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Journal articles on the topic 'Mende language'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Gorrotxategi Nieto, Mikel. "Getxoko etxe izenen sorreraz." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 99 (April 30, 2005): 335–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv99.5.

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Ikerketa honetan Getxon baserri izenak sailkatzeaz gain historian zehar sortzeko erabili diren sistema desberdinak aztertu dira mendez mende. Baserri zaharrenek sorrera desberdineko izenak dituzten arren geroago hiru multzotan sailkatu ahal ditugu, etxearen ezaugarri bat aipatzen dutenak (Etxebarria), etxe zaharrago baten izena daramana, ezaugarri bereizgarri batez hornituta (-zar, barri, goiko, beko...) eta jabearen izen, deitura edo ezizena gehi -ena atzizkia dutenak: Sarriena, Osabaena...

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2

Smith, Jason D. "On the Absence of Certain Island Effects in Mende." Languages 9, no. 4 (April 2, 2024): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9040131.

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The distinction between weak and strong islands has been extensively explored in the literature from both a descriptive and analytical perspective. In this paper, I document and analyze island constructions and constraints in Mende, an understudied Mande language spoken in Sierra Leone. Mende has both weak islands (left branch and wh-islands) and strong islands (adjunct clauses, sentential subjects, and coordinate structures). Intriguingly, it has a third class of islands, that I call mixed islands which show a subject–non-subject asymmetry in allowing for movement out of relative clauses, only when they modify the subject. As such, subject-modifying RCs cannot be classified as (strong/weak) islands in Mende. This is the first systematic work on islands and island constraints in the Mande language family, and, as such, it brings novel data from an understudied language family to bear on our understanding of A-bar dependencies and the study of island escape in African languages. It also calls into question a neat paradigm of cross-linguistic island constraints. Importantly, this work also lays down a baseline for future research on island constraints in the broader Mande language family. In order to discuss island constraints, this paper also lays out the first analysis of relative clauses in Mende, while integrating new research on the left periphery, focus constructions, and wh-constructions.

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3

Kamino Kaminondo, Peio, and Patxi Salaberri Zaratiegi. "Luzaideko oikonimiaren azterketa: etxe izengoitiak." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 134 (December 28, 2022): 309–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv134.2.

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Hemen Luzaideko etxe izengoitiak aztertzen ditugu, eta ondoko haranetako batzuk ere badakartzagu. Garbi ageri da etxe izengoitien emakumeentzako aldaerak eratzean Luzaide Garaziko beste herriekin batean doala, baita Aezkoa eta Zaraitzurekin ere. Izengoitiei lotu aitzin, herriaren bilakaeraz mintzo gara, Erdi Aroan hasi eta XIX. gizaldia bukatu arte: mendez mende zenbat etxe izan diren zehazten dugu, baita auzoen bilakaera zein izan den ere. Gero, etxe izengoitia zer den definitzen dugu eta, etxeen eta izengoitien taula emandakoan, zenbait ondorio ateratzen ditugu, besteak beste izengoitiak Luzaiden berean eta herritik kanpo bizirik dauden abizen batzuen iturri direla.

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4

Martinez Martinez, Josu. "Kultura zinematografiko bat sortzeko bide luzea: XX. mendeko euskal idazleak zinemaren aitzinean (1910-1980)." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 136 (December 28, 2023): 437–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv136.7.

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Artikulu honek, ikuspuntu historiko batetik, XX. mende hastapenetik 1980 arte euskal idazleek zinemari buruz idatzitako testuak aztertzen ditu deskriptiboki, euskaraz publikatutako liburu eta agerkarien azterketa xehea eginda. Lau arotan banatuta, beste askoren artean, «Kirikiño», «Batxi», Jean Etxepare, Larzabal, «Zerbitzari», «Luzear», «Aitzol», Mitxelena, Ibinagabeitia, Lete, Azurmendi, «Txillardegi», Izagirre edo Sarrionandiak zinemari buruz idatzi testuak hartu dira aintzat. Hala, kartografia zabala osatu da, bilakaera erakutsiz, mende hastapeneko gaitzespenetik 1970eko hamarkadan kultura zinematografiko baten sorrerarako oinarrietaraino.

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5

Thomas-Houston, Marilyn M. "The Language You Cry In: The Story of a Mende Song:The Language You Cry In: The Story of a Mende Song." American Anthropologist 101, no. 4 (December 1999): 826–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1999.101.4.826.

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6

TODA, Takako. "ACOUSTIC QUANTIFICATION OF TONE SPREADING IN DAISHAN AND MENDE." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 18, no. 1 (March 12, 1989): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000309.

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This paper examines the nature of ‘tone spreading’ in Daishan , a northern Wu dialect of Chinese, from the viewpoint of acoustic phonetics. It compares the mean falling fundamental frequency (FO) contour of disyllabic lexical items with that of monosyllabic citation forms in order to investigate if they are the same. The result shows that they are nearly identical, and therefore, demonstrates phonetic tone spreading as well as phonological tone spreading Acoustic data from Mende (Kupa Mende : Sierra Leone) are then presented and contrasted with those of Daishan. It is shown that the contouricity of the F О in fact differs between these two varieties. This result brings into question the autosegmentally based representation of tones using non-contour features such as HL, which has been commonly applied to the analysis of Wu tone sandhi. Finally, it is suggested that unitary contour features of tone, such as [falling], be applied in the case of Daishan tone spreading.

