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1
Kassym, B. K., and S. N. Samenova. "Frame structure of mental vocabulary of the Kazakh language." Bulletin of the Karaganda university Philology series 1, no. 109 (2023): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023ph1/46-53.
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The frame structure of the mental vocabulary in the Kazakh language is considered in this article by comparing the lexical-semantic groups of verbs in the Kazakh and other Turkic languages. Their semantic field is analyzed based on semantic, functional, emotional and expressive features of verbs in the Kazakh language. When defining thematic groups, particularly, verbs that nominate the spheres of mentality, the authors use as a basis the main features, meanings and functions in the context, as well as the functional characteristics of each word. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that the main feature of the verb is clearly seen in its semantics. The authors classify the verbs of the Kazakh language into eight groups depending on the features of the semantic field. Taking into account the issue of the complexity of verbal semantics in linguistics, it is concluded that the classification of the meanings of mental verbs is very difficult; the definition of its essence and grouping according to their semantics is also a complex linguistic phenomenon, therefore the proposed classification may be conditional and cannot completely solve the problem of classification of mental verbs.
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Ramin, Golshaie. "BRAIN Journal - Representing Mental Spaces and Dynamics of Natural Language Semantics." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 2, no. 1 (2011): 44–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1041367.
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ABSTRACT Building systems with the robustness of human reasoning capabilities requires inspirations from cognitive science. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the possibility of representing some basic principles of cognitive semantics’ Mental Spaces Theory such as domain construction, reality status of domains and their elements, and mental attitudes in a knowledge representation framework for the purpose of developing cognitively plausible knowledge representation systems. The model used as the basis of representation is the extended version of conventional semantic networks, namely Multi-Layered Extended Semantic Networks (MultiNet). The data used in this study have been selected from English expressions and have been represented in MWR, MultiNet’s knowledge representation software. Results obtained from analysis of represented data and their comparison to principles of mental spaces theory shows that theoretical constructs of mental spaces theory such as domain construction, reality status of domains and their elements, and mental attitudes can be formally represented in the MultiNet framework.
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Ziyoyeva, Dilnoza Anvarovna. "SEMANTICS OF THE SPEECH VERBS SPEAK, TALK IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE." Innovative Development in Educational Activities 2, no. 6 (2023): 217–25. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7785184.
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<em>Semantics </em><em>the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. The two main areas are logical semantics, concerned with matters such as sense and reference and presupposition and implication, and lexical semantics, concerned with the analysis of word meanings and relations between them. Semantics is </em><em>the study of the meaning of words and sentences. It uses the relations of linguistic forms to non-linguistic concepts and mental representations to explain how sentences are understood by native speakers. </em><em>This article devoted to the classification of the speech verbs and semantic characteristics of the verbs speak, talk in the English language.</em>
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Kostryba, Olha V. "COGNITIVE SEMANTICS OF NOUNS IN DENUMERATIVE WORD FORMATION (BASED ON UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE)." Alfred Nobel University Journal of Philology 1, no. 29 (2025): 328–48. https://doi.org/10.32342/3041-217x-2025-1-29-19.
