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1

Vostanis, P. "Development and Evaluation of a Psychosocial Model for Children Who Experience Trauma from Low and Middle-income Countries." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.205.

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IntroductionDespite fragmented evidence on individual interventions, good practice and child welfare programmes in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), there is no comprehensive model for early interventions, particularly for children who experience complex trauma.ObjectiveThe objective of the World Awareness for Children in Trauma (WACIT: www.wacit.org) is to develop an evidence-based psychosocial model for vulnerable children in low and middle-income countries with limited or no access to specialist resources.MethodsThe aim of the preliminary evaluation was to establish stakeholders’ views on the extent of need, socio-cultural context, service gaps, and recommendations for improvement and creation of working partnerships. This consisted of four studies:– 1. Participatory workshops in six countries (Turkey, Pakistan, Indonesia, Kenya, Rwanda, Brazil) with a total 250 strategic and operational stakeholders;– 2. Quantitative evaluation in two of these countries (Turkey, 32 participants; and Brazil, 80 participants);– 3. Interviews with 17 stakeholders from the six countries;– 4. Focus groups with 7 children, 7 parents, 9 teachers and 11 other professionals in one country (Kenya).ResultsFindings indicated that lack of resources (funding, facilities, training and personnel), poor collaboration (between church, families, government, schools and community), impaired parenting, socio-economic challenges and limited knowledge on child mental health as key factors that impede interventions.ConclusionsThe findings have informed the next phase of the WACIT programme in developing sustainable networks, training, and culturally appropriate interventions in the participating LMIC.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.
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2

Palmer, Ian, and Nsanzumuhire Firmin. "Mental health in post-genocide Rwanda." International Psychiatry 8, no. 4 (November 2011): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600002733.

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The children who experienced the genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda are now in their mid to late 20s. It is almost impossible to comprehend the scale of the terror and destruction of Rwanda's societal infrastructure between 6 April and 16 July 1994. While the world remained inactive, Rwanda, a small impoverished central African state, experienced the murder of about 1 million of its citizens; it also saw the terrorising, humiliation and rape of countless thousands. Although women and children were directly targeted, some actively engaged in atrocities. About 300000 children were murdered, a significant number at the hands of other children. The level of terror differed across the country and escape was frequently by luck alone. A UNICEF (2004) study of 3000 children revealed that 80% had experienced death in the family, 70% had witnessed a killing or injury, 35% saw other children killing or injuring other children, 61% were threatened with being killed and 90% believed they would die (Human Rights Watch, 2003). Of the 250000 women raped, 30% were between 13 and 35 years of age, 67% developed HIV/AIDS and 20 000 births resulted (Donovan, 2002).
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3

Thabet, Abdel Aziz, and Panos Vostanis. "Visit to the Gaza Community Mental Health Programme: training in child mental health." Psychiatric Bulletin 23, no. 5 (May 1999): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.23.5.300.

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The high prevalence of post-traumatic and other psychiatric disorders in children and adults who have experienced violence and war-related traumas are well documented by research (Thabet & Vostanis, 1998, 1999). So far, there has been less systematic evaluation of treatment interventions or training programmes for staff working with traumatised individuals in war zones. Training initiatives have recently been described in countries such as Rwanda (Brandon, 1998). This paper describes the work of a community mental health programme in the Gaza strip, particularly through a visit by P. V. to work with the child mental health care staff.
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4

Crowe, Sam. "ndera Mental-health effects of ethnic violence acknowledged in Rwanda." Lancet 350, no. 9089 (November 1997): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)64226-2.

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Brandon, Sydney. "Note from Rwanda." Psychiatric Bulletin 22, no. 1 (January 1998): 50–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.22.1.50.

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Korukire, Noel, Laura Bozzi, Gilbert Banamwana, Liliane Birasa, Marie Claire Ineza, Liberatha Rumagihwa, Emelyne Umutoni Cishahayo, Isabelle Kayitesi, and Memunat Oyiza Akanbi. "Climate Change and Mental Health: New Model of Managing Mental Health Illness Resulting From Climate Change Events. Rwanda Perspective." Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2019): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjmhs.v2i1.11.