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7

Vydrin, Valentin. "Ergative/Absolutive and Active/Stative alignment in West Africa." Studies in Language 35, no. 2 (September 30, 2011): 409–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.2.06vyd.

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It is usually believed that non-accusative alignment systems are very rare in Africa. A thorough study of the verbal systems of the Southwestern Mande languages (Looma, Mende, Kpelle) has shown that this group is an exception. The Ergative/Absolutive types of argument coding and semantic alignment are observed in these languages mainly in the personal marking on the verbs. In the Liberian dialects of Looma, only stative verbs (belonging to a closed class) show non-accusative encoding, which can be interpreted as an S-split. In Mende, an Active/Stative type of argument indexing is attested on the verbs of an open class. All the verbs in the stative/resultative/perfect construction in Northern Looma and in the stative/resultative/intensive construction in Kpelle display Ergative/Absolutive alignment.

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8

Toda, Takako. "Acoustic quantification of tone spreading in Daishan and Mende." Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale 18, no. 1 (1989): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/clao.1989.1278.

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9

Tuchscherer, Konrad. "Kenneth Hubert Crosby (1904–1998): pioneer scholar of the Mende language." Journal of African Cultural Studies 11, no. 2 (December 1998): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13696819808717835.

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10

Stone, Ruth M., Alvaro Toepke, Angel Serrano, Joseph Opala, Cynthia Schmidt, and Tazieff Koroma. "The Language You Cry In: The Story of a Mende Song." Ethnomusicology 44, no. 3 (2000): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/852505.

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11

Hidalgo Eizagirre, Victor. "1778ko eskuizkribu bat Albeniz-Arabako euskaran?" Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 73 (December 31, 1996): 483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv73.8.

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Artikuluak euskarazko eskuizkribu ezezagun bat ematen du argitara (honen gaztelaniazko jatorrizko bertsio posiblearen parean), izan litekeelakoan berau 1778ko urte inguruan idatzirikoa Arabako Albeniz, Ordoñana eta Araiako herrien inguruko hizkera batean, mende bat geroago, Bonapartek bere ikasketak egiten dituenerako, jada desagertua izango dena lurralde hauetatik.

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12

Satrustegi, Jose Mari. "Arruazuko gabon-kanta zaharra." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 79 (December 31, 1998): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv78.11.

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Agertu berria den Gabon kanta zahar honi sarrera eman zaio aldizkariaren une amaierako zenbakian, galtzen joan diren bilantzikoen lekuko. Eskuizkribua Sakana Arruazukoa da, mende hasieran eta geroago ere zaldabai eta kriskitin doinuekin abesten ziren gauerdiko mezan Jesus Haurraren jaiotza ospatzeko. Meza bera ere latinez izan arren Pastorela izeneko artzai-girokoa izan ohi zen beste toki askotan bezala.

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13

Satrustegi, Jose Mari. "Arruazuko gabon-kanta zaharra." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 79 (December 31, 1998): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv79.11.

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Agertu berria den Gabon kanta zahar honi sarrera eman zaio aldizkariaren une amaierako zenbakian, galtzen joan diren bilantzikoen lekuko. Eskuizkribua Sakana Arruazukoa da, mende hasieran eta geroago ere zaldabai eta kriskitin doinuekin abesten ziren gauerdiko mezan Jesus Haurraren jaiotza ospatzeko. Meza bera ere latinez izan arren Pastorela izeneko artzai-girokoa izan ohi zen beste toki askotan bezala.

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14

Zuazo, Koldo. "Oiartzungo hizkeraren kokagunea." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 76 (December 31, 1997): 397–425. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv76.6.

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Mende eta laurden iragan da Bonapartek bere euskalki sailkapena aurkeztu zuenetik (1869). Tarte luze horretan aurrerapen nabarmena egin du euskalaritzak eta euskalkiak eurak ere aldatuz joan dira, jakina. Bonaparteren sailkapena berrikusteko garaia heldua dela dirudi, beraz, eta horretarako Oiartzun eta bere inguruko hizkerak izan ditut aztergai. Goinafarreraren barruan sartu zituen Bonapartek Lezo eta Irun bitarteko hizkera gipuzkoarrak, baina gaurregun, behinik behin, ez da hain garbi azaltzen lotura hori.

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15

Satrustegi, Jose Mari. "Arakil aldeko euskara." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 81 (August 31, 1999): 343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv81.9.

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Gerra ondorean galdu zen Arakil ibarreko euskara. Mende honen erdi aldera adinekoek bakarrik mintzo zuten zenbait herritan. Geroztik bakarkako pertsona batzuek gorde dute berandu arte. Hegoaldeko goi-nafarreraren multzoan Oltzako azpieuskalkitzat eman zuen Bonaparte printzeak eta hamabi herri sartzen dira bertan. Irañeta ta Murgindueta, alderantziz, Uharte Arakilgo azpieuskalkian sailkatu zituen, ipar-goi-nafarreraren barnean. Hain berandu arte iraun duen mintzaira honen izkribu guti agertu da bazterretan eta horregatik baliagarri gerta daitezke Arruazun jasotako lekukotasun hauek. Nafarroako euskalkiaren mugako testuak dira, nolanahi ere, hiztegian nahiz aditz formatan gipuzkeraren kutsu handia nabarmentzen baita.

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16

Apezetxea Zubiri, Pello. "Etxalarko etxeak." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 104 (April 30, 2007): 67–140. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv104.4.

