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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mental illness history'
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Wilson, Christopher William. "Mental illness and the British mandate in Palestine, 1920-1948." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285965.
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This thesis examines the ways in which the British mandate conceptualised, encountered, and sought to manage mental illness in Palestine between 1920 and 1948. The subject of mental illness has hitherto received partial consideration by historians interested in the Yishuv, who treat this period as formative for the Israeli mental health service. This thesis shifts the focus from European Jewish psychiatrists to the British mandate's engagements with mental illness, thus contributing to the well-developed literature on colonial psychiatry. Where this thesis departs from many of these institutionally-focussed histories of colonial psychiatry is in its source base; lacking hospital case files or articles in psychiatric journals, this thesis draws on an eclectic range of material from census reports and folklore research to petitions and prison records. In bringing together these strands of the story of psychiatry and mental illness, this thesis seeks to move beyond the continued emphasis in the historiography of Palestine on politics, nationalism, and state-building, and to develop our understanding of state and society by examining how they interacted in relation to the question of mental illness. This thesis thus widens the cast of historical actors from psychiatric experts alone to take in policemen, census officials, and families. In addition, this thesis seeks to situate Palestine within wider mandatory, British imperial, and global contexts, not to elide specificities, but to resist a persistent historiographical tendency to treat Palestine as exceptional. The first part traces the development of British mandatory conceptualisations of mental illness through the census of 1931 and then through a focus on specific causes of mental illness thought to be at work in Palestine. The second part examines two contexts in which the mandate was brought into contact with the mentally ill: the law and petitions. The final part of the thesis explores two distinct therapeutic regimes introduced in this period: patient work and somatic treatments.
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Frahm, Kathryn. "FAMILY SUPPORT AND MENTAL HEALTH CARE QUALITY IN NURSING HOMES SERVING RESIDENTS WITH A MENTAL HEALTH HISTORY." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3096.
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The prevalence of mental health disorders among the nursing home population is well recognized. However, providing adequate mental health services for nursing home residents who need them remains a challenging endeavor. The social support of family has long been recognized as a key resource for older adults with a mental health history and older adults residing in nursing homes. The purpose of this study is to examine the quality of mental health care provided for nursing home residents with a mental health history and to determine if family support influences the quality of their mental health care accounting for other facility resident and facility organizational characteristics. The study utilized a retrospective, cross-sectional design with 2003 national Online Survey Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) facility data merged with the resident-level Minimum Data Set (MDS) resulting in N=2,499 nursing homes. Guided by the convoy model of social support and socioemotional selectivity theory, descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were used to create a profile of facility level data of nursing home residents with a mental health history, explore the role of family support, and determine if items within the OSCAR and MDS databases could respectively be used to measure mental health care quality and family support. Overall, it was found that families have a positive relationship with their relatives and are involved in their lives. Additionally, items within the OSCAR and MDS databases could be used to measure mental health care quality and family support. Finally, facility organizational characteristics explained more variation in the quality of mental health care than did facility resident, family support, or market characteristics. In sum, to enhance the quality of mental health care in nursing homes, partnering with families may be an important tool to meet resident needs.Ph.D.
Other
Health and Public Affairs
Public Affairs PhD
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Iacovelli, Gianpiero. "The Ideology of Mental Illness in Ghana : A Discourse Analysis of Mental Health Laws (1972-2012)." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Afrikanska studier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28168.
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In 2012, Ghanaian government promulgated a new mental health law aimed at setting up a community-based health care system in order to solve several problems that are affecting mental health facilities and people with mental disorders. The new law was also thought to overcome the limitations of the previous law, which was promulgated in 1972. This study provides an analysis of the mental health laws promulgated by the government of Ghana from 1972 to 2012. Through the methodological tools offered by Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the aim of the thesis is to trace the ideological background of mental health laws and its changes over time. The analysis is particularly focused on themes such as the issue of public safety, the construction of the “mentally ill subject” and the conceptualisation of mental illness in the legal texts.
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Nootens, Thierry. "To be quiet, orderly, obedient and industrious, la normalité dans le district judiciaire de Saint-François entre 1880 et 1920 d'après l'interdiction des malades mentaux." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ26601.pdf.
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Walburn, Kathryn H. "Males' and Females' Attitudes Toward a Prospective Social Group Member with a History of Mental Illness." UNF Digital Commons, 1986. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/656.
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Attitudes of male and female subjects toward a prospective social group member who did/did not have a history of mental illness were investigated. The cognitive, behavioral and affective components of subjects' attitudes were measured. Results from the cognitive measure indicated that: 1) Subjects in the experimental condition perceived the confederate less positively on personal characteristics indicative of moral character. 2) Male subjects perceived the confederate as more dependable when she had a history of mental illness, while female subjects perceived her as less dependable when she disclosed history of mental illness. On the behavioral and affective component measures, there were no significant differences between the groups.
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Boyd, Dalton T. "Lone Star Insanity: Efforts to Treat the Mentally Ill in Texas, 1861-1929." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822840/.
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During the mid-nineteenth century, the citizens of Texas were forced to keep their mentally disturbed family members at home which caused stress on the caregivers and the further debilitation of the afflicted. To remedy this situation, mental health experts and Texas politicians began to create a system of healing known as state asylums. The purpose of this study is to determine how Texas mental health care came into being, the research and theories behind the prevention and treatment programs that asylum physicians employed to overcome mental illness, in addition to the victories and shortcomings of the system. Through this work, it will be shown that during the 1850s until the 1920s institutions faced difficulty in achieving success from many adverse conditions including, but not limited to, overcrowding, large geographical conditions, poor health practices, faulty construction, insufficient funding, ineffective prevention and treatment methods, disorganization, cases of patient abuse, incompetent employees, prejudice, and legal improprieties. As a result, by 1930, these asylums were merely places to detain the mentally ill in order to rid them from society. This thesis will also confirm that while both Texas politicians and mental health experts desired to address and overcome mental illness in Texas, they were unable to do so due to arguments, selfishness, corruption, failures, and inaction on the part of both sides. However, this thesis will ultimately reveal it was lack of full support from Texas legislators, deriving from the idea that this system was not one of their top priorities among the state’s concerns, that led to the inability of the Texas mental health care system to properly assist their patients.
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Phelps, Scott Douglas. "Blind to Their Blindness: A History of the Denial of Illness." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11639.
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For many historians, sociologists, and anthropologists of medicine, "disease" and "illness" are not equivalent. Whereas "disease" denotes the physician's ostensibly objective criteria, "illness" emphasizes the patient's subjective experience. This dissertation examines that distinction precisely at a point where it breaks down, in the history of a diagnosis called "anosognosia," also known as the denial of illness.History of Science
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Park, Annie. "Still Outcasts: Newspaper Discourse Surrounding People with Mental Illnesses in Korea Post-1950." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2176.
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This thesis is motivated by a lack of studies on the history of mental illness in South Korea. It builds upon existing studies by historians Theodore Yoo and Bang Hyun Lee, who have also used newspapers to analyze the discourse surrounding mental illness during Colonial Korea (1910-1945). Specifically, I analyze newspapers in the decades following this period to revisit three themes that both Yoo and Lee noted about the colonial period: (1) the religious practice of hitting individuals with mental illnesses, (2) the strong support for the sterilization of people with mental illnesses, and (3) the association between crime and mental illness. Because the colonial period was when people with mental illnesses were increasingly treated as social outcasts, comparing shifts or continuances from the colonial period was useful in exploring the stigma attached to mental illness in Korea.
The articles surrounding the first theme revealed that despite the stigma attached to Shamanistic practices of beating during the colonial period due to a growing biomedical understanding of mental illness, they surprisingly persisted. There were also new developments, in which people with mental illnesses were beaten, chained, and isolated in “treatment” institutions across the nation for no particular reason. Articles surrounding the second theme showed that though inflamed rhetoric surrounding sterilization operations were not found post-1950, rhetoric with eugenics undertones lingered. Newspapers reported on these inhumane practices until as late as 1999. For the third theme, this study finds that the press continued to strongly associate mental illness with crime. These associations that effectively equated individuals with mental illnesses to criminals still frequently occur in newspapers today, particularly with what the media calls “Don’t Ask” crimes. Based on these findings, this study discovers that the negative treatment and perception of people with mental illnesses persisted long beyond Colonial Korea. It also stresses the importance of examining the role the press plays in contributing to the stigma attached to mental illness and shaping the way mental illness is understood.
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Savelli, Mat. "Confronting the problems of the individual and society : psychiatry and mental illness in Communist Yugoslavia (1945-1991)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669947.
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Kain, Jennifer S. "Preventing 'unsound minds' from populating the British world : Australasian immigration control & mental illness 1830s-1920s." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2015. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/27323/.