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Revival of interest in the linguistic-cognitive interpretation of the deep level of language, as a means of facilitating the computerization of the semantic continuum of derived words, is driven by the schemati- zation of both implicit and explicit data concerning these words. The mental interpretation of word-forma- tive semantics, framed by the word-formative nest as a structured framework of knowledge, underscores the significance of this scientific inquiry. The goal of the work is to model natural language through the propositional semantics of derived words, which are expressions of semantic positions established according to the onomasiological criteri- on. The cognitive analysis of word-formation semantics is conducted using denumerative nouns, which are organized by the nesting principle into sixteen complex, system-forming units, each characterized by nu- merative vertices. The goal involves solving the following tasks: 1) to represent the semantic positions of derived nouns through the prism of frame organization; 2) to identify the cognitive structure of verbalized slots within subframes; 3) to establish the semantic content of propositional structures. In order to achieve the goal, the method of frame propositional-semantic modeling was applied in combination with the tool of interlevel interpretation. In the aspect of linguo-cognitology, word-forming nests are interpreted as structures organized with- in frames, which are used to verbalise the elements of the concept “QUANTITY”. Emphasis has shifted from analyzing the frame itself towards establishing the mental dimension of word-forming meaning, in accor- dance with the hirerarchy of frames. To mitigate mental-verbal dissonance, a verbalized slot within the frame structure of the word-form- ing nest has been established. This slot functions analogously to the “motivational sema” in motivation- al process. The propositional structure of nouns under investigation, which have a simple motivational base, is conceptualized as tripartite, consisting of “actant 1 – predicate – actant 2”. The right-sided propagator is designated as both primary and secondary based on the nonderivative's capacity to motivate the deriva- tive. Additionally, the linguistic affiliation of the motivator is also determined. For the first time, this study introduces a typology of specific derivative propositions, categorized according to the inherent situation- ality in derivative semantics. The propositional-semantic approach of the frame enables the identification of the disparity be- tween the semantics of the deep level (syntactic increments at the proposition level) and its surface layer with the lexical meaning and its mental modeling (semantic increments). As a result of investigation, frames are differentiated by the nature of heterogeneity in terms of their abil- ity to combine frame structures. It was found that the word-forming meanings of the analyzed nouns are char- acterized by the predominance of nouns of numerative and adjectival origin, based on the categorical feature. The cognitive content of the verbalized slots is represented by common and distinct (unique) topics. The unique cognitive theme of verbalized slots prevails, in particular, it refers to unique secondary mental themes within subframes with the indirect derivation of derived knowledge from the base, represented by a frame with quantitative-numerical notation. Therefore, the result of the study are modeled schemes of the semantics of numerical derivatives, which serve as a basis for their digitization, which will contribute to the improvement of machine transla- tion using the Ukrainian language, because situational implicite meanings often do not lend to verbaliza- tion due to the lacunarity of information data in the computer databases. The prospects of the research involve the cognitive structuring through the prism of semantic posi- tions of multilingual derivatives in numeral word formation and units motivated by other peripheral and core classes of derivates, at the word-formational level in the Ukrainian language. Additionally, it encom- passes the derivational systems of languages worldwide, excluding isolating ones.
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Shliakhova, Galina I. "Lexico-semantic sphere of mentality in poetic texts of Igor-Severyanin." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 63 (2022): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-63-208-220.
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The paper highlights the development of mental semantics in polysemic words in Igor Severyanin`s poetry. The vocabulary of the mental sphere is studied by Russian and foreign scientists, specialists in the field of semantics and related disciplines, since it is through its use that the worldview of nations and their representatives, native speakers, is reflected in language. Frequent use of a word’s figurative mental meaning in language makes such a lexico-semantic variant (LSV) commonplace, and leads to the fixation of this new seme in the explanatory dictionary. However, fictional (especially poetic) speech is characterized by greater variability of meanings. Via the author's word use in poems, words that do not have a common mental meaning develop a new semantics existing in a specific context. Severyanin is a poet who assigns an important place to the mental sphere vocabulary in his works, which makes them quite illustrative. Some words that do not have a mental seme according to their dictionary meanings acquire it in context and turn out to be the author's means of artistic expression and semantic neologisms. In a number of other cases, the opposite phenomenon is observed: in the context lexemes lose their usual mental meaning.
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Ivanova, Maria V., and Galina I. Shliakhova. "Intersection of the lexical-semantic fields “Mentality” and “Physiology” in the poetic language of Igor-Severyanin." Russian Language Studies 22, no. 1 (2024): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2024-22-1-73-90.
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The intersection of two lexical-semantic fields “mentality” and “physiology” in the poetic texts of Igor-Severyanin is studied. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that within the framework of modern anthropocentric approach and increased attention to the mental sphere lexical semantics is investigated, lexical-semantic fields, their intersections, semantic shifts are considered, actual problems of linguistic poetics are touched upon. The aim of the work is to explore the intersection of lexical-semantic fields “mentality” and “physiology” in the language of Severyanin's poems. The material includes lexemes of the mental sphere from Igor-Severyanin's poetic texts. While determining the usual meaning of these lexemes, the authors used the materials of “Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov. The methods of description, comparison, contrast, lexical-semantic and contextual analysis, and continuous sampling were applied; the lexical-semantic field - a generally accepted form of representing lexical units by their meaning - was used to structure the vocabulary. The intersections of the lexical-semantic fields “mentality” and “physiology” in Igor-Severyanin's texts, revealed in the research, are primarily due to the inseparable connection between the inner world of man and his bodily organs of sense. The language fixes stable expressions indicating the possibility of comprehending the human consciousness through analyzing the signals of his body. Words used to denote phenomena and processes related to the body, health, gestures, etc., are reinterpreted in poetic language and receive new semantics, which allows to refer these new lexical-semantic units to the lexical-semantic field of mentality. In Igor-Severyanin's poems the inner world of the lyrical subject dominates, which is reflected in the author's word usage. Even words and expressions with the semantics of physiology shift in their meanings, acquiring the semantics of mentality, at the same time thoughts and feelings are endowed with the author's positive evaluation. The prospects of the research are connected primarily with further study of the mental sphere in the Russian linguistic lexical-semantic system, its dynamics, as well as with the analysis of semantic shifts in the poetic language vocabulary.