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7

Gasanganwa, M. C., B. Umubyeyi, and D. Gishoma. "Abstract: Workplace Setting of Mental Health Nursing Program Graduates in Rwanda." Rwanda Journal 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2015): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v2i2.17f.

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8

Mukashema, Immaculée. "Facing Domestic Violence for Mental Health in Rwanda: Opportunities and Challenges." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 140 (August 2014): 591–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.04.476.

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9

Betancourt, T., P. Scorza, F. Kanyanganzi, M. C. S. Fawzi, V. Sezibera, F. Cyamatare, W. Beardslee, et al. "HIV and Child Mental Health: A Case-Control Study in Rwanda." PEDIATRICS 134, no. 2 (July 21, 2014): e464-e472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2734.

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Munyandamutsa, Naasson, Paul Mahoro Nkubamugisha, Marianne Gex-Fabry, and Ariel Eytan. "Mental and physical health in Rwanda 14 years after the genocide." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 47, no. 11 (March 9, 2012): 1753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-012-0494-9.

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Levers, Lisa Lopez, Desire Kamanzi, Donatilla Mukamana, Kirrily Pells, and Dan-Bush Bhusumane. "Addressing Urgent Community Mental Health Needs in Rwanda: Culturally Sensitive Training Interventions." Journal of Psychology in Africa 16, no. 2 (January 2006): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2006.10820130.

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12

Zraly, Maggie, Julia Rubin-Smith, and Theresa Betancourt. "Primary mental health care for survivors of collective sexual violence in Rwanda." Global Public Health 6, no. 3 (April 2011): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2010.493165.

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Smith Fawzi, M. C., L. Ng, F. Kanyanganzi, C. Kirk, J. Bizimana, F. Cyamatare, C. Mushashi, et al. "Mental Health and Antiretroviral Adherence Among Youth Living With HIV in Rwanda." PEDIATRICS 138, no. 4 (September 27, 2016): e20153235-e20153235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-3235.

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Carney, Andrew. "Lack of care in Rwanda." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, no. 4 (October 1994): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.165.4.556a.

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Baziga, Vedaste, Augustin Gasovya, and Fauste Uwingabire. "Community health workers’ attitude towards people with mental illness: potential challenge of maternal mental health services in a selected health centre, Ruhengeri Hospital in Rwanda." Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (February 4, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjmhs.v2i3.3.

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16

Robertson, Morag L. "Abuse of human rights in Rwanda." Psychiatric Bulletin 18, no. 9 (September 1994): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.9.588.

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Palmer, Ian. "The stresses of peacekeeping: Rwanda 1994." Psychiatric Bulletin 19, no. 12 (December 1995): 777–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.19.12.777.

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In August 1994 the British Army mounted its first ever Humanitarian Aid effort. I was the psychiatrist to this endeavour and this is a brief account of the stresses on those intimately involved with the medical aspects of ‘Operation Gabriel’.
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Mukashema, Immaculée, and Etienne Mullet. "Unconditional Forgiveness, Reconciliation Sentiment, and Mental Health Among Victims of Genocide in Rwanda." Social Indicators Research 113, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0085-x.

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19

Jansen, Stefan, Ross White, Jemma Hogwood, Angela Jansen, Darius Gishoma, Donatilla Mukamana, and Annemiek Richters. "The “treatment gap” in global mental health reconsidered: sociotherapy for collective trauma in Rwanda." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 6, no. 1 (November 19, 2015): 28706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.28706.

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Mukashema, Immaculee, and Etienne Mullet. "Reconciliation Sentiment Among Victims of Genocide in Rwanda: Conceptualizations, and Relationships with Mental Health." Social Indicators Research 99, no. 1 (December 20, 2009): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9563-1.

