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Journal articles on the topic 'Mental health – Botswana'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Sidandi, Paul, Philip Opondo, and Sebonetse Tidimane. "Mental health in Botswana." International Psychiatry 8, no. 3 (2011): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600002605.

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Botswana is a landlocked country located in southern Africa. More than two-thirds of it (70%) is covered by the Kalahari Desert, known locally as the Kgalagadi. The majority (82%) of the nearly 2 million population live in the eastern part, along the railway line from Lobatse in the south-east to Francistown in the north-east, and the rest in the central part, including the Okavango River delta.

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2

Maphisa, J. Maphisa. "Mental health legislation in Botswana." BJPsych International 16, no. 03 (2018): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2018.24.

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The Mental Disorders Act of 1969 is the primary legislation relating to mental health in Botswana. Despite the country not being a signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, its Act has a self-rated score of four out of five on compliance to human rights covenants. However, it can be argued that the Act does not adequately espouse a human rights- and patient-centred approach to legislation. It is hoped that ongoing efforts to revise the Act will address the limitations discussed in this article.

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Mangezi, Walter, and Dixon Chibanda. "Mental health in Zimbabwe." International Psychiatry 7, no. 4 (2010): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600006032.

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Zimbabwe is a landlocked country which has recently emerged from some marked political and socio-economic challenges. Against this background, mental health has fallen down the priority list, as matters such as food shortages and the AIDS scourge have taken prece dence. Zimbabwe is in southern Africa; Zambia and Botswana lie to the north, Namibia to the west, South Africa to the south and Mozambique to the east. Its population is 11.4 million. The capital city is Harare, which has a population of 1.6 million.

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Opondo, Philip R., Anthony A. Olashore, Keneilwe Molebatsi, Caleb J. Othieno, and James O. Ayugi. "Mental health research in Botswana: a semi-systematic scoping review." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 10 (2020): 030006052096645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520966458.

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Mental and substance use disorders are a leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite this, there is a paucity of mental health research in low- and middle-income countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. We carried out a semi-systematic scoping review to determine the extent of mental health research in Botswana. Using a predetermined search strategy, we searched the databases Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCOhost (Academic Search Complete, CINAHL with Full Text, MEDLINE, MEDLINE with Full Text, MLA International Bibliography, Open Dissertations) for articles written in English from inception to June 2020. We identified 58 studies for inclusion. The most researched subject was mental health aspects of HIV/AIDS, followed by research on neurotic and stress-related disorders. Most studies were cross-sectional and the earliest published study was from 1983. The majority of the studies were carried out by researchers affiliated to the University of Botswana, followed by academic institutions in the USA. There seems to be limited mental health research in Botswana, and there is a need to increase research capacity.

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Maphisa, J. Maphisa, Opelo Petunia Mogotsi, Olorato Khumo Machola, Keamogetse Metlha Maswabi, Tiro Bright Motsamai, and Boitshepo Mosupiemang. "Psychiatric epidemiological survey of university students in Botswana: rationale and methods of the Youth Mental Health Study (YMHS)." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (2020): e038175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038175.

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BackgroundWhile the burden of disease attributable to mental disorders in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) is lower than high-income countries, there is recognition that the dearth of evidence from the LMICs may underestimate the actual prevalence and burden associated with mental disorders. Such is likely the case for Botswana where there has been no nationally representative data on the prevalence of symptoms of mental disorders or even a subgroup estimation of mental disorders in the country. Thus, the Youth Mental Health Study (YMHS) aims to estimate the prevalence and identify predictors of symptoms of mental disorders among university students in Botswana to add to the evidence and contribute to the country’s health service planning.MethodsThe YMHS is a cross-sectional study of youth (18–29 years) attending six large universities (accounting for nearly half of the tertiary student population) in Botswana. A stratified sampling procedure with proportionate allocation and selection is used to select a representative sample of 1308 participants. An online survey comprising of a battery of reliable and validated self-report measures of symptoms of mental disorders is used. A developmental psychopathology framework is used in identifying the risk factors of mental disorders. Participant recruitment will span over 4 months beginning in February 2020.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received ethics approval from the University of Botswana Institutional Review Board, and the Ministry of Health and Wellness. Participants will be provided with feedback of their own results. Aggregated findings will be disseminated to stakeholders in the tertiary education and health sector in Botswana, and through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and the media.