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O. Anokhina, Tetiana, Olena M. Mashkina, Khrystyna B. Melko, Yuliia I. Poznikhirenko, and Natalia O. Teslenko. "Peripheral Semantics of the Word as a Marker of the National Picture of the World." Asian Journal of University Education 17, no. 1 (2021): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v17i1.12692.
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Previous studies emphasized that there is a close connection between speech and thinking. The paper analyses the peripheral semantics of the German language's active vocabulary units to define how they represent the features of the national, linguistic picture of the world, namely, the mental traits of the German ethnos. Semantic methods and the extrapolation methods of typical secondary values on non-nonmental characteristics are used mainly; the comparative method was partially used. The contextual method was used as an auxiliary method for illustrating common ethical, aesthetic, and pragmatic guidelines (presuppositions) and stereotypes. The paper carried out: a) semantic analysis of peripheral lexical-semantic variants of arbitrarily and expediently selected notional parts of speech; b) comparison of peripheral semantics of similar words of German and Russian languages against the background of the Russian language; c) clarification of ethnoculturological connotation of individual Germanisms found in the Russian language. The article proves that peripheral semantics in its lexico-semantic, semasiological, and lexicographical understanding expresses key symptom complexes of German mentality, which can be expressed by concepts order, accuracy, family, wealth, quality, practicism and etc. It is found that the German linguistic picture of the world in comparison with the Russian one the material is marked by the minimalism of estimated values, practical orientation and is alluded to bookish style.
 
 Keywords: Additional denotative meanings, Linguoculturology, Semantics, Stereotypes, Symptomatic complexes of mentality
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Mosina, Natalya M. "Verbs of Thinking Activity in Erzya and Finnish Languages: Semantic Aspect." Finno-Ugric world 16, no. 2 (2024): 146–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.016.2024.02.146-155.
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Introduction. The study of the semantics of verbal units that convey relations of mental perception in the Erzya and Finnish languages is due to the need for a comparative study of this group of verbs to identify general and specific features inherent in these languages. Despite the numerous publications on this issue based on the material of various languages, there are practically no comparative works on this issue in Finno-Ugric studies and Mordovian linguistics, which explains the relevance and novelty of the analysis of verbal units containing the semantic component “mental perception”. The purpose of the study is to analyze and compare the most frequent verbs reflecting mental processes in distantly related languages. Materials and Methods. The research material was illustrative examples in the Erzya and Finnish languages, obtained as a result of a continuous and partial sample from texts of various genre and functional styles, including from print media, scientific and educational publications, various dialect and folklore texts included in the linguistic corpus of the Kielipankki Language Bank with the Korp server and MokshEr. In the course of the research, methods of semasiological, comparative, component, descriptive and contextual analysis were used. Results and Discussion. As a result of the research, the concepts of “thinking” and “mental perception” are described, a semantic analysis of their explication at the lexical level is carried out, namely, the most frequent verbal lexemes with the semantics of mental activity based on the material of related languages are identified. The author identifies lexical and semantic groups, which include the verbs of the Erzya and Finnish languages with common semantics “thinking”, “mind”, “thought”, as well as verbal units with positive and neutral connotations. Conclusion. The conclusions made by the author contribute to the study of a group of sensory-moral and mental verbs that make up a significant layer of the vocabulary of the Finnish and Erzya languages, as well as to the development of the lexicology of the studied related languages.
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Blinova, Svetlana A. "Classification of interpersonal interaction verbs with semantics of mental influence." Verhnevolzhski Philological Bulletin 2, no. 25 (2021): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2499-9679-2021-2-25-180-186.
