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Gau, Susan S. F., and Andrew T. A. Cheng. "Mental illness and accidental death." British Journal of Psychiatry 185, no. 5 (November 2004): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.5.422.
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BackgroundFew studies have systematically investigated the psychiatric antecedents of accidental death.AimsTo examine the patterns of psychiatric morbidities contributing to accidental death in three ethnic groups (Han, Ami and Atayal) in Taiwan.MethodA case–control psychological autopsy was conducted among 90 accidental deaths (randomly selected from a total of 413) and 180 living controls matched for age, gender, ethnicity and area of residence in Taiwan.ResultsThe risk of accidental death was significantly associated with alcohol use disorder and with other common mental disorders. When jointly considered, it was greatest when these two types of disorders co-existed, followed by common mental disorders alone. The risk of accidental death increased with the number of comorbid conditions.ConclusionsThe prevention of accidental death should be incorporated into preventive psychiatry, not just for alcohol use disorder, but also for all other common mental disorders.
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Kendell, R. E. "The distinction between personality disorder and mental illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 180, no. 2 (February 2002): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.2.110.
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BackgroundProposals by the UK Government for preventive detention of people with ‘dangerous severe personality disorders' highlight the unresolved issue of whether personality disorders should be regarded as mental illnesses.AimsTo clarify the issue by examining the concepts of psychopathy and personality disorder, the attitudes of contemporary British psychiatrists to personality disorders, and the meaning of the terms ‘mental illness'and ‘mental disorder’.MethodThe literature on personality disorder is assessed in the context of four contrasting concepts of illness or disease.ResultsWhichever of the four concepts or definitions is chosen, it is impossible to conclude with confidence that personality disorders are, or are not, mental illnesses; there are ambiguities in the definitions and basic information about personality disorders is lacking.ConclusionsThe historical reasons for regarding personality disorders as fundamentally different from mental illnesses are being undermined by both clinical and genetic evidence. Effective treatments for personality disorders would probably have a decisive influence on psychiatrists' attitudes.
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Sara, Grant, Janine Stevenson, and Angela Green. "Personality Disorder and Serious Mental Illness." Australasian Psychiatry 3, no. 4 (August 1995): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569509080428.
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Jones, Susan. "Mental illness as a brain disorder." Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 12, no. 1 (February 1998): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0883-9417(98)80002-2.
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Papineau, David. "Mental Disorder, Illness and Biological Disfunction." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 37 (March 1994): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135824610000998x.
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Glaser, William. "Is Personality Disorder a Mental Illness?" International Journal of Mental Health 22, no. 4 (December 1993): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1993.11449268.
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Martens, Patricia J., Randall Fransoo, Elaine Burland, Charles Burchill, Heather J. Prior, and Okechukwu Ekuma. "Prevalence of Mental Illness and its Impact on the Use of Home Care and Nursing Homes: A Population-Based Study of Older Adults in Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 9 (September 2007): 581–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370705200906.
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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of mental illness in older adults and its effect on home care and personal care home (PCH) use. Methods: Using nonidentifying administrative records (fiscal years 1997–1998 to 2001–2002) from the Population Health Research Data Repository housed at the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, we determined the 5-year period prevalence for individuals aged 55 years and over (119 539 men and 145 752 women) for 3 mental illness categories: cumulative mental disorders (those having a diagnosis of depression, anxiety disorder, personality disorder, schizophrenia, and [or] substance abuse), any mental illness, and dementia. We calculated age-specific and age-adjusted rates of home care and PCH use and the prevalence of mental illness in PCH residents. Results: From the group aged 55 to 59 years to the group aged 90 years or older, the prevalence of mental illness increased with the population's age. The prevalence of any mental illness rose from 32.4% to 45.0% in men and from 42.6% to 51.9% in women, and dementia prevalence rose from 2.0% to 33.6% in men and from 1.3% to 40.3% in women. The age-adjusted annual rates of open home care cases per 1000 population aged 55 and older varied by mental illness grouping (no mental disorder, 57 for men and 91 for women; cumulative mental disorders, 162 for men and 191 for women; dementia, 300 for men and 338 for women). The age-adjusted rates of PCH use per 1000 population aged 75 years and older also varied by mental illness grouping (no mental disorder, 53 for men and 78 for women; cumulative mental disorders, 305 for men and 373 for women; dementia, 542 for men and 669 for women). Among patients admitted to (or resident in) a PCH in 2002–2003, 74.6% (87.1%) had a mental illness, and 46.0% (69.0%) had dementia. Conclusions: Mental illness affects the use of home care and nursing homes profoundly. Individuals with dementia used home care at 3 times the rate of those having no mental illness diagnosis, and they used PCHs at 8 times the rate. Objectifs: Déterminer la prévalence de la maladie mentale chez les personnes âgées et son effet sur l'utilisation des soins à domicile et des foyers de soins personnels (FSP). Méthodes: À l'aide des dossiers administratifs anonymes (exercices financiers 1997–1998 à 2001–2002) du dépôt de données de recherche sur la santé de la population du centre de politiques en santé du Manitoba, nous avons déterminé la prévalence sur 5 ans, pour les personnes de 55 ans et plus (119 539 hommes, 145 752 femmes), de 3 catégories de maladie mentale: les troubles mentaux cumulatifs (ceux qui ont un diagnostic de dépression, de trouble anxieux, de trouble de la personnalité, de schizophrénie, et [ou] d'abus de substance), toute maladie mentale, et la démence. Nous avons calculé les taux par âge et les taux rectifiés selon l'âge d'utilisation des soins à domicile et des FSP ainsi que la prévalence de la maladie mentale chez les résidents des FSP. Résultats: La prévalence de la maladie mentale augmentait avec l'âge de la population, depuis le groupe des 55 à 59 ans jusqu'au groupe des 90 ans et plus. La prévalence de toute maladie mentale passait de 32,4 % à 45,0 % chez les hommes et de 42,6 % à 51,9 % chez les femmes, et la prévalence de la démence passait de 2,0 % à 33,6 % chez les hommes, et de 1,3 % à 40,3 % chez les femmes. Les taux annuels rectifiées selon l'âge des cas ouverts de soins à domicile par tranche de 1 000 de population de 55 ans et plus variaient selon le regroupement de maladies mentales (aucun trouble mental, 57 pour les hommes et 91 pour les femmes; troubles mentaux cumulatifs, 162 pour les hommes et 191 pour les femmes; démence, 300 pour les hommes et 338 pour les femmes). Les taux rectifiées selon l'âge d'utilisation des FSP par tranche de 1 000 de population de 75 ans et plus variaient aussi selon le regroupement de maladies mentales (aucun trouble mental, 53 pour les hommes et 78 pour les femmes; troubles mentaux cumulatifs, 305 pour les hommes et 373 pour les femmes; démence, 542 pour les hommes et 699 pour les femmes). Parmi les patients hospitalisés (ou résidents) des FSP en 2002–2003, 74,6 % (87,1 %) avaient une maladie mentale, et 46,0 % (69,0 %) souffraient de démence. Conclusions: La maladie mentale affecte profondément l'utilisation des soins à domicile et des établissements de soins prolongés. Les sujets souffrant de démence utilisaient les soins à domicile à 3 fois le taux de ceux qui n'avaient pas de diagnostic de maladie mentale, et les FPS, à 8 fois le taux des personnes sans diagnostic.