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This thesis examines the bureaucratic controls designed to restrict the entry of migrants perceived to be ‘mentally ill’ into New Zealand and Australia in the period between the 1830s and 1920s. It is the first study to analyse the evolution of these practices in this region and timeframe. It addresses a gap in the current literature because it explores the tensions that emerged when officials tried to implement government policy. This study sheds new light on the actions, motivations and ideologies of the British and Australasian officials who were responsible for managing and policing immigration. While there were attempts to coordinate the work of border officials, this proved very difficult to achieve in practice: some immigration controllers were, for instance, receptive to the theories that were coming out of international debates about border control, others retained a parochial perspective. The thesis argues that every attempt to systematise border management failed. The regulation of the broad spectrum of ‘mental illness’ was a messy affair: officials struggled with ill-defined terminology and a lack of practical instructions so tensions and misunderstandings existed across local, national and metropolitan levels. Based on extensive research in British, New Zealand and Australian archives, this study reveals the barriers that were created to prevent those deemed ‘mentally ill’ from migrating to regions imagined as ‘Greater Britain’. It shows how judgements about an individual’s state of mind were made in a number of locales: in Britain; on the voyage itself; and at the Australasian borders. This thesis, by exploring the disordered nature of immigration control, will add a new perspective to the existing scholarship on transnational immigration legislation and Australasian asylum studies. The in-depth examination of border control systems also contributes to our understanding of the links between migration and illness in the British world during this period.
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Day, Cheryl. "Magnificence, misery and madness : a history of the Kew Asylum 1872-1915 /." Connect to thesis, 1998. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2443.
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The Kew Asylum has been a dominant feature of Melbourne’s built environment for over 100 years. In addition to the visual impact it has made on Melbourne’s skyline it has been very much a part of the psychological landscape of the collective imagination of the city’s inhabitants. Despite this, comparatively little has been written about its impact on society, and almost nothing has been recorded in any comprehensive sense, about its occupants or inmates. This dissertation aims to go some way towards redressing this, not with a broad sweep institutional biography, but with an intimate portrait of the asylum’s earliest days. Covering a time frame of less than 50 years, this thesis adopts a multi-theoretical approach in order to illuminate the different facets of asylum life with the maximum clarity. The thesis contains several themes, some of which overlap and interweave in order to examine the complexity of institutional life.
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Foltz, Caitlin Doucette. "Race and Mental Illness at a Virginia Hospital: A Case Study of Central Lunatic Asylum for the Colored Insane, 1869-1885." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3890.
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In 1869 the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia passed legislation that established the first asylum in the United States to care exclusively for African-American patients. Then known as Central Lunatic Asylum for the Colored Insane and located in Richmond, Virginia, the asylum began to admit patients in 1870. This thesis explores three aspects of Central State Hospital's history during the nineteenth century: attitudes physicians held toward their patients, the involuntary commitment of patients, and life inside the asylum. Chapter One explores the nineteenth-century belief held by southern white physicians, including those at Central State Hospital, that freed people were mentally, emotionally, and physically unfit for freedom. Chapter Two explains the involuntary commitment of African Americans to Central State Hospital in 1874. Chapter Three considers patient life at the asylum by contrasting the expectation of “Moral Management” care with the reality of daily life and treatment.
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Latham, Kate. "Stories we tell about dementia." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2016. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/4442/.
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The dementias are illnesses which have significant cultural prominence and feature in a wide range of contemporary writing, often as a trope for old age. This thesis examines how stories of dementia are told in fiction and in the clinic. To do this, the work uses Arthur Frank's socio-narratology to examine twelve selected texts in which a key protagonist has dementia. Three of the selected texts have been written by authors with direct experience of dementia within their family and form a subset of texts, memoir fiction. How stories of dementia are told is considered by examining the clinic as a storytelling venue, the creation of faux medical notes from information in the texts and a Triple Analysis of the memoir fiction using three reading templates. The templates have been created from clinical practice, using the questions posed by Frank's socio-narratological practice of Dialogical Narrative Analysis, and using the parameters of Rita Charon's version of Close Reading drill in Narrative Medicine. The work is informed by autoethnography which uses my position as a clinician and reader to examine how fiction has been used in my clinical practice and how it informs my reading of the selected texts.
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Brent, Suzanne S. (Suzanne Stokes). "The History of Alcoholism Treatment in the United States." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277997/.
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The treatment of alcoholism has had a unique historical development in the United States. This study provides a chronology of how the problem of alcoholism was defined and handled during various time periods in United States history. The process that evolved resulted in an abstinence based, comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of alcoholism as a primary disease based on the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous. This treatment modality, that developed outside of established medicine, is currently used by the majority of treatment providers.
Seven individuals who have been actively involved in alcoholism treatment were interviewed. In addition to archival research, biographies and autobiographies were examined to gain a broad perspective. Because alcoholism is both a collective and an individual problem an effort was made to include a microsociological frame of reference within a broad sociological view.
Alcoholism, or inebriety, was first perceived as a legal and moral problem. By the end of the 19th century, inebriety was recognized as an illness differing from mental illness, and separate asylums were established for its treatment. Alcoholism is currently accepted and treated as a primary disease by the majority of social institutions, but the legal and moral implications remain.
National Prohibition in the early part of the 20th century targeted alcohol instead of the alcoholic delaying any progress toward treatment which was made in the 19th century. The advent of Alcoholics Anonymous brought the first widely accepted hope for alcoholics. The treatment process that developed utilized the principles of Alcoholics Anonymous in a setting of shared recovery which has been difficult to quantify. In 1970 the allocation of federal funds for treatment and research brought the involvement of new disciplines creating both conflicts and possibilities. Alcoholism recovery has elucidated the connection of mind, body, and spirit.
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Helmicki, Soni. "Evolution and Devolution of Inpatient Psychiatric Services: From Asylums to Marketing Madness and Their Impact on Adults and Older Adults with Severe Mental Illness." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc984274/.
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I examined the factors that led to the rise and fall of psychiatric hospitals and its impact on two select groups of individuals: adults and older adults with severe mental illness. To explore the reasons behind these fluctuations, the State of Texas was used as a case study. Additionally, the fluctuations occurred for different reasons in public vs. for-profit investor-owned psychiatric hospitals. Using an investor-owned psychiatric hospital organization as a case study, I investigated the differences in factors that influenced the growth and/or demise in public vs. investor-owned psychiatric hospitals. Evolution and devolution of psychiatric hospitals was assessed during select time periods: 1700 to1930, 1940 to1970, 1980 to 2000, and 2000 to present. Time period selections were relevant to the important drivers of the span of time that influenced the psychiatric hospitals. Historical review and trend analysis was used to identify the total number of psychiatric hospitals and/or total number of psychiatric hospital beds and psychiatric hospitals by type. Analysis showed there was a cyclical pattern of evolution and devolution of psychiatric hospitals and each cycle altered the form, function, and role of the psychiatric hospital along with altering the location of care for adults and older adults with severe mental illness. The research results suggest a long-stay residential facility, specializing in evidence-based treatment for adults and older adults with severe mental illness, to counter the dire shortage of psychiatric hospital beds.
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W, Björkegren Lovisa. "Endometrios : En osteologisk studie om möjliga patologiska förändringar i skelettet." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448836.
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Endometriosis is a common chronic disease that effects approximately 10–15% of the women in today’s society. However, there is a lack of research that examines if endometriosis produces pathological changes in the skeleton. This thesis addresses the association between the osteological discipline and endometriosis.The primary purpose of this thesis is to test a hypothesis which was created during a previous paper. In order to test the hypothesis, it’s fundamental to analyze female pelvises and to see if endometriosis is detectable in the skeleton and leaves pathological changes in the shape of discoloration. The source material includes 39 female pelvic bones that are available at the medical history museum in Uppsala, Sweden. The collection includes 22 pelvic bones from individuals of Swedish descent and 17 pelvic bones from individuals of diverse foreign descent. This thesis also focuses on mental illness in association with endometriosis among historical women. The analysis of pelvic bones showed that 8 of them had pathological changes in the shape of discoloration. The analysis also demonstrated how women, in today’s- and historical society, was affected mentally and socially. The discussion includes how the skeleton is affected by endometriosis and how osteologist can trace the disease if it isn’t visible in the skeleton. The discussion also includes how historical women was mentally affected by the disease and if we can reach the mental illness through modern women. The study also demonstrates how women was affected economically.Currently, there is not enough research in order to prove the hypothesis about pathological changes in the shape of discoloration. We need more research to further investigate the hypothesis. To continue further investigation of the hypothesis, we need to examine modern patients diagnosed with endometriosis.
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Enright, Walter Ian Brooke. "Themes in insurance law." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33899.
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1. There are two major pieces of work (the Code Review and Sutton) and a number of themes that are the subject matter for this submission. The Insurance Council of Australia appointed me as the Independent Reviewer of the General Insurance Code of Practice, under the Code and the Terms of Reference, on 3 May 2012. 2. The Code Review work took about two years and involved the Code Issues Paper in October 2012 of 111 pages and the Code Review Report in May 2013 of 205 pages. The majority of my recommendations were accepted and the report has made a contribution to the rethinking of self-regulation and the place of voluntary codes in financial services. By then I was writing, with Professor Robert Merkin QC Sutton on Insurance Law for its 4th Edition. It is two volumes, 24 chapters and about 2100 pages excluding tables and index; my contribution was 12 chapters totalling about 960 pages. 3. The Code Review work, particularly on government agency regulation and self-regulation, influenced the pervasive material in Sutton on regulation. It was the subject of the AIDA Rome paper in 2014 on Principles for Self-Regulation; the paper was published by AIDA. 4. Sutton was published in 2015. Its themes are set out below. Those themes are in turn influences in the other work for this submission. There are seven main themes in the publications which I present in this submission. 5. The historical influences in relation to my Code Review and the historical contextual material in Sutton stimulated my interest in the wider influences on the development of commerce, insurance and law, with a central interest in the ethical foundations of the law and regulation. This aspect was also developed in the Masel Lecture and the article William Murray, Lord Mansfield: His Life, Times and Legacy – Good Faith and Good Works. 6. There had been a number of issues raised in my Code Review about mental illness, insurance and discrimination. I spoke at AIDA in Rome 2014 on Insurance Discrimination Law and the paper was published by AIDA. Then in 2016, the Australian Centre for Financial Studies commissioned me to write the ACFS MID Paper on the use by insurers of mental illness data. The historical perspective and the regulatory framework were important features of both papers. 7. A number of the Sutton themes were first opened out in my Professional Indemnity Insurance Law. The main themes were, in decreasing order of connection with Professional Indemnity Insurance Law, as follows. The first theme is the identification, development and application of the indemnity principle. The second is the adaptation and application of the analysis of contracts by primary and secondary obligations. This theme is in Sutton on the main concepts in insurance as well as liability insurance issues. The Liability Disputes Chapter condenses this thinking and account. The third theme was a renovation of how life insurance issues should be analysed and presented. This life insurance material was then adapted and infused with practical guidance on the decision making process on some issues for the FOS Life Insurance Manual. I developed an aspect of life insurance in the TPD Article. Each of these themes are in my submission original in concept and execution. Each has influenced the development of the law by legisation and the courts.