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The purpose of this article is to describe the verbs of interpersonal interaction with the semantics of mental influence in the English language and to consider the criteria for semantic classification, on the basis of which the selected verbs can be grouped. There is a large number of works devoted to the study of lexico-semantic, pragmatic, morphological and other features of individual subgroups of interpersonal interaction verbs (in particular, compulsion verbs, verbs of speech influence, etc.), however, no attempt has yet been made to identify, study and classify a group of interpersonal interaction verbs with the semantics of mental influence. The material of the study is dictionary definitions from the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English and Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture, as well as examples from the National British Corpus. The study describes in detail the procedure for selecting verbs of interpersonal interaction with the semantics of mental influence, identifies the features that are integral for this group of verbs, as well as the criteria for semantic classification, on the basis of which the selected verbs were divided into subgroups. Verbs of mental influence have a complex semantic structure. The signs «interpersonal interaction» and «impact on the object» are integral for the studied group of verbs. The sign of intentionality is not integral, but it is included in the semantic structure of most verbs of this group. In addition, the semantic structure of verbs of mental effects shows thatthe classification of verbs in this group may be an indication of the impact on a particular area of the psyche which indicates the correlation of the meanings of mental influence verbs with the findings of modern psychological theory
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Zhumakeeva, Elmira, and Cholpon Talkanova. "THE FUNCTIONAL AND SEMANTIC CONTRAST OF DISAPPROVAL AND DISCONTENT EXPLICATIONS IN ENGLISH AND KYRGYZ COLLOQUIAL SPEECH." Alatoo Academic Studies 2022, no. 1 (2022): 202–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2022.221.25.
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The article describes a functional-semantic contrast between the expressions of disapproval and discontent in English and Kyrgyz’s colloquial speech. The aims are to identify the similarities and differences between the studied phenomena in both compared languages, as well as to identify such moments that would remain unnoticed when studying the system of only one language. It was found that the speech acts of disapproval as a higher degree of negative-evaluation semantics is realized through the main parts of the functional and semantic field (FSF) - the core and center of the field; while the speech act of discontent as a lower degree of negative-evaluation semantics is realized only through the peripheral parts of the FSF - the near and far periphery of the field.
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Lin, Yuqing. "Why Cognitive Semantics Says Meaning Is Conceptualization." Journal of English Language and Literature 11, no. 3 (2019): 1127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17722/jell.v11i3.414.
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Cognitive semantics relates linguistic expressions to conceptual structures. Different from traditional ideas of semantics, which claim that meaning has nothing to do with perception, cognitive semantics holds the idea that meanings are perceptually grounded. Language phenomenon-fictive motion exists in universal languages. Its linguistic representation depicts factively stationary objects as having physical motion. Research on such special language representation is beneficial for discovering human’s cognitive rules toward the outside world, and is also helpful to uncover the veil of relations among the physical world, human’s cognitive abilities and the human languages. This paper is attempting to view the idea “meaning equates conceptualization” within cognitive semantics from a new angle. Under the perspective of Conceptual Blending Theory, the linguistic representation of fictive motion gives a strong evidence that the referents of language are mental constructions. The idea Meaning is conceptualization can be better understood through the exploration of fictive motion.
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Kondina, Galina R., and Valentina N. Solovar. "Semantics of verbs of thought in the Ob-Ugric languages." Finno-Ugric World 15, no. 2 (2023): 136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2076-2577.015.2023.02.136-146.
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Introduction. The article describes the semantics of verbs of mental activity in the Mansi and Khanty languages. The relevance of the topic is determined by the lack of research devoted to the analysis and semantic classification of verbal lexico-semantic groups, primarily in comparative terms. The purpose of the work is to reveal the internal organization of the verbs of cognition and understanding “to know”, “to understand”, “to learn”, “to notice” in the Ob-Ugric languages and to characterize the semantic relations between their members. Materials and Methods. The article is based on the verbs of mental activity of the Mansi (Sosvinsky dialect) and Khanty (Kazim dialect) languages received by the authors from informants and extracted from dictionaries of the Khanty and Mansi languages and texts. When working on the material, component analysis, the method of contextual (distributive) analysis were used. Results and Discussion. For the first time, the lexico-semantic group of the verbs of thought (“to know”, “to understand” and their analogues) of the Ob-Ugric languages was studied; differential signs of the semantics of the verbs under study were revealed, the relationships of these verbs and the peculiarities of their compatibility, primary and derived lexico-semantic variants of the meanings of these verbs were determined, their aspectual variants were partially revealed. The main verbs of the group are described and their signs are indicated; the semantic structure of polysemous verbs is determined. Conclusion. Comparison of the semantic structures of similar words in the Ob-Ugric languages allows us to conclude that the main distinguished meanings of the verbs of knowledge and understanding coincide in the studied dialects, however, each language has specific meanings and special semantic shifts in meanings.
