 months) with concurrent daily chronic medications. Facilitators included availability of IPT in both hospitals and primary care clinics, and capacity for task-shifting to other healthcare professionals (counselors, staff nurses). The impending rollout of 3HP (12 weeks of isoniazid-rifapentine) was viewed favorably. Conclusion Nurses identified limited time to counsel PLH and lack of standardized training programs as the main barriers to implementation of TB preventative therapy. Addressing these barriers will be critical to successful implementation of new TPT regimens. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Gautam, Abhinanda, and Ebin -Enslin. "Transformational Leadership and Work Engagement in the Automotive Retail Industry: A Study of South Africa." International Business Research 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v12n5p133.
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Real leadership is needed in the automotive industry’s competitive environment to guide subordinates so that they share goals, attitudes, values, and work towards the achievement of organisational strategies. Macroenvironmental changes such as the slowdown in the South African economy, labour unrest, high unemployment levels, a weakening currency, and new vehicle price increases have had a detrimental effect on automotive retailers and can be blamed partially for dealers struggling to reach targets in recent years. This perpetually fluctuating external environment promotes corresponding internal automotive dealership changes and strategies. This might mean changes to intangible resources like dealership processes, policies, procedures, or physical resources like people, demographics, materials and products. In both cases, strong leadership is required.
The primary aim of this exploratory study was to determine whether sales managers exhibited a predominately transactional or transformational leadership style, and to understand current levels of work engagement of sales executives in motor dealerships’ new and used vehicle sales departments. A secondary aim was to examine the correlation between the prevailing leadership style (either transactional or transformational) of sales managers and the level of work engagement of sales executives.
The research method included a formal quantitative, cross-sectional survey. Data was collected using questionnaires developed by international researchers in the field of transformational and transactional leadership and work engagement. The main findings of this research will contribute to current literature and knowledge relating to work engagement and its interdependence with transformational and transactional leadership.
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Clenzos, N., N. Naidoo, and R. Parker. "Physiotherapists’ knowledge of pain: A cross-sectional correlational study of members of the South African Sports and Orthopaedic Manipulative Special Interest Groups." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 4 (December 10, 2013): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2013/v25i4a337.
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Background. Pain is the most common complaint for which patients seek the help of a physiotherapist. Furthermore, pain has been identified as the fifth vital sign, indicating the attention with which physiotherapists should be assessing pain. Previous studies have found deficits in pain knowledge among healthcare providers. Poor knowledge about pain is recognised to lead to poor assessment ability, and subsequently, to poor pain management.Objective. To investigate the pain knowledge of sports and orthopaedic manipulative physiotherapists in South Africa (SA).Methods. Data were collected online by means of a demographic questionnaire and Unruh’s Revised Pain Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire (RPKAQ). Participants were members of the Sports Physiotherapy Group and Orthopaedic Manipulative Physiotherapy Group of the South African Society of Physiotherapy.Results. The mean score for the RPKAQ was 65.5% (standard deviation (SD) ±8.6). Only 14.45% of the physiotherapists scored ≥75%. Lowest scores were obtained for the ‘assessment and measurement of pain’ (47.6%; SD ±15.6) and ‘developmental changes in pain perception’ (58.7%; SD ±20.8) sections of the RPKAQ, while the highest mean score was obtained for the ‘physiological basis of pain’ section (76.8%; SD±14.6). Gender, ethnicity (defined by home language), academic training and clinical experience did not contribute significantly to overall pain knowledge.Conclusion. There is an inadequate level of pain knowledge among members of the sports and orthopaedic manipulative physiotherapy groups in SA, particularly in the areas of the assessment and measurement of pain, and developmental changes in pain perception.
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Clenzos, N., N. Naidoo, and R. Parker. "Physiotherapists’ knowledge of pain: A cross-sectional correlational study of members of the South African Sports and Orthopaedic Manipulative Special Interest Groups." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 25, no. 4 (December 10, 2013): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2013/v25i4a337.