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21

Obaje, Hawa Iye, Grace Chinelo Okengwu, Jolly Josiah Kenan, Aimable Uwimana, Andre Ndayambaje, Timothy A. Carey, and Rex Wong. "Assessing the knowledge, perceptions, and mental health impact of COVID-19 among students in Rwanda." Journal of Public Mental Health 20, no. 3 (May 18, 2021): 210–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmh-10-2020-0125.

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Purpose This paper aims to assess the knowledge, perceptions and mental health impact of COVID-19 among students in Rwanda. Design/methodology/approach This paper is a cross-sectional online survey questionnaire. Findings The mean knowledge score among the 375 respondents was 75.14% (SD ± 19.1), with 195 (55.1%) of the respondents scoring below 80%. Students who believed that COVID-19 education was sufficient were more likely to have lower knowledge levels (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.15; 2.94). While most respondents were aware of their vulnerability to the virus, they did not see themselves at risk of becoming infected. The percentage of respondents reported to have some form of mental health issues was 49.7%. The three most important factors in influencing mental health were age, history of mental health issues, and the way news was reported. Education quality was less affected for those who received online schooling (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.33, 0.94). Practical implications Education about COVID-19 should be strengthened by capitalizing on existing online and offline learning platforms to frequently update new or changing information. Originality/value This paper was the first study assessing the knowledge, perception and mental health impact of COVID-19 among Rwanda students.
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22

Otake, Yuko. "Community Resilience and Long-Term Impacts of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Northern Rwanda." Medical Sciences 6, no. 4 (October 24, 2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medsci6040094.

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Recently, discussions have considered how mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) can build upon local resilience in war-affected settings. To contribute to the knowledge in this field, the paper explored the gap between MHPSS and local communities in terms of perceived mental health problems and healing processes, and how the gap could be filled. Qualitative research was conducted in northern Rwanda with 43 participants between 2015 and 2016. Findings revealed how three particular gaps can isolate MHPSS recipients in their local community. First, whereas MHPSS applies bio-psychological frameworks to post-genocide mental health, community conceptualisations emphasise social aspects of suffering. Second, unlike MHPSS which encourages ‘talking’ about trauma, ‘practicing’ mutual support plays a major role in the community healing process. Third, MHPSS focuses on one part of the community (those who share the same background) and facilitates their healing in intervention groups. However, healing in natural communities continues in everyday life, through mutual support among different people. Despite these gaps, MHPSS recipients can be (re)integrated into the community through sharing suffering narratives and sharing life with other community members. The paper highlights the ways in which MHPSS could inclusively support different social groups in the overall geographical community, allowing members to preserve the existing reciprocity and recover collective life through their own initiatives.
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Mukashema, Immaculée, and Etienne Mullet. "Current mental health and reconciliation sentiment of victims of the genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda." Revista de Psicología Social 25, no. 1 (January 2010): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/021347410790193487.

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Ngamije, James, and Callixte Yadufashije. "COVID-19 pandemic against mental health services for genocide survivors during commemoration week in Rwanda." Heliyon 6, no. 10 (October 2020): e05229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05229.

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Uwera Kanyamanza, Claudine, and Jean-Luc Brackelaire. "Ménages d'enfants sans parents au Rwanda." Cahiers de psychologie clinique 37, no. 2 (2011): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/cpc.037.0009.

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Uwamaliya, Philomène, and Grahame Smith. "Rehabilitation for Survivors of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda: What Are the Lessons Learned?" Issues in Mental Health Nursing 38, no. 4 (April 3, 2017): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1280574.

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27

Rooke, O. J. "The refugees of Rwanda seen through the eyes of a psychiatrist." Psychiatric Bulletin 19, no. 12 (December 1995): 774–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.19.12.774.