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Kwon, Iksoo. "The Korean evidential marker -te- revisited." Constructions and Frames 4, no. 2 (2012): 152–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.4.2.02kwo.
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Since the Korean firsthand evidential marker -te- shows unexpected semantics such as implicating psychological distance and restricted deictic accessibility as well as standard evidential semantics, Korean linguists have disagreed considerably about the analysis of the marker, each citing evidence for distinct analyses. The aim of this paper is to argue that the marker -te- can be given a unified treatment as an evidential marker. The alleged incompatibility between the functions of -te- is a consequence of the combination of semantic primes encoding firsthand evidentiality and past tense at the same time. To better explain the marker’s multiple functions and its subjective semantics, I employ Mental Spaces Theory (Fauconnier 1997; Fauconnier & Sweetser 1996; Dancygier & Sweetser 2005): the marker sets up a subjective experience mental space, where the speaker can have access from the Base space to his/her firsthand perception space. Specifically, I propose a notion of backgrounded information accommodation to represent a situation where the addressee immediately accesses backgrounded knowledge that the speaker has obtained information of the linguistic content, when the marker is used. Furthermore, we can explain why the -te- construction does not allow direct attribution of another person’s mental state, exploring how the marker restricts (non-)1st person subjects’ co-occurrence with particular types of predicates (i.e. action and experiential).
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Cherikbaeva, Nargiza, and Ayima Ryskulova. "PHRASEOLOGICAL EUPHEMISMS WITH A ZOONYM COMPONENT IN THE KYRGYZ AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 1 (2023): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.231.29.
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The article is devoted to the study of Phraseological euphemisms with a zoonym component in the Kyrgyz and English languages. The main criteria of phraseological euphemisms are considered: contextual connections, specificity of semantics and structure of language units. The most successful ways of creating phraseological euphemisms with a zoonym component in the Kyrgyz and English languages are noted. Zoonym components in the Kyrgyz and English languages are distinguished by a special mental natural association that unites people with the animal world, which is based on a deep connection between the evaluation of semantics and biological signs of animals. The animals in the phraseological euphemisms is its semantic center, and it is in it where lies the basic metaphorical meaning that gives the meaning to the whole expression. The Kyrgyz and English phraseological euphemisms with the zoonym component fund are rich and diverse. Kyrgyz language has a large number of bright expressions throughout its history, its phraseology being its treasury. Phraseological units reflect the history and culture of a nation, the mode of life and consciousness. These units represent a significant, widely used layer of vocabulary, among which phraseological units containing animal names are of particular interest.
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Gardiner, Mark Q. "Truth-Conditions and Religious Language: Introduction." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 30, no. 4-5 (2018): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700682-12341427.
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AbstractIntroduction to the following set of papers: Lars Albinus, “A grammar of religious ‘truth’—pragmatic considerations on the nature of religious truth”; Terry F. Godlove, “Truth, meaning, and the study of religion”; G. Scott Davis, “Semantics and the study of religion”; Mark Q. Gardiner, “Why truth matters for the study of religion; a defense of a truth-conditional semantics”; Gabriel Levy, “Can fictional superhuman agents have mental states?”.
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Singh, Rajdeep. "Derivational Grammar Model and Basket Verb: A Novel Approach to the Inflectional Phrase in the Generative Grammar and Cognitive Processing." English Linguistics Research 7, no. 2 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v7n2p9.