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Glaser, Catherine. "Clinique et roman de la folie, 1860-1910." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72763.
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Vaillancourt, Kyla. "Maternal history of abuse and maternal 'mind-mindedness' in a sample of mothers with severe mental illness treated in a mother-baby inpatient unit." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2015. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/maternal-history-of-abuse-and-maternal-mindmindedness-in-a-sample-of-mothers-with-severe-mental-illness-treated-in-a-motherbaby-inpatient-unit(62058c25-ef0d-474c-9e94-8b3c5cb1837e).html.
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The objective of this paper is to systematically review the literature that has examined maternal self-reported history of abuse in relation to an observational assessment of infantmother interaction. Electronic databases were searched and studies that met pre-defined criteria were included. A total of 13 studies (representing 12 independent samples) were included and assessed for quality using the EPHPP tool. Nine of the 13 studies (69% of reviewed articles) found a relationship between self-reported abuse and observed caregiving. Due to variation in sample characteristics and measurement the ability to compare studies is limited. Studies identified as having the highest methodological quality were most consistent, reporting an indirect effect of maternal abuse history on caregiving via parenting stress or depressive symptoms. This review would support the notion that self-reported abuse history in the mother is a risk factor for non-optimal caregiving behaviours; however there is a need for greater understanding of what pathways are responsible for this effect. The current review discusses strengths and limitations of the existing literature and offers suggestions for future research.
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Sauer, Nicholas L. "Disability in Late Imperial Russia: Pathological Metaphors and Medical Orientalism." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1464016404.
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Littler, Susan E. "Early family trauma: a comparison between adults with schizophrenia and depression." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Sciences, 2006. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00002495/.
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[Abstract]: This study explores similarities and differences in the early family history of an adult group with schizophrenia, and a matched group with major depression. Attachment theory, trauma theory and their relation to serious mental illnesses are used to understand the clinical participants’ reported early traumatic experiences of emotional deprivation and neglect.A retrospective design includes self-report questionnaires from clinical participants, and semi-structured interviews with participants’ mothers/primary caregivers.Data analysis includes:1. Assessment of matched participants’ reported prevalence of emotional deprivation and neglect in four different age groups;2. Assessment of themes of early family trauma and sequelae from the mother interviews;3. Qualitative analysis of sample mother/primary caregiver interviews from each diagnostic group of the manner in which the interviewees construct their stories around trauma;4. Quantitative analysis of a conceptualised model representing the arguments developed in the body of this dissertation.The second and third forms of analysis above include a panel of three experts, blind to diagnosis, validating this researcher’s findings.Standard multiple regression analysis indicates participants’ reported neglect across all age groups significantly predicts emotional deprivation, with neglect contributing 27.4% of the variability, but with no individual age band contributing significantly to the equation.Themes from the mother interviews are clustered into three constructs, guided by the research questions and this researcher’s clinical experience, the mothers’ emphases and the expert panel into Early Family Trauma, Maternal Fatigue, and Clinical Participants’ Early Attachment Difficulties.The mothers’ manner of discussing early family trauma is defined via speech markers as dissociative (disorganised, incoherent, and unresolved) or coherent (grounded, sequential and resolved) according to Attachment Theory and the literature on dissociation. Speakers are assigned as using dissociation or not as a categorical variable.A model is conceptualised to represent the interrelatedness of data from the participants and their mothers, including the manner in which the mothers relate early family trauma. Canonical Discriminant Function Analysis indicates that early family trauma and maternal fatigue discriminate little between diagnostic groups and that maternal non-resolution of early traumatic events and (possibly related) participant offspring attachment difficulties contribute most to distinguishing between the two diagnostic groups. Finally, a greater number of participants from the schizophrenia sample than from the depression sample continue to live with mother, possibly indicating that the early attachment difficulties remain unresolved.Discussion offers a reconceptualisation of several major and/or established theories concerning risk factors in schizophrenia, and examines shortcomings in the literature, concluding with suggestions for future research.
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Missa, Jean-Noël. "Naissance de la psychiatrie biologique: enquête historico-empirique sur le traitement des maladies mentales (1920-1960)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211028.
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Oliveira, Sandra Paula da Silva Santos de. "A loucura no outro: Um contributo para o estudo do impacto da loucura no profissional de saúde mental." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.12/1657.
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Propomo-nos ao longo deste trabalho reflectir sobre como a doença mental grave, a patologia psicótica, é experienciada e vivenciada pelos profissionais de saúde, sendo que para tal delineamos um traçado de investigação que, não só procura aceder descritivamente às suas atitudes e opiniões acerca desta patologia específica, como procura ainda explorar dinamicamente os complexos processos envolvidos no dizer e sentir de quem cuida de dores psíquicas tão intensas. Associado a estes objectivos, acrescemos o particular interesse na análise e compreensão da potencial variabilidade dos aspectos sócio - culturais, tão frequentemente presentes nas respostas e posturas atitudinais de sujeitos pertencentes a nacionalidades e culturas diferenciadas.
Assim sendo, partindo de duas amostras independentes de profissionais de saúde mental (psicólogos, assistentes sociais e enfermeiros) das nacionalidades portuguesa e norte - americana, aplicamos um protocolo de instrumentos que integra, além de um breve questionário de caracterização sócio - demográfica e de percurso académico e profissional, a Escala de Opiniões sobre a Doença Mental de Cohen & Struening (1962) e a Escala de Diferencial Semântico de Osgood, Suci & Tannenbaum (1957).
Verificamos que, quer os profissionais de psicologia portugueses, como os psicólogos norte - americanos são quem expressam, face à doença mental grave, as atitudes de natureza mais autoritária e restritiva (comparativamente com os seus colegas das outras "classes" profissionais). Semelhante atitude é demonstrada pelos profissionais que possuem experiência clínica com patologias psiquiátricas graves (em ambas as nacionalidades).
Constatamos também que a doença mental grave, representada por conceitos a si associáveis (seja a nível nosográfico, como a nível das emoções e vivências potencialmente despertas por esta doença), suscita invariavelmente, por parte dos sujeitos das nossas duas amostras, respostas de carácter fundamentalmente afectivo.
Sob uma base comparativa de ambas as amostras de profissionais concluímos que os sujeitos norte - americanos expressam níveis mais elevados de atitudes autoritárias e restritivas do que os seus homólogos portugueses. Não obstante este facto, revelam-se paralelamente mais confiantes na qualidade e tipo de intervenção/ tratamentos psiquiátricos disponíveis para este tipo de pacientes.
Os resultados obtidos a partir da Escala de Diferencial Semântico indicam-nos, igualmente, que os conceitos incluídos neste estudo (relacionáveis com a doença mental grave enquanto entidade nosográfica, e relacionáveis com as emoções/ vivências por ela potencialmente despertas), tendem a ser ponderados, pelos técnicos de nacionalidade norte - americana, de uma forma claramente mais avaliativa e cognitiva do que os profissionais portugueses (que, em termos comparativos fazem antes evidenciar respostas predominantemente afectivas).
Finalmente, é confirmada, na presente investigação, a franca e inequívoca importância exercida pela variável nacionalidade, enquanto componente determinante e predictora de parte bastante razoável dos resultados encontrados. ------ ABSTRACT ------ Through this work we intend to reflect on how the severe mental illness, the pshychotic pathology, is experienced and lived by health professionals. For that we established an investigation that, not only tries to grant a description of attitudes and opinions, on this specific pathology, but also pretends to explore, in a dynamic way, the complex processes involved in the saying and feeling of those who look after such deep mental grieves.
Associated with these purposes, we add the particular interest in the analysis and understanding of the potential variability of social / cultural aspects, so frequently present in the answers and attitudinal postures of subjects belonging to different nationalities and cultures. Thus, we started with two different independent samples of mental health professionals (psychologist, social - workers and nurses) from Portugal and U.S. A.; we used a protocol that included, besides a brief questionnaire, of social demographic characterization, and of the professional and academic background, «The Scale of Opinions about the Mental Illness » by Cohen & Struening (1962) and « The Scale of Semantic Differential » by Osgood, Suci & Tannenbaum (1957).