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Bedrick, Jeffrey D. "Mental Illness And Brain Disease." Folia Medica 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2015-0012.
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Abstract It has become common to say psychiatric illnesses are brain diseases. This reflects a conception of the mental as being biologically based, though it is also thought that thinking of psychiatric illness this way will reduce the stigma attached to psychiatric illness. If psychiatric illnesses are brain diseases, however, it is not clear why psychiatry should not collapse into neurology, and some argue for this course. Others try to maintain a distinction by saying that neurology deals with abnormalities of neural structure while psychiatry deals with specific abnormalities of neural functioning. It is not clear that neurologists would accept this division, nor that they should. I argue that if we take seriously the notion that psychiatric illnesses are mental illnesses we can draw a more defensible boundary between psychiatry and neurology. As mental illnesses, psychiatric illnesses must have symptoms that affect our mental capacities and that the sufferer is capable of being aware of, even if they are not always self-consciously aware of them. Neurological illnesses, such as stroke or multiple sclerosis, may be diagnosed even if they are silent, just as the person may not be aware of having high blood pressure or may suffer a silent myocardial infarction. It does not make sense to speak of panic disorder if the person has never had a panic attack, however, or of bipolar disorder in the absence of mood swings. This does not mean psychiatric illnesses are not biologically based. Mental illnesses are illnesses of persons, whereas other illnesses are illnesses of biological individuals.
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Karim, E., MF Alam, AHM Rahman, AAM Hussain, MJ Uddin, and AHM Firoz. "Prevalence of Mental Illness in the Community." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 19, no. 1 (August 31, 2011): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v19i1.3163.
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This is a cross sectional-descriptive study which was conducted in one urban mahalla and two rural mauza of Dhaka district. Self reporting questionnaire (SRQ) was applied on 327 adult respondents and structured clinical interview for diagnosis (SCID-NP) was applied on every second SRQ positive and every fourth SRQ negative respondent. The prevalence of neurotic disorders, major depressive disorder and psychotic disorders was 7.0% (7/1000 population), 4.0% (40/1000 population) and 1.2% (12/1000 population) respectively. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder was found higher in female 13.9% than male 10.2% and in middle and lower socio-economic class. The study would be helpful in future community survey on mental health and in formulating national mental health program and facilitating their effective implementation. doi: 10.3329/taj.v19i1.3163 TAJ 2006; 19(1): 18-23
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Rogers, D., C. Karki, C. Bartlett, and P. Pocock. "The Motor Disorders of Mental Handicap." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 1 (January 1991): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.1.97.
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Among 236 in-patients in one hospital for the mentally handicapped, there was a significant relationship between the amount of motor disorder (rated using a comprehensive check-list) and the severity of mental handicap, the presence of associated psychiatric disorder and the use of neuroleptic medication. The population was fairly evenly divided between those currently, previously and never having received neuroleptic medication. All categories of motor disorder, including abnormal movements, were present in all three subgroups. Neuroleptic medication appeared to modify the expression of motor disorder rather than producing it de novo. The range and frequency of motor disorders was comparable with that in patients with severe psychiatric illness. A common cerebral basis for the motor disorders of patients with mental handicap and severe psychiatric illness is suggested.
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Kamran Ul haq, Ayesha, Amira Khattak, Noreen Jamil, M. Asif Naeem, and Farhaan Mirza. "Data Analytics in Mental Healthcare." Scientific Programming 2020 (July 4, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2024160.
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Worldwide, about 700 million people are estimated to suffer from mental illnesses. In recent years, due to the extensive growth rate in mental disorders, it is essential to better understand the inadequate outcomes from mental health problems. Mental health research is challenging given the perceived limitations of ethical principles such as the protection of autonomy, consent, threat, and damage. In this survey, we aimed to investigate studies where big data approaches were used in mental illness and treatment. Firstly, different types of mental illness, for instance, bipolar disorder, depression, and personality disorders, are discussed. The effects of mental health on user’s behavior such as suicide and drug addiction are highlighted. A description of the methodologies and tools is presented to predict the mental condition of the patient under the supervision of artificial intelligence and machine learning.
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Osby, U. "Mortality in serious mental illness." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73853-6.
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IntroductionThere is evidence that patients with bipolar disorder have an increased mortality from somatic causes of death, including coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. However, present mortality ratios and mortality trends over time are not known.AimTo analyze relative mortality and mortality trends for patients with bipolar disorder in relation to the population for cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.MethodsAll patients in Sweden with a clinical diagnosis of bipolar disorder from the introduction of ICD-10 (1987–2006) found in the National Swedish Patient Register were followed-up in the Cause of death register. Mortality rate ratios (MRR) for different cardiovascular diseases and different age groups were calculated, as well as numbers of excess deaths, relative to the population. Also, admission rate ratios (ARR) and yearly mortality rates for bipolar patients versus the population were calculated for the same time period.ResultsFrom all causes of death, there were 5,471 deaths for bipolar patients. MRR was 2.58 (95% CI: 2.51–2.65). For cerebrovascular disease MRR was 2.19 (95% CI: 2.01–2.40), and for coronary heart disease MRR was 2.10 (95% CI: 1.98–2.2.24). In the subgroup of acute myocardial infarction MRR was 1.97 (95% CI: 1.81–2.14). In cerebrovascular disease, ARR was increased to 1.47 (95% CI: 1.35–1.59), while in coronary heart disease ARR was 1.06 (95% CI: 0.98–2.24), and in acute myocardial infarction 1.09 (95% CI: 0.0.98–1.22). Yearly mortality rates for these causes of death decreased both among patients and the population, without indication of a decreasing gap.ConclusionsIn patients with bipolar disorder, mortality from cerebrovascular disease and coronary heart disease with its subgroup acute myocardial infarction was doubled during 1987–2006. In contrast, admission rates for coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction were not increased. Yearly mortality rates decreased both for the patients and the population, but there were no indications of a decreasing gap.KeywordsBipolar disorder; Register study; Cerebrovascular disease; Coronary heart disease; Acute myocardial infarction; Mortality rate ratios; Admission rate ratios.