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Etxalarko etxeei buruzko historiaren zati bat da lantxo honen edukia. XVII. mendetik hasita. Mende horretako 162 etxeren berri badugu, 134 karrikan eta 28 mendian sakabanatuak. Ondotik, gaurdaino, kopuru hori handitzen joan da, biztanlegoarekin batera, batzuetan, eta bizimoduaren aldatzearen arabera, bertzeetan. Toki eta era desberdinean. Dena den, baserria ugaritu zen, gehienbat. XVIII. eta xix.mendeetan, aitzineko mendeko 28ko kopurua 160ko bihurtu zen. Karrikako etxe multzoan, berriz, ez zen aldaera handirik gertatu, XX. mendera arte. Moldatu eta berritu, bai. Baserria uzten joan zenean, nekazaria industri lanean sartu ahala, hasi zen karrikan eraikuntza zabaltzen. Jendearen bizitza aldatzearen ondorioa. Itxura guztien arabera, hasi berria dugun mendeak aldaketa handiagoak ekarriko ditu Etxalarko etxegintzari dagokionez.

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17

Artola, Koldo. "Zaraitzuera aztertzeko ekarpen berriak (7 – Orontze)." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 97 (December 31, 2004): 401–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv97.1.

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Zaraitzuko euskararen azterketarekin jarraituz, oraingo saio honetan duela zenbait urte Orontze herriko bi laguni bildu genizkion datu batzuk, esaldiak eta ahozko testuak bereziki, hona ekartzen saiatu gara. Herri honetan bildu genuen informazioa, Ezkarozen eskuraturikoarekin gertatu zitzaigun bezala, inguruko beste batzuetan jasotakoa baino urriagoa izatean, saio bakar batean ematen dugu. Testuotan, besteak beste, duela mende erdi inguru desagerturiko almadien mugimenduekiko aipamenak agertzen dira eta baita agertuko ere, zehaztasun handiagoz gainera almadiaren beraren zehaztapenari dagokionez, Espartzako euskarari eskainiko dizkiogun saioetako batean. Zaraitzuko euskara, laburpen hauetan esan ohi dugun moduan, Louis-Lucien Bonaparte printze euskaltzaleak egindako mapa zoragarrian ekialdeko behe-nafarreraren esparruan kokaturik agertzen da, horretarako arrazoi nagusienetarik bat, antza, errespetuzko alokutibotasunaren erabilera izaki, ekialdeko euskalkien ezaugarri.

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18

Erdozia Mauleón, José Luis. "“Erizkizundi irukoitza” Sakana erdialdean." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 83 (April 30, 2000): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv83.4.

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Artikulu honetan, mende honen hasieran Azkuek egokitutako Erizkizundi Irukoitza galdetegiaren emaitzak aztertu dira goitik behera, eta Sakana erdialdeko herrietakoak izan dira kontuan bereziki (Etxarri-Aranatz, Arbizu eta Uhartekoak gehien bat, ezen iritsi zaizkigun Arruazu eta Lakuntzakoak oso urriak baitira), egun herri hauetan erabiltzen den hizkerarekin bat datozen ala ez egiaztatuz, modu honetan aipatu galdetegiaren beraren eta haren emaitzen balio dialektologikoa zehazten ahalegindu naizelarik, Mitxelenak (1991,183) zioena, galdetutako burutzapenen balio urria zenbait kasutan eta argitaratutako datuen era desegokia, egiaztatzen delarik. Sakana erdialdetik ekialdera dagoen Irañetako emaitzak ere aztertu ditut, ondorio bitxia atera ahal izan dudalarik, erantzun guztietan ez bada ere, askotan behintzat, badirudi era egokiagoan atxekitzen direla ez soilik bertako hizkerara, baizik eta beste hiru herrietakora ere bai.

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19

Idiatov, Dmitry. "Person–number agreement on clause linking markers in Mande." Studies in Language 34, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 832–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.34.4.03idi.

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Several Mande languages, viz. Jula of Samatiguila, Ko Mende, Jowulu, Yaba Southern San, and Tura, have person–number agreement on clause linking markers whose primary function, etymologically and often also synchronically, is to introduce reported discourse. Interestingly, in some of these languages the controller is not necessarily the subject of the main clause. This kind of agreement, which as such is already typologically unusual, is even more remarkable in Mande, since Mande languages have very little morphosyntactic agreement of any kind. I argue that agreement on clause linking markers in Mande is due to the fusion of originally predicative quotatives with their pronominal subjects. The agreement with non-subject controllers is semantic in origin in that a non-subject controller is necessarily also the source of the reported discourse.

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20

Larrambebere, Miguel. "Variantes del topónimo Iruña (siglos XI y XII)." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 127 (June 14, 2019): 217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv127.7.