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Generative grammar was a true revolution in the linguistics. However, to describe language behavior in its semantic essence and universal aspects, generative grammar needs to have a much richer semantic basis. In this paper, we took a novel morpho-syntactic approach to the inflectional phrase to account for the very diverse inflectional phrase qualities in different languages. Some languages show a very different surface verbal inflection, providing evidence of a different mental processing at the semantic level. In fact, the inflectional phrase is a great representative of the mental and semantic processing layers in mind. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the inflectional phrase with a novel approach to take into account this rich verbal inflectional configuration in languages, and to describe why some languages behave in a different way in the spatial and temporal aspect. In this study, we analyzed and discussed the verbal inflectional structure of several languages, including German, Swahili, Persian, English, and Indonesian, and our result is the introduction of a semantic model which provides a much richer insight to the semantics/syntax interplay.
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Danilina, Natalia I. "COGNITIVE POTENTIAL OF VERBS OF SPEECH (on the Material of the Latin Language)." Вестник Пермского университета. Российская и зарубежная филология 12, no. 3 (2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2073-6681-2020-3-15-23.
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Тhe article aims to identify and compare the specific cognitive potential of prototypical verbs dicere, loqui, fari in the Latin language of the classical period, to determine its origins. Objects of analysis are semantic variants of the verbs and their derivatives. The research methods include semantic, cognitive, etymological analysis. The cognitive potential of a word family is determined by the etymological semantics of the base word. In the dicere word family, the semantics of speaking is secondary and develops in interaction with the etymological meaning ‘to show’. In some of the subfamilies, this meaning is implemented exclusively; members of these subfamilies represent social realities of the legal sphere. In the word family, there are many derivatives with mental or voluntary components of semantics dominating. The loqui word family stems from the base with the meaning ‘to make a sound’. It is dominated by derivatives with the meaning of speaking, speech is primarily revealed as a means of interpersonal contact. The etymological semantics of the verb fari combines the semantics of speaking with the idea of transpersonal nature of speech. As a result, some derivatives characterize speech as a process, others are concentrated in the cognitive sphere of the cult. The former direction is supported by secondary cognitive spheres associated with the unofficial use of speech (‘Rumor’, ‘Folklore’), the latter direction generates secondary cognitive spheres in which speech is interpreted as a means of communication between a person and higher powers (‘Fate’) or the state (‘Law’). The word families in question have areas of cognitive intersection: ‘Eloquence’ in loqui and fari (actualization of the semantics of speaking), ‘Speech as a means of regulating social relations’ in dicere and fari (actualization of voluntary components of semantics and the idea of transpersonal nature of speech).
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Karymshakova, Aisha. "TURKOLOGISTS ABOUT DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTIONS, THEIR STRUCTURE, SEMANTICS AND FUNCTIONS." Alatoo Academic Studies 23, no. 4 (2023): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2023.234.28.
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The article aims to make a comparative-typological analysis of disjunctive conjunctions of the modern Kyrgyz language and their corresponding equivalents in a number of Turkic languages. For this purpose, scientific works in the field of auxiliary parts of speech by such leading Turkologists as Kononov A.N., Shcherbak A.M., Zeynalov F.R, Shukurov A.J., Sultanbaeva H.V., Molgazharov K.K. and others were thoroughly studied and analyzed. Thus, the article provides a comparative analysis of disjunctive conjunctions of the modern Kyrgyz language with similar conjunctions in some Turkic languages. As a result, phonetic features of disjunctive conjunctions, frequency of their use, their semantics in the sentence, in general their similarities and differences are revealed according to their area of distribution. Besides, the peculiarities of using disjunctive conjunctions of Kyrgyz language in different contexts of sentences, as well as terminological inconsistency and their reasons are described in detail. For example, it can be noted that in the modern Kyrgyz language among the conjuctions analyzed in the article, je (in Russian: ili (or)) is the most actively used in the phonetic form. In addition, it is determined that this conjunction is mainly used to connect similar parts of a sentence, as well as to connect simple sentences in the system of complex sentences. The article also notes that Kyrgyz dialectologists in their works with the use of relevant examples have scientifically substantiated that the southern dialect of the Kyrgyz language uses a variety of phonetic form of this conjunction that is not characteristic for the standard language.
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Navrazova, Khava Bakuevna, Mair Ruslanovich Makhaev, and Razeta Daduevna Shamileva. "A review of the experimental methods used for studying the semantics of proper names." SHS Web of Conferences 164 (2023): 00114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202316400114.