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Lilford, Philippa, and Julian C. Hughes. "Epidemiology and mental illness in old age." BJPsych Advances 26, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 92–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bja.2019.56.
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SUMMARYThis is an overview of epidemiology relevant to mental health problems in old age. We start by reviewing some basic terminology: the definitions of prevalence and incidence; the difference between descriptive and analytical epidemiology; the differences between study designs, including cross-sectional, case–control and cohort studies. We then cover the main epidemiological features of the major psychiatric diseases that affect older people (dementia and its different types, depression, late-onset schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, delirium, anxiety-related disorders, eating disorders, alcohol and substance misuse, personality disorders) and suicide.We end with some descriptive statistics regarding quality of life in older people.
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Wallace, Cameron, Paul E. Mullen, Philip Burgess, Simon Palmer, David Ruschena, and Chris Browne. "Serious criminal offending and mental disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 6 (June 1998): 477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.6.477.
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BackgroundA relationship exists between mental disorder and offending behaviours but the nature and extent of the association remains in doubt.MethodThose convicted in the higher courts of Victoria between 1993 and 1995 had their pyschiatric history explored by case linkage to a register listing virtually all contacts with the public psychiatric services.ResultsPrior psychiatric contact was found in 25% of offenders, but the personality disorder and substance misuse accounted for much of this relationship. Schizophrenia and affective disorders were also over-represented, particularly those with coexisting substance misuse.ConclusionsThe increased offending in schizophrenia and affective illness is modest and may often be mediated by coexisting substance misuse. The risk of a serious crime being committed by someone with a major mental illness is small and does not justify subjecting them, as a group, to either increased institutional containment or greater coercion.
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Lawrie, Andrew, and Steven Milne. "Mental disorder and driving." Psychiatric Bulletin 18, no. 4 (April 1994): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.4.214.
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A one day census of patients on the acute wards at a psychiatric hospital revealed that approximately 40% of in-patients were holders of driving licences and that the majority of them would be affected by the current regulations regarding fitness for driving. Despite this, few patients could recall being given medical advice regarding their driving. In only one case was any advice documented in the case-notes. Psychiatrists' responsibility for ensuring that patients are given appropriate information regarding the effects of their illness or medication on their driving performance is discussed.
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Depp, Colin, John Torous, and Wesley Thompson. "Technology-Based Early Warning Systems for Bipolar Disorder: A Conceptual Framework." JMIR Mental Health 3, no. 3 (September 7, 2016): e42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.5798.
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Recognition and timely action around “warning signs” of illness exacerbation is central to the self-management of bipolar disorder. Due to its heterogeneity and fluctuating course, passive and active mobile technologies have been increasingly evaluated as adjunctive or standalone tools to predict and prevent risk of worsening of course in bipolar disorder. As predictive analytics approaches to big data from mobile health (mHealth) applications and ancillary sensors advance, it is likely that early warning systems will increasingly become available to patients. Such systems could reduce the amount of time spent experiencing symptoms and diminish the immense disability experienced by people with bipolar disorder. However, in addition to the challenges in validating such systems, we argue that early warning systems may not be without harms. Probabilistic warnings may be delivered to individuals who may not be able to interpret the warning, have limited information about what behaviors to change, or are unprepared to or cannot feasibly act due to time or logistic constraints. We propose five essential elements for early warning systems and provide a conceptual framework for designing, incorporating stakeholder input, and validating early warning systems for bipolar disorder with a focus on pragmatic considerations.
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Gallardo, R., E. González, F. García, C. Botillo, J. D. Martínez, C. Salgado, and R. López. "“Mental Illness Awareness in Institutionalized Schizophrenics”." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73093-0.
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Our study aimed to compare the mental illness awareness in institutionalized schizophrenics when compared to non institutionalized schizophrenics.Diagnoses of Schizophrenia was done following the ICD-10 dignosis criteria. We chose a convenience sample of our patients: 74 patients, 69.9% of institutionalized inpatients and a 31.1% of outpatients.Specific survey applied by the group of investigators aiming to collect socio-demographical data and clinical data, using the following psychometric scales: Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD), Global Assessment Scale (GAS), and Clinical Global Impression (CGI).Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v 15.0, including descriptive statistics and correlation analysis.Differences found among awareness of response to medication and the awareness of social consequences of mental disorders are statistically significant, being higher in the institutionalized group of schizophrenics.
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Davidson, Jonathan R. T. "Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Serious Mental Illness." FOCUS 1, no. 3 (July 2003): 237–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/foc.1.3.237.
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O'Grady, T. J., and A. L. El-Sobky. "Eating disorder as mental illness: Popular conceptions." International Journal of Eating Disorders 6, no. 3 (May 1987): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108x(198705)6:3<443::aid-eat2260060317>3.0.co;2-0.
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Stephen Tyreman. "It's Illness, But Is It Mental Disorder?" Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 14, no. 2 (2008): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ppp.0.0011.
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Emmelkamp, Paul M. G., and Katharina Meyerbröker. "Virtual Reality Therapy in Mental Health." Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 17, no. 1 (May 7, 2021): 495–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115923.
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Initially designed for the treatment of phobias, the use of virtual reality in phobic disorders has expanded to other mental health disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder, substance-related disorders, eating disorders, psychosis, and autism spectrum disorder. The goal of this review is to provide an accessible understanding of why this approach is important for future practice, given its potential to provide clinically relevant information associated with the assessment and treatment of people suffering from mental illness. Most of the evidence is available for the use of virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. There is hardly any evidence that virtual reality therapy is effective in generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. There is increasing evidence that cue exposure therapy is effective in addiction and eating disorders. Studies into the use of virtual reality therapy in psychosis, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are promising.
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Fone, David L., Frank Dunstan, Ann John, and Keith Lloyd. "Associations between common mental disorders and the Mental Illness Needs Index in community settings." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, no. 2 (August 2007): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.027458.
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BackgroundThe relationship between the Mental Illness Needs Index (MINI) and the common mental disorders is not known.AimsTo investigate associations between the small-area MINI score and common mental disorder at individual level.MethodMental health status was measured using the Mental Health Inventory of the Short Form 36 instrument (SF-36). Data from the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs population survey were analysed in multilevel models of 10 653 individuals aged 18–74 years nested within the 2001 UK census geographies of 110 lower super output areas and 33 wards.ResultsThe MINI score was significantly associated with common mental disorder after adjusting for individual risk factors. This association was stronger at the smaller spatial scale of the lower super output area and for individuals who were permanently sick or disabled.ConclusionsThe MINI is potentially useful for small-area needs assessment and service planning for common mental disorder in community settings.