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RESUMEN Iruña es la denominación ancestral que la lengua vasca ha utilizado hasta nuestros días para designar a la ciudad de Pamplona. Menos conocido es el hecho de que este topónimo fue incorporado entre mediados del s. XI y mediados del s. XII a la documentación del reino de Pamplona, especialmente a la emanada de la escribanía regia, para referirse a la sede episcopal y al señorío del obispo sobre la ciudad. Llama la atención que en los documentos del período citado la palabra Iruña presenta diversas variantes: fundamentalmente Eruña, Oruña y Uruña. La procedencia geográfica de los escribas que más usaron dichas formas puede dar luz acerca de las comarcas en que estas tuvieron vigencia. LABURPENA Iruña da euskaraz Nafarroako hiriburuari oso aspalditik eman zaion izena. Izen honek bizirik iraun du etenik gabe gaur egun arte euskaran eta hiriaren nahiz inguruko herrien toponimia txikian. Ez da hain ezaguna, aitzitik, herri hizkeran erabiltzen den toponimo hori mende batean zehar, XI. mende erditik XII. mende erdira arte, Iruñeko erresumaren izkribuetan txertatua izan zela; bereziki errege eskribautzan jatorria zuten dokumentuetan apezpiku egoitza eta apezpikuaren jauntasuna aipatzeko. Deigarria da garai horretako dokumentuetan Iruña hitzak hainbat aldaera agertzen dituela: nagusiki, Eruña, Oruña, Uruña. Forma hauek gehien erabili zituzten eskribauen jatorri geografikoak aldaera horien erabilera eremuen berri eman dezake. ABSTRACT Iruña is the ancient name that the Basque language has used until today to refer to the city of Pamplona. Less well known is the fact that this place name has been incorporated from the middle of the 11th century to the middle of the 12th century into the documents of the kingdom of Pamplona, specially into them that came from the royal clerkship, in order to designate the bishop’s seat and the bishop’s lordship on the city. It is noteworthy that in the documents of the mentioned period the word Iruña has several variations: mainly Eruña, Oruña, Uruña. The geographical origin of scribes who used these forms can shed light on the counties where they were in effect.

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21

Herzel, Hanspeter, David Berry, Ingo R. Titze, and Marwa Saleh. "Analysis of Vocal Disorders With Methods From Nonlinear Dynamics." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 37, no. 5 (October 1994): 1008–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3705.1008.

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Several authors have recently demonstrated the intimate relationship between nonlinear dynamics and observations in vocal fold vibration (Herzel, 1993; Mende, Herzel, & Wermke, 1990; Titze, Baken, & Herzel, 1993). The aim of this paper is to analyze vocal disorders from a nonlinear dynamics point of view. Basic concepts and analysis techniques from nonlinear dynamics are reviewed and related to voice. The voices of several patients with vocal disorders are analyzed using traditional voice analysis techniques and methods from nonlinear dynamics. The two methods are shown to complement each other in many ways. Likely physiological mechanisms of the observed nonlinear phenomena are presented, and it is shown how much of the terminology in the literature describing rough voice can be unified within the framework of nonlinear dynamics.

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22

Collings, Jane. "The Language You Cry In: Story Of A Mende Song and Homecoming: The Chronicle Of The Black Farmer." Oral History Review 28, no. 1 (March 2001): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ohr.2001.28.1.115.

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23

Padilla-Moyano, Manuel. "Mailegatze morfologikoa eta generoa euskaraz." Fontes Linguae Vasconum, no. 127 (June 14, 2019): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35462/flv127.8.

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LABURPENA Mende luzetako ukipen azkarraren ondorioz, euskarak morfema sorta bat mailegatu die latinari eta inguruko erromantzeei. ‑o/‑a bukaeren araberako pareen mailegatzearekin barietate batzuek inflexiozko generoaren hastapenak garatu dituzten bezala, ‑sa atzizkiarekin ekialdeko euskara eratorpenezko genero bereizkuntzan abiatu da. Zuberoako euskara historikoaren corpusean funtsaturik, lan honen xedea da -sa-ren agerpen historikoa aztertzea eta iruzkintzea. Horrezaz landara, eta Euskaltzaindiak bide hori baztertu badu ere, egungo ekialdeko anitz euskaldunen artean ‑sa atzizkiak duen emankortasuna ilustratuko dugu. RESUMEN Como consecuencia de la prolongada situación de contacto lingüístico, el vascuence ha tomado préstamos morfológicos del latín y de las lenguas romances. Así como a partir del préstamo de pares acabados en -o y -a algunas variedades vascas han adquirido una incipiente distinción de género de tipo flexivo, con el sufijo -sa el euskara oriental se ha adentrado en una distinción de tipo derivacional. Basándonos en un corpus del suletino histórico, en este trabajo examinamos la atestiguación y el uso del morfema -sa. Además, mostraremos que para muchos hablantes de dialectos orientales el sufijo -sa mantiene su vigor como morfema productivo, pese a que la Real Academia de la Lengua Vasca lo haya desaconsejado. ABSTRACT Due to the long-term situation of intensive contact, Basque has borrowed a number of morphemes from Latin and Romance languages. Whilst certain varieties show an incipient inflectional distinction of gender as a result of the borrowing of lexical pairs ended in -o/-a, Eastern Basque has to a certain extent acquired a derivational gender distinction by means of the Romance-origin suffix -sa. Based on a corpus of historical Souletin, in this paper we analyse the occurrences of the morpheme -sa. Moreover, we will show that present-day Eastern Basque speakers continue to use -sa as a productive suffix, despite the fact that the Royal Academy of the Basque Language has advised against it.

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ITURRALDE SESMA, Victoria. "¿Desacuerdos teóricos o decisiones contra legem?" RVAP 99-100, no. 99-100 (December 30, 2014): 1761–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.99.100.2014.073.

