Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ménages – Travail'
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Bargain, Olivier. "Offre de travail des ménages et fiscalité : perspectives familiale et individuelle." Paris, EHESS, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EHES0082.
Full textThis thesis improves the analysis of taxt-benefit systems by combining microsimulation techniques and household labor supply models. Firstly, we apply the discrete-choice model to analyze how two types of inwork transfers - a family-based tax credit and an individual wage subsidy - perform in reducing proverty and social exclusion Europe. Secondly, we suggest several nested models which allow to test and to reject the restrictions usually imposed on leisure-consumption preferences and household rationality. Thirdly, we simulate the individualization of the French income tax using a colective model of labor supply. The intrahousehold distributive effect appears weak compared to traditional effects. Finally, we reinterpret the model in terms of productive effort and retrieve individual productivities by inverting the optimal collective program. The social welfare evaluation differs when individual utilities rather than households' welfare enter the social planner's objective function
Melesse, Florent. "Interactions sociales et comportements des ménages : Une étude de l'offre de travail et de la consommation des ménages en côte d'ivoire." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00354254.
Full textLepinteur, Anthony. "Temps de travail au sein des ménages, normes légales sur le marché du travail et bien-être subjectif." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E040.
Full textThe present thesis contributes to the literature by exploring how relative working time within households and changes in legal norms on the labour market are linked to subjective wellbeing. Bydoing so, this thesis matches the objectives of the Economics of Wellbeing in that it both considers subjective wellbeing as a subject of study per se and a tool for economic analyses. The first part ofthis thesis examines how relative working time in household affects subjective wellbeing. Chapter 1 demonstrates that being simultaneously overemployed may translate into higher wellbeing of both couple members. Chapter 2 shows that women working more than their husbands are likely to experience wellbeing losses. However, this Chapter is innovative in that it demonstrates that these losses in utility are not caused by violation of gender norms but because of the unfairness of the time allocation within household. The second part of this thesis adopts a different perspective sinceit takes subjective wellbeing as a tool to perform welfare analysis of labor market reforms. Chapter3 estimates the impact of working time reductions implemented in Portugal and France at the end ofthe 1990’s and concludes that workers experienced increases in job and leisure satisfaction. Chapter4 evaluates the impact of the increase in the Delalande tax in 1999. This tax aimed at keeping older workers in the labor force. Then, this Chapter shows that perceived job security of older workers increased thanks to the higher Delalande tax but this has been done at the cost of lower perceived job security of their younger colleagues
Bustreel, Anne. "Contribution à l'analyse économique de la non division du travail dans les ménages." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10012.
Full textIn this thesis, the sexual division of labor is viewed as kind of employment relationship. One member of the household supplies household services to her partnber. The labor time of this second member is then devoted to the labor market with an increased efficiency (increasing returns in the human capital accumulation, wage gap between men and women). The spouse who is specialized in the non-market sector expects her household services to be paid for. The sexual division of labor is considered as an exchange of labor income and household services between spouses. On the basis of this employment relationship, the organisation of household economic activity is analyzed as a non-cooperative game. A non-division of labor appears to be the unique equilibrium outcome. Such an analysis seems to be especially relevant to developed western countries. Formally, this equilibrium stems from a "trust game" or the well-known one-sided version of the prisoners' dilemma game. To cooperate in spite of this theoretical impediment, the spouses might sign a contract at the outset of their relation, or behave altruistically, or also devise an internal governance structure. But in fact, these possibilities are not convincing. So the question remains : how to sustain cooperation in an household? given the nature of the exchange, that is intricated with durable and personal relations, we model it as a repeated game in which a trigger strategy should permit to sustain cooperation, ie a division of labor. The complete model predicts an extent of the non-division of labor in households. The specialization principle is refused when the exogenous probability of divorce, or more generally, of splitting, is too high and when the relative economic benefits of specialization are too low
Drouet, Delphine. "Décision résidentielle des ménages : entre choix et contraintes." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CERG0966/document.
Full textThe residential choice depends to a certain number of constraints: whether internal to the household or resulting from market distortion, these constraints change considerably the choices set of the households. The first part of the thesis is about the internal constraints to the household. The resulting work is a continuation of the work realized on the family economy and that of decision-making depending on their mobility. The first constraint presented is about the discrimination on the prices in the housing market. The literature has studied in detail the question of the discrimination in access to the housing highlighting a restricted and tacit access to the immigrant households, but no study has ever considered the highlighting of a potential residential discrimination by prices. In this article, we study the effective rent differences between French natives and immigrants, using the decomposition proposed by Oaxaca & Blinder (1973). We search to explain theses rent differentials by a part attributable to individual choices differences and another due to a discrimination on the housing market based on the data of the 1996 housing survey. Although no discrimination by price has clearly been shown, however some housing characteristics seem more expensive for immigrants. The second part of the thesis presents two constraints intra-households. The first of that is housing occupied by agents before they merge in order to create a household. The literature has deeply studied the residential mobility choices of couples through most of the stages of the life cycle, without including that of the household formation. However, this would allow taking into account the plurality of decision makers inside the household. This chapter offer a collective model of the household formation, measuring the probability that a couple, together, occupies the dwelling occupied by the man single, the one occupied by the woman single, compared to the fact of refuse them both, based on the estimations of a multinomial logit model. We work on the data housing national survey of 2002 which allow us to trace the totality the mobility paths of two agents. We studie the choice of the first household housing in the sense of its initial occupation. The elaboration of the theoretical model, based on a collective type model, where agents realized a negotiation, including the situation where the two may not have to leave the respective homes, in the couple threat points. We propose an enhanced version of the model where we argue that the decision of the collective housing can implied an inefficiency in the futures couple decisions. Although the man housing seems to be a proven choice, wage inequality between men and women, as well as the age difference within the couple tend to significantly influence the couples choice. Then, the housing choice, for a couple, has to take into account the daily travel time between home and workplace. The agents, having a localized job, choose a housing which meets their needs in a region where space occupation is strongly heterogeneous and housing supply is not uniformly distributed. The idea of this article is to measure the impact of agents individual characteristics on the attached decision of the household travel times, as well as how the agents allocated theses movements. The data are these of the French 1999 census of the population, enhanced with communal data and agents travel times. We show that a distinction can be realized between men and women on the attraction to the employment poles and the job stability
Périvier, Hélène. "Transferts redistributifs et offre de travail des ménages : analyse théorique et mise en perspective franco-américaine." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010020.