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Seloilwe, E. S., and G. Thupayagale-Tshweneagae. "Community mental health care in Botswana: approaches and opportunities." International Nursing Review 54, no. 2 (2007): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2007.00525.x.

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Ngungu, Jedrin, and Julian Beezhold. "Mental health in Zambia - challenges and way forward." International Psychiatry 6, no. 2 (2009): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600000424.

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Zambia, previously called Northern Rhodesia, was a colony of Great Britain until 1964, when it gained independence and changed its name. It is a landlocked country located in southern Africa and shares its borders with Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana, Mozambique, Malawi, Tanzania, Congo and Angola. It has an area of 752 612 km2, about three times the size of Britain, but a population of only 12 million.

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8

Ben-Tovim, David I. "Therapy Managing in Botswana." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 1 (1985): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678509158819.

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Varied and apparently ideologically incompatible systems of health care are available in many developing countries. Patients move freely between them, receiving care serially or simultaneously from different types of healers. Therapy managing is an anthropological term used to describe how choice of health care is made by an informal group that forms around the patient. The author's experiences while running a community-based psychiatric treatment program in Botswana are discussed in terms of his interaction with patients' managing groups.

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9

Seloilwe, Esther Salang, and Gloria Thupayagale-Tshweneagae. "Sexual Abuse and Violence Among Adolescent Girls in Botswana: A Mental Health Perspective." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 30, no. 7 (2009): 456–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840903039367.

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10

Ben-Tovim, David I., and Josephine M. Cushnie. "The Prevalence of Schizophrenia in a Remote Area of Botswana." British Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 5 (1986): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.5.576.

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We ascertained the one-year prevalence of schizophrenia amongst individuals aged 15 years or older living in six villages in a remote area of Botswana. All cases were diagnosed independently by two experienced psychiatrists, following ICD9 rubrics. DSM-III criteria were also applied, separately. Accurate contemporary population estimates of the villages were available. The age-adjusted prevalence of schizophrenia was 5⋅3 per 1000 in terms of ICD9, or 4.3 per 1000 by DSM-III, which has an upper age limit for onset of 45 years. These figures are well within the range generally reported for industrial communities. Remote village life in Botswana appears to offer no protection against the development of schizophrenia.

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Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, Gloria, and Esther Salang Seloilwe. "Emotional Violence Among Women in Intimate Relationships in Botswana." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 31, no. 1 (2009): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01612840903408195.

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Glomb, Nicolaus W., Adeola A. Kosoko, Cara B. Doughty, et al. "Needs Assessment for Simulation Training for Prehospital Providers in Botswana." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 33, no. 6 (2018): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x18001024.

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AbstractBackgroundIn June 2012, the Botswana Ministry of Health and Wellness (MOHW; Gaborone, Botswana) initiated a national Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system in response to significant morbidity and mortality associated with prehospital emergencies. The MOHW requested external expertise to train its developing workforce. Simulation-based training was planned to equip these health care providers with clinical knowledge, procedural skills, and communication techniques.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the educational needs of the pioneer Botswana MOHW EMS providers based on retrospective EMS logbook review and EMS provider feedback to guide development of a novel educational curriculum.MethodsData were abstracted from a representative sample of the Gaborone, Botswana MOHW EMS response log from 2013-2014 and were quantified into the five most common call types for both adults and children. Informal focus groups with health professionals and EMS staff, as well as surveys, were used to rank common response call types and self-perceived educational needs.ResultsBased on 1,506 calls, the most common adult response calls were for obstetric emergencies, altered mental status, gastrointestinal/abdominal pain, trauma, gynecological emergencies, and cardiovascular and respiratory distress-related emergencies. The most common pediatric response calls were for respiratory distress, gastrointestinal complaints/dehydration, trauma and musculoskeletal injuries, newborn delivery, seizures, and toxic ingestion/exposure. The EMS providers identified these same chief complaints as priorities for training using the qualitative approach. A locally relevant, simulation-based curriculum for the Botswana MOHW EMS system was developed and implemented based on these data.Conclusions: Trauma, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal complaints, and puerperal/perinatal emergencies were common conditions for all age groups. Other age-specific conditions were also identified as educational needs based on epidemiologic data and provider feedback. This needs assessment may be useful when designing locally relevant EMS curricula in other low-income and middle-income countries.GlombNW, KosokoAA, DoughtyCB, RusMC, ShahMI, CoxM, GalapiC, ParkesPS, KumarS, LabaB.Needs assessment for simulation training for prehospital providers in Botswana. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(6):621–626.