We saw that, both Portuguese and North - Americans psychologists express, towards the mental illness, the most authoritarians and restrictive attitudes ( compared with those of their colleagues of other professional groups ). A similar attitude was showed by professionals that have clinical experience with serious psychiatric pathologies (in both nationalities).
We also saw that the serious mental illness, represented by related concepts (either on a nosographic basis, or on the emotions and experiences caused by this illness) it invariably produces on the subjects of two samples, answers of a fundamentally affective character.
On a comparative basis of both professional's samples we can conclude that the North - Americans express higher levels of authoritarian and restrictive attitudes than the Portuguese. Despite that fact, they are also more confident on the quality and kind of intervention / pshychiatric treatment available for this kind of patients.
The results obtained from the Semantic Differential Scale also showed us, that the concepts included in this work (related with the severe mental illness as a nosographic entity and related with the emotions / experiences caused by it) tend to be considered, by the U. S. technicians, on a clearly more cognitive and evaluative way than by the Portuguese professionals (that, comparatively enphazise emotional answers).
Finally, it is confirmed, in the present investigation, the frank and undeniable importance of the variable nationality, while determinant and predictable component of a considerable part of the results found.
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Machado-Matheson, Anna-Maria. "Madness as penance in medieval Gaelic sources : a study of biblical and hagiographical influences on the depiction of Suibne, Lailoken and Mór of Munster." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609646.
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Oliveira, Sandra Paula da Silva Santos de. "A loucura no outro : um contributo para o estudo do impacto da loucura no profissional de Saúde Mental." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação, Universidade de Coimbra, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/983.
Full textAbstract:
Propomo-nos ao longo deste trabalho reflectir sobre como a doença mental grave, a patologia psicótica, é experienciada e vivenciada pelos profissionais de saúde, sendo que para tal delineamos um traçado de investigação que, não só procura aceder descritivamente às suas atitudes e opiniões acerca desta patologia específica, como procura ainda explorar dinamicamente os complexos processos envolvidos no dizer e sentir de quem cuida de dores psíquicas tão intensas. Associado a estes objectivos, acrescemos o particular interesse na análise e compreensão da potencial variabilidade dos aspectos sócio - culturais, tão frequentemente presentes nas respostas e posturas atitudinais de sujeitos pertencentes a nacionalidades e culturas diferenciadas.
Assim sendo, partindo de duas amostras independentes de profissionais de saúde mental (psicólogos, assistentes sociais e enfermeiros) das nacionalidades portuguesa e norte - americana, aplicamos um protocolo de instrumentos que integra, além de um breve questionário de caracterização sócio - demográfica e de percurso académico e profissional, a Escala de Opiniões sobre a Doença Mental de Cohen & Struening (1962) e a Escala de Diferencial Semântico de Osgood, Suci & Tannenbaum (1957).
Verificamos que, quer os profissionais de psicologia portugueses, como os psicólogos norte - americanos são quem expressam, face à doença mental grave, as atitudes de natureza mais autoritária e restritiva (comparativamente com os seus colegas das outras "classes" profissionais). Semelhante atitude é demonstrada pelos profissionais que possuem experiência clínica com patologias psiquiátricas graves (em ambas as nacionalidades).
Constatamos também que a doença mental grave, representada por conceitos a si associáveis (seja a nível nosográfico, como a nível das emoções e vivências potencialmente despertas por esta doença), suscita invariavelmente, por parte dos sujeitos das nossas duas amostras, respostas de carácter fundamentalmente afectivo.
Sob uma base comparativa de ambas as amostras de profissionais concluímos que os sujeitos norte - americanos expressam níveis mais elevados de atitudes autoritárias e restritivas do que os seus homólogos portugueses. Não obstante este facto, revelam-se paralelamente mais confiantes na qualidade e tipo de intervenção/ tratamentos psiquiátricos disponíveis para este tipo de pacientes.
Os resultados obtidos a partir da Escala de Diferencial Semântico indicam-nos, igualmente, que os conceitos incluídos neste estudo (relacionáveis com a doença mental grave enquanto entidade nosográfica, e relacionáveis com as emoções/ vivências por ela potencialmente despertas), tendem a ser ponderados, pelos técnicos de nacionalidade norte - americana, de uma forma claramente mais avaliativa e cognitiva do que os profissionais portugueses (que, em termos comparativos fazem antes evidenciar respostas predominantemente afectivas).
Finalmente, é confirmada, na presente investigação, a franca e inequívoca importância exercida pela variável nacionalidade, enquanto componente determinante e predictora de parte bastante razoável dos resultados encontrados. ------ ABSTRACT ------ Through this work we intend to reflect on how the severe mental illness, the pshychotic pathology, is experienced and lived by health professionals. For that we established an investigation that, not only tries to grant a description of attitudes and opinions, on this specific pathology, but also pretends to explore, in a dynamic way, the complex processes involved in the saying and feeling of those who look after such deep mental grieves.
Associated with these purposes, we add the particular interest in the analysis and understanding of the potential variability of social / cultural aspects, so frequently present in the answers and attitudinal postures of subjects belonging to different nationalities and cultures. Thus, we started with two different independent samples of mental health professionals (psychologist, social - workers and nurses) from Portugal and U.S. A.; we used a protocol that included, besides a brief questionnaire, of social demographic characterization, and of the professional and academic background, «The Scale of Opinions about the Mental Illness » by Cohen & Struening (1962) and « The Scale of Semantic Differential » by Osgood, Suci & Tannenbaum (1957).
We saw that, both Portuguese and North - Americans psychologists express, towards the mental illness, the most authoritarians and restrictive attitudes ( compared with those of their colleagues of other professional groups ). A similar attitude was showed by professionals that have clinical experience with serious psychiatric pathologies (in both nationalities).
We also saw that the serious mental illness, represented by related concepts (either on a nosographic basis, or on the emotions and experiences caused by this illness) it invariably produces on the subjects of two samples, answers of a fundamentally affective character.
On a comparative basis of both professional's samples we can conclude that the North - Americans express higher levels of authoritarian and restrictive attitudes than the Portuguese. Despite that fact, they are also more confident on the quality and kind of intervention / pshychiatric treatment available for this kind of patients.
The results obtained from the Semantic Differential Scale also showed us, that the concepts included in this work (related with the severe mental illness as a nosographic entity and related with the emotions / experiences caused by it) tend to be considered, by the U. S. technicians, on a clearly more cognitive and evaluative way than by the Portuguese professionals (that, comparatively enphazise emotional answers).
Finally, it is confirmed, in the present investigation, the frank and undeniable importance of the variable nationality, while determinant and predictable component of a considerable part of the results found.
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McNally, Bernard. "After the financial crash of 2008, how will the UK's welfare to work policies affect the attitude of Scottish private sector employers towards hiring jobless people who have been disabled by mental illness?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9117/.