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LABURPENA: Botere publiko guztiak legeen mende egotea da Zuzenbide-estatu demokratikoen ezaugarrietako bat. Epaileei eta tribunalei dagokionez, aurreko adierazpen horrek ez du zalantzarik sortzen; praktikan, baina, epai judizial asko hartzen diren legetik kanpora, interpretatzeko orduan zalantzarik sortu gabe. Artikulu honetan aztertzen dut ea hori eszeptizismo semiotiko batean oinarritzen den eta hori jasangarria den teorikoki, edo, aldiz, arauen esanahiak mugak dituen. Bigarren aukeraren alde egiten dut, eta muga hori hizkuntzaren izaera konbentzionalak ematen duela adierazten dut. RESUMEN: Una característica de los Estados democráticos de derecho es el sometimiento de todos poderes públicos a las leyes. Por lo que se refiere a los jueces y tribunales, la afirmación anterior no plantea ninguna duda; sin embargo en la práctica son frecuentes las decisiones judiciales que, no planteando ninguna duda interpretativa, se toman al margen de ley. En este artículo analizo si ello se basa en un escepticismo semiótico y si este es sostenible teóricamente o si, por el contrario, el significado de las normas tiene límites. Me inclino por esta segunda alternativa, señalando que ese límite viene dado por el carácter convencional del lenguaje. ABSTRACT: The submission of every public authority to the laws is a characteristic of the democratic states based on the rule of law. As far as judges and courts are concerned, the previous statement does not cast doubt; nevertheless in practice there are often judicial decisions that although without any interpretative doubt, are adopted outside the law. In this article I analyze whether it is based on a semiotic scepticism and is theoretically sustainable or on the contrary the meaning of norms has limits. I am inclined for this second option noting that that limit is given by the conventional character of the language.

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Verkerk, Annemarie. "Detecting non-tree-like signal using multiple tree topologies." Journal of Historical Linguistics 9, no. 1 (July 2, 2019): 9–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17009.ver.

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Abstract Recent applications of phylogenetic methods to historical linguistics have been criticized for assuming a tree structure in which ancestral languages differentiate and split up into daughter languages, while language evolution is inherently non-tree-like (François 2014; Blench 2015: 32–33). This article attempts to contribute to this debate by discussing the use of the multiple topologies method (Pagel & Meade 2006a) implemented in BayesPhylogenies (Pagel & Meade 2004). This method is applied to lexical datasets from four different language families: Austronesian (Gray, Drummond & Greenhill 2009), Sinitic (Ben Hamed & Wang 2006), Indo-European (Bouckaert et al. 2012), and Japonic (Lee & Hasegawa 2011). Evidence for multiple topologies is found in all families except, surprisingly, Austronesian. It is suggested that reticulation may arise from a number of processes, including dialect chain break-up, borrowing (both shortly after language splits and later on), incomplete lineage sorting, and characteristics of lexical datasets. It is shown that the multiple topologies method is a useful tool to study the dynamics of language evolution.

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Wijaya, Marvin Chandra. "The Classification of Documents in Malay and Indonesian Using the Naive Bayesian Method Uses Words and Phrases as a Training Set." MENDEL 26, no. 2 (December 21, 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/mendel.2020.2.023.

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Malay Language and Indonesian Language are two closely related languages, sharing a lot in common in the meanings of words and grammar. Classifying the two languages automatically using a tool is a challenge because the two languages are very similar. The classification method that is widely used today is the Naive Bayesian method. This method needs to be implemented in a particular way to increase the level of classification accuracy. In this study, a new method was used, by using a training set in the form of words and phrases instead of just using a training set in the form of words only. With this method, the level of classification accuracy of the two languages is increased.

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Mitsalina, Endah, Wasilatul Fauziyah, and Zulfa Nabila. "An Analysis of Figurative Languages and Moral Values in Selected Songs of Shawn Mendes." English Education and Literature Journal (E-Jou) 4, no. 01 (January 27, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.53863/ejou.v4i01.1041.

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There are many difficult to understand songs, especially when the lyrics contain a lot of figurative language and moral value within the song lyrics. It is not easy to understand without us analyzing the meaning of the song in depth. This research was conducted to identify the use of figurative language and the moral values contained in two songs by Shawn Mendes; ‘Stitches’ and ‘Believe.’ This research applied a qualitative method, and primary data was obtained from the two songs, while secondary data was obtained from journals, theses, books, and other sources on the internet. Data was collected through the documentation method. Based on the data analysis, the researchers found that the two songs contain three of figurative languages and three of moral values. The researchers found the use of 3 types of figurative language in the two songs, including: Hyperbole, Simile, and Symbol. As for the moral values, the researchers found 3 types of moral values in the two songs; Optimism, steadfastness, and love and compassion.

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Zelinka, Ivan, Oldrich Zmeskal, Leah Windsor, and Zhiqiang Cai. "Unconventional Methods in Voynich Manuscript Analysis." MENDEL 25, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/mendel.2019.1.001.

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This paper discusses the possible use of unconventional algorithms on analysis and categorization of the unknown text, including documents written in unknown languages. Scholars have identied about ten famous manuscripts, mostly encrypted or written in the unknown language. The most famous is the Voynich manuscript, an illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown language or writing system. Using carbon-dating methods, the researchers determined its age as the early 15th century (between 1404-1438). Many professional and amateur cryptographers have studied the Voynich manuscript, and none has deciphered its meaning as yet, including American and British code-breakers and cryptologists. While there exist many hypotheses about the meaning and structure of the document, they have yet to be conrmed empirically. In this paper, we discuss two dierent kinds of unconventional approaches for how to handle manuscripts with unidentied writing systems and determine whether its properties are characterized by a natural language, or is only historical fake text.

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Stackmann, Karl. "‘Der meide kranz’." Zeitschrift für Deutsches Altertum und Deutsche Literatur 135, no. 2 (2006): 217–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3813/zfda-2006-0013.