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Angermeyer, Matthias C., Anita Holzinger, and Herbert Matschinger. "Emotional reactions to people with mental illness." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 19, no. 1 (March 2010): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00001573.
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Aims– Based on findings from population surveys, we provide an overview of the public's emotional reactions to people with mental illness.Methods– A literature search for populations studies using measures of emotional response to people with mental illness was carried out. In addition, data on the public's emotional reactions, originating from representative surveys conducted in Germany in the years 1990, 1993 and 2001, were analysed.Results– Positive emotional reactions to people with mental illness are most prevalent, followed by fear and anger. This pattern appears relatively stable across different cultures. In recent years, the emotional response of the public remained unchanged or even deteriorated. The public seems to react quite differently to people with different mental disorders. Emotional reactions have a substantial effect on the desire for social distance. The association between familiarity with mental disorder and the desire for social distance is to a considerable extent mediated through emotions.Conclusions– The public's emotional reactions to people with mental disorder are relatively under-researched. More research may help better understand the complexities of the stigma surrounding mental illness. Interventions aimed at reducing the stigma of mental illness may benefit from paying more attention to emotions.
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Amalie Thorup, Anne, Kirstine Davidsen, Anne Ranning, Pia Jennes-Foli, Susanne Harder, Thomas Munk Laursen, and Merete Nordentoft. "O7.2. MENTAL HEALTH AND SOMATIC STATUS OF YOUNG CHILDREN (0–6 YEARS) BORN TO PARENTS WITH SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESSES - A NATIONWIDE DANISH REGISTER STUDY." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S16—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa028.037.
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Abstract Background Children born to parents with severe mental illness like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or recurrent major depression have been shown to have a higher risk, not only for developing a mental illness themselves in adulthood (Rasic) but also in childhood and adolescence. Less is known about the offspring’s somatic health and very early development processes. Increasing knowledge demonstrate the importance of the very early years of life from birth to age 6 for a healthy and natural brain development and for good life outcomes in general. Thus, more knowledge is needed about this vulnerable period in life, especially for children, who are born with a familial high risk for severe mental illness in order to develop relevant interventions for these children. Methods We used Danish registries to evaluate the incidence and the frequencies of early (i.e. age 0–6 years) psychiatric diagnoses of a nationwide cohort of children born to parents with severe mental illness. Further we calculated the frequencies of somatic health problems and compared them to population-based controls. Results We found increased ORs for children in all three FHR-groups for having received any diagnosis of a mental disorder before age 7 (e.g.: mother depressed, N=1223): OR:2.82 (CI:2.65–2.99), mother bipolar (N=98): OR: 3.06 (CI 2.50–3.76), mother schizophrenia (N=574): OR 5.23 (CI: 4.80–5.69), and similar although a bit smaller ORs if it was the father, who had a diagnosis. Especially ORs for attachment disorder and anxiety were increased but also ORs for eating disorders and sleep disorders were found to be significantly higher than for controls. Odd ratios for somatic disorders were marginally increased for all disorders and also for intoxications and injuries. Discussion Our results document that children born to parents with severe mental illnesses are vulnerable from the beginning of life, mainly in terms of their mental health but to some extent also in terms of somatic health. Parents who have a severe mental disorder may need extra support in the parenting role to ensure good health for the child.
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Pierre, Joseph M. "Mental Illness and Mental Health: Is the Glass Half Empty or Half Full?" Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 57, no. 11 (November 2012): 651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674371205701102.
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During the past century, the scope of mental health intervention in North America has gradually expanded from an initial focus on hospitalized patients with psychoses to outpatients with neurotic disorders, including the so-called worried well. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fifth Edition, is further embracing the concept of a mental illness spectrum, such that increasing attention to the softer end of the continuum can be expected in the future. This anticipated shift rekindles important questions about how mental illness is defined, how to distinguish between mental disorders and normal reactions, whether psychiatry is guilty of prevalence inflation, and when somatic therapies should be used to treat problems of living. Such debates are aptly illustrated by the example of complicated bereavement, which is best characterized as a form of adjustment disorder. Achieving an overarching definition of mental illness is challenging, owing to the many different contexts in which DSM diagnoses are used. Careful analyses of such contextual utility must inform future decisions about what ends up in DSM, as well as how mental illness is defined by public health policy and society at large. A viable vision for the future of psychiatry should include a spectrum model of mental health (as opposed to exclusively mental illness) that incorporates graded, evidence-based interventions delivered by a range of providers at each point along its continuum.
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Nikolic-Balkoski, G., D. Duisin, and B. Batinic. "Mental disorder- influence on education and professional abilities." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72269-6.
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IntroductionMental illness has great influence on the possibility of regular education, employment, sometimes cause temporarily or definitive work disability.ObjectivesCurrent diagnostic criteria divide mental illness in two categories: psychotic disorders which consider more severe and nonpsychotic disorders as less severe disorders. Aims: The aim of this pilot study was to test the influence of quality of the mental disorder (psychotic/ nonpsychotic) on education completion and professional abilities.MethodsInvestigation involves 141 patients who were treated in two months period at CCS at the Psychiatric Clinic. Patients were divided in two groups according to ICD X criteria: group A- psychotic, group B- nonpsychotic disorders. Groups were equalized in sex and age. We compared groups in educational level (years of completed school), profession (employed, unemployed, retired, disability pension) and the age when the mental illness has begun.Λ square test was used for the statistical analyses.ResultsResults showed that there were no statistical significant differences between groups in educational and professional performance. Groups differ only in the time of illness onset (earlier in group A).ConclusionsA group, in spite of earlier onset of the illness and more severe simptomatology, is equally successful in education and professional performance, as B group. This may be the consequence of the great support of the family and the society. It also gives us hope that something is changing in relation to psychiatric patients and that stigma, shame and exclusion is not, or will not be everyday experience this group of patients.
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Monroe, S. M., and K. L. Harkness. "Is depression a chronic mental illness?" Psychological Medicine 42, no. 5 (October 14, 2011): 899–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291711002066.
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Over the past few decades, theory and research on depression have increasingly focused on the recurrent and chronic nature of the disorder. These recurrent and chronic forms of depression are extremely important to study, as they may account for the bulk of the burden associated with the disorder. Paradoxically, however, research focusing on depression as a recurrent condition has generally failed to reveal any useful early indicators of risk for recurrence. We suggest that this present impasse is due to the lack of recognition that depression can also be an acute, time-limited condition. We argue that individuals with acute, single lifetime episodes of depression have been systematically eclipsed from the research agenda, thereby effectively preventing the discovery of factors that may predict who, after experiencing a first lifetime episode of depression, goes on to have a recurrent or chronic clinical course. Greater awareness of the high prevalence of people with a single lifetime episode of depression, and the development of research designs that identify these individuals and allow comparisons with those who have recurrent forms of the disorder, could yield substantial gains in understanding the lifetime pathology of this devastating mental illness.