Full textAbstract:
During the economic boom of the late nineties and early noughties, the last Labour government identified paid employment obtained from the competitive labour market as a realistic goal for people disabled by mental illness. Despite the effects of the financial crash of 2008 and the consequent recession, its successors have continued to argue this is the case. One of the foundation stones of the policies they have used to pursue this goal is a biopsychosocial model of health, which sides with medicine in the longstanding dispute about the validity of the concept of mental illness. This model was used by the UK government to identify paid employment obtained from the competitive labour market as evidence of recovery in and recovery from mental illness. It did this by drawing on the belief recovery is an individual journey, the outcomes of disabled people's lives are determined by acts of agency; the language, but not the thinking, used by the disability movement to draw a distinction between disability and impairment; and research arguing people with a history of mental illness want to work and that they can obtain work from the competitive market when they are provided with appropriate support. Another one is neoclassical economics: a static, deductive and utilitarian theory-driven economic model that has dominated UK policy since the late seventies. Like the government's preferred approach to recovery, neoclassical economics prioritises agency over structure. It argues labour market activity is a risk-driven endeavour and that economies have natural rates of unemployment, which can only be reduced by the state dismantling institutions preventing scarce resources such as labour from being distributed via price competition. As with medical thinking about mental distress, the neoclassical idealisation of the labour market has its critics. Amongst them are the old institutional economics, the new institutional economics, stratification economics and the new economic sociology. Different mixtures of empiricism, inductive thinking, theorising and attitudes towards neoclassicism ranging from relative enthusiasm to outright hostility, have for different reasons, led them to conclude to various degrees that institutions are necessary to impose order on uncertainty, unemployment can be a consequence of their influence and the state has to take this on board when taking policy initiatives. The disputes within economics and between economics and sociology about the role of agency, structure and the state in the labour market raise doubts about the efficacy of the UK government's welfare to work policies regarding people disabled by mental illness. Doubts that have been echoed in comments made by the OECD in 2014, which voiced concern about the UK governments marginalisation of structural influences on the labour market. Surprisingly, the literature on disability and employability has not engaged with this dispute. This study starts to address this failure by drawing on the above models mental illness and the labour market activity to analyse how the UK government's welfare to work policies have affected demand from private sector employers in Scotland for labour from jobless people who have been disabled by mental illness. The analysis was conducted in two stages. First, it used evidence about the financial crisis of 2008 and statistics from the Westminster and Holyrood governments to paint a macroeconomic picture of the Scottish labour market for the period between 2008 and 2013. Then it conducted semi-structured interviews with thirty private sector employers about their understanding of mental illness and the labour market. The initial part of the analysis argues rational price competition between private financial organisations caused the flow of money through western economies to dry up and that this caused the global financial crisis of 2008 and the deepest worldwide recession since the 1930's. Then it shows the UK government's adherence to neoclassicism led it to respond to these developments by directing government spending away from redistribution and service provision towards facilitating market competition and that the current tranche of welfare to work policies are part of this response. Finally, it uses figures from the Scottish and UK government for the period between March 2008 and March 2013 to look at the challenges facing these policies. Here it is shown that although the rise in unemployment has been relatively small given the depth of the recession. However it is also shown that there has been a sharp rise in underemployment, a significant drop in the number of vacancies and that private sector demand for labour will have to grow by as much as a third if the Scottish labour market is to successfully absorb those people with a history of mental illness the UK government hopes to move off disability benefits. The second part found employers tend to link mental illness with strange and unpredictable behaviour; hold stigmatising beliefs about people with a history of these conditions; only hire them when information, which has been obtained independently of any vacancy, suggests they possess the technical and social skills necessary to fit in with how they do business; and they can discount the value of their labour. It then goes on to demonstrate five things. The first is that employers think workplace teams are different from the sum of their parts and that this has led them to believe the outcomes of recruitment decisions are always uncertain. The second is they protect themselves against uncertainty by taking a sequential approach to recruitment, one that involves ranking the sources of information they use to make recruitment decisions in terms of cost and reliability. In order of preference, these are personal experience, the experience of people they trust, recruitment agencies and open competition. The third is that their behaviour as they descend this hierarchy initially mirrors the thinking of the new economic sociology and stratification economists, then the new institutional economics until finally, it comes to bear its closest resemblance to neoclassical economics. The fourth is that employers descend the hierarchy for as long as their desire for profit outweighs their fear of harm. The implications of this sequential multifaceted approach to recruitment for the ability of the UK governments welfare to work policies to improve the employability of people disabled by mental illness are identified by drawing on Zelizer's ideas about the role of connected worlds, circuits of commerce and media of exchange in economic activity. These ideas emerged in response to the under and over socialised thinking about the economy such as that offered by the new neoclassical economics, the new institutional economics and the new economic sociology. They form a line of thought that resonates strongly with the heterodox approach to economic analysis of the old institutional economics and stratification economics. They also provide a theoretical framework - that does not automatically blame the jobless for being unemployed - to hang the findings of this study about employers’ multifaceted approach to recruitment; the co-existence of large numbers of vacancies and high rates of unemployment; the peripheral role played by human resources professionals in most recruitment decisions; the ignorance of employers about the UK government's welfare to work policies; and employers’ hostility towards welfare to work contractors. Taken together, the findings of this study indicate the people with a history of mental illness who will benefit most from the UK government's welfare to work policies will be those who inhabit the same social circles as private sector employers or those who have access to them.They also suggest these policies will be unlikely to increase the demand for their labour to anything like the degree necessary to absorb the numbers of them that will be moving off disability benefits. However, by using Zelizer's thinking about circuits of commerce and connected worlds to frame them, they offer hope welfare to work policies can be developed that recognise the importance of paid employment to recovery without conflating them. A set of policies that acknowledge the influence of impairments, social structures, job-related skills, and competition on employability, which accepts people diagnosed with mental illnesses will often need to be provided with rights and access to resources over and above those that support them to look for work. Realising this possibility will require researchers in disability studies to engage with the economic and sociological debates about the labour market and build relationships with businesses, economists and other branches of sociology that are conducive to investigating how the economic and social lives of employers influence their targeting of pools of labour; clarifying when it is possible to include people with a history of mental illness in these pools, establishing how to go about doing this, determining when it is in their interests to do so and identifying what to do when it is not.
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Fol, Carine. "De l'art des fous à l'art en marge: un siècle de fascination ou de l'évolution du regard porté sur les expressions artistiques de créateurs outsiders ,personnes malades ou handicapées mentales, artistes isolés." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209782.
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My dissertation analyses the evolution of the perception of creations of mentally ill, art brut or outsider art through a phenomenological point of view that focuses on the viewer and protagonists how permitted the discovery of these creations :psychiatrists (Hans Prinzhorn, Walter Morgenthaler, Leo Navratil, and others) Jean Dubuffet, Harald Szeemann and my own practice as curator through a case-study of the art & marges museum in Brussels /Ma thèse analyse l'évolution du regard porté sur les créations asilaires, art brut et outsider au vingtième siècle à travers une approche phénoménologique qui se focalise sur les protagonistes qui ont permis la découverte, la diffusion et la recherche de ces créations :psychiatres,(Hans Prinzhorn, Walter Morgenthaler, Leo Navratil, entre autres) Jean Dubuffet, Harald Szeemann. Ma propre pratique de curateur d'exposition est également abordée par le biais d'un case-study dédié à l'art & marges musée à BruxellesDoctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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CONNERY, BRIAN ARTHUR. "AN AMBITION TO BE HEARD IN A CROWD: MAD HEROES AND THE SATIRIST IN THE WORKS OF JONATHAN SWIFT (ALIENATION, DOUBLE-BIND)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183857.
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In Swift's works, both heroes and madmen are characterized by supra-normal aspiration, imagination, individuality, and pride, and the mad hero becomes an effective emblem for the chaos arising when individual vision challenges traditional authority in religion, politics, and literature. Swift's view of madness as the willful perversion of reason tends to be traditional, though his sense of its pervasiveness creates a subversive skepticism. Consistently throughout his works, Swift posits conscience as the only safeguard against the madness of pride. Swift views the traditional hero as subversive, typically portraying him as mad while presenting the sane man as unheroic. As the Tale-teller argues, the traditonal hero is a successful madman. Swift's later works demonstrate that madness and heroism often coincide because of the mutually reinforcing relationship between power and ego, and he asserts that the will to power, manifested in the heroic imposition of one's will upon others, is a form of madness. As an alternative to the asocial and amoral traditional hero, Swift promotes a moderate hero in the figures of the Church of England Man, the Examiner, and the Drapier: the one just man, motivated by Roman and Christian virtue, in a mad society. But even the vir bonus remains susceptible to challenges of authority, for in a mad and corrupt society his singular vision cannot appeal to common sense. Moreover, if he becomes powerful, he risks madness, and if he retreats from madness, he becomes impotent. As a consequence of this double bind, the satirist himself suffers a profound alienation. Swift recognizes that by engaging in the controversies of his age, he himself becomes liable to charges of the madness of pride. Even as he harangues the world, his recognition of the heroic conceit in establishing himself as satirist is evident in the self-satire of A Modest Proposal and the verses on his death. Similarly, the self-portraits in his poetry and Gulliver's Travels demonstrate his conscience at work as he satirizes his own indignation and reforming urges, striving thereby to maintain a modicum of humility and thus sanity, and, in laughing with the reader, striving to maintain common sense as well.
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Springer, Michael Leicester. ""Form fading among fading forms" death, language and madness in the novels of Samuel Beckett." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002240.
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The primary thesis of this dissertation is that the development of narrative strategy and technique through the course of Samuel Beckett’s fictional oeuvre enacts a parody of the Cartesian method of doubt, in which the search for first principles, instead of providing grounds for certainty, is a hopeless, grotesque quest for a self which eludes any and every assertion. My chief concerns are thus, firstly, to explicate and elucidate the nature of such narrative strategies and techniques, and how these can be said to parody epistemological procedure; and secondly, to interrogate the implications of this parody for the epistemological and interpretative endeavour of which the human sciences are comprised. These two issues are explored by way of an examination of Beckett’s earliest novel, Murphy, and the narrative impasse that arises from the contradiction between this work’s largely realist form and quasi-postmodern content. I thereafter argue that the later fiction, most particularly the Trilogy, achieves formal and stylistic solutions to the aesthetic and epistemological challenges raised by the earlier work. Beckett’s fictional oeuvre, I contend, can best be construed as an attempt to attain that which exceeds and escapes narrative in and through narrative, namely madness or death. The achievement of either would entail the obliteration of the possibility of narrating at all, and the novels, engaging in a self-deconstructing endeavour, thus occupy a profoundly paradoxical position. Any attempt to interpret a body of work of this nature can only respond in an analogous manner, by trying to make meaning of the subversion of meaning, and deconstructing the assumptions that inform its procedures. This dissertation argues that it is precisely in the way in which it necessitates such selfreflexive discursive analysis that the import of Samuel Beckett’s fiction lies, and extrapolates the significance of this for an understanding of discourse, literary criticism, and epistemological procedure.
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Ziff, Katherine K. "Asylum and Community: Connections Between the Athens Lunatic Asylum and the Village of Athens 1867-1893." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1091117062.
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Ohlsson, Anna. "Myt och manipulation : Radikal psykiatrikritik i svensk offentlig idédebatt 1968-1973." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för litteraturvetenskap och idéhistoria, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8244.