Full textNeill, Ghyslaine. "Travail des femmes, structures productives et organisation des ménages à Trinité et Tobago, 1971-1988." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq21497.pdf.
Full textShaikenova, Zhadra. "Les déterminantes socio-démographiques de la structure du budget-temps des ménages en Russie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H021.
Full textWith the help of housework value estimation methods, the author provided market value of time spent on the care after housemates and housekeeping for Russian population in percentages of GDP. Based on per-capita age and gender production profiles and Rosstat population quantity data, the author evaluated aggregated time transfers production profiles for the population of Russia in 2014. According to the results of the research most unpaid work is conducted by: women of reproductive and early retired age; much less men of age 30+. Main care after elderly people in Russian households is provided by middle-age people. Seems like “younger” elderly people take care after older or needy members of the household. Main providers of the care after children are the following: young parents (mostly women) aged between 25 and 29 who quit their job or become more flexible in case of work schedule. The author conducted multi-factor analysis of unpaid work gender distribution: socio-demographic factors with substantial effect on time spent on housekeeping and care after elderly and children were defined
Целью диссертационного исследования является оценка влияния социально-демографических детерминант на распределение бюджетов времени в российских домашних хозяйствах. Используя комплекс методов оценки «стоимости» домашнего труда, была получена авторская рыночная оценка затрат времени на заботу о членах домохозяйства и на ведение домашнего хозяйства населения Российской Федерации в процентах от ВВП. На основе удельных половозрастных профилей производства и данных Росстата о численности населения в разрезе половозрастных групп были получены совокупные профили производства трансфертов времени для всего населения России за 2014 год. Согласно результатам работы основной объем неоплаченной работы выполняют следующие демографические группы: женщины репродуктивных и ранних пенсионных возрастов; со значительным отставанием мужчины старше 30 лет. В работе был проведен статистический анализ времени, затрачиваемого отдельно на уход за пожилыми членами домашнего хозяйства и на воспитание и уход за детьми. Основной уход за пожилыми на уровне домохозяйства сегодня в России осуществляют люди старшего возраста. Видимо, более «молодые» пожилые ухаживают за более зрелыми или более нуждающимися пожилыми членами домохозяйства. Портрет провайдеров заботы для детей таков: молодые родители (в основном женщины) в возрасте от 25 до 29 лет, оставившие рынок труда или перешедшие на более гибкую работу с меньшим объемом рабочих часов в неделю. Проведен многофакторный анализ межгендерного распределения неоплачиваемых затрат времени: определены социально-демографические факторы, значимо влияющие на время, затрачиваемое на ведение домашнего хозяйства, уход за пожилыми и воспитание детей. Помимо социально-демографических факторов распределения времени между партнерами (их направления и уровня значимости) на основе результатов регрессионного анализа была рассчитана абсолютная и относительная разница в затратах времени партнеров, которая приходится на основные выявленные факторы. 6 Ключевые слова: трансферты времени, бюджеты времени, неоплачиваемый труд, гендерное неравенство, домашний труд, экономика заботы
Bellache, Youghourta. "L'économie informelle en Algérie, une approche par enquête auprès des ménages : le cas de Bejaia." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593812.
Full textÉchevin, Damien. "Hétérogénéité individuelle des agents et comportements des ménages : consommation, revenu et emploi." Paris 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA010017.
Full textBreteau, Vincent. "Manifestations spatiales de la congestion et localisation des emplois et des ménages." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00690398.
Full textDoumbia, Maéva Zeïnab. "Genre identitaire et revenu relatif au sein des ménages : étude du cas Canadien." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31864.
Full textGbakou, Monnet Benoît Patrick. "Offre de travail et migration dans les pays en développement : applications économétriques sur les données de ménages ivoiriens." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ENSF0027.