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McDonald, Margaret K., and Jess P. Shatkin. "Preventing Child and Adolescent Mental Illness - We Got This." Adolescent Psychiatry 10, no. 2 (November 2, 2020): 142–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210676610666200316100146.
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Background: International data indicates that up to 20% of the world’s children and adolescents have at least one mental health disorder. In the United States, nearly 50% of teenagers meet DSM criteria for a psychiatric disorder, and over 25% suffer from a “severe disorder.” Mental health and substance use disorders remain two of the greatest contributors to the global disease burden. Typically, mental health professionals are not trained for prevention; however, over the past 50 years, the field of psychiatry has identified many practices that prevent and limit the severity of psychiatric disorders. Objective: In this overview, we first address the great degree of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral suffering that children and adolescents face world-wide. We then describe how a health promotion/disease prevention model differs from typical mental health care. Finally, we describe a series of interventions at the individual, community, and societal levels that can be utilized to prevent and lessen the burden of mental illness. Conclusion: Given our enhanced understanding of the prevalence of mental illness, the degree to which it interferes with healthy functioning, and the enormous global burden it causes, now is the time to engage psychiatrists and psychologists in health promotion and disease prevention. The field of psychiatry should begin to focus on designing and implementing mental health promotion and disease prevention programs, akin to those described here, to combat the onset, development, and progression of mental illness.
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Vaccaro, Rachel, and Ted M. Butryn. "Media Representations of Bipolar Disorder Through the Case of Suzy Favor Hamilton." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 28, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2019-0006.
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Individuals suffering from mental illness face challenges that are related to stigma and lack of education that are often reinforced by the media. Specifically, the elite athletic culture is not conducive for athletes who suffer from mental illness because there is at times a belief that mental illnesses are less prevalent in elite sport. Even though incidence of mental illness in elite athletes has gained more prominence in the popular media, there is still a lack of research in this area. Specifically, there is limited research regarding media representations of athletes who suffer from mental illness. To address this gap in the literature, an ethnographic content analysis (ECA) was done to examine Suzy Favor Hamilton’s open discussion of bipolar disorder surrounding the release of her new memoir, Fast Girl: A Life Spent Running From Madness. ECA yielded one overarching theme with three supporting sub-themes. Results indicated that even though Favor Hamilton’s book worked to spread awareness, the media attention surrounding the book release represented omission of mental illness in the environment of athletics. Overall, sports culture provides an environment that is not often willing to accept that mental illnesses exist in athletes.
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Butler, Tony, Stephen Allnutt, David Cain, Dale Owens, and Christine Muller. "Mental Disorder in the New South Wales Prisoner Population." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 5 (May 2005): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01589.x.
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Objectives: To determine the prevalence of mental illness among prisoners in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Method: Mental illness was examined in two NSW prisoner populations: (i) new receptions to the correctional system; and (ii) sentenced prisoners. Reception prisoners were screened at four male centres and one female centre in NSW. The sentenced population was randomly selected from 28 correctional centres across the state. Reception prisoners were screened consecutively whenever possible while the sentenced group was randomly selected as part of the 2001 Inmate Health Survey. We adopted the same instrument, Composite International Diagnostic Interview – Auto (CIDI-A), for diagnosing mental illness as used in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Results: Overall, 43% of those screened had at least one of the following diagnoses: psychosis, anxiety disorder, or affective disorder. Reception prisoners suffered from mental illness to a greater extent than sentenced prisoners (46% vs. 38%). Women had higher levels of psychiatric morbidity than men (61% vs. 39%). Nine percent (9%) of all prisoners had experienced psychotic symptoms (due to any cause) in the prior 12 months. Twenty percent (20%) of all prisoners had suffered from at least one type of mood disorder and 36% had experienced an anxiety disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder was the most common disorder, diagnosed in 26% of receptions and 21% of sentenced prisoners. Conclusions: These findings confirm that prisoners are a highly mentally disordered group compared with the general community. Given the high prevalence of mental illness identified by this study, it is essential that prison mental health services be adequately resourced to address the demand and, at minimum, ensure that mental health does not deteriorate during incarceration.
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Fichter, M. M., J. Rehm, M. Elton, H. Dilling, and F. Achatz. "Mortality risk and mental disorders: longitudinal results from the Upper Bavarian Study." Psychological Medicine 25, no. 2 (March 1995): 297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700036199.
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SynopsisThe object of the study was the assessment of the mortality risk for persons with a mental disorder in an unselected representative community sample assessed longitudinally. Subjects from a rural area in Upper Bavaria (Germany) participated in semi-structured interviews conducted by research physicians in the 1970s (first assessment) and death-certificate diagnoses were obtained after an interval up to 13 years later. The sample consisted of 1668 community residents aged 15 years and over.Cox regression estimates resulted in an odds ratio of 1·35 (confidence interval 1·01 to 1·81) for persons with a mental disorder classified as marked to very severe. The odds ratio increased with increasing severity of mental illness from 1·04 for mild disorders, 1·30 for marked disorders, to 1·64 for severe or very severe disorders. The relative risk (odds ratio) for persons with a mental disorder only and no somatic disorder was 1·22, for persons with only a somatic disorder 2·00, and for those with both a mental and a somatic disorder 2·13. The presence of somatic illness was responsible for most of the excess mortality. Somatic disorders associated with excess mortality in mental disorders were diseases of the nervous system or sensory organs, diseases of the circulatory system, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, and diseases of the skeleton, muscles and connective tissue (ICD-8).Thus, while mental illness alone had a limited effect on excess mortality, comorbidity with certain somatic disorders had a significant effect.
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Hussain, AA Mamun, Shahana Qais, and MMR Khan. "Study of the Santal-Psychiatric Patients and their Belief Towards Mental Illness." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 24, no. 2 (November 28, 2018): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v24i2.37507.
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This study aims at finding the presence of psychiatric illness of the santals, an ethnic minorities of the northern part of Bangladesh and their belief towards mental illness. Among the 77 patients, 39 (50.64%) were male and 38 (49.35%) were female. The majority of the respondents were in between the age of 16-35 years. Most (80%) believed that possession by Bonga/Kali caused the illness. In the present study, 45 (59.74%) had major mental disorder, 18 (23.37%) had minor mental disorders and 13 (16.88%) had psychotic disorder due to general medical condition (viz. Epilepsy). Observations suggest that change of awareness and perception regarding mental disorder, should be a high priority, as right mental health is one of the key component of total delivery of health care.TAJ 2011; 24(2): 76-81
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Cardella, Valentina. "Rationality in mental disorders." European journal of analytic philosophy 16, no. 2 (November 8, 2020): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/ejap.16.2.1.