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The aim of the present thesis is to study radical criticism of psychiatry in public discussion in Sweden between 1968 and 1973. Although it was not the first time psychiatry had been challenged, the debate during these years displayed an unprecedented intensity. What is mental illness – a myth, an etiquette, an illusion? Is psychiatry a means of social control? Such were the questions raised at the time. In my thesis, I study the contexts as well as the arguments of these discussions. To this end, a great variety of sources have been consulted: books, newspapers, magazines, films etc. In part, the Swedish debate on psychiatry ran parallel to international discussions on the topic, which have been regarded as a manifestation of anti-psychiatry. This standpoint is often associated with psychiatrists such as R. D. Laing, David Cooper and Thomas Szasz. In my thesis, I challenge the concept of anti-psychiatry, arguing that other concepts are better suited to capture the diversity of the debate in all its nuances. Thus, I make use of radical and reformatory criticism – concepts which have been suggested by the sociologist Tommy Svensson – while also seeking to develop them further. In addition to the international perspective, the psychiatry debate must also be interpreted in its specifically Swedish context. One aspect of this is the Swedish tradition of Government Official Reports: psychiatry had been subject to many investigations prior to the debate in the 1960s and 1970s, and others would follow in its wake. Another characteristic feature of the Swedish debate is two events that formed very suitable targets for critique: Sociopatutredningen and Mentalhälsokampanjen. These events seemed to confirm the most farreaching concerns of the radical critics, namely that psychiatry is a means of social control.
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Collins, William J. "The Absence of Narcissus: Anti-psychiatry, Madness and Narcissism in Vladimir Nabokov's Pale Fire and J. M. Coetzee's In the Heart of the Country." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1386338884.
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Gavia, Mieko. "Mieko Gavia : The Dog Project." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1308028153.
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Veillette, Marie-Paule. "La représentation de la folie dans l'écriture féminine contemporaine des Amériques." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ57482.pdf.
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Reis, Ashley E. "With the Earth in Mind: Ecological Grief in the Contemporary American Novel." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc849760/.
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"With the Earth in Mind" responds to some of the most cutting-edge research in the field of ecocriticism, which centers on ecological loss and the grief that ensues. Ecocritics argue that ecological objects of loss abound--for instance, species are disappearing and landscapes are becoming increasingly compromised--and yet, such loss is often deemed "ungrievable." While humans regularly grieve human losses, we understand very little about how to genuinely grieve the loss of nonhuman being, natural environments, and ecological processes. My dissertation calls attention to our society's tendency to participate in superficial nature-nostalgia, rather than active and engaged environmental mourning, and ultimately activism. Herein, I investigate how an array of postwar and contemporary American novels represent a complex relationship between environmental degradation and mental illness. Literature, I suggest, is crucial to investigations of this problem because it can reveal the human consequences of ecological loss in a way that is unavailable to political, philosophical, scientific, and even psychological discourse.
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Little, Julianna. "“Frailty, thy name is woman”: Depictions of Female Madness." VCU Scholars Compass, 2015. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3709.
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Concepts of mental health and normality cannot be understood apart from cultural norms and values. The most significant of cultural constructions that shape our view of madness is gender. Madness has been perceived for centuries metaphorically and symbolically as a feminine illness and continues to be gendered into the twenty-first century. Works of art and literature and psychiatric medicine influence each other as well as our understanding and perception of mental illness. Throughout history, images of mental illness in women send the message that women are weak, dangerous, and require containment. What are the cultural links between femininity and insanity, and how are they represented? Through the lenses of disciplines such as theatre criticism, feminist theory, and psychiatry, this thesis examines the history of madness as a gendered concept and its depictions in art and literature. Additionally, it will explore the representation of female madness in contemporary dramatic literature as compared to the medical model used during the era in which it was written as well as the social and cultural conditions and expectations of the period. The three plays under consideration are: Long Day’s Journey Into Night, written in 1941 by Eugene O’Neill; Fefu and Her Friends, written in 1977 by Maria Irene Fornés; and
Next to Normal, produced on Broadway in its current form in 2009 and written and scored by Brian Yorkey and Tom Kitts. None of these plays tell a tidy story with a straightforward ending. In none do treatment facilities offer refuge or health professionals offer answers. Struggling characters resort to drug abuse, fall prey to internalization, or leave treatment all together, having been subjected to enough victimization. The relationship between patient and physician is depicted to be, at best, ambivalent. The themes in these plays illuminate women’s mental illness as an extensive problem with many contributing factors, and the origins of which are quite complex.
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Björk, Maria. "Problemet utan namn? : Neuroser, stress och kön i Sverige från 1950 till 1980." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för idé- och lärdomshistoria, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-151608.
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Focusing on Sweden between 1950 and 1980, this doctoral dissertation analyzes and problematizes the process in which a discourse about neurosis and nervous troubles gradually evolved into a discourse about stress. The thesis aims to show how the medical and general discussion about diffuse or vague symptoms transformed and rearticulated ideas and views on society and man, citizenship, gender roles, and medicine. It shows how the discourse on neuroses tended to locate sickness and deviance in the individual, whereas its subsequent transformation into a discourse on stress located the pathological in an external, societal sphere. A particularly prominent issue in the study concerns the role that gender, and in particular female gender, has played in these discourses, and how the place of the feminine can be understood in relation to stress and neuroses. The dissertation shows that female gender was not central to the discourse on neuroses and stress during the studied period. On the contrary, gender was subordinated to ideas about man and citizenship within the greater context of society and culture. The dissertation takes its starting point in the Swedish 1950’s, often characterized as the era of ”The Strong Society” or ”The People’s Home”. During this period, the neurosis discourse was fixed and remained unchanged. In practice, neurosis was a diagnosis that provided such symptoms that were otherwise difficult to measure and assess with a theory of origin. Neuroses were believed to principally affect a certain category of individuals, who, due to their constitution or disposition, were held to be particularly susceptible to neurotic sufferings. During the 1960s the belief in The Strong Society and its notion of ideal citizenship began to crumble. It was against this background that the Swedish medical profession started discussing ”stress”. Stress, in contrast, could afflict anyone and everyone, according to “the father of stress” Hans Selye and Swedish stress researchers. Stress was assumed to be a potential cause of ”nervous troubles” and disease, but was never considered to be a disease in itself. The concept of the individual as a citizen now gave way for the notion of the individual as a primarily biological organism. Within the stress discourse in the 1960s, the primacy of the universal normal (male) man was a recurring focal point. In the 1970s, the stress researchers distanced themselves from Selyes’ concept of stress by focusing on individual factors. In the discussion about stress during the 1970s, the ”constitutionally weak” individual of the 1950s and the biological organism of the 1960s blended into a hybrid construction of a unique, biological individual.
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Miller, Renee Catherine. "Reflections of the Insanity Defense in German Literature: Enlightenment to Expressionism." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1398896485.
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Touboul, Anaëlle. ""Histoires de fous". Approche de la folie dans le roman français du XXe siècle." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA123/document.
Full textAbstract:
Figure obsédante de l’imaginaire collectif, le fou a longtemps été chargé de significations qui le dépassent ; le mythe de la folie fait recette sur la scène littéraire mais les malades n’en sont que des figurants. Alors que le fou réel est maintenu dans les marges de la littérature comme de la société, le fantasme culturel de la folie est nourri et modelé au XIXe siècle par la littérature romantique ou fantastique et exalté au début du siècle suivant par les avant-gardes historiques. Un certain nombre de textes de romanciers du XXe siècle, parmi lesquels Georges Duhamel, André Baillon, Julien Green, Henry de Montherlant ou encore Alexandre Vialatte, mettent au contraire en œuvre un décentrement du regard littéraire de la folie vers le fou – du mythe à l’individu. Ce sont les modalités et les logiques de cette émancipation de la figure du fou et de son affirmation comme sujet – au sens de thème comme de subjectivité – autonome dans l’espace romanesque que ce travail s’applique à éclairer. Ces récits fictionnels qui font de la conscience aliénée à la fois le foyer et l’objet principal de la narration mettent en scène une folie presque familière, où l’idéalisation cède le pas à la représentation de troubles intimes et ordinaires, qui atteignent un personnage banal menant une existence modeste. Par leurs affinités sémantiques, syntaxiques et pragmatiques, ils forment un « sous-genre » romanesque, celui des "histoires de fous". L’enjeu de cette thèse est de déterminer le répertoire générique de ces romans tout en examinant la manière dont la folie interroge les moyens et les pouvoirs de la fiction romanesque. Il s’agit également de mettre au jour ce que la littérature nous aide à comprendre de cet impensable, envers de l’expérience partagée de la raison, et d’observer comment les romanciers contribuent à refléter tout autant qu’à remodeler les formes de cet objet social et culturelHaunting our collective imagination, the madman has always been laden with symbolic significance. The myth of madness is abundantly present in literature, however those characters with an actual mental illness are ultimately overshadowed. While mental patients are pushed to the margins of literature, just as they are pushed to the outskirts of society, this particular cultural legend of madness develops during the nineteenth century in Romantic and fantastic literature and stays in the spotlight at the beginning of the following century through the avant-garde artists. In contrast to the aforementioned representation of madness, a number of novelists of the twentieth century, including Georges Duhamel, André Baillon, Julien Green, Henry de Montherlant or Alexandre Vialatte, brought on a literary shift away from “madness” towards “the madman” – from the myth to the individual. The focus of this piece of work is on the modality and logic leading to the emancipation of the figure of the madman and its affirmation as an autonomous subject – in every sense of the world – in the literary field. These fictional stories, where the alienated consciousness is both the focus and the main subject of the narrative, present the reader with an almost familiar madness. They don’t idealize insanity but provide representations of almost ordinary disorders, which affect a banal character living a modest life. Through their semantic, syntactic and pragmatic preferences, these stories form a fictional “sub-genre”, called “histoires de fous”. This research aims at determining the generic features of these novels and at considering the way madness questions the means and powers of fiction. Another purpose is to shed light on how literature helps us understand this inconceivable experience, which represents the other side of the commonly shared human experience of reason and logic, and to study how novelists help to reveal as well as reshape the characterization of this social and cultural topic
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Newton, Erin Marie. "Redefining mental illness: medicalization, mental healthcare, and Morita Therapy, 1868-1938." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/25828.