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Rwanda was the most densely populated country in Africa. It is two-thirds the size of Switzerland but contained a larger population (9 million people), growing by almost 40% every two years. Few square inches are left uncultivated. The Tutsi people (never more than 14% of the population) are said to have arrived in the 14th century ad, bringing with them a feudal and totalitarian system of government. There was significant intermarriage with the result that today the Hutu and Tutsi people share the same language, cultural beliefs and religions (predominantly Catholic). In reality the terms Hutu and Tutsi now more accurately describe caste than ethnicity (Delcros, 1994).
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Uwitonze, Thérèse, Japhet Niyonsenga, Emmanuel Habumugisha, Ignatiana Mukarusanga, and Jean Mutabaruka. "Parental Family Violence and Mental Health among parents and their offspring in the Southern Province, Rwanda." Rwanda Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences 3, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rjmhs.v3i3.3.

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Background Children who witness violence between parents have an elevated risk of developing mental disorders as well as being victims or perpetrator of family violence (FV) in their future relationships when compared with children from non-violent family. Objectives To assess links between both parental FV and mental disorders, and mental disorders in their offspring. Methods One hundred and thirty eight (138) participants dispatched in two categories: spouses/partners (N: 89; 40 Males) and offspring (N: 49; 20 Males) have been recruited from eight District Police Unities (DPU) of the Rwandan Southern Province to participate in this cross-sectional study during a 7 months period. This study used the student “t” to examine the links between parental FV and mental disorders in offspring. Results Parental FV was linked with PTSD, psychopathic and addiction behavior symptoms in offspring. Parental anxious attachment was linked with anxiety and addiction behavior symptoms in offspring and the risk of being perpetrator or victims of FV. Parental avoidant attachment was linked with depression symptoms in offspring. Further, both parental low self-esteem and PTSD were linked with depression and PTSD symptoms in offspring. Conclusion The results indicate that FV and mental disorders experienced by parents seem to affect offspring’s mental health and generate specific mental disorders. Therefore, the intervention programs should focus on the treatment of both parental and children mental disorders. Rwanda J Med Health Sci 2020;3(3):291-314
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Verduin, Femke, Geert E. Smid, Tim R. Wind, and Willem F. Scholte. "In search of links between social capital, mental health and sociotherapy: A longitudinal study in Rwanda." Social Science & Medicine 121 (November 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.054.

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Eytan, Ariel, Naasson Munyandamutsa, Paul Mahoro Nkubamugisha, and Marianne Gex-Fabry. "Long-term mental health outcome in post-conflict settings: Similarities and differences between Kosovo and Rwanda." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 61, no. 4 (August 21, 2014): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764014547062.

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Kahn, Sarilee, and Myriam Denov. "“We are children like others”: Pathways to mental health and healing for children born of genocidal rape in Rwanda." Transcultural Psychiatry 56, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 510–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461519825683.

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Despite the well-documented prevalence of rape as a strategy of war, little is known about the specific psychological consequences to children born of conflict-related sexual violence. The results of data analysis of 7 focus groups and 60 in-depth interviews with children born of genocidal rape in Rwanda indicated that they are carrying the trauma of their own stigmatization and marginalization, are burdened with their mothers' trauma, and, we conclude, symbolize unresolved collective trauma for the society. Analysis also reveals that healing for these young adults requires interpersonal and intrapersonal compassion and acceptance, a meaningful connection with a peer group, societal recognition, and empowerment to help contribute to and transform their lives and societies. Each of these pathways to healing—intrapersonal, interpersonal, and social—is contingent upon the other, and none can be considered in isolation. To support this largely invisible population striving to fulfill their potential, opportunities need to be created for self-acceptance and acceptance by mothers, families, and communities; sharing and building emotional and social bonds with their cohort group; formal recognition; official social rituals to validate their experiences and those of the mother–child dyad in the context of culture and community; and for socioeconomic opportunities to enable them to fully participate in building the future of Rwanda.
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BOLTON, PAUL, RICHARD NEUGEBAUER, and LINCOLN NDOGONI. "PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION IN RURAL RWANDA BASED ON SYMPTOM AND FUNCTIONAL CRITERIA." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 190, no. 9 (September 2002): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200209000-00009.