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Background. Pain is the most common complaint for which patients seek the help of a physiotherapist. Furthermore, pain has been identified as the fifth vital sign, indicating the attention with which physiotherapists should be assessing pain. Previous studies have found deficits in pain knowledge among healthcare providers. Poor knowledge about pain is recognised to lead to poor assessment ability, and subsequently, to poor pain management.Objective. To investigate the pain knowledge of sports and orthopaedic manipulative physiotherapists in South Africa (SA).Methods. Data were collected online by means of a demographic questionnaire and Unruh’s Revised Pain Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire (RPKAQ). Participants were members of the Sports Physiotherapy Group and Orthopaedic Manipulative Physiotherapy Group of the South African Society of Physiotherapy.Results. The mean score for the RPKAQ was 65.5% (standard deviation (SD) ±8.6). Only 14.45% of the physiotherapists scored ≥75%. Lowest scores were obtained for the ‘assessment and measurement of pain’ (47.6%; SD ±15.6) and ‘developmental changes in pain perception’ (58.7%; SD ±20.8) sections of the RPKAQ, while the highest mean score was obtained for the ‘physiological basis of pain’ section (76.8%; SD±14.6). Gender, ethnicity (defined by home language), academic training and clinical experience did not contribute significantly to overall pain knowledge.Conclusion. There is an inadequate level of pain knowledge among members of the sports and orthopaedic manipulative physiotherapy groups in SA, particularly in the areas of the assessment and measurement of pain, and developmental changes in pain perception.
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Govender, R. D., S. Al-Shamsi, and D. Regmi. "Weight bias and eating behaviours of persons with overweight and obesity attending a general medical practice in Durban, South Africa." South African Family Practice 61, no. 3 (July 15, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v61i3.4978.
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Background: The consequences of obesity for physical health and non-communicable illnesses are well established, but the impact on psychosocial well-being in persons with obesity is much less understood. This study aimed to assess psychosocial constructs such as weight bias affecting the eating behaviours of persons with overweight and obesity attending a general practice in South AfricaMethods: An observational study was conducted at a private general medical practice situated in a peri-urban area of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A sample of 100 persons with overweight and obesity, and with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, were recruited by a convenience sampling method. Frequency tables for BMI, sociodemographic factors, perceptions and eating behaviours were described. Spearman’s rank-order correlation was run to assess the relationship between sociodemographic factors, perceptions, knowledge, attitudes and eating behaviours.Results: About 90% were below 60 years and 83% were females. The mean BMI of males was 41.7 kg/m2 (SD = 7.38) and of females was 39.9 kg/m2 (SD = 7.91). It was found that weight stigma (are overweight people discriminated against) and the average household income were associated with abnormal eating behaviours such as compulsive eating, obsession with eating and psychological problems. A significant correlation was demonstrated between ‘Are people with overweight discriminated against?’ and abnormal eating behaviours such as compulsive eating (p = 0.049), obsession with eating (p = 0.009) and psychological problems (p = 0.051)Conclusion: Psychosocial factors such as weight bias affect the eating behaviours of persons with overweight and obesity in South Africa. Research should be done exploring promotion of the psychosocial well-being of patients while trying to manage their obesity.
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Denis, Philippe. "New Patterns of Disclosure: How HIV-Positive Support Group Members from KwaZulu-Natal Speak of their Status in Oral Narratives." Medical History 58, no. 2 (April 2014): 278–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2014.23.
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AbstractThis paper examines the representations and emotions associated with disclosure and stigma in Pietermaritzburg, KwaZulu-Natal, seven years after the start of the South African government’s ARV roll-out programme on the basis of in-depth oral history interviews of HIV-positive support group members. It argues that the wider availability of ARV treatment, the ensuing reduced fatality rate and the increased number of people, including men, who receive counselling and testing, may mean that HIV/AIDS is less stigmatised and that disclosure has become easier. This does not mean that stigma has disappeared and that the confusion created by competing world-views and belief systems has dissipated. Yet the situation of extreme denial and ideological confusion observed, for example, by Deborah Posel and her colleagues in 2003 and 2004 in the Mpumalanga province seems to have lessened. The interviews hint at the possibility that people living with HIV may have, more than a decade before, a language to express the emotions and feelings associated with HIV/AIDS. They were also found to be more assertive in matters of gender relations. These new attitudes would make disclosure easier and stigma more likely to recede.
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Solís Arce, Julio S., Shana S. Warren, Niccolò F. Meriggi, Alexandra Scacco, Nina McMurry, Maarten Voors, Georgiy Syunyaev, et al. "COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and hesitancy in low- and middle-income countries." Nature Medicine 27, no. 8 (July 16, 2021): 1385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01454-y.
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AbstractWidespread acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial for achieving sufficient immunization coverage to end the global pandemic, yet few studies have investigated COVID-19 vaccination attitudes in lower-income countries, where large-scale vaccination is just beginning. We analyze COVID-19 vaccine acceptance across 15 survey samples covering 10 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in Asia, Africa and South America, Russia (an upper-middle-income country) and the United States, including a total of 44,260 individuals. We find considerably higher willingness to take a COVID-19 vaccine in our LMIC samples (mean 80.3%; median 78%; range 30.1 percentage points) compared with the United States (mean 64.6%) and Russia (mean 30.4%). Vaccine acceptance in LMICs is primarily explained by an interest in personal protection against COVID-19, while concern about side effects is the most common reason for hesitancy. Health workers are the most trusted sources of guidance about COVID-19 vaccines. Evidence from this sample of LMICs suggests that prioritizing vaccine distribution to the Global South should yield high returns in advancing global immunization coverage. Vaccination campaigns should focus on translating the high levels of stated acceptance into actual uptake. Messages highlighting vaccine efficacy and safety, delivered by healthcare workers, could be effective for addressing any remaining hesitancy in the analyzed LMICs.
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Dlodlo, Nobukhosi. "Developing An Online Shopping Value Framework For Consumers Of Non-Store Fashion Brands." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 6 (October 31, 2014): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i6.8925.
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The explosion of the Internet has considerably transformed the fashion industry, by providing a substitute for traditional retail marketing formats. As such, the theory on customer value has taken pre-eminence in determining consumers behavioural intentions. The main objective of this study was to examine the possible existence of relationships between consumer perceived value, attitudes and the related e-purchase consequence variable. The study followed a quantitative survey approach in which 206 experienced Internet users of online shopping in South Africa. Data were analysed through Principal Component Analysis using Varimax rotation, nonparametric correlation analysis and regression analysis. Three dimensions were extracted, namely: utilitarian value (?=.852), hedonic value (?=.901) and social engagement value (?=.925) in order of performance on the mean score ranking results. Moreover, the Pearson correlation results indicated that online shopping value dimensions positively influenced attitude and consequently, e-purchase intentions among shoppers. Furthermore, regression analysis results showed that brand attitude played an important moderating role between value and e-purchase intentions. The variables investigate in this study constitute a central differentiation factor which impacts on attitude evaluations, intention to purchase as well as the willingness to visit the website and share this experience with others. The study is important in that, at the micro-level, e-retailers can tailor the identified dimensions towards improving the shopping experience among specific online market segments. At the macro-level, identifying the online shopping value dimensions would provide fashion marketers with a basis for developing an inclusive marketing differentiation strategy for their non-store brands.
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Kutywayo, Alison, Sasha Frade, Kerry Gordon, Tshepo Mahuma, Nicolette P. Naidoo, and Saiqa Mullick. "Who’s got the power? Expressions of empowerment among in-school adolescents enrolled in the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial in three peri-urban settings of South Africa." Gates Open Research 5 (July 19, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13336.1.
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Background: Empowerment is when a person gains mastery of their life and environment. This paper describes three central elements of empowerment (agency, resources, and institutional structures) expressed by adolescents, discussing implications for strengthening adolescent sexual reproductive health, HIV, and violence prevention programming. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted (April 2017 – May 2018) as part of the GAP Year trial among grade eight learners (12 – 18 years) from 26 lowest quintile public high schools in Khayelitsha, Soweto and Thembisa townships, South Africa. Data were on empowerment experiences using a knowledge, attitudes, and practices survey. Descriptive and chi-square test statistics were employed, assessing the association between sociodemographic and domains of empowerment. Results: A total of 2383 adolescents in 26 schools completed the baseline survey: 63.1% female, mean age 13.7 years, 96.9% Black African. Agency: Males (4.04 vs 3.94, p=0.008) and those 15 – 18 years (4.10 vs 3.95, p=0.027) expressed stronger decision-making capacity. Females (3.18 vs 2.92, p<0.001) indicated a greater sense of collective action. Females (0.77 vs 0.72, p=0.008), those aged 12 -14 years (0.76 vs 0.71, p=0.027) and those with at least one parent/guardian employed (p=0.014) had stronger leadership confidence. Resources: Those 12-14 years expressed higher self-esteem (2.18 vs 2.08, p=0.017). Males (2.24 vs 1.87, p<0.001) and those who had at least one parent/guardian employed (p=0.047) had a higher perception of freedom from gender-based violence. Males showed greater mobility (2.89 vs 2.66, p=<0.001). Institutional structures: Coloured participants showed more positive norms than their Black counterparts (5.38 vs 2.12, p=0.005). Conclusions: Males expressed greater empowerment around decision-making, gender-based violence and mobility; females expressed greater collective action and leadership. Working across the ecological model, interventions addressing sex differences, targeting adolescents of all ages, and parental unemployment may strengthen expressions of empowerment, especially adolescents’ safety, mobility, aspirations, and future hopes.
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Mkhize, Sazelo Michael, Khanyisile Berlinda Majola, and Sogo Angel Olofinbiyi. "Toward a Pervasive Understanding of Rape Culture: The Extent of its Existence on the University Campuses." Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man 20, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972558x20952987.
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Sexual violence has been highlighted as a global scourge. Rape culture being a phenomenon derived from the plight of sexual violence injustices, has addressed the normalization of actions which produce the issues surrounding sexual violence. Rape culture is an old concept, which, however, has been newly campaigned today as the crisis of sexual violence has risen. Women are at the forefront of this issue as they are the most affected; however, this is not to say that men do not fall victim. Experiencing sexual violence can demonstrate physical and genuine harm to survivors. Furthermore, academic performance and social interactions can be contrarily affected by a rape understanding, particularly when survivors face negative social responses and lack of help from college assets. University culprits of sexual assault seem to impart a few attributes to one another (e.g., psychopathic propensities, explicit compulsion strategies, and rape-supportive attitudes), proposing that some male understudies are bound to commit rape against one another. The propagation of rape culture crosswise over campus grounds eventually prompts an extreme underreporting of assault episodes and far-reaching falsehood with respect to rape. University institutions ought to require observer mediation preparing to teach understudies about rape, increment attention to college systems in regard to rape examinations, and change the present demeanor toward rape survivors and culprits. Tertiary institutions in South Africa have made many pledges that fight against violence that is gender-based, especially sexual violations. The findings indicate that rape culture is prevalent at a considerably high rate on university premises. Based on the findings obtained, the normalization of rape culture is a concept that students learn through home-indoctrinated practices, peer-group pressure, as well as through the influence of social media.
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Chandrakantan, A. J. V. "PROCLAIMING THE CRUCIFIED CHRIST IN A BROKEN WORLD: An Asian Perspective." Mission Studies 17, no. 1 (2000): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338300x00082.
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AbstractThis article originally delivered as a keynote address at the IAMS Tenth International Conference in Hammanskraal, South Africa, is a passionate call to attend to the atrocities being committed against Tamils in the "broken world" of contemporary Sri Lanka. As the author puts it: "Disbelief and forgetfulness are the weapons of those who are opposed to humanity therefore to God. Forgetfulness is the antidote to truth and truthfulness of memory. Looking at this indescribable suffering of the innocent I have often felt that we all live in a world that has become unresponsive to the cries of the poor and under privileged. Such an attitude calls for solidarity among the victims and the oppressed. We also live in a world where a common agenda seems to unite all those who have chosen to be the enemies of humanity. It is our duty to fight this mute silence of the world with the power of the WORD. We should allow the word of Truth about the poor and innocent about voiceless women, men and children, to seek refuge and self-exile. Let us speak this word to the powers that be. All that we carry with us now is the memory of our life and that of the death of our fellow Tamils."
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Vera, Leibovici, Donchin Milka, Strauss-Liviatan Nurith, and Shinar Eilat. "Prevalence and Incidence of Syphilis among Volunteer Blood Donors in Israel." Journal of Blood Transfusion 2014 (April 22, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/154048.
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Data of 1,290,222 volunteer blood donors, in a 5-year period, was analyzed for prevalence and incidence of syphilis. Subsequent testing of donations positive in Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay included Venereal Disease Research Laboratory and fluorescent Treponemal antibody absorption. Stepwise logistic regression model was used to identify positive syphilis serology. Prevalence of syphilis was 47 : 100,000, similar in men and women and increased significantly with age (P<0.001). Native Israelis had the lowest prevalence rate of syphilis (21 : 100,000), while a significantly higher prevalence was found among immigrants from Africa, Eastern Europe, and South America (odds ratios of 19.0, 10.8, and 7.3, resp., P<0.001 for each). About 33.2% of the seropositive donors had evidence of recent infection, and 66.8% had past infections. Incidence rate reached 8 : 100,000 person-years. Coinfection with HIV, HCV, and HBV was calculated as 8%, 1.88%, and 0.37% for positive donations, respectively. The data support the need to continue screening blood donors in Israel for syphilis and employ preventive measures to populations at risk, in order to improve public health, blood safety, and quality. A subsequent study to assess blood donors’ knowledge, attitude, and behavior is planned. In times of global migration this information may be useful to blood services worldwide.
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Dworkin, Shari L., and Dean Peacock. "Changing Men in South Africa." Contexts 12, no. 4 (November 2013): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1536504213511209.
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Hendricks, Sharief, Martin Sarembock, Ben Jones, Kevin Till, and Mike Lambert. "The tackle in South African youth rugby union – Gap between coaches' knowledge and training behaviour." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 12, no. 6 (November 2, 2017): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954117738880.
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In youth rugby union matches, tackle-related injuries account for 60% of all injuries, 62% of concussion injuries and almost 50% of spinal cord injuries (youth and amateur). Because of this high risk of injury, the inclusion of the tackle in youth rugby has been a topic of discussion in the public and a high priority research area for World Rugby. What a coach knows and his/her attitude toward player safety directly impacts the risk and performance profile of a player. The purpose of this study is to describe the tackle knowledge, attitudes and training behaviours of youth rugby coaches. The entire population of Western Province Rugby Union Premier A1 division (highest level of school rugby) under-19 rugby coaches (n = 8) completed a knowledge and attitude questionnaire and 96 field-training sessions were observed over four weeks. Coaches rated tackling (mean 3.9, 95% confidence interval 3.3–4.4), rucking (mean 3.8, 95% confidence interval 3.0–4.5) and ball-carrying (mean 3.6, 95% confidence interval 2.6–4.6) as high-risk of injury facets of play ( H = 30.8, p < 0.001). Coaching proper technique was rated as very important for safety (mean 4.6, 95% confidence interval 4.2–5.0) and performance (mean 4.8, 95% confidence interval 4.4–5.0, U = 28, p > 0.05). Of the 96 observed training sessions, tackle training was recorded 16% of the time (vs. 84% no tackle training, p < 0.001). Coaches were aware of the risk of injury in the tackle and rated the coaching of proper technique of utmost importance. These positive knowledge and attitudes did not transfer into their tackle training. The discrepancy between coaches' tackle knowledge and attitudes, and their training of the tackle might be related to how competent they believe themselves to be in delivering tackle training.