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13

Nsereko, D. D. N. "Compensating The Victims of Crime in Botswana." Journal of African Law 33, no. 2 (1989): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185530000810x.

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A victim of crime is any person who is hurt physically, mentally, financially, or economically as a result of criminal conduct. He may sustain permanent physical or mental incapacitation as a result of such conduct. His health may be impaired. His property may be permanently lost, destroyed, or damaged. His reputation in society may be irreparably damaged. His business or professional interests may be ruined. His social standing may be shattered, and this is especially true of victims of sexual offences. His family's welfare may also be dealt a heavy blow, and this is especially so where he or she dies or where his or her ability to support them is diminished or totally extinguished. For the most part, the victim is innocent, going about his activities lawfully and peacefully.

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14

Becker, Timothy D., Ari R. Ho-Foster, Ohemaa B. Poku, et al. "“It’s When the Trees Blossom”: Explanatory Beliefs, Stigma, and Mental Illness in the Context of HIV in Botswana." Qualitative Health Research 29, no. 11 (2019): 1566–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732319827523.

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Mental illness is a common comorbidity of HIV and complicates treatment. In Botswana, stigma impedes treatment of mental illness. We examined explanatory beliefs about mental illness, stigma, and interactions between HIV and mental illness among 42 adults, from HIV clinic and community settings, via thematic analysis of interviews. Respondents endorse witchcraft as a predominant causal belief, in addition to drug abuse and effects of HIV. Respondents describe mental illness as occurring “when the trees blossom,” underscoring a conceptualization of it as seasonal, chronic, and often incurable and as worse than HIV. Consequently, people experiencing mental illness (PEMI) are stereotyped as dangerous, untrustworthy, and cognitively impaired and discriminated against in the workplace, relationships, and sexually, increasing vulnerability to HIV. Clinical services that address local beliefs and unique vulnerabilities of PEMI to HIV, integration with peer support and traditional healers, and rehabilitation may best address the syndemic by facilitating culturally consistent recovery-oriented care.

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Diraditsile, Kabo, and Keatlaretse Rasesigo. "Substance Abuse and Mental Health Effects among the Youth in Botswana: Implications for Social Research." Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science 24, no. 2 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2018/38304.

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Wang, Q., M. Dima, A. Ho-Foster, et al. "Association between HIV status and mental health disorders among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Botswana." Annals of Epidemiology 40 (December 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.08.016.

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17

Olashore, Anthony A., Philip R. Opondo, John A. Ogunjumo, and James O. Ayugi. "Cannabis Use Disorder Among First-Year Undergraduate Students in Gaborone, Botswana." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 14 (January 2020): 117822182090413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178221820904136.

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Cannabis use disorder (CUD) poses major clinical and public health concerns globally. It is a growing problem among the youth in Botswana, yet little research has been done on this subject. The present study hoped to address this gap in knowledge by determining the prevalence and associated factors of CUD among first-year university students in Botswana. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 410 first-year university undergraduates, using a modified version of the 37-item World Health Organization (WHO) drug questionnaire and DSM-5 criteria for CUD. The mean age of the respondents was 20.8 (SD = 1.5) years, and the male to female ratio was 1:1.1. Of the 401 students whose responses were analyzed, 37(9,2%) had used cannabis at least once in the last 12 months, but only 19 (4.7%) met the DSM-5 criteria for CUD. After binary regression analysis, difficulty in coping with the new environment/academic activities, receiving more than 150 USD monthly were positively associated with CUD, while regular participation in religious activities was negatively associated. CUD was found among the first-year undergraduates studied. Promoting protective activities such as religious activities and strengthening programs that teach students how to cope with academic stress and a new environment would be helpful.

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Lazenby, Mark. "IF WITTGENSTEIN WERE IN BOTSWANA." Palliative and Supportive Care 8, no. 3 (2010): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951510000192.

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THUPAYAGALE-TSHWENEAGAE, G. "Psychosocial effects experienced by grandmothers as primary caregivers in rural Botswana." Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 15, no. 5 (2008): 351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2850.2007.01232.x.