Full textAbstract:
In 1919, Morita Shōma first published his theories on the nature of a disorder he called shinkeishitsu. While it was often translated as “neurasthenia” after the definition of George Miller Beard (1869), Morita himself maintained that it was a nervous disorder with symptoms that included a range of ailments. Anything from physical and mental fatigue, headaches, heart palpitations, insomnia, nausea, or even dizziness could be a symptom of shinkeishitsu. The treatment that Morita recommended for this disorder was a combination of what is now considered behavior modification therapy, self-assessment, and meditation. After his death, this treatment came to be known as Morita Therapy, and it has persisted as a form of therapy for a variety of nervous disorders to the present day.
In this thesis, I will demonstrate how Morita, through his education and connection with western psychiatrics, adapted Western mental health concepts to the Japanese context. At the same time, however, Morita attempted to extend concepts of mental illness that he considered to be Japanese culture-bound syndromes--specifically shinkeishitsu, which in addition to symptoms of neurasthenia caused patients to exhibit signs of obsessive-compulsive or perfectionist tendencies and a social phobia known as taijin kyōfushō. Morita Therapy exemplifies the general trends of psychiatric healthcare in the prewar period; the medicalization of nervous disorders and his interaction with the larger psychiatric community demonstrates how Japanese psychiatrists attempted to take part in the international discourse on mental health and wellness.text
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Kim, Hayang. "Sick at Heart: Mental Illness in Modern Japan." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8KS6QM8.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation traces the evolution of ideas and experiences of mental illness (seishinbyō) in Japan around the turn of the twentieth century, showing how it changed from a diagnostic category of biomedical disease into a dynamic but stigmatized pathology of the self in which the mental and emotional core of a person – who he or she was, essentially – was thought to have malfunctioned. In the course of this transformation, seishinbyō had multiple manifestations, its meanings shifting across time and in different social contexts. It originated in Japanese psychiatric discourse of the 1870s as an allegedly universal category of disease, but was soon modified to account for such existing phenomena as fox-spirit possession. In the family, one of the main sites for the management and treatment of madness in modern Japan, mental illness was associated less with medical etiology and more with violent and socially unacceptable behavior, as seen in cases of home confinement. As the concept of mental illness spread in popular culture and legal discourse, it evolved into a broader cultural idiom about the pathology of the self during a time of rapid social and cultural change. From the gendering of hysteria as the feminine counterpart to male neurasthenia in the media to the menstrual psychosis defense invoked to absolve female defendants of criminal responsibility, gender played an especially prominent role in this evolution. By the 1930s, the idea that the self was the source of its own distress had taken root, shifting attention away from external and social factors, whether fox possession or the stresses of modernity, to inner causes of suffering. The driving forces behind this conceptual change were the social structures and relations of family, gender, and the urban-rural divide. In the context of these three overlapping social sites, changing ideas and practices concerning the mentally ill produced broader transformations in the understanding of the relationship between self and society, including conceptions of mind and body, gendered norms of thought and behavior, and the boundary between the inner self and social forces during a time of modernizing change.
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Fan, Pei-shuan, and 范珮瑄. "Overseas Obsessive Compulsive Disorder：a History of Mental Illness in Colonial Taiwan." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47216898525514581812.
Full textAbstract:
碩士世新大學
社會發展研究所(含碩專班)
95
The discourse of “Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)” changed twice during colonial period. Alternation of OCD discourse not only indicates the change of Taiwan psychiatric medicine, but also shows contemporary relationship between western countries and Japan. By realizing this period of history, we know Japan continually absorbed the latest knowledge and skills from western world. However, this way made its people cannot find an appropriate position and then had the feeling of inferiority. Under this circumstance, Japanese colonized Taiwanese with inferiority and superiority simultaneously. If we go further to observe the relationship between OCD and social circumstance, we can find that wars among Japan, China and Korea started from 1931. For instance, Japanese army attacked the northeast of China on September 18th, 1931 and occupied Shen-yang. That is so-called ‘nine one eight incident’. Another example is ‘Shanhaiguan incident’, a conflict between Japanese army and Chinese army in Shanhaiguan. About OCD discourse, it changed in 1934. Zhong-xiu-shan introduced the theory of neurosis written by San-tian-zheng-ma. This theory indicates people were afraid of tropical climate and could not stop checking their physical and psychological condition. This kind of behavior shows Japanese neurosis personality to pursue flawless. The appearance of new OCD discourse was quite closed to wars time. From my point of view, their relation is: Japanese feared tropical climate deteriorated them so that they hesitated to manage Taiwan. For making Japanese government not to give up Taiwan, Zhong-xiu-shan adopted the theory of neurosis to interpret OCD. The new discourse was like the shield which protected Japanese from tropical climate. It made Japanese extend overseas bravely. In conclusion, the alternation of OCD not only means the history of Taiwan psychiatric medicine, but also indicates the history of Japan politics and military.
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"Disordered Minds: Picturing Mental Illness Pre-Deinstitutionalization and its Impact." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53638.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: By focusing on photojournalists for LIFE and Ladies’ Home Journal, I investigate mental health care in state institutions located in America during the Great Depression and World War II immediately prior to the great deinstitutionalization that began in the 1950s. Relying upon scholars of medical humanities, social theory, disability studies, feminist studies, the history of psychiatry, and the history of art, I consider the iconography used to represent mental illness in photography during the first half of the twentieth century to explore the ways mentally ill individuals were presented as disordered and lacking humanity. I explore the didactic nature of both photography and film, emphasizing how the artists and directors imbued their mediums with medical credibility and authority. The photographs of Alfred Eisenstaedt, Jerry Cooke, and Esther Bubley from the 1930-40s reveal the state of mental health care in America during the Great Depression and World War II. I will investigate the stereotypes seen in representations of mental illness in photographs and how these depictions shaped and were in dialogue with popular films like Spellbound (1945), The Snake Pit (1948), The Three Faces of Eve (1957), and Marnie (1964). As a point of contrast to the images and films representing mental illness, I examine depictions of healthy people in mental health clinics during this time. Finally, I offer four examples of public, contemporary art, including House for a Gordian Knot (2013), Bloom (2013), 1000 Shadows (2013), and Faces of Mental Health Recovery (2013), that explore mental illness to illustrate the enduring legacy of the iconography and stereotypes represented in the photography and films explored in the first half of this dissertation.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Art History 2019
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Donovan, Joan. "A history of stigma : towards a sociology of mental illness and American psychiatry." Thesis, 2008. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/976135/1/MR45460.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Using genealogical discourse analysis, this project examines how American psychiatrists utilized the concept of stigma in The American Journal of Psychiatry as it relates to illness and treatment from 1846-2007. Once historicized, stigma takes the form of four themes, i.e. the stigma of psychiatric practice, euphemistic stigma, the stigma of treatment, and the stigma of mental ilhness. These themes each result in numerous strategies to diminish their effects in the population and the individual patient through national campaigns to combat stigma. This thesis also identifies the role of an emerging medicalization of mental illness' stigma and how this medicalization has specific implications for psychiatric treatment and social inclusion. The alignment of stigma alongside particular diagnostic categories has far reaching consequences as it attempts to circumvent the critical discourse which began with the anti-psychiatry movement in the 1960s. In this way, this thesis reveals American psychiatry's effort to de-stigmatize itself through campaigns to reduce the stigma of mental illness.
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NITA and 張曉雲. "Adolescent suicide related to family history of completed suicide and mental illness study." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/f3x3b7.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
公共衛生學系碩士班
96
ABSTRACT This study focuses on youths aged between 15 and 19 as well as their immediate family members. It is aimed at 1) exploring the demographic characteristics, health status and causes of death for people within the targeted age range who have committed suicide and 2) identifying the risk factors of youth suicide. The researcher conducted this study by comparing the subject group and a control group. The researcher used 483 completed suicide cases, (coded ICD-9-CM E950 to E959, from the registry for ‘the causes of death’ as compiled by the Department of Health, during the period 1996 to 2005) to link to the NHI medical data for their parents and siblings. Including the family members totaled 812 people. The control group was selected from individuals, alive at the time of the study, who were of the same gender and had the same birth date as the individual who committed suicide in the study group. The control group was randomly drawn by 1:30, this subtotaled 15,188 cases, and links with the NHI medical data for their parents and siblings brought the total to 29,607 people. The researcher conduct statistics analysis, frequency, ratio, Chi-square test and Logistic Regression. During 1996 and 2005, in terms of youth suicide, (ages 15 to 19) the ratio of male to female suicide was 2:1 and the number of suicides increased with an increase in age. The suicide cases were comprised mainly of low-income households, the unemployed and disabled people. The research indicated that individuals with schizophrenia and emotional mental disorders made up a significant number of the suicide cases. The study also identified that a significant number of the suicide cases came from family backgrounds experiencing economic difficulties, employment problems and poor health status.These factors include aboriginal families, low-income households, unemployment and patients with mental disorders or schizophrenia. Many of the studies about suicide focus mainly on the case studies and few aim at population and household studies. This study uses cohort groups to analyze the family characteristics and their mental illness history to identify the relationships with the risks of youth suicide. Identifying high-risk families, in terms of youth suicide and preventing potential suicides will be the final goal of this study. Key Words: Youth suicide, family history of completed suicide and mental illness, suicide risk factors, population-based case-control study.