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The idea that mental illnesses are impairments in rationality is very old, and very common (Kasanin 1944; Harvey et al. 2004; Graham 2010). But is it true? In this article two severe mental disorders, schizophrenia and delusional disorder, are investigated in order to find some defects in rationality. Through the analysis of patients’ performances on different tests, and the investigation of their typical reasoning styles, I will show that mental disorders can be deficits in social cognition, or common sense, but not in rationality (Sass 1992; Johnson-Laird et al. 2006; Bergamin 2018). Moreover, my claim is that psychopathological patients can also be, in some circumstances, more logical than normal controls (Kemp et al. 1997; Owen et al. 2007). From a philosophical point of view these data seem to be very relevant, because they help us to reconsider our idea of rationality, and to challenge the common way to look at sanity and mental illness.
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De Lorenzo, Mirella. "Revealing the costs and consequences of hidden mental illness." Human Resource Management International Digest 22, no. 7 (October 13, 2014): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hrmid-10-2014-0142.
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Purpose – This paper aims to describe how performance management may inadvertently expose employees with a hidden mental illness to disciplinary procedures. Design/methodology/approach – It outlines how to manage possible cases of hidden mental illness to ensure HR specialists are providing valuable resources in this area, rather than pursuing a performance-management plan that may be inappropriate and/or ineffectual. Findings – It highlights the importance of putting into place policies to deal with the high numbers of employees who make the conscious choice to keep their mental disorder hidden. Practical implications – It explains that stigma and shame will often cause employees to remain silent about such illnesses, but when the symptoms of hidden mental disorders affect attendance and/or performance, the organization can consider adopting policies to deal with this area rather than ignoring it. Social implications – It reveals that, on average, 20 per cent of employees attend work in any calendar year with a common mental illness. Originality/value – It provides useful guidance on dealing with mental illness, which is often hidden.
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Kasow, Zachary M., and Robert S. Weisskirch. "Differences in Attributions of Mental Illness and Social Distance for Portrayals of Four Mental Disorders." Psychological Reports 107, no. 2 (October 2010): 547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/13.15.pr0.107.5.547-552.
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For individuals with mental illness, others' perceptions of mental illness often limit integration into communities. Perceptions of mental illness manifest as social stigma in the form of social distance and may depend on individuals' attributions of the origins of mental illness. 180 university students completed a survey on attribution of mental illness and social distance across several disorders (psychiatric and physical). Participants indicated greater social distance for severe mental illness (i.e., schizophrenia) than less severe mental illness and physical illness. More desire for social distance may be related to unfamiliarity with severe mental illness rather than less severe mental and physical illnesses. Greater understanding of how individuals perceive mental illness can inform efforts to educate the public.
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Iwundu, Chisom N., Tzu-An Chen, Kirsteen Edereka-Great, Michael S. Businelle, Darla E. Kendzor, and Lorraine R. Reitzel. "Mental Illness and Youth-Onset Homelessness: A Retrospective Study among Adults Experiencing Homelessness." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 22 (November 10, 2020): 8295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228295.
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Financial challenges, social and material instability, familial problems, living conditions, structural issues, and mental health problems have been shown to contribute to youth homelessness. Based on the paucity of literature on mental illness as a reason for youth homelessness, the current study retrospectively evaluated the association between the timing of homelessness onset (youth versus adult) and mental illness as a reason for homelessness among homeless adults living in homeless shelters and/or receiving services from homeless-serving agencies. Homeless participants (N = 919; 67.3% men) were recruited within two independent studies from Dallas and Oklahoma. Covariate-adjusted logistic regressions were used to measure associations between homelessness onset and mental illness as a reason for current homelessness, history of specific mental illnesses, the historical presence of severe mental illness, and severe mental illness comorbidity. Overall, 29.5% of the sample reported youth-onset homelessness and 24.4% reported mental illness as the reason for current homelessness. Results indicated that mental illness as a reason for current homelessness (AOR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.12–2.34), history of specific mental illnesses (Bipolar disorder–AOR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.24–2.45, and Schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder–AOR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.22–2.74), history of severe mental illness (AOR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.04–2.10), and severe mental illness comorbidities (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.11–1.52) were each associated with increased odds of youth-onset homelessness. A better understanding of these relationships could inform needs for early interventions and/or better prepare agencies that serve at-risk youth to address precursors to youth homelessness.
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Shaw, Jenny, Isabelle M. Hunt, Sandra Flynn, Janet Meehan, Jo Robinson, Harriet Bickley, Rebecca Parsons, et al. "Rates of mental disorder in people convicted of homicide." British Journal of Psychiatry 188, no. 2 (February 2006): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.188.2.143.
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BackgroundPrevious studies of people convicted of homicide have used different definitions of mental disorder.AimsTo estimate the rate of mental disorder in people convicted of homicide; to examine the relationship between definitions, verdict and outcome in court.MethodA national clinical survey of people convicted of homicide (n=1594) in England and Wales (1996–1999). Rates of mental disorder were estimated based on: lifetime diagnosis, mental illness at the time of the offence, contact with psychiatric services, diminished responsibility verdict and hospital disposal.ResultsOf the 1594, 545 (34%) had a mental disorder: most had not attended psychiatric services; 85 (5%) had schizophrenia (lifetime); 164 (10%) had symptoms of mental illness at the time of the offence; 149 (9%) received a diminished responsibility verdict and 111 (7%) a hospital disposal – both were associated with severe mental illness and symptoms of psychosis.ConclusionsThe findings suggest an association between schizophrenia and conviction for homicide. Most perpetrators with a history of mental disorder were not acutely ill or under mental healthcare at the time of the offence. Some perpetrators receive prison sentences despite having severe mental illness.
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Krgovic, Jelena. "Sartrean account of mental health." Theoria, Beograd 60, no. 3 (2017): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1703017k.
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The anti-psychiatrists in the 1960?s, specifically Thomas Szasz, have claimed that mental illness does not exist. This argument was based on a specific definition of physical disease that, Szasz argued, could not be applied to mental illness. Thus, by problematizing mental illness, the spotlight had turned to physical disease. Since then, philosophers of medicine have proposed definitions applying both to pathophysiological and psychopathological conditions. This paper analyzes prominent naturalist definitions which aim to provide value free accounts of pathological conditions, as well as normative accounts which propose value-laden accounts. The approaches surveyed differ not only in terms of value, but also in terms of their perspective. This perspective concerns whether the concept of health, illness or disease/disorder is emphasized. The emphasis on health or illness is holistic as it looks at the human being as a whole, while focus on disease or disorder is analytic as it considers part functions. I will here argue in favor of holism and will propose a definition of mental health based on Sartre?s existential psychoanalysis of Gustave Flaubert.