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Opondo, P., J. Ayugi, M. Pumar, and M. Reid. "Addressing shortages in human resources for mental health: Developing an undergraduate psychiatry training program in Botswana." Annals of Global Health 82, no. 3 (2016): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2016.04.350.

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Pitso, Joseph M. N., and Isidore S. Obot. "Botswana alcohol policy and the presidential levy controversy." Addiction 106, no. 5 (2011): 898–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03365.x.

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22

Modie-Moroka, Tirelo. "Stress, social relationships and health outcomes in low-income Francistown, Botswana." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 49, no. 8 (2014): 1269–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-013-0806-8.

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23

Ntsayagae, Esther, Motshedise Sabone, Keitshokile D. Mogobe, Naomi M. Seboni, Miriam Sebego, and Marie Scott Brown. "Cultural Considerations in Theories of Adolescent Development: A Case Study from Botswana." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 29, no. 2 (2008): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840701792571.

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Jankey, Odireleng, Moisés Próspero, and Peter Fawson. "Mutually violent attitudes: effects on intimate partner violence and mental health symptoms among couples in Botswana, Africa." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 3, no. 1 (2011): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5042/jacpr.2011.0017.

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Lazenby, Mark, Tony Ma, Howard J. Moffat, Marjorie Funk, M. Tish Knobf, and Ruth McCorkle. "Influences on place of death in Botswana." Palliative and Supportive Care 8, no. 2 (2010): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951509990939.

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AbstractObjective:There is an emerging body of research aimed at understanding the determinants of place of death, as where people die may influence the quality of their death. However, little is known about place of death for people of Southern Africa. This study describes place of death (home or hospital) and potential influencing factors (cause of death, age, gender, occupation, and district of residence).Method:We collected the death records for years 2005 and 2006 for all adult non-traumatic deaths that occurred in Botswana, described them, and looked for associations using bivariate and multivariate analyses.Results:The evaluable sample consisted of 18,869 death records. Home deaths accounted for 36% of all deaths, and were predominantly listed with “unknown” cause (82.3%). Causes of death for hospital deaths were HIV/AIDS (49.7%), cardiovascular disease (13.8%), and cancer (6.6%). The mean age at the time of all deaths was 53.2 years (SD = 20.9); with 61 years (SD = 22.5) for home deaths and 48.8 years (SD = 18.6) for hospital deaths (p < .001). Logistic regression analysis revealed the following independent predictors of dying at home: unknown cause of death; female gender; >80 years of age; and residing in a city or rural area (p < .05).Significance of Results:A major limitation of this study was documentation of cause of death; the majority of people who died at home were listed with an unknown cause of death. This finding impeded the ability of the study to determine whether cause of death influenced dying at home. Future study is needed to determine whether verbal autopsies would increase death-certificate listings of causes of home deaths. These data would help direct end-of-life care for patients in the home.

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Selemogwe, Morekwe, and Dale White. "An Overview of Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues in Botswana." Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health 17, no. 4 (2013): 406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19359705.2013.793223.

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Brada, Betsey. "“Not Here”: Making the Spaces and Subjects of “Global Health” in Botswana." Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry 35, no. 2 (2011): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11013-011-9209-z.

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Ben-Tovim, D. I., and G. P. Boyce. "A comparison between patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals in Botswana and South Australia." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 78, no. 2 (1988): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06327.x.

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Sabone, Motshedisi B. "The Promotion of Mental Health Through Cultural Values, Institutions, and Practices: A Reflection on Some Aspects of Botswana Culture." Issues in Mental Health Nursing 30, no. 12 (2009): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01612840903263579.

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Cheng, T. A. "Development Psychiatry: Mental Health and Primary Health Care in Botswana. By D. I. Ben-Tovim. (Pp. 233; illustrated; £12.95.), Tavistock Publications: London. 1987." Psychological Medicine 18, no. 4 (1988): 1029–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700009983.

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Phillip, Onalenna, and Kennedy Amone-P’Olak. "The influence of self-reported childhood sexual abuse on psychological and behavioural risks in young adults at a university in Botswana." South African Journal of Psychology 49, no. 3 (2018): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246318801723.