Full textA great number of empirical studies focusing on the labour markets in developing countries are especially interested in the macroeconomic changes on these markets. Now, these macroeconomic changes do not still reflect correctly the microeconomic changes at the level of the agents. This thesis poposes to analyze these microeconomic changes trough the analysis of three major behaviours of the african workers. It privileges the behaviour of migration and the behaviour of labour supply. The first studied behaviour relates to the migration of the rural labour force towards cities. Our findings show that the urban to rural wage gap does not incite the male workers to migrate. However, the urban wage is still incentive to the migration of female rural workers. Nevertheless, the analysis of the migration in terms of binary choice can be overlooked when we have the number of completed migrations of every individual. The number of completed migrations of a worker is assumed to report the turnover of this one on the labour market. Our results indicate that more raised wage offers in certain areas incited the male and female workers to make a large number of migrations, and hence to change jobs and employers several times. In these analyses of the migration behaviour show partially the changes on the labour markets of the african countries, the analysis of the time allocation between market work and leisure is not less important. It seems that the more important presence of the women on the ivoirian labour market was expressed by an improvement of the goods consumption (the well-being) or the household negatiation position of these last ones within the households. Furthermore, it is clearly shown that the household members do not pool their incomes
Sougane, Arouna. "L'émigration au Mali : impacts sur les ménages d'origine et insertion des migrants de retour." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090008/document.
Full textThis thesis analyses the effects of migration on the behaviors of household of origins members, when newspapers' headlines focus on tragedies related to illegal immigration. Our thesis, applied to Mali, is an in-depth analysis of external and internal migrations both very important in this country, whereas most of the studies only focus on the impact of international migration. We use data from two national large-scale surveys which were fully conducted under our control. The thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is a descriptive analysis of the two types of migration and highlights the characteristics of migrants. It also evaluates the transfer amounts and their contribution to the living conditions of recipient households. The next chapters resort to micro-econometric techniques which allow us to estimate the effects of migration by controlling for endogeneity problems. The second chapter examines the effects of the two types of migration on schooling of children from households of origins, namely their schooling success. In the third chapter, we evaluate the impact of migrations on agricultural production. We test the hypothesis of an opportunistic behavior because of the existence of an implicit contract between migrants and members of the household of origin. Insertion of return migrants in the labour market is investigated in the fourth chapter. The thesis shows negative impacts of internal and foreign migrations, especially, on the behavior of original household members. Migrations reveal an opportunistic behavior marked by least effort at school (from children's side) and from agricultural workers. In addition, migration experience does not have significant influence on the insertion in the labour market
Ferrant, Gaëlle. "Inégalités de genre dans les pays en voie de développement et dans l'utilisation du temps." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010028.
Full textEl, Lahga Abdelrahmen. "Essays on household economics." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR1EC07.
Full textThis thesis presents four self-contained essays on household economics. The first essay tests whether children of certain age groups should be treated as decision makers within the household, applying an existing testing methodology developed for determining the number of adult decision makers in the context of a collective household model. The second essay compares two types of matrix rank based tests for the number of household decision makers – using conditional and using unconditional demand functions. The analysis shows robust evidence in favour of two decision makers, with the interpretation that husband and wife are separate decision makers. The third essay uses the very general technique of indirect inference to estimate a collective household labour supply model in a new and attractive way, and shows that this technique can be applied very fruitfully here. The last essay analyzes reduced form models of time allocation using panel data models applied to the German Socio-Economic Panel. It exploits variation in marital status of couples over time. Controlling for fixed effects, it finds evidence that marriage increases women specialization in domestic work
Benallaoua, Abdoune. "Vulnérabilité, segmentation du marché du travail, et pauvreté : résultats d'une étude sur le niveau de vie des ménages en Basse Kabylie." Bordeaux 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR40004.
Full textBased on a survey done in 2005 in Lower Kabylie (Algeria) among 500 households, this PhD analyses the relatioship between vulnerability on the labour market and poverty. This analysis on the labour market in this area, brings out four segments corresponding to different levels of protection, and identifies some characteristics in the segmentation process. Poverty was estimated by applying the two main approaches : monetary and non monetary. Poverty is to be found mainly in rural areas, in big households whose heads of family are uneducated and among unemployed people and workers. The strength of the link between vulnerability on the labour market and poverty changes according to the adopted welfare approach. With a non monetary approach, the vulnerable segments are unquestionably the poorest, wheras with a monetary approach, this result only holds within a similar employment status. Going beyond this causal relationship between vulnerability and poverty, this research work integrates vulnerability in the poverty concept itself as a characteristic among others. The anti poverty policy in Algeria must take this reality into account and therefore put an end to the measures generatig insecure and instable jobs
Radtchenko, Natalia. "Offre de travail individuelle et "collective" : applications empiriques à l'aide de données russes." Phd thesis, Paris 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136535.
Full textLes chapitres trois et quatre proposent des nouvelles applications empiriques du modèle collectif de comportement des ménages.
Le troisième chapitre analyse le partage intra-familial à l'intérieur d'un cadre théorique inspiré des modèles collectifs. La mesure du partage repose sur une comparaison subjective des niveaux de revenu et des niveaux d'utilité. A partir de ces données, des approches nouvelles sont proposées permettant l'identification complète de la règle de partage.
Le quatrième chapitre porte sur un modèle d'offre de travail collectif avec solutions de coin. Le modèle est généralisé pour permettre aux paramètres de la règle de partage de varier dans le temps. Le but de l'étude est précisément d'effectuer un test de stabilité de la règle de partage. L'avènement de la crise financière de 1998 est exploité pour démarquer deux périodes distinctes, soient les périodes pré et post crise.
Donni, Olivier. "Essais sur les modèles collectifs de comportement du ménage." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0053.