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Parle, Julie. "States of mind : mental illness and the quest for mental health in Natal and Zululand, 1868-1918." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3475.
Full textAbstract:
In KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, many of those who search for solace from mental illness draw on one or more of the three vigorous therapeutic traditions of healing to which the region is heir. Western psychiatry and its formal institutions have a long history in this region: in 1868, the Colony of Natal passed southern Africa's first 'lunacy legislation'; and in 1880, the Natal Government Asylum was opened on the Town Hill, Pietermaritzburg. Although founded on the precepts of nineteenth century liberalism, by 1910, the Pietermaritzburg Mental Hospital (as it was now known) increasingly reflected a national concern with a racialised 'mental science' and Natal psychiatry became somewhat marginalized within a broader network of national asylum administration. During World War 1, too, the white citizens of Pietermaritzburg sought to have future expansion of the asylum halted, and its inmates hidden from public view. Although the story of Western psychiatry in Natal and Zululand is important for any history of mental illness in South Africa, in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, colonial psychiatry had relatively limited significance for the majority of people. Since the nineteenth century, African understandings of and treatments for illness have proved especially resilient, interacting with and at times adopting - and adapting - elements of Western biomedicine, as well aspects of healing strategies whose origins lie in Indian concepts of health and medicine first brought with indentured workers from the 1860s. For whites, as well as for Africans and Indians, committal to the asylum came, most typically, at the end of a lengthy quest to find a cure for mental illness. Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, other sectors of healing proved to be remarkably flexible, offering new explanations for apparently new forms of illness - including insanity - that accompanied the political, economic and social upheavals of the time, as well as producing new therapies, strategies, and specialists to meet them. It is this variety of responses to mental illness, and ways of attempting to negotiate a path to a state of mind that might be termed 'mental health', that this dissertation traces.Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2004.
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"(Dis)articulating Morality and Myth: An Ideological History of the Insanity Defense." Doctoral diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.25094.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: Both law and medicine are interpretive practices, and both systems have historically worked in tandem, however ineffectively or tumultuously. The law is, by social mandate, imagined as a "fixed" system of social control, made up of rules and procedures grounded in a reality that is independent of language; although we know that law is both revised and interpreted every day in courtroom practice, to imagine the law, the system that keeps bad people behind bars and good people safe, as indeterminate or, worse, fallible, produces social anxieties that upend our cultural assumptions about fairness that predate our judicial system. This imaginary stability, then, is ultimately what prevents the legal system from evolving in consonance with developments in the mental health professions, as inadequate as that discursive system may be for describing and categorizing the infinite possibilities of mental illness, specifically where it is relevant to the commission of a crime. Ultimately, the insanity plea raises the specter of the endless interpretability of the law and mental illness and, therefore, the frailty of the justice system, which makes each insanity defense trial emblematic of larger social anxieties about social control, fairness, and susceptibility to mental illness or the actions of mentally ill people.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. English 2014
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Heaton, Matthew M. "Stark roving mad : the repatriation of Nigerian mental patients and the global construction of mental illness, 1906-1960." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/18352.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation examines the repatriation of Nigerian mental patients during Nigeria’s colonial period. In so doing, it explores how racist and paternalistic definitions of the “African mind” developed in the colonial context implicitly influenced psychiatric and governmental officials’ opinions about whether or not Nigerian mental patients should be repatriated when they became mentally ill abroad. When analyzing files of repatriation cases, a distinct pattern emerges: psychiatric and governmental authorities nearly always justified the repatriation of Nigerian mental patients from what they considered “modern” countries with white majority populations such as the United Kingdom or the United States. Nigerian mental patients in these countries were almost always repatriated. The same types of authorities, however, never argued for the repatriation of Nigerians from what they regarded as “primitive” African colonies. Mental patients within Africa, including Muslim pilgrims on the journey to Mecca, were almost never repatriated to Nigeria. The examination of such a wide range of mentally-ill Nigerian migrants from across the globe allows for a new perspective on the power of colonial psychiatry to emerge. Whereas scholarly works on mental illness in colonial Africa thus far have focused overwhelmingly on the effect that definitions of the “African mind” had on Africans within the colonial setting, specifically the colonial mental asylum, this dissertation analyzes how these same definitions affected the terms under which Nigerian migrants lived beyond the asylum setting and throughout the world. The result was a global construction of mental illness that followed colonial subjects wherever they went. This dissertation therefore integrates the fields of African history and global history by focusing on a subject group that was transnational in nature. In so doing, it illustrates the broad parameters within which the psychiatric knowledge and state power influenced each other at an international level and expands the discourse of African resistance to racialized psychiatry to the global arena in ways that previous works have not discussed.text
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Taylor, Simon. "The Modern Condition: The Invention of Anxiety, 1840-1970." Thesis, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8S75DGQ.
Full textAbstract:
The present work seeks to explain the process by which anxiety was transformed from a trope of nineteenth-century existential theology into the medicalized conception we have today. The dissertation begins in the 1840s with the Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard. In his attempt to resolve a series of debates within German idealist philosophy regarding the nature of evil and its impact on human freedom, Kierkegaard argued that anxiety was an intermediate stage between the awakening of man's potential for freedom and its manifestation in the form of sin. On the basis of this reading, Kierkegaard concluded that anxiety was the psychological manifestation of humanity's collective guilt for original sin. Despite the psychological idiom of his account, then, anxiety remained remained for Kierkegaard an irreducibly theological category.
Chapter two of the dissertation examines two very different approaches to anxiety in the early twentieth century. For Sigmund Freud, anxiety was nothing more than the expression of libidinal conflicts, especially the Oedipal complex/fear of castration. Although it is commonly believed that Freud's understanding of anxiety underwent a dramatic shift toward the end of his career, I demonstrate that little of substance changed. Martin Heidegger, by contrast, applied Kierkegaard's existential understanding of anxiety to his ontological analysis of being. For Heidegger, anxiety was a "mood" that guided human beings to authenticity.
Heidegger's phenomenological approach to human being strongly influenced the Swiss-German psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger. On the basis of his clinical experience at Bellevue, his family owned sanatorium, Binswanger came to believe that there was a somatic reality to the subjective accounts of anxiety advanced by the philosophers. More than just a mood, anxiety was a concrete medical disorder with an array of psychosomatic symptoms that required diagnosis and treatment. In this way, Binswanger played a significant role in transforming anxiety from an abstract philosophical idea into material medical reality.
Chapter four examines examines the work of the German-Jewish neurologist Kurt Goldstein, whose 1935 work The Organism drew extensively on Heidegger and Binswanger to develop a fully realized medical account of anxiety. Drawing on his treatment and rehabilitation of brain-injured soldiers in World War I, Goldstein observed that severe neurological injuries were accompanied by especially acute bouts of anxiety. Alongside the traditional understanding of anxiety as "objectless," Goldstein argued that it was also a somatic process than could be observed and quantified like any other. Goldstein's conclusions placed anxiety at the heart of a comprehensive account of the meaning and significance of biological life.
In the years during and immediately after World War II, anxiety became a privileged mode of expression in American medicine and culture. The final two chapters of my dissertation explain how the medical conception of anxiety proliferated across multiple disciplines in postwar America, including theology, literature, and psychotherapy. I then demonstate the way in which anxiety was co-opted into the Cold War struggle against the Soviet Union. Figures like Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Reinhold Niebuhr, and, especially, Rollo May argued that anxiety was the price Americans had to pay for many of the values they held most dear - above all, freedom and creativity. If Americans appeared vulnerable in comparison to the Soviet Union, he asserted, that was only because Soviet society was fundamentally unfree. Rather than trying to eliminate anxiety, Americans should aim to harness its creative potentiality and channel it toward productive ends. Anxiety thus became part of the Cold War armory, another weapon in the struggle for liberty and prosperity.
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Kerr, David George. "Consumer/survivor-run businesses : community economic development and self-help for people with a history of mental illness." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/5468.
Full textAbstract:
Consumer/survivor-run businesses (CSRB's) are businesses in
which people with a history of mental illness play a role in
developing and managing the business. Key aspects of this type of
activity include flexibility in working hours, and some form of
democratic control over the business. Consumer/survivor-run businesses employ aspects of both community economic development and self-help for people with a
history of mental illness. These businesses act as an alternative form of vocational rehabilitation for people with a history of mental illness. The
predominant forms of vocational rehabilitation, such as sheltered
work, employment preparation programs, transitional employment, and
supported employment are often beneficial, but are not without
limitations. Dependency on professionalized services, stagnation in
entry-level jobs, and a lack of independence are some of the
limitations described in the literature. Five cases of CSRB's from across Canada are analyzed. From the literature reviewed and the experiences of these cases, constraints faced by CSRB's and opportunities presented for support to them
through public policy are discussed. The constraints included (i) bureaucratic restrictions that limit what consumer/survivors may earn on top of their disability pensions; (ii) attitudes of the general public, namely the stigma
of mental illness; (iii) attitudes of mental health professionals,
who hold to a 'service paradigm'; (iv) problems inherent in the
development of alternative settings, and (v) the drift towards
professionalism often experienced by alternative settings.