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Globally, childhood sexual abuse is a public health problem that affects millions of people. Few studies have considered its long-term ramifications, especially among young adults in developing countries. This study assessed the influence of childhood sexual abuse on depression and behaviours in young adults. Data were obtained from 362 students enrolled at a university in Botswana (Age: M = 21.40, standard deviation = 2.48) using the Childhood Sexual Abuse Scale, the 21-item Beck’s Depression Inventory–II, Revised Sociosexual Orientation Inventory, and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). The t test and chi-square test of independence were used to assess subgroup differences and regression analyses were used to assess the extent to which childhood sexual abuse predicted depression and risky behaviours. About 25% ( n = 90) reported childhood sexual abuse, 18% reported harmful alcohol use ( n = 66, 18.2%), 7.82% ( n = 28) reported severe depression, and 24% ( n = 101) reported failure to use contraceptives. Childhood sexual abuse significantly predicted depression and all the behavioural outcomes in the study. The effect sizes of the associations between childhood sexual abuse on the one hand and mental health and behavioural outcomes on the other were modest. Consequently, the current study is a precursor to further studies on the long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse in Botswana. Consequently, a history of childhood sexual abuse should be considered in planning interventions to mitigate depression and behavioural problems on university campuses.

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Ndubuka, Nnamdi O., Hyun J. Lim, Valerie J. Ehlers, and Dirk M. van der Wal. "Health-related quality of life of patients on antiretroviral treatment in Botswana: A cross-sectional study." Palliative and Supportive Care 15, no. 2 (2016): 214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951516000638.

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ABSTRACTObjective:Antiretroviral therapy (ART) affords longevity to patients infected with the human immune deficiency virus (HIV). Since little is known about the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of persons who have been on ART for at least five years, the present study investigated the HRQoL of these patients in Botswana.Method:Medical records, structured interviews, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life–BREF (WHOQoL–HIV–BREF) instrument were employed to obtain information from 456 respondents.Results:Univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that respondents' highest scores were in the “physical” domain (mean = 15.8, SD = 3.5), while the lowest scores were in the “environment” domain (mean = 12.9, SD = 2.5). Thus, the physical domain had the greatest impact on patients' overall HRQoL. Self-education about HIV-related issues was significantly correlated with all domains of HRQoL scores: physical (ρ = –2.32, CI95% = –3.02, –1.61); psychological (ρ = –2.26, CI95% = –2.87, –1.65); independence (ρ = –1.81, CI95% = –2.54, –1.06); social relationships (ρ = –1.40, CI95% = –2.13, –0.67); environment (ρ = –1.58, CI95% = –2.13, –1.04); and spirituality (ρ = –1.70, CI95% = –82.27, –1.13).Significance of results:HRQoL assessments can identify and address patients' needs, and it is important that guidelines be developed that will yield improved care to ART patients in Botswana.

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Segopolo, Mondy T., Morekwe M. Selemogwe, Ilse E. Plattner, Naledi Ketlogetswe, and Anthony Feinstein. "A Screening Instrument for Psychological Distress in Botswana: Validation of the Setswana Version of the 28-Item General Health Questionnaire." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 55, no. 2 (2009): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764008093448.

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Littlewood, Roland. "Development Psychiatry: Mental Health and Primary Care in Botswana. By David I. Ben-Tovim. London: Tavistock. 1987. 233 pp. £27.95 (hb), £12.95 (pb)." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 3 (1988): 446–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000219326.

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Okatch, Harriet, Knashawn Morales, Rachel Rogers, et al. "Trends in HIV Treatment Adherence Before and After HIV Status Disclosure to Adolescents in Botswana." Journal of Adolescent Health 67, no. 4 (2020): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.02.023.

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Cockcroft, Anne, John Lengwe Kunda, Leagajang Kgakole, et al. "Community views of inter-generational sex: Findings from focus groups in Botswana, Namibia and Swaziland." Psychology, Health & Medicine 15, no. 5 (2010): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2010.487314.

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Ruiz-Casares, Mónica, and Jody Heymann. "Children home alone unsupervised: Modeling parental decisions and associated factors in Botswana, Mexico, and Vietnam." Child Abuse & Neglect 33, no. 5 (2009): 312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.09.010.

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Ntinda, Kayi, Jacobus Gideon Maree, Elias Mpofu, and Elizabeth Seeco. "In-school psychosocial support services for safeguarding children’s rights: Results and implications of a Botswana study." School Psychology International 35, no. 3 (2014): 280–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034313511005.