Full textAboulkacem, El Mehdi. "Infrastructures de transport urbain et frictions du marché du travail." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL12021/document.
Full textWe explore in this thesis some aspects of the role played by the urban transport infrastructures in reducing the labor market frictions caused by the spatial separation between the places of residence and the job opportunities locations. To do so, this thesis is written in three chapters.In the first, we build a series of spatial matching functions linking jobless workers to vacant positions. These functions depend on the transport infrastructures parameters and are not conditional on the structure of the city in which the matching process occurs. In the second chapter we present an innovative public policy evaluation instrument used for measuring the impact of the Paris region transport infrastructures performances on the local unemployment rates and for predicting the impact of the Grand Paris Express on these rates. This instrument can be used in other contexts and for other regions. Last but not least, the third chapter analyses the determinants of the home-workplace distance of two-worker households' workers living in Paris region. The objective is to provide some clues to understand the transportation demand generated by the constant growth of the part of this kind of households and to anticipate it while designing the future planning policies
Vandermeersch, Céline. "Les enfants confiés au Sénégal." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000IEPP0007.
Full textThibout, Claire. "Efficience et stéréotypes de genre : applications à l'allocation des ressources dans les ménages et aux choix éducatifs." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010042/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the study of decision making within couples and the analysis of gendered educational choices. Until now, economic models provide a better understanding of behaviors, but do not achieve to explain gender differences in a whole. Indeed, traditional economic variables do not allow to represent entirely the allocation of time between partners, and human capital models do not achieve to explain why girls choose less paid tracks. The first chapter of this dissertation aims at better understanding determinants of “who gets what” within couples, in terms of monetary resources and time. Then a second chapter focuses on the production sphere of the household, by confronting the efficiency assumption to the allocation of time within couples. It is shown that the efficiency assumption seems to be challenged in the household production process. But how can we then represent behaviors ? It may be judicious to try to represent a second best optimum, integrating some constraints or social representations, and particularly gender stereotypes or different beliefs in the society on the abilities of men and women. The third chapter than investigates the impact of different beliefs about the abilities of boys and girls in sciences and humanities on educational choices. Then a last chapter analyses the influence of gender stereotypes upon abilities of men and women to produce domestic goods
Fréchette, Ariane. "Aversion envers l'iniquité et écart salarial entre les hommes et les femmes : facteurs expliquant les opinions au sujet du rôle des femmes sur le marché du travail." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30093.
Full textLanouette, Nicolas. "Espace et travail urbains : le paysage professionnel de Québec, 1871-1901." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23708/23708.pdf.
Full textRizavi, Sayyid Salman. "Analyse de l'emploi du temps : approche théorique et analyse comparative de quelques pays." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010016.
Full textVerger, Antonia. "Pauvreté des ménages et pauvreté de l'école face aux objectifs de l'éducation primaire universelle : étude de cas de deux villages et deux écoles publiques des Hautes Terres Malgaches." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB209/document.
Full textMadagascar is one of the poorest country in the world regarding its GPD per capita. Most of its population lives under the poverty line. The government is committed in the education for all plan since 1990. However, the quality of education is still low. In 2012, only 68.8% of the children achieved the primary school cycle, there are high repetition rates and few students access to the secondary school cycle. Most of international institution and NGO's oppose child labor and schooling. Child labor remains important, in 2010, 21% of the children aged from 5 to 17 years old work. We have conducted a survey about the households living in the rural zones. Most of them live from subsistence farming activities. Their children must participate to the domestic chores and economic activities and combine school at the same time. This work aims to understand the process of schooling and child work in a rural zone. We have collected quantitative data on 246 household and we made an ethnography in a primary state school for 14 months. Then, we have conducted semi-structured interviews with mothers, teachers and children aged from 8 to 14 years old. The quantitative data helped to analyze the relationship between the household demographic structures and the children school attainment. The ethnography shown the impact of a weak quality of education on the children learning process and on the school demand. The interviews conducted with the children shown how their perception of work and schooling and their aspiration could influence the reproduction of their economic and social position. To conclude, we question how the primary education for all can be reached when most of the household live in poor life conditions and the education sector suffers from a lack of funds. Can the school system stop the transmission of social and economic inequalities and break the poverty cycle?
Rodrigues, Coelho Bruno André. "Essays on female labour supply and fertility." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAB012/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the labour supply and fertility decisions of women in France. In Chapter 2, I estimate a hierarchical model using French and German micro-data. The aim is to see how the French and German regions differ, once you control for individual variables. Chapter 3 examines the impact of first, second and third births on the labour supply and wages of women and men. The question here is to see to what extent these births have a negative impact, and perhaps even a positive one in the case of men. Chapter 4 examines how long a mother spends out of work after the birth of her first child, and how she decides to return to work. A competing risks model is used for this. Chapter 5 presents version control software. This type of software greatly simplifies scientific production
Zanuso, Claire. "Natural Disasters, Coping Strategies and Labour Market - Evidence from the 2010 Earthquake in Haiti." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090072.