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Bagilishya, D…ogratias. "Mourning and Recovery from Trauma: In Rwanda, Tears Flow Within." Transcultural Psychiatry 37, no. 3 (September 2000): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136346150003700304.

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Orkand, Susan Carey. "Dance/Movement as Resilience, Unity and Community in Rwanda: Shared Experience over Difference." American Journal of Dance Therapy 42, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10465-020-09325-8.

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Semrau, Maya, Gail Davey, Ursin Bayisenge, and Kebede Deribe. "High levels of depressive symptoms among people with lower limb lymphoedema in Rwanda: a cross-sectional study." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 114, no. 12 (November 21, 2020): 974–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/traa139.

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Abstract Background There is a growing body of evidence that mental distress and disorder are common among people with lower limb lymphoedema, although no research has been conducted on this subject in Rwanda. Methods This research was embedded within a mapping study to determine the national prevalence and geographical distribution of podoconiosis in Rwanda. Using a cluster sampling design, adult members of households within 80 randomly selected sectors in all 30 districts of Rwanda were first screened and 1143 patients were diagnosed with either podoconiosis (n=914) or lower limb lymphoedema of another cause (n=229). These 1143 participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 to establish the prevalence of depressive symptoms. Results Overall, 68.5% of participants reported depressive symptoms- 34.3% had mild depressive symptoms, 24.2% had moderate, 8.8% moderately severe and 1.2% severe depressive symptoms. The mean PHQ-9 score was 7.39 (SD=5.29) out of a possible 0 (no depression) to 27 (severe depression). Linear regression showed unemployment to be a consistently strong predictor of depressive symptoms; the other predictors were region (province), type of lymphoedema and, for those with podoconiosis, female gender, marital status and disease stage. Conclusions Levels of depressive symptoms were very high among people with lower limb lymphoedema in Rwanda, which should be addressed through holistic morbidity management and disability prevention services that integrate mental health, psychosocial and economic interventions alongside physical care.
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Nyirandagijimana, B., J. K. Edwards, E. Venables, E. Ali, C. Rusangwa, H. Mukasakindi, R. Borg, et al. "Closing the gap: decentralising mental health care to primary care centres in one rural district of Rwanda." Public Health Action 7, no. 3 (September 21, 2017): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.16.0130.

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Iyamuremye, Jean Damascène, and Petra Brysiewicz. "The development of a model for dealing with secondary traumatic stress in mental health workers in Rwanda." Health SA Gesondheid 20, no. 1 (June 2015): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hsag.2015.02.006.

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Smith, Stephanie L., Molly F. Franke, Christian Rusangwa, Hildegarde Mukasakindi, Beatha Nyirandagijimana, Robert Bienvenu, Eugenie Uwimana, et al. "Outcomes of a primary care mental health implementation program in rural Rwanda: A quasi-experimental implementation-effectiveness study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): e0228854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228854.

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Sipsma, H. L., K. L. Falb, T. Willie, E. H. Bradley, L. Bienkowski, N. Meerdink, and J. Gupta. "Violence against Congolese refugee women in Rwanda and mental health: a cross-sectional study using latent class analysis." BMJ Open 5, no. 4 (April 23, 2015): e006299-e006299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006299.

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Rugema, Lawrence, Ingrid Mogren, Joseph Ntaganira, and Gunilla Krantz. "Traumatic episodes and mental health effects in young men and women in Rwanda, 17 years after the genocide." BMJ Open 5, no. 6 (June 2015): e006778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006778.

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Rurangirwa, Akashi Andrew, Ingrid Mogren, Joseph Ntaganira, Kaymarlin Govender, and Gunilla Krantz. "Intimate partner violence during pregnancy in relation to non-psychotic mental health disorders in Rwanda: a cross-sectional population-based study." BMJ Open 8, no. 7 (July 2018): e021807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021807.