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The article describes the experimental methods for studying the semantics of proper names. Conducting experiments is a new trend in the development of modern linguistics due to the development of the anthropocentric paradigm which considers language as a mental phenomenon rather than an independent system (lexicon, grammar). The paradigm goes back to the works by von Humboldt, Steinthal, Potebnya, etc. Native speakers act as subjects in linguistic experiments. Experimental methods are also used in studies of the semantics of proper names. The experimental approach considers this problem in a new light, identifying the semantic components of proper names that are relevant for native speakers, and taking into account ethnic, age, social, gender and temporal aspects. The experimental methods help reveal a new kind of meaning that exists along with the traditional lexical meaning. This is a psycholinguistic meaning that is represented in the minds of native speakers. This allows us to solve one of the most important methodological problems of lexicography of toponymic vocabulary – the search for methods of complex interpretation of the semantics of lexical units, taking into account the mental factor and ways for analyzing language in its close connection with thinking and experience. The article overviews experimental methods for studying the semantics of proper names.
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Kusliy, Petr S. "Formal Semantics and the Structure of Meaning." Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 63, no. 8 (2020): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2020-63-8-34-46.
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The article discusses the reasons why modern formal semantics of natural language is an integral part of a larger philosophical research program for the study of the nature of intentionality. The purpose of this article is to show how research in the field of formal semantics of natural language became the implementation of a large philosophical research program that is focused on the nature of intentional objects, which since the time of F. Brentano have been considered an integral part of mental phenomena. Mental phenomena are opposed to physical phenomena due to their inherent intentionality (being focused on an object). In modern philosophy, it is commonly considered that the comprehension of the nature of intentionality is the key to understanding the nature of consciousness, and, consequently, the nature of man. The article shows that formal semantics represents the structure of the meaning of linguistic expressions, with the help of which human thought is formed, which is one of the main objects of intentional consciousness. In formal semantics, this representation is carried out in a rigorous, systematic, and empirically verifiable way on the basis of natural languages, that is, on those symbolic systems that real people use in real practice to shape their thoughts. The research is based on the works of G. Frege, who laid the foundation for the formal-semantic methodology. Thus, the answer is given to the question of why modern formal linguistics, which originates in the analytical philosophy of the 20th century, is a philosophically significant discipline. This response is a reaction to the objections of skeptics who believe that modern analytic philosophy cannot be considered a direction that has any serious philosophical significance.
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Salsabila Rizma and Agustiar Agustiar. "Jenis dan Unsur Penentu Makna Dalam Kajian Semantik (Ad-Dilalah)." Sinar Dunia: Jurnal Riset Sosial Humaniora dan Ilmu Pendidikan 3, no. 2 (2024): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.58192/sidu.v3i2.2077.
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The study of the meaning of words in a particular language according to the semantic classification system is a branch of linguistics whose task is solely to examine the meaning of words, their origins, even how they developed, and the reasons for changes in meaning in the history of language. Many other fields of science are related to semantics, therefore meaning plays a role depending on the use of language as a tool for conveying mental experiences, thoughts and intentions in society. The field of semantics is limited to efforts to pay attention to and study the process of transposition of word meanings in language use. Ullman (1972) argues, if someone thinks about the meaning of a word, they simultaneously think about its reference or vice versa. The relationship between two things, meaning and words, is where meaning is born.
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Chernova, Daria A. "Phonological and graphic representations of words in mental lexicon: Homophone processing while reading." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Language and Literature 19, no. 1 (2022): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu09.2022.110.
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This article presents an experimental study of the role of phonological representation of the word in lexical access during silent reading in Russian. The the phonological component in reading (i. e. whether semantics can be accessed via phonological decoding or directly from the orthographic image of the word) is actively discussed in modern psycholinguistics. Homophones can serve as a testing ground for these hypotheses: if graphemes are decoded into phonemes in silent reading in order to access semantics, then homophones will be processed like homonyms, but if semantics are accessed directly from the visual representation of the word, then homophones can be treated as all other orthographic neighbors. We address Russian homophones in order to investigate this question. In a self-paced reading experiment, we show that if a target word is substituted either by a homophone or a spelling control (an orthographic neighbor), semantic incongruence slows down the processing of the post-target region. We show that both homophones and spelling controls cause this processing load, and homophony does not facilitate the processing of semantically incongruent word. Our data give evidence for direct visual access to entries in mental lexicon as dual-route model predicts for experienced readers.
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Abbott, Barbara. "Some arguments for a mental semantics without sentences." WORD 42, no. 3 (1991): 251–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1991.11435840.