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Arrington, Melvin S., Fernão Mendes Pinto, Rebecca D. Catz, and Fernao Mendes Pinto. "The Travels of Mendes Pinto." Hispania 73, no. 4 (December 1990): 1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/344297.

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Marques, Ana Laura Dos Santos. "TEACHING THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE IN A CONTEXT OF FORMATION OF CHILEAN TRANSLATORS." Diacrítica 32, no. 2 (July 2, 2019): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.431.

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The objective of this article is to examine three didactic materials used in different university courses of Portuguese language for translators of the Spanish-Portuguese pair. To that end, we have related some characteristics that mark the learning culture of our context and articulate them with the widely disseminated studies of the Portuguese as Foreign Language (PLE) area to Spanish speakers (Almeida Filho 1995; 2004; Ferreira 1998; Júdice 2005; 2013; Mendes 2011). We selected three variables for the discussion presented: i. the need to develop proficiency in Portuguese in the communicative and disciplinary fields; ii. the unskilled knowledge (Almeida Filho 1995) of Spanish speakers, leading them to not perceive the peculiarities that differentiate the two languages and that leads them to trust in the ‘easy’ of producing Portuguese; iii. the didactic resources to approach the Portuguese language forthe training of translators. Thus, we identify in the students’ learning culture the ‘easy’, related to understanding, and the ‘difficult’ related to the recurrence of grammar-based teaching. The materials presented guide our thinking on the oral and written production skills expected of our students in terms of language knowledge and practice with the textual genres equired by the university curriculum.

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Barbero, Chiara. "CORPORART - um corpus de arte pública para a extração de léxico: representatividade e comparabilidade em corpora de especialidade." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 5 (November 21, 2019): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln5ano2019a4.

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This paper introduces the CORPORART, a bilingual corpus of Public Art. CORPORART intends to gather, in a single collection of bilingual data, representative samples of specialized language in European Portuguese and Italian. The compilation of this corpus is part of an ongoing doctoral project, which aims to integrate specialized lexical units into a pre-existing common language resource, WordNet.PT (Marrafa et al., 2005), in the perspective of contributing to streamline communication between heterogeneous interlocutors (Amaro & Mendes, 2012). Assuming that the structure of the corpus heavily depends on the goals of the investigation, this paper presents the linguistic and extralinguistic parameters adopted for the construction and organization of the corpus, as well as the criteria for text processing. In particular, we will deepen the notion of representativity and comparability considering the specificity of this case study, outlining a work practice proposal oriented to guarantee these two flexible dimensions within the specialized languages context.

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Kent, Charlotte. "The Language of Absurdity: Keith and Mendi Obadike's "Blackness for Sale"." Comparatist 46, no. 1 (October 2022): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/com.2022.0004.

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Santiago, Maribel, and Jasmin Patrón-Vargas. "THE FLUIDITY OF HISTORICAL ANALYSIS: STUDENTS’ INTERPRETATIONS OF MENDEZ V. WESTMINSTER." Association of Mexican American Educators Journal 13, no. 1 (April 16, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24974/amae.13.1.422.

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Using research from two eleventh-grade U.S. history classrooms in the San Francisco area, this article examines how students draw on their lived experiences to create historical meanings. Specifically, a three-day lesson on Mendez v. Westminster was used as part of a curricular intervention to explore the following question: How do students use their experiences with race/ethnicity and language to understand how discrimination was enacted in a different time? A grounded theory approach was used to identify patterns and codes from the data including student work, student interviews, and classroom observations. Findings reveal that students’ lived experiences served as a tool for understanding racial/ethnic discrimination and reasons why 1940s Mexican Americans claimed whiteness. At the same time, students’ lived experiences limited their ability to recognize language segregation in the 1940s. Having said this, students in this study view history through various lenses: 1) a racialized lens that recognizes White privilege; and 2) a language lens that reifies language discrimination. The authors conclude by presenting the complexity of students’ intersectional identities in shaping their historical analysis.

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Catz, Rebecca. "Fernão Mendes Pinto and His Peregrinação." Hispania 74, no. 3 (September 1991): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/344173.

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De Vasconcellos, Paulo Sérgio. "Odorico Mendes and the poetic translation of Virgil." Caletroscópio 6, no. 1 (September 20, 2018): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.58967/caletroscopio.v6.n1.2018.3812.

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The paper focuses on Manuel Odorico Mendes’ translations of Greek and Latin poetry, with an emphasis on some key passages from his translations of Virgil. The paper highlights the Brazilian translator’s efforts to preserve the semantic specificities of the original language and to recreate in Portuguese certain effects of sound and rhythm, thereby challenging the widely-held belief that poetry is untranslatable in poetic form.

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Beckford Wassink, Alicia. "Review of Meade (2001): Acquisition of Jamaican phonology." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 19, no. 1 (May 19, 2004): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.19.1.11bec.

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Fieri, Brillian, and Derwin Suhartono. "Offensive Language Detection Using Soft Voting Ensemble Model." MENDEL 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/mendel.2023.1.001.

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Offensive language is one of the problems that have become increasingly severe along with the rise of the internet and social media usage. This language can be used to attack a person or specific groups. Automatic moderation, such as the usage of machine learning, can help detect and filter this particular language for someone who needs it. This study focuses on improving the performance of the soft voting classifier to detect offensive language by experimenting with the combinations of the soft voting estimators. The model was applied to a Twitter dataset that was augmented using several augmentation techniques. The features were extracted using Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency, sentiment analysis, and GloVe embedding. In this study, there were two types of soft voting models: machine learning-based, with the estimators of Random Forest, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, and AdaBoost as the best combination, and deep learning-based, with the best estimator combination of Convolutional Neural Network, Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory, and Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit. The results of this study show that the soft voting classifier was better in performance compared to classic machine learning and deep learning models on both original and augmented datasets.