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Westmoreland, Katherine D., Francis M. Banda, Andrew P. Steenhoff, Elizabeth D. Lowenthal, Erik Isaksson, and Bernhard A. Fassl. "A standardized low-cost peer role-playing training intervention improves medical student competency in communicating bad news to patients in Botswana." Palliative and Supportive Care 17, no. 1 (2018): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951518000627.

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AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to demonstrate effectiveness of an educational training workshop using role-playing to teach medical students in Botswana to deliver bad news.MethodA 3-hour small group workshop for University of Botswana medical students rotating at the Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone was developed. The curriculum included an overview of communication basics and introduction of the validated (SPIKES) protocol for breaking bad news. Education strategies included didactic lecture, handouts, role-playing cases, and open forum discussion. Pre- and posttraining surveys assessed prior exposure and approach to breaking bad news using multiple-choice questions and perception of skill about breaking bad news using a 5-point Likert scale. An objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) with a standardized breaking bad news skills assessment was conducted; scores compared two medical student classes before and after the workshop was implemented.ResultForty-two medical students attended the workshop and 83% (35/42) completed the survey. Medical students reported exposure to delivering bad news on average 6.9 (SD = 13.7) times monthly, with 71% (25/35) having delivered bad news themselves without supervision. Self-perceived skill and confidence increased from 23% (8/35) to 86% (30/35) of those who reported feeling “good” or “very good” with their ability to break bad news after the workshop. Feedback after the workshop demonstrated that 100% found the SPIKES approach helpful and planned to use it in clinical practice, found role-playing helpful, and requested more sessions. Competency for delivering bad news increased from a mean score of 14/25 (56%, SD = 3.3) at baseline to 18/25 (72%, SD = 3.6) after the workshop (p = 0.0002).Significance of resultsThis workshop was effective in increasing medical student skill and confidence in delivering bad news. Standardized role-playing communication workshops integrated into medical school curricula could be a low-cost, effective, and easily implementable strategy to improve communication skills of doctors.

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Malete, Leapetswe. "Aggressive and Antisocial Behaviours Among Secondary School Students in Botswana: The Influence of Family and School Based Factors." School Psychology International 28, no. 1 (2007): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143034307075683.

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Maphorisa, M. K., M. Poggenpoel, and C. P. H. Myburgh. "Community mental health nurses’ experience of decentralised and integrated psychiatric-mental health care services in the Southern mental health region of Botswana (part 1)." Curationis 25, no. 2 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v25i2.745.

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Since the inception of the decentralisation and integration of psychiatric mental health care services into the general health care delivery system in Botswana, there has never been a study to investigate what community mental health nurses are experiencing due to the policy. Many of these nurses have been leaving the scantily staffed mental health care services in increasing numbers to join other sectors of health or elsewhere since the beginning of the implementation of the policy. During the research study, phenomenological in-depth interviews were conducted with three groups of 12 community mental health nurses altogether. An open central question was posed to each group followed by probing questions to explore and describe these nurses’ experience of the decentralisation and integration of psychiatric-mental health care services. After the data was analysed, related literature was incorporated and guidelines for advanced psychiatric nurses were formulated and described to assist these nurses to cope with the decentralisation and integration of psychiatric-mental health care services. The guidelines were set up for the management of the community mental health nurses who are experiencing obstacles in the quest for mental health which also interfere with their capabilities as mental health care providers.

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Amone-P'Olak, Kennedy, and Boniface Kealeboga Ramotuana. "Family Type Predicts Mental Health Problems in Young Adults: A Survey of Students at a University in Botswana." Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development 32, no. 2 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2415-5829/6823.

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In Africa, the structure of the family is changing rapidly. The effects of this change on mental health remain unknown. This study investigated the extent to which different family types (intact, single-mother, and multiple) predict mental health problems in young adults in Botswana (N = 264, mean age = 21.31, SD = 2.40). In a cross-sectional design, the study sampled students registered at various faculties at the University of Botswana. The revised symptoms checklist (SCL-90-R) was used to assess symptoms of mental health problems (depression, anxiety and hostility). Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (CIs) of mental health problems for mother-only and multiple family types relative to the intact family type. Compared to the intact family type, single-mother (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.21, 4.51) and multiple family types (OR = 1.56; CI: 0.88, 2.78) were associated with an increased risk of depression. For anxiety, the ORs were 2.27 (CI: 1.18, 4.38) and 1.10 (CI: 0.56, 1.82) for single-mother and multiple family types respectively. For hostility, the ORs were 2.60 (CI: 1.34, 5.04), and 0.79 (CI: 0.44, 1.42) for single-mother and multiple family types, respectively. Family types predict mental health problems in young adults and therefore the interventions to mitigate the effects should consider family backgrounds and the ramifications of family types for treatment and care.