Full textFrequency and intensity of natural and environmental disasters are on the rise worldwide. Up to 325 million extremely poor people will be living in the 49 most hazard-prone countries in 2030. Haiti proudly claims to the distinction of being the only nation whose slave population defeated a colonial power to become free and the second-oldest republic in the Western Hemisphere, yet persists as the poorest country in Latin America and Caribbean region one of the poorest and weakly governed countries in the world. Output of both an extensive fieldwork and academic research, the present thesis attempts to shed some light on the situation in Haiti after the devastating earthquake, offering four insights on the interlinkages between natural disaster, labour market and coping strategies. The introductive chapter draws the general motivation and some background information common of the four essays of this doctoral work. The first chapter presents the most up-to-date diagnosis of the labour market situation in Haiti almost 3 years after the earthquake (2012) and provide whenever possible a comparison with the situation prevailing 3 years before (2007), with a specific focus on youth. This descriptive analysis offers an overview of the general economic trends. In the following three chapters, we explore in depth the microeconomic foundations and implications of channels at play. Chapter 2 analyses the impact of earthquake on the households' decision on children's time allocation. In chapter 3, we investigate interlinkages between transfers and labour supply in the aftermath of the earthquake. Finally, chapter 4 takes the analysis of the impact of the earthquake a step forward by using longitudinal data and focuses on the long-lasting impact of the 2010 earthquake on population's livelihoods
Jakubowicz, Muriel. "Évaluation de politique publique : les retraites non-contributives dans les pays en développement." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0030.
Full textMinimum pensions are on the reform agenda in developing countries and this thesis assesses the impact of this kind of transfert, ex-ante and ex-post. The expected impact on elderly poverty reduction depends on the size of the household they live in : extended families make it more difficult to tackle elderly poverty. Ex-post, the Brazilian rural pension reform (1991) used a quasi natural experiment evidenced that this kind of program may have huge effects on other vulnerable groups. For instance, in Brazil, poor young woman moved to live with their pensioners-parents. The young self-employed working in agriculture benefited also from the pension, through a softening credit and liquidity constraints mechanism
Calvo, Thomas. "Governance, Peace and Security in Sub-Saharan Africa : Microeconomic interaction and impacts Fear of the state in governance surveys? Empirical evidence from African countries Fear Not For Man? Armed conflict and social capital in Mali." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLD009.
Full textThis dissertation in applied development microeconomics centres on Sustainable Development Goal 16 which “promote[s] just, peaceful and inclusive societies”. This work aims at studying the interactions and effects of Governance, Peace and Security through the analysis of first-hand and high-quality household survey data in SubSaharan Africa. It is built around two lines of research. The first line of research is cross-cutting and methodological: it questions the reliability of the data used. Indeed, public organisations, namely National Statistics Offices, administer the surveys and collect information of sensitive nature (dealing with respect of fundamental rights, democracy, corruption among other things). Results show no systematic self-censorship or attenuation bias from adults surveyed by NSOs compared with adults surveyed by independent organisations. We provide evidence of the capacity and legitimacy of government-related organisations to collect data on governance, at much higher levels of precision than other existing data sources. The second line of research focuses on the impacts of violence in two African countries. On the one hand, we study the impacts of political violence on social capital since 2012 in the case of the Malian conflict. The increased association participation in areas exposed to violent events cannot be considered as positive. Indeed, it is observed solely for family and political associations, which are comparatively inward-looking and act as interest groups. We interpret this finding as a form of withdrawal behind group or community boundaries which may exacerbate ethnic divisions and deepen the conflict. On the other hand, I study how workers of the informal labour market cope with criminal violence in Madagascar. Although victims of criminality seem not to adopt different behaviours on the labour market, the fear of crime impact productivity negatively, particularly in the agricultural sector. Fearful workers become more vulnerable to shock occurrence. Adults’ fear of criminal violence also channels to under 15 household members whose participation on the labour market increases
Dumais-Picard, Laurence. "Apprentissages, reconnaissance et professionnalisation des salariés assurant le travail ménager au domicile des particuliers : une comparaison France-Québec." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9554.
Full textMoosa, Dalal. "Essays in Generational, Labor and Development Economics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E037.
Full textThe first chapter notes a change in the composition of private intergenerational transfers inFrance over time, from more intrahousehold transfers in the 1980s to more inheritance in thenew millennium. Using a three-period overlapping generations model, we show that a risein wealth inequality can influence the composition of these transfer. However, the share ofintrahousehold transfers in human capital accumulation and the extent of the preference tobequeath can influence this inequality. The second chapter looks at the role of the demographic boom on the prevalence of informal employment, with the context of Egypt. We introduce overlapping generations of heterogeneous education levels in a multi-sectoral model. After calibrating and simulating the model, we show that a temporary demographic boom of better educated workers can have long-run effects on non-formality rates, interacting with output and prices. We contrast this actual dynamic adjustment with counterfactuals, emphasizing the importance of demographics and private sector constraints on non-formality rates. The third chapter examines the heterogeneity of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) inMorocco. These enterprises are grouped into three categories: top performers, potentialgazelles and “others.” The paper finds that top performers tend to do relatively well inall areas examined. Potential gazelles, on the other hand, appear to choose their sectorsof economic activity differently and appear to face particular constraints when it comes toaccess to credit and the ability to link to other businesses. Moreover, while formal firmsappear to exhibit significant heterogeneity, informal firms are less heterogeneous, showing asmall upper echelon that can compete with formal firms, while others are not starkly differentform each other
Boudra, Leila. "Durabilité du travail et prévention en adhérence : le cas de la dimension territoriale des déchets dans l’activité de tri des emballages ménagers." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2171/document.