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García García, Emilio. "Gestural communication. Theory of mind and mirror neurons." ANALES RANM 135, no. 135(02) (December 30, 2018): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32440/ar.2018.135.02.supl01.art02.

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Human beings communicate through language, and also through gestures. Linguistic communication has its origins, both phylogenetic and ontogenetic, in gestural communication. We analyze two theoretical frameworks to explain gestural communication: Theory of Mind and Mirror Neurons. We consider that both theories are placed at different explanatory levels, but they are not incompatible. Theory of Mind is within the framework of cognitive and evolutionary psychology, while Mirror Neurons provide neuroscientific explanations, at the neural level, networks and systems.

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Thomas, Karen Kartomi. "Cultural Survival, Continuance and the Oral Tradition: Mendu Theatre of the Riau Islands Province, Indonesia." International Journal of Creative and Arts Studies 2, no. 2 (December 18, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/ijcas.v2i2.1792.

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This article seeks to describe Mendu theatre that is performed in Sedanau, Natuna regency (kabupaten) of one of Indonesia’s newest provinces, the Riau Island. 1 Once popular at the turn of the 20 th century and in the 1970s and 1980s, there were local Mendu groups in every village of Natuna in parts of northern and eastern Bunguran island, and other smaller islands such as Sedanau, Pulau Tiga, Karempak, Midai, Siantan, and Anambas (K.S. Kartomi 1986; Illyassabli, 2013; Akib 2014). The oral tradition keeps a people’s culture alive across generations by performing episodes from memory. Mendu theatre episodes express and reinstate the cultural values of the Natuna people. Language, culture, customary laws and how the people think are transmitted orally through the arts and through the embodied knowledge of theatre performance practices.

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Benito-Vessels, Carmen. "El alma del violín by Amparo Mendo." Hispania 106, no. 1 (March 2023): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2023.0028.

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Laveresa, Bayu, AB Prabowo, and Ririn Ambarini. "The Improving Student’s Vocabulary through Rewriting English Song Lyric “The Shawn Mendes Foundation Playlist”." Lingua Franca 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2024): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37680/lingua_franca.v3i1.2581.

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The research investigates the efficacy of using English song lyrics, specifically drawn from Shawn Mendes' album "The Shawn Mendes Foundation Playlist," to enhance vocabulary skills among tenth-grade students at SMA Negeri 1 Comal. Employing a quantitative experimental approach, the research involved 70 students divided into experimental and control groups, undergoing pre-tests and post-tests to gauge vocabulary improvement. Results indicated a significant enhancement in vocabulary scores among students in the experimental group exposed to the treatment of rewriting English song lyrics. Conversely, the control group exhibited mixed outcomes, with some students experiencing declines, while others maintained or slightly improved their scores. Despite encountered difficulties in comprehending song lyrics and articulating ideas, proposed solutions included frequent exposure to English songs and active engagement in predicting song meanings. The findings underscore the potential of utilizing song lyrics, particularly from popular albums, as a valuable pedagogical tool for fostering vocabulary development in English language learning settings, thus advocating for their integration into language curricula.

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Murdoch, Brian, and Annette Volfing. "Heinrich von Mugeln: 'Der meide kranz.' A Commentary." Modern Language Review 95, no. 3 (July 2000): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3735583.

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Driscoll, Megan. "Color Coded: Mendi + Keith Obadike’s Black.Net.Art Actions and the Language of Computer Networks." Black Scholar 47, no. 3 (July 3, 2017): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2017.1330110.

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Oliveira, José Quintão de. "Homero brasileiro: Odorico Mendes traduz a épica clássica." Nuntius Antiquus 7, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/1983-3636.7.2.7-21.

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Manuel Odorico Mendes wrote a few verses from his own craft wich survived and reached the present time as À tarde (To the Evening), but got his place on Literary Companions as a translator, converting into the Portuguese language the Classical Epic (The Iliad, The Odissey, The Aeneid) and other works including a modern writer (Voltaire). His effort was well received for some of his contemporaries as João Francisco Lisboa, but later encountered a strong oposition from critics as Silvio Romero, and after him Antonio Candido. Recently some critics atained to the Concret Poetry and others try to recover Odorico translating works, sometimes confering him distinguished offspring as Sousândrade and Guimarães Rosa. This paper intents to analyse Odorico poetry as well as what say his critics aiming to contribute to verify his place on the Brazilian Classical Poetry and consequently on the Literature itself.

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Moussaoui, Otman, and Yacine El Younnoussi. "Pre-training Two BERT-Like Models for Moroccan Dialect: MorRoBERTa and MorrBERT." MENDEL 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.13164/mendel.2023.1.055.

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This research article presents a comprehensive study on the pre-training of two language models, MorRoBERTa and MorrBERT, for the Moroccan Dialect, using the Masked Language Modeling (MLM) pre-training approach. The study details the various data collection and pre-processing steps involved in building a large corpus of over six million sentences and 71 billion tokens, sourced from social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. The pre-training process was carried out using the HuggingFace Transformers API, and the paper elaborates on the configurations and training methodologies of the models. The study concludes by demonstrating the high accuracy rates achieved by both MorRoBERTa and MorrBERT in multiple downstream tasks, indicating their potential effectiveness in natural language processing applications specific to the Moroccan Dialect.