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Amone-P'Olak, Kennedy, and Neo Mongale. "Childhood Family Environment and Depression in Early Adulthood in Botswana." Southern African Journal of Social Work and Social Development 31, no. 3 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2415-5829/6176.

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The childhood family environment is a determinant of mental health outcomes later in life. Yet, few studies have examined its role in outcomes such as depression in early adulthood, especially in low- and middle-income countries such as Botswana. This study explores the relationship between childhood family environmental factors and depression among young adults in Botswana. A sample of 351 students at the University of Botswana was surveyed through a self-administered questionnaire, which included various childhood environmental factors, the Beck Depression Inventory-II and socio-demographic items. Descriptive statistics, t-tests and regression models were used in the data analyses. About one in four young adults reported moderate to severe symptoms of depression with about one in ten in the severe category. Childhood alcohol use, parental drug and alcohol use, physical assault, and psychological aggression towards parents or guardians during childhood, all significantly predicted symptoms of depression in early adulthood. Altogether, the childhood family environmental factors and gender explained significant variance in depressive symptoms. Multiple adverse childhood environments constitute significant risk factors for depression in early adulthood and the next generation. Preventive and early intervention services for vulnerable children, evaluation of mental health, childhood family experiences, and creating awareness of the need for treatment are critical. Cognitive behavioural therapy and mindfulness training are possible strategies to reduce the life-course effects of adverse childhood family environmental factors on depression in young adults.

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Wang, Qiao, Mbatshi Dima, Ari Ho-Foster, et al. "The association of household food insecurity and HIV infection with common mental disorders among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients in Botswana." Public Health Nutrition, October 19, 2020, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020004139.

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Abstract Objective: To determine the association between food insecurity and HIV infection with depression and anxiety among new tuberculosis (TB) patients. Design: Our cross-sectional study assessed depression, anxiety and food insecurity with Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Zung Anxiety Self-Assessment Scale (ZUNG) and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, respectively. Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to examine correlates of depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) and anxiety (ZUNG ≥ 36). Setting: Gaborone, Botswana. Participants: Patients who were newly diagnosed with TB. Results: Between January and December 2019, we enrolled 180 TB patients from primary health clinics in Botswana. Overall, 99 (55·0 %) were HIV positive, 47 (26·1 %), 85 (47·2 %) and 69 (38·5 %) indicated depression, anxiety and moderate to severe food insecurity, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, food insecurity was associated with a higher prevalence of depression (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 2·30; 95 % CI 1·40, 3·78) and anxiety (aPR = 1·41; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·91). Prevalence of depression and anxiety was similar between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected participants. Estimates remained comparable when restricted to HIV-infected participants. Conclusions: Mental disorders may be affected by food insecurity among new TB patients, regardless of HIV status.

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Molebatsi, Keneilwe, Lauren C. Ng, and Bonginkosi Chiliza. "A culturally adapted brief intervention for post-traumatic stress disorder in people with severe mental illness in Botswana: protocol for a randomised feasibility trial." Pilot and Feasibility Studies 7, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40814-021-00904-1.

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Abstract Background Research consistently reports elevated rates of exposure to traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in people with severe mental illness (SMI). PTSD may be adequately managed with psychotherapy; however, there is a gap when it comes to management in culturally diverse settings like Botswana. This paper describes a study protocol whose aim is to culturally adapt the BREATHE intervention, a brief psychological intervention for people living with comorbid PTSD and SMI that was developed and tested in the USA; assess the feasibility and acceptability of the adapted BREATHE intervention and explore its efficacy. Methods The study will be conducted in three phases using a mixed methods approach. The first phase will identify and describe the most common traumatic experiences and responses to traumatic experiences, amongst patients with SMI, and patients’ and mental health care providers’ perceptions about suitable PTSD interventions for Botswana. The second phase will entail cultural adaption of the intervention using findings from phase 1, and the third phase will be a pilot trial to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the culturally adapted intervention and explore its efficacy. Quantitative and qualitative data will be analysed using basic descriptive statistics and thematic analysis, respectively. Discussion Literature highlights cultural variations in the expression and management of mental illness suggesting the need for culturally adapted interventions. The findings of this feasibility study will be used to inform the design of a larger trial to assess the efficacy of an adapted brief intervention for PTSD in patients with SMI in Botswana. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov registration: NCT04426448. Date of registration: June 7, 2020.