Full textThis thesis is a part of the studies carried out on organizational dynamics regarding occupational risks prevention, led in particular in the French National Institute for Research and Safety (INRS). The key issue is to put forward terms and conditions of prevention which take into account the work realities and industrial realities.From interventions carried out in five waste sorting centres for household packaging, in a context of industrialization of the waste recycling sector, this research aims to better understand the work of sorting operator, in order to determine vectors for actions in prevention. The waste sorting centres are productive entities, part of green business sector, where industrial challenges carry two major dimensions of sustainable development: territoriality and social sustainability.The method that we chose aims to put forward an objectification of the waste sorting operator’s work activity, taking into account the specifics of this sector, in the prospect of a sustainable prevention. To do so, an analysis of the work activity, according to the ergonomics work analysis method (EWA) was conducted, complete by several confrontation tools used with workers, both individually and collectively.The results showed that waste sorting centres are production sites located in a specific territorial context. Workers have to manage the production while taking into account the limits of their technical system, faced with waste as a territorialized object. Waste comes from separate households’ collection and is brought in the centre for the purpose of being sorted. It has territorialized characteristics, depending on specific territorial economical and social factors. Additionally, political factors regarding choices in terms of waste collecting and sorting, factors related to the consumption pattern and households’ lifestyle on the territory, factors related to the morphological features of the territory, and related to territorial attractiveness are also considered. However, this dimension is not taken into account during both the waste sorting centres design phase and the implementation of prevention strategies. The national testing phase for an extension of waste sorting instructions that we contributed to led to, argue that a disconnection was taking place between the characteristics of the technical system and the characteristics of the territory. This disconnection may lead to work intensification, directly impacting work sustainability.These results allow us to put forward two directions for actions in prevention in order to contribute to the design of sustainable sorting work systems. The first aims to better identify the coordination between actors belonging to different decision-making levels: some internal stakeholders, within the sorting centres, and external actors, on a territorial scale. To achieve this goal, the field of ergonomics has been shifted to mobilize theoretical frameworks originating from other disciplinary approaches, as proximity economics. This shifting aims to better take into account the requirements of industrial realities, and to produce mechanisms mobilizing these actors to satisfy the need for an effective transformation of work situations. The second direction aspire to put forward recommendations for the design of technical and organizational plastic systems, i.e. systems which leave sufficient rooms of manoeuver, factor for operators’ health, and that make work systems more efficient. The contributions of this thesis lead to develop an approach of prevention « in connection » which articulate the essential requirements of a regulatory prevention, and the industrial realities of the productive organization, for which three requirements have been identified: (i) develop the prevention problem from the knowledge co-production with workers, (ii) articulate work and industrial performance requirements, (iii) including prevention into territorialized industrial projects
Darpeix, Aurélie. "La demande de travail salarié permanent et saisonnier dans l'agriculture familiale : mutations, déterminants et implications. Le cas du secteur des fruits et légumes français." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NSAM0012/document.
Full textWage labor in agriculture has always been characterized by some invisibility, whether it is in the social or political field. Although its importance has been reduced throughout the 20th century, it still plays an important role in family farming in France. This role has developed and its very nature changes as seasonal work increases. At a time of increasing competition, understanding these evolutions, their determinants and consequences therefore becomes a double issue of study : a social one and one of competitivity. It is our opinion that the classical dichotomy between family work and wage labor is insufficient when highlighting evolutions in the workforce and its impact in terms of the performance of farms. The factors of family farming labor demand are analysed, theoretically and econometrically, by differentiating permanent workers from seasonal ones. Such a distinction gives a better understanding of the farmers' behaviour, shows the substitution phenomena between these two types of workers, and gives the reasons for such a substitution. The link between workforce composition and farm performance is also studied. By estimating a production function, we show that the three types of workers are unequally productive and that workforce composition affects farm productivity. Lastly, the qualitative study of a specific seasonal contract and that of the type of labor flexibility such a contract offers, sheds light on how jobs in agriculture are much more complex than the strict division between permanent and seasonal workers. Indeed, they call for a questioning of the dual aspect of labor flexibility generally used in the economic literature
Martinoty, Laurine. "Intrahousehold Allocation of Time and Consumption during Hard Times." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1021/document.
Full textThe consequences of adverse aggregate shocks on households have been repeatedly documented, but far less has been said on the way they are passed over to individuals through the mediation of the household. Does the household contribute in mitigating the effects? Or does the economic shock rather invite itself at the family negociating table? Using the Argentine 2001 economic crisis as a natural experiment, I first show that married women are more likely to enter the labor market if their husband experienced a loss in income, giving credit to the insurance mechanism. Then, I show that the business cycle matters for investments in education, and that long run labor outcomes of Argentine men are persistently affected by the initial conditions upon graduation. Finally, I consider the “Mancession” dimension of the Great Recession in Spain and demonstrate that the resource share accruing to wives for own consumption increases together with the decreasing unemployment gap, which comes in support to the bargaining hypothesis
Prelipceanu, Raluca. "A gendered approach to labour mobility : migration and social norms. Evidence from Romania." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739076.
Full textZizi, Amine. "Influence du cadre institutionnel sur les comportements des organisations : le cas des déchets d’emballages ménagers et des véhicules hors d’usage." Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080090.