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ObjectivesTo investigate the prevalence of non-psychotic mental health disorders (MHDs) and the association between exposure to all forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy and MHDs.DesignCross-sectional population-based study conducted in the Northern Province of Rwanda and Kigali city.Participants and settingsTotally, 921 women who gave birth ≤13 months before being interviewed were included. Simple random sampling was done to select villages, households and participants. Community health workers helped to identify eligible participants and clinical psychologists, nurses or midwives conducted face-to-face interviews. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics and bivariable and multivariable logistic regression modellingResultsThe prevalence rates of generalised anxiety disorder, suicide ideation and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were 19.7%, 10.8% and 8.0%, respectively. Exposure to the four forms of IPV during pregnancy was highly associated with the likelihood of meeting diagnostic criteria for each of the non-psychotic MHDs investigated. Physical, psychological and sexual violence, showed the strongest association with PTSD, with adjusted ORs (aORs) of 4.5, 6.2 and 6.3, respectively. Controlling behaviour had the strongest association with major depressive episode in earlier periods with an aOR of 9.2.ConclusionIPV and MHDs should be integrated into guidelines for perinatal care. Moreover, community-based services aimed at increasing awareness and early identification of violence and MHDs should be instituted in all villages and health centres in Rwanda. Finally, healthcare providers need to be educated and trained in a consistent manner to manage the most challenging cases quickly, discreetly and efficiently.
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Nyegue, F., and L. Mlle Fort. "The Enigmatic Psychic Bonds Between Genocidary Survivors and the Torturers Abandoned Children Whom the First Adopt in Rwanda." European Psychiatry 30 (March 2015): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(15)30769-0.

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Thomas, T., A. Ngirababyeyi, K. Mwaniki, A. Keenan, J. D. Iyamuremye, V. Smith-Swintosky, Y. Kayiteshonga, B. Rutakayire, and S. Kanyandekwe. "PMH67 USING REAL WORLD DATA TO PROFILE CURRENT STANDARD OF CARE FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS AT A MENTAL HEALTH HOSPITAL IN RWANDA, AFRICA." Value in Health 22 (May 2019): S238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2019.04.1110.

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Iyamuremye, J. D. "Abstract: Challenges of Secondary Traumatic Stress in Mental Health Nurses Working in Kigali, Rwanda and Development of Management Strategies." Rwanda Journal 2, no. 2 (November 17, 2015): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v2i2.18f.

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Nduwimana, Estella, Sylvere Mukunzi, Lauren C. Ng, Catherine M. Kirk, Justin I. Bizimana, and Theresa S. Betancourt. "Mental Health of Children Living in Foster Families in Rural Rwanda: The Role of HIV and the Family Environment." AIDS and Behavior 21, no. 6 (August 30, 2016): 1518–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1482-y.

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Denov, Myriam, and Antonio Piolanti. "Mothers of children born of genocidal rape in Rwanda: Implications for mental health, well-being and psycho-social support interventions." Health Care for Women International 40, no. 7-9 (May 14, 2019): 813–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2019.1571593.

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Rukabyarwema, Jean Paul, Natalie McCall, Tharcisse Ngambe, Xavier Butoto Kanyembari, and Robert Needlman. "Behavior Problems in Physically Ill Children in Rwanda." Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics 40, no. 8 (2019): 642–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dbp.0000000000000698.

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48

Rieder, Heide, and Thomas Elbert. "The relationship between organized violence, family violence and mental health: findings from a community-based survey in Muhanga, Southern Rwanda." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 4, no. 1 (November 13, 2013): 21329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.21329.

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Schierenbeck, Isabell, Peter Johansson, Lena M. Andersson, Gunilla Krantz, and Joseph Ntaganira. "Collaboration or renunciation? The role of traditional medicine in mental health care in Rwanda and Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Global Public Health 13, no. 2 (October 7, 2016): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1239269.

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Umubyeyi, Aline, Ingrid Mogren, Joseph Ntaganira, and Gunilla Krantz. "Help-seeking behaviours, barriers to care and self-efficacy for seeking mental health care: a population-based study in Rwanda." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 51, no. 1 (October 3, 2015): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-015-1130-2.

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