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Okkels, N., B. Trabjerg, M. Arendt, and C. Bøcker Pedersen. "Traumatic stress and risk of severe mental illness: A nationwide cohort study." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.056.
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IntroductionA history of traumatic events is prevalent in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and mood disorders. However, little is known about their etiological relationship.ObjectivesTo explore whether patients with acute or posttraumatic stress disorder are at higher risk of developing a schizophrenia spectrum disorder or mood disorder.MethodsIn this prospective cohort study using registers covering the entire Danish population, we used the Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register to identify patients with ICD-10 diagnoses of acute traumatic stress disorder and/or posttraumatic stress disorder. From inpatient and outpatient mental hospitals, we identified 4371 diagnoses with more than 18 million years of follow-up. Main outcomes and measures were relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of schizophrenia, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder and mood disorder.ResultsThe incidence of traumatic stress disorder (TSD) has increased steadily from 0.6% in 1996 to 6% in 2012, showed a higher incidence in women and an age distribution with a peak-incidence in early adulthood. We found that diagnoses of TSD increase the risk of schizophrenia (RR 5.85, 95% CI 3.59–8.91), schizophrenia spectrum disorder (RR 3.82, 95% CI 2.38–5.75), bipolar disorder (RR 5.83, 95% CI 3.11–9.83) and mood disorder (RR 4.10, 95% CI 3.15–5.22). Risks were high in the first year after diagnosis of TSD and declined going forward in time.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that acute and posttraumatic stress disorder are etiological risk factors for schizophrenia spectrum disorders and mood disorders. If replicated, this may underline treatment of traumatized patients in prevention of severe mental disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Le, Hai, Ali Hashmi, Kim-Lan Czelusta, Asna Matin, Nidal Moukaddam, and Asim A. Shah. "Is Borderline Personality Disorder a Serious Mental Illness?" Psychiatric Annals 50, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20191203-02.
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Corrigan, Patrick W., Sang Qin, Larry Davidson, Georg Schomerus, Valery Shuman, and David Smelson. "Recovery from mental illness versus substance use disorder." Advances in Dual Diagnosis 13, no. 3 (May 18, 2020): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/add-10-2019-0012.
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Purpose While serious mental illness (SMI) and substance use disorders (SUD) are common, less research has focused on causal beliefs across conditions. This is an important question when trying to understand the experience of dual diagnosis. The purpose of this paper is to examine how three factors representing causal beliefs (biogenetic, psychosocial or childhood adversity) differ by SMI and SUD. This study also examined how causal beliefs were associated with overall, process and outcome beliefs about recovery. Design/methodology/approach Using Mechanical Turks online panel, 195 research participants from the general public completed measures of recovery – overall, outcome and process – for SMI and SUD. Participants also completed the Causal Beliefs Scale yielding three causal factors for SMI and separately for SUD: biogenetic, psychosocial and childhood adversity. Findings Results indicated participants endorsed biogenetic cause more for SMI and SUD. Moreover, research participants endorsed biogenetic causes more than the other two for SMI. Results also showed the psychosocial cause was positively associated with recovery for SMI. Biogenetic causes were not. Almost none of the causal indicators was significantly associated with recovery for SUD. Originality/value Implications of these findings for future research and public efforts to enhance attitudes about recovery are discussed.
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DE KROON, JOS. "Origins of Mental Illness: Temperament, Deviance and Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 144, no. 6 (June 1987): 816—a—817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.144.6.816-a.
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Yongue, Judith S. "Origins of Mental Illness: Temperament, Deviance and Disorder." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 255, no. 14 (April 11, 1986): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1986.03370140139041.
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Amsel, Peter. "Creativity and bipolar disorder: Living with mental illness." Journal of Applied Arts & Health 1, no. 2 (July 1, 2010): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jaah.1.2.215_7.
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MARAFINI, I., L. Longo, S. Salvatori, D. Miri Lavasani, F. Pianigiani, E. Calabrese, R. Rossi, A. Siracusano, G. Di Lorenzo, and G. Monteleone. "P196 High frequency of undiagnosed mental illness in inflammatory bowel diseases." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 14, Supplement_1 (January 2020): S236—S237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjz203.325.
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Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are associated with mental disorders, which can negatively influence the course of IBD. Nonetheless, psychiatric disorder comorbidities (PDCs) remain undiagnosed in many IBD patients. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of undiagnosed psychiatric comorbidities in IBD patients. Methods Two-hundred-thirty-seven adult IBD [136 Crohn’s disease (CD) and 101 with ulcerative colitis (UC)] outpatients were consecutively recruited in a single university hospital centre between January 2018 and June 2019. After the visit for IBD clinical evaluation, participants completed self-report questionnaires and then underwent a clinical interview by a trained psychiatrist. Results One-hundred-fourteen (48%) IBD patients had at least one undiagnosed psychiatric disorder. Forty-three (18%) patients presented a single PDC, 40 (16.8%) had two PDCs, 11 (4.6%) had 3 PDCs, 12 (5%) had 4 PDCs, 7 (2.9%) had 5 PDCs and 1 (0.4%) had 6 PDCs. PDCs were equally distributed among CD (72/136, 53%) and UC (42/101, 42%) patients. Mood disorders (54/114, 47%) and anxiety (27/114, 24%) disorders were the most common PDC; moreover, 23 (20%) patients suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 3 (3%) had an obsessive-compulsive disorder, and 7 (6%) a substance abuse/dependence disorder. Fifty-nine per cent of IBD patients diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder during the study did not have a positive psychiatric anamnesis. PDCs were not related to activity, phenotype or localisation of IBD. Conclusion Psychiatric disorders are common in IBD but not related to activity, phenotype or localisation of bowel disease. Overall, these findings suggest the necessity to include psychiatric evaluation in the management of IBD patients.
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Doran, Christopher M., and Irina Kinchin. "A review of the economic impact of mental illness." Australian Health Review 43, no. 1 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah16115.