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Azwanti, Nurul. "SISTEM INFORMASI PENJUALAN TAS BERBASIS WEB DENGAN PEMODELAN UML." KLIK - KUMPULAN JURNAL ILMU KOMPUTER 4, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/klik.v4i1.80.

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<p><em>At this time many people who use the website instead of just looking for information, but rather as a land promotion, sales and other activities that could open up opportunities for businesses. Mendi Shopping is one of the businesses engaged in the sale of bags that are already using the internet as a media sales services. The internet service is up. However, in the recording of transactions still use manual recording that led to the frequent occurrence of data loss sales and had to repeat the recording back so that the generated report is not accurate. Use of the Website can be used as a media sales in Mendi Shopping. Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a tool or tools that can be used in doing the design of the system to be built. UML can describe clearly the information systems that will be built. Shopping Mendi to assist in storing their data, created a database using MySQL as a storage medium. In addition, it can reduce errors and data loss in data processing sales. The website can also be a media campaign to inform the latest products and berkulitas so as to increase the sales charts in Mendi Shopping.</em></p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong></em><em>: </em><em>website, sales, MySQL, UML</em></p><p><em>Pada saat ini banyak individu yang menggunakan website bukan hanya sekedar mencari informasi saja, melainkan sebagai lahan promosi, penjualan dan aktivitas lainnya yang dapat membuka peluang untuk bisnis. Mendi Shopping merupakan salah satu usaha yang bergerak dibidang penjualan tas yang sudah menggunakan layanan internet sebagai media penjualan. Layanan internet tersebut adalah Facebook. Namun, dalam pencatatan transaksinya masih menggunakan pencatatan secara manual yang menyebabkan sering terjadinya kehilangan data penjualan dan harus mengulang pencatatan kembali sehingga laporan yang dihasilkan tidak akurat. Penggunaan Website dapat dijadikan sebagai media penjualan pada Mendi Shopping. </em><em>Unified Modeling Language (UML)</em><em> merupakan tools atau alat bantu yang dapat digunakan dalam melakukan desain terhadap sistem yang akan dibangun. UML dapat menggambarkan dengan jelas sistem informasi yang akan dibangun. Untuk membantu pihak Mendi Shopping dalam menyimpan data-data mereka, dibuat suatu database dengan menggunakan MySQL sebagai media penyimpanan. Selain itu, dapat mengurangi kesalahan dan kehilangan data dalam pengolahan data penjualan. Website juga dapat menjadi media promosi yang menginformasikan produk-produk terbaru dan berkulitas sehingga dapat meningkatkan grafik penjualan pada Mendi Shopping.</em></p><p><em><strong>Kata kunci</strong></em><em>: </em><em>website, penjualan, MySQL, UML </em></p>

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Rocha, Wesley Thales de Almeida. "Uma bagunça transcendente: o primado da errância e da descontinuidade na poesia de Murilo Mendes / A Transcendent Mess: The Primacy of Dispersion and Descontinuity in the Poetry of Murilo Mendes." O Eixo e a Roda: Revista de Literatura Brasileira 31, no. 1 (June 4, 2022): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2358-9787.31.1.134-160.

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Resumo: Este trabalho discute como a dispersão e a desarticulação marcam a poesia de Murilo Mendes, fazendo-se aspecto constitutivo da subjetividade em expressão e da forma poética dos textos. A análise percorre composições do livro Poemas (1930), destacando o forte senso de tensão que nelas domina, na expressão dos dilaceramentos diversos que aplacam o sujeito lírico. Essa forma de expressão tem em sua base um lirismo convulso, que manifesta um eu em transe, num movimento constante e intenso para “fora de si”, conforme desvelado por Michel Collot em sua teoria; e essa expressão supõe um trabalho com a linguagem e a forma poética também pautado na movimentação convulsiva, em um processo mimético que Luiz Costa Lima denominou de “representação-efeito”. Analisando esses elementos no poema “Mapa”, destrinçamos aspectos fundamentais do processo criativo de Murilo Mendes, evidenciando o poder de expressão da “bagunça transcendente” que, como ele mesmo dizia, promove em sua poesia. Palavras-chave: Murilo Mendes; Poemas (1930); errância; desarticulação; subjetividade. Abstract: This work discusses how dispersion and disarticulation characterizes Murilo Mendes’ poetry, operating as a constitutive aspect of the subjectivity in expression and the poetic forms of texts. The analysis approaches compositions from the book Poemas (1930), highlighting the strong sense of tension that dominates them, in the expression of the various lacerations that placate the lyrical subject. This form of expression is based on a convulsive lyricism, which manifests a me in a trance, in a constant and intense movement towards “outside itself”, discussed by Michel Collot in his theory; and this expression supposes a work with language and poetic form also based on convulsive movement, in a mimetic process called by Luiz Costa Lima “representation-effect”. Analyzing these elements in the poem “Mapa”, we highlight fundamental aspects of Murilo Mendes’ creative process, evidencing the power of expression of the “transcendent mess” that, as he himself says, promotes in his poetry. Keywords: Murilo Mendes; Poemas (1930); dispersion; desarticulation; subjectivity.

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Nimon, Maureen. "A chart of change: The work of L. T. Meade." Children's Literature in Education 18, no. 3 (1987): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01130994.

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Kirkpatrick, Susan, and James Valender. "Una mujer moderna: Concha Mendez en su mundo (1898-1986)." Modern Language Review 98, no. 4 (October 2003): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3738000.

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