Full textOur research concerns the influence of the institutional framework on the behavior of organizations. In a particular way, she is interested in the way the actors adapt themselves to the institutional framework of the organizational field in which they operate. These actors can be even brought to try to modify this framework so that he corresponds to their interests. The RSE is arrested in our reflection as an institutional phenomenon, susceptible to be implemented by means of the normative, coercive and mimetic pressures. The field of observation of this research concerns the waste of domestic packagings and end-of-life vehicles. The obtained results indicate that the type of waste, the size of the producers, the degree of institutionalization and the characteristics of the organizational field strongly influence the action of the institutions and organizations embedded in the studied field. The results are reflected in the following theoretical contributions: contribution to studies on the formation of organizational fields; contribution to the study of institutional change through institutional confrontation; contribution to the theoretical current that defines CSR as a business case strategy; the REP principle as a particular extension of CSR
Nilsson, Björn. "Educational and labor market trajectories of youth in developing countries." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED029/document.
Full textThis thesis seeks to promote our understanding of the constraints and opportunities facing youth as they transit through schooling and to the labor market. The first chapter provides a literature review of the theoretical and empirical contributions to what we know about school-to-work transitions in developing countries and their specificities. The following chapter builds a computable general equilibrium model that is applied to the Malaysian labor market, in order to study the impact of skill-biased technological change and educational policy on labor market evolutions. Subsequent chapters examine household interactions arising from exogenous shocks, from the angle of children’s work and schooling. The findings from these chapters point to the presence of important spillover effects and heterogeneous absorption of shocks in the household. Impact evaluation of policy would therefore benefit from the systematic incorporation of such household-level externalities
Le, Ngoc Hung. "Contribution à la modélisation du comportement mécanique d'un matériau hétérophasé rematérialisé issu d'un mâchefer d'incinération d'ordures ménagères : valorisation en Génie Civil." Thesis, Artois, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ARTO0213.
Full textBottom ash is the solid residua coming from domestic waste combustion in the furnace of incineration factory. The utilization of bottom ash in the field of Civil Engineering is necessary because the municipal wastes are increasing causes many environmental problems while the materials of Civil Engineering dwindle. The bottom ash was used for a decade in the field of civil engineering; however the mechanical characteristics of material “bottom ash” are not very well known. This work of thesis contributes to improving knowledge of the mechanical characteristics of bottom ash. After the determination of the geotechnical characteristics (parameters of nature, mechanical parameters, parameters of state), chemical and environmental characteristics, the potential of use of these bottom ash is evaluated according to the « Circulaire de 9 Mai, 1994 » and according to the technical guide SETRA-LCPC 2000 « Réalisation des remblais et des couches de forme ».In the experimental part, the oedometric and triaxial tests are carried out. For oedometric tests, the effect of compaction energy and immersion of specimens as well as the effect of the loading rate of the test were evaluated. The effect of loading rate is also evaluated by some sets of triaxial tests. From the triaxial tests, the mechanical parameters such as the Young’s modulus, the Poisson‘s ratio, the characteristic angle, the dilatancy angle, the cohesion and the friction angle were determined. These mechanical properties are specific to the material and can be integrated in a diagram of dimensioning specific to the structures of roadways based on bottom ash. The studied principal parameters allow us to evaluate the influence of the effective confining pressure. The evolution of the deformation modulus versus to the axial deformation and finally, the variation of the deviator stress versus to the mean effective pressure were also analyzed. A set of points of the yielding state was determined from triaxial tests and it specifies significantly the shape of yielding surface of our bottom ash.Finally, the triaxial tests were simulated numerically. This part is a contribution to the modelling of the mechanical behaviour of bottom ash. The model of Mohr-Coulomb and Nova were chosen to characterize the evolution of the material “bottom ash” under the influence of external mechanical actions. These are typical examples of model soil completely identifiable only through traditional triaxial tests. The simulation of triaxial tests is carried out using the CESAR-LCPC software. The results are found to be promising
Gherbi, Hassiba. "Analyse de l'emploi informel féminin en Algérie : cas de la wilaya de Béjaia." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0101.
Full textThis work focuses on the position of women working in the informal economy. What gives these women the momentum and the courage to work in precarious and poor conditions? What are the distinctive features of the strategies that inspired them transcend their structurally disadvantaged position in the economy? What are the barriers they continue to face in their efforts to fight against society's injustices? To answer these questions, we conducted in 2012 a representative survey with a sample of 1016 households in the wilaya of Bejaia; among 783 women employed, one third exert informal activities. The cross-sectional analysis of the survey highlighted the heterogeneity of women in the informal sector. It appears that it is neither leading nor marginal. We distinguish two groups of informal women, those with subsistence activities and those who can barely meet their basic needs. Multivariate analysis identified different categories (homeworkers: dressmakers, sub-contracting food providers, nurses, hairdressers). Poor education, lack of qualifications, household wealth and the social norms play an important role in the integration of women in the informal labor market. These economic and socio cultural factors support the idea of the existence of an informal sector of survival for women and emphasize their role regarding social reproduction, not accumulation
Nguyen, Quang Nguyen. "Articulation temporelle des mobilités individuelles et impact CO2 dans les différents espaces résidentiels en France (des citadins vertueux, mais uniquement en semaine?)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0072/document.