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Mutepfa, Magen Mhaka, Tiro Bright Motsamai, Tshegofatso Caroline Wright, Roy Tapera, and Lorato Itumeleng Kenosi. "Anxiety and somatization: prevalence and correlates of mental health in older people (60+ years) in Botswana." Aging & Mental Health, September 24, 2020, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1822289.

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Kgosidintsi, A. "The role of the community mental health nurse in Botswana: The needs and problems of carers of schizophrenic clients in the community." Curationis 19, no. 2 (1996). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v19i2.1322.

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The purpose of this study was to identify and describe the role of the psychiatric/community mental health nurse in the context of primary health care in which mental health is an integral part of the general health care system and in a specific socio-economic background. Nine (9) community mental health nurses who graduated from a local training program for community mental health nurses at post basic level, twenty five (25) carers responsible for daily care and welfare of schizophrenic clients from rural, semi-rural, urban and semi-urban areas country wide participated in the study. The study was exploratory and both qualitative and quantitative data was collected using semi structured interviews, unstructured observation and documentary search methods were used. Data analysis for both qualitative and quantitative data was done through simple frequency counts.

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Motlhatlhedi, Keneilwe, Keneilwe Molebatsi, and Grace N. Wambua. "Prevalence of depressive symptoms in urban primary care settings: Botswana." African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine 13, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/phcfm.v13i1.2822.

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Background: The prevalence of depression is estimated to be high in primary care settings, especially amongst people with chronic diseases. Early identification and management of depression can improve chronic disease outcomes and quality of life, however, there are many missed opportunities in primary care.Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and correlates of depression and depressive symptoms in two urban primary care settings.Setting: The study was conducted at two primary care facilities in the capital city of Botswana.Methods: We administered a demographic questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) to adults attending two primary care facilities. The association between depressive symptoms and demographic variables was determined using Chi-square; level of significance was set at 0.05. We carried out a multivariate analysis using Kruskal-Wallis test to determine the association between demographic characteristics and depression.Results: A sample of 259 participants were recruited (66.8% women, median age 32). The mean PHQ-9 score was 8.71. A total of 39.8% of participants screened positive for depression at a cut-off of 9.0% and 35.1% at a cut-off of 10. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with employment status and income using the Kruskal-Wallis test, χ2 (1) = 5.649, p = 0.017.Conclusion: The high rates of depressive symptoms amongst the study population highlight the need for depression screening in primary care settings. The association between unemployment and income underscore the impact of socio-economic status on mental health in this setting.

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Molebatsi, Keneilwe, Keneilwe Motlhatlhedi, and Grace Nduku Wambua. "The validity and reliability of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for screening depression in primary health care patients in Botswana." BMC Psychiatry 20, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02719-5.

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Mensi, Marina, Roberto Baiocco, Mpho Otukile-Mongwaketse, Giacomo Maria Paganotti, and Richard Michael Kubina. "Improving the reading skills of children with neurodevelopmental disabilities: Preliminary study from Botswana." Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, November 12, 2020, 174462952096896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1744629520968968.

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In Botswana, Special Needs Education has been implemented for 25 years with some success but there is still a need for evidence-based methods like Frequency Building, behavioural fluency, and Precision Teaching to be used to measure and improve school performance and learning. We explored the impact of these behavioural technologies on reading performances of four children with learning disorders (ADHD, speech impairment and acquired brain disorder) in a special school in Gaborone. At the assessment, two children were unable to read letter sounds and two could not read sight words. Reading performances were measured with frequency and displayed on a standard celeration chart. During the intervention, the length of the tasks was reduced and then augmented. Findings revealed that after 3 months of intervention children significantly increased their score stimulating self-confidence and enthusiasm during activities. This work demonstrates that behavioural technologies can be applied in Africa without using expensive or time-consuming resources.

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