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Al Dhaheri, Wadima. "Computerizing The Security of Ambiguity in Morphological Semantics." International Journal for Scientific Research 2, no. 10 (2023): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.59992/ijsr.2023.v2n10p6.
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What is not disputed is that language is the most prominent means of communication between different linguistic groups. Since all linguistic groups meet in the element of language, and among those languages is the Arabic language, which has a communicative system that makes it maintain an important place among the languages of the world, it is replete with its vocabulary that is truly capable of encompassing new and old meanings, and the Holy Qur’an has attested to this; By becoming aware of the vocabulary of the words of the Lord of the Worlds. Computational linguistics emerged as a result of the boom in computer science and artificial intelligence research that was primarily aimed at imitating and simulating the motor and mental processes practiced by advanced organisms such as humans. This ambiguity referred to has been termed in Arabic as ambiguity, and it is matched by the clear meaning that cannot be read beyond any interpretation, and it is the safest of ambiguity. This is what I present in this paper through investigation and understanding in this regard.
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Hrom, Oksana I. "ЛІНГВОФІЛОСОФСЬКІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ КОНЦЕПТІВ “РОЗУМОВА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ”". Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, № 9(77) (2020): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-9(77)-3-6.
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This article describes the definition of the concept, investigates and analyzes the linguistic and philosophical concept of the concepts of Mental Activity in English. This article introduces the linguistic and philosophical content of the concepts of Mental Activity. The concepts of mental activity have and reflect their linguistic and philosophical reflection and reflection in English. The article also deals with current issues of cognitive studies of the linguistic picture of the world, and describes the structure and semantics of linguistic units for the notion of concepts of Mental Activity, to denote concepts of Mental Activity in order to understand more broadly and more, and more deeply, to understand the peculiarities and properties of these concepts, as well as to analyze the interconnection of its components, and also to research its structure, their similar and their distinctive features in English language. The research investigates semantic peculiarities of the lexemes that represent the concepts and the logical development of them. The scientific article shows the nature, relations and the implications of the most fundamental mental concepts in English language. Some typical concepts of Mental Activity in English language, like thinking, contemplation, thought and so on are analyzed in this article.
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WOOLDRIDGE, MICHAEL, MARC-PHILIPPE HUGET, MICHAEL FISHER, and SIMON PARSONS. "MODEL CHECKING FOR MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS: THE MABLE LANGUAGE AND ITS APPLICATIONS." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 15, no. 02 (2006): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213006002631.
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We present MABLE, a fully implemented programming language for multiagent systems, which is intended to support the automatic verification of such systems via model checking. In addition to the conventional constructs of imperative programming languages, MABLE provides a number of agent-oriented development features. First, agents in MABLE are endowed with a BDI-like mental state: they have data structures corresponding to beliefs, desires, and intentions, and these mental states may be arbitrarily nested. Second, agents in MABLE communicate via ACL-like performatives: however, neither the performatives nor their semantics are hardwired into the language. It is possible to define the performatives and the semantics of these performatives independently of the system in which they are used. Using this feature, a developer can explore the design space of ACL performatives and semantics without changing the target system. Finally, MABLE supports automatic verification via model checking. Claims about the behaviour of a MABLE system can be expressed in a linear-time BDI-like logic, and the truth, or otherwise, of these claims can be automatically determined. Following a description of the MABLE language and the language of MABLE claims, we present two case studies to illustrate the language and its use in the verification of multiagent systems. We then describe the key ideas underpinning the current implementation of MABLE. Finally, we survey related work, and discuss some avenues for future research.
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Cienki, Alan. "Speakers’ Gestures and Semantic Analysis." Cognitive Semantics 9, no. 2 (2023): 167–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23526416-bja10051.
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Abstract The fact that an increasing number of scholars are approaching linguistic analysis from a multimodal perspective raises theoretical and methodological questions for the study of semantics. Taking a usage-based perspective, and the position that semantics is based in conceptual structures and processes, we see that gesture use relates to some key notions in cognitive linguistics. Gesture provides cues of possible mental simulation of concepts, it inherently involves spatial imagery, and gestures frequently objectify abstract concepts (through metonymy and metaphor). Both spoken language and gesture are dynamic phenomena, but gesture use relates to the accompanying speech on several time scales at once—concerning the level of words, of phrases, and of larger discourse units. Taking gesture into consideration in