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Objective To examine the impact and cost associated with mental illness. Methods A rapid review of the literature from Australia, New Zealand, UK and Canada was undertaken. The review included literature pertaining to the cost-of-illness and impact of mental illness as well as any modelling studies. Included studies were categorised according to impact on education, labour force engagement, earlier retirement or welfare dependency. The well-accepted Drummond 10-point economic appraisal checklist was used to assess the quality of the studies. Results A total of 45 methodologically diverse studies were included. The studies highlight the significant burden mental illness places on all facets of society, including individuals, families, workplaces and the wider economy. Mental illness results in a greater chance of leaving school early, a lower probability of gaining full-time employment and a reduced quality of life. Research from Canada suggests that the total economic costs associated with mental illness will increase six-fold over the next 30 years with costs likely to exceed A$2.8 trillion (based on 2015 Australian dollars). Conclusions Mental illness is associated with a high economic burden. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the trajectory and burden of mental illness so that resources can be directed towards cost-effective interventions. What is known about the topic? Although mental illness continues to be one of the leading contributors to the burden of disease, there is limited information on the economic impact that mental illness imposes on individuals, families, workplaces and the wider economy. What does this paper add? This review provides a summary of the economic impact and cost of mental illness. The included literature highlights the significant burden mental illness places on individuals, families, workplaces, society and the economy in general. The review identified several areas for improvement. For example, only limited information is available on the impact of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, cognitive function, conduct disorder, eating disorder and psychological distress. There was also a dearth of evidence on the intangible elements of pain and suffering of people and their families with depressive disorders. More research is required to better understand the full extent of the impact of mental illness and strategies that may be implemented to minimise this harm. What are the implications for practitioners? Knowing the current and future impact of mental illness highlights the imperative to develop an effective policy response.
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King, David J., and Stephen J. Cooper. "Viruses, Immunity and Mental Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 1 (January 1989): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.154.1.1.
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Are viruses the cause of mental illness, or does stress or mental disorder produce impaired immunity, with increased susceptibility to infection? These two separate but not unrelated questions have been debated periodically and there has been much renewed interest recently, with increased sophistication in immunology and widespread topical concern about immunodeficiency. The neuropsychiatry of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Snider et al, 1983; Carne & Adler, 1986; Wortis, 1986; Burton, 1987; Fenton, 1987) and the validity of a ‘post-viral fatigue syndrome’ as a clinical entity (Behan, 1983; Southern & Oldstone, 1986; Dawson, 1987; David et al, 1988) are not discussed here, but have been dealt with in the editorials and reviews cited.
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Fortuna, Karen L., Matthew C. Lohman, John A. Batsis, Elizabeth A. DiNapoli, Peter R. DiMilia, Martha L. Bruce, and Stephen J. Bartels. "Patient experience with healthcare services among older adults with serious mental illness compared to the general older population." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 52, no. 4-6 (November 2017): 381–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091217417738936.
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Objective To compare patient experience with healthcare services and providers among older patients (≥50 years old) with and without serious mental illness. Methods Using secondary data from the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey from 2003 through 2013, we compared adults aged 50 years and older with schizophrenia spectrum disorder ( n = 106), mood disorders (i.e., major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder) ( n = 419), and no serious mental illness ( n = 34,921). Results Older adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorder reported significantly worse provider communication than older adults without serious mental illness. Older adults with mood disorders reported the greatest barriers to shared decision-making and the greatest difficulty accessing services. Conclusions Our results highlight the need to improve the patient experience of older adults with serious mental illness. Addressing provider communication, shared decision-making, and access to care among this vulnerable group of older adults may impact clinical outcomes and costs. Future research examining the extent to which improving the patient experience may improve health outcomes and enhance treatment for this highly vulnerable older group is warranted.
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Patel, Vikram, Betty R. Kirkwood, Sulochana Pednekar, Helen Weiss, and David Mabey. "Risk factors for common mental disorders in women." British Journal of Psychiatry 189, no. 6 (December 2006): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022558.
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BackgroundThe determinants of common mental disorders in women have not been described in longitudinal studies from a low-income country.MethodPopulation-based cohort study of 2494 women aged 18 to 50 years, in India. The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule was used for the detection of common mental disorders.ResultsThere were 39 incident cases of common mental disorder in 2166 participants eligible for analysis (12-month rate 1.8%, 95% CI 1.3–2.4%). The following baseline factors were independently associated with the risk for common mental disorder: poverty (low income and having difficulty making ends meet); being married as compared with being single; use of tobacco; experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge; reporting a chronic physical illness; and having higher psychological symptom scores at baseline.ConclusionsProgrammes to reduce the burden of common mental disorder in women should target poorer women, women with chronic physical illness and who have gynaecological symptoms, and women who use tobacco.
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Hoffmann, Ditte, Charlotte Ulrikka Rask, Erik Hedman-Lagerlöf, Brjánn Ljótsson, and Lisbeth Frostholm. "Development and Feasibility Testing of Internet-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Severe Health Anxiety: Pilot Study." JMIR Mental Health 5, no. 2 (April 6, 2018): e28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.9198.
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Background Severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis), or illness anxiety disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, is characterized by preoccupation with fear of suffering from a serious illness in spite of medical reassurance. It is a debilitating, prevalent disorder associated with increased health care utilization. Still, there is a lack of easily accessible specialized treatment for severe health anxiety. Objective The aims of this paper were to (1) describe the development and setup of a new internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy (iACT) program for patients with severe health anxiety using self-referral and a video-based assessment; and (2) examine the feasibility and potential clinical efficacy of iACT for severe health anxiety. Methods Self-referred patients (N=15) with severe health anxiety were diagnostically assessed by a video-based interview. They received 7 sessions of clinician-supported iACT comprising self-help texts, video clips, audio files, and worksheets over 12 weeks. Self-report questionnaires were obtained at baseline, post-treatment, and at 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome was Whiteley-7 Index (WI-7) measuring health anxiety severity. Depressive symptoms, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), life satisfaction, and psychological flexibility were also assessed. A within-group design was employed. Means, standard deviations, and effect sizes using the standardized response mean (SRM) were estimated. Post-treatment interviews were conducted to evaluate the patient experience of the usability and acceptability of the treatment setup and program. Results The self-referral and video-based assessments were well received. Most patients (12/15, 80%) completed the treatment, and only 1 (1/15, 7%) dropped out. Post-treatment (14/15, 93%) and 3-month follow-up (12/15, 80%) data were available for almost all patients. Paired t tests showed significant improvements on all outcome measures both at post-treatment and 3-month follow-up, except on one physical component subscale of HRQoL. Health anxiety symptoms decreased with 33.9 points at 3-month follow-up (95% CI 13.6-54.3, t11= 3.66, P=.004) with a large within-group effect size of 1.06 as measured by the SRM. Conclusions Treatment adherence and potential efficacy suggest that iACT may be a feasible treatment for health anxiety. The uncontrolled design and small sample size of the study limited the robustness of the findings. Therefore, the findings should be replicated in a randomized controlled trial. Potentially, iACT may increase availability and accessibility of specialized treatment for health anxiety. Trial Registration Danish Data Protection Agency, Central Denmark Region: 1-16-02-427-14; https://www.rm.dk/sundhed/faginfo/forskning/datatilsynet/ (Archived by Webcite at http://www.webcitation.org/6yDA7WovM)