Full textMy thesis concern is about knowledge and in depth-understanding of the annual distribution of individual mobility in France (distinguishing daily, weekend and long distance trips) according to the residential locations (by category of urban areas) via the development of an annual CO2 emissions assessment, to address the issue of climate change. After a brief methodological description of the tool, using the dataset of the most recent French National Transport Survey (2007-2008), the paper presents some typical results, declining the distribution of CO2 emissions due to this mobility according to the zone of residence: beyond the initial descriptive analyses, a cluster analysis of mobility behavior results in four profiles of mobility according to the CO2-emissions budgets on these three time segments of mobility. It shows that each type of mobility behavior is not available (nor uniform) in only one type of space. A "cocooning effect" can be detected but it is probably not strong enough to confirm that the citizens of (large) city centers during the weekend necessarily ruin their rather virtuous behavior on week days through the use of less polluting modes. Case studies by gender, frequent travelers (pendulous or transcontinental), and some travel purposes (e.g. shopping, leisure) provide additional results. Finally, the analysis of occupancy rates of the car for local travel shows, that more passengers in a vehicle is an important factor for its energy efficiency (and therefore CO2) due to mobility
Trako, Iva. "Essays on Development Economics." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH043/document.
Full textChapter 1 evaluates the impact of a policy intervention in Peru aimed at improving access to justice and reducing violence against women. In many developing countries, access to justice remains unequal, especially for women. What are the implications of this inequality for gender-based violence, intra-household bargaining, and investment in children? This paper provides evidence from Peru on all-women's justice centers (WJCs), specialized institutions that mostly employ female officers and provide police and legal services to reduce gender-based violence. Examining the gradual rollout of WJCs across districts/ villages, we find that the opening of a center increases reporting of gender-specific crimes by 40% and reduces the incidence of gender-based violence measured by domestic violence, femicides and hospitalizations due to mental health by about 10%. We find, moreover, that a decrease in the exposure of women to violence has intergenerational effects: WJCs substantially increase human capital investments in children, raising enrollment, attendance, and test scores. These results are consistent with a bargaining model in which women's access to justice determines the threat point. Chapter 2 examines the effect of fertility on labor supply decisions of Albanian parents, with particular attention to the intervening role of childcare provided by grandparents in extended families. In order to address the potential endogeneity in the fertility decision, I exploit Albanian parental preference for having sons combined with the sibling’s sex-composition instrument as an exogenous source of variation. Using a repeated cross-section of parents with at least two children, I find a positive and statistically significant effect of fertility on parental labor supply for those parents who are more likely to be younger, less educated or live in extended families. In particular, IV estimates for mothers show that they increase labor supply, especially in terms of hours worked per week and the likelihood of working off-farm. Similarly, father’s likelihood of working off-farm and having a second occupation increase as a consequence of further childbearing. The heterogeneity analysis suggests that this positive effect might be the result of two plausible mechanisms: childcare provided by non-parental adults in extended families and greater financial costs of maintaining more children. Chapter 3 analyzes the effect of forced displacement on adult’s labor market outcomes and children’s schooling in the context of the post-war Kosovo. This chapter uses the 1998-1999 Kosovo war and the following massive displacement of people as a natural experiment in order to estimate the impact of conflict displacement on Kosovars that left and decided to come back relative to those who stayed in the province. I exploit the interaction of the spatial variation in conflict intensity -as measured by casualties and bombings- and distance to the Albanian border as a source of exogenous variation in the displacement status. Results indicate that displaced Kosovar men are less likely to be employed in the agricultural sector and to work on their own account, while displaced Kosovar women are more likely to be inactive. Loss of assets (e.g. land, livestock) in an agrarian skill-based economy and also loss of social networks in an informal labor market might have further decreased the probability to find employment relative to stayers. However, shortly after the return home, the results also indicate that displaced Kosovar men and women are more likely to be working off-farm, especially in the construction and public administration sectors, which indicates a relatively quick recovery. In addition, displaced Kosovar girls are more likely to be enrolled in primary school, but I find no effect on education for boys. The refugee camp experience might have provided better conditions to young Kosovar girls compared to the precarious pre-war “parallel" education system
Touré, Mabetty. "Les rapports de genre et la filière néré en Haute Guinée." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00967988.
Full textDemoli, Yoann. "Automobile et stratification sociale : diffusion, caractéristiques et coûts de l'équipement automobile en France depuis les années 1980." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0004/document.
Full textBy using the automobile as a social object, this thesis provides a threefold answer to the problem of the role of material consumption in social stratification. Thanks to the very original nature of automobile, we aim at address the question of the homogenization of lifestyles in contemporary France in three differents aspects : the phenomenons of social diffusion, the distribution of the characteristics of the automobile in social space and the repartition of the internal and external costs of the car. How can we characterize the diffusion of a good symbolic of mass consumption ? Which limits does this diffusion assume ? How are distributed the characteristics of the material goods in social space ?How do the differents costs of the automobile vary among social groups ? We adress theses questions by using secondary analysis of two series of suveys conducted by the French institute of statistics : the National Travel Surveys realized in 1981, 1993 and 2007 and the French Household Expenditure Surveys conducted in 1985, 1989, 1995, 2001 and 2006
St-Onge, Mélissa. "Sur le front intérieur : les ménagères québécoises de la seconde guerre mondiale : rationnement et récupération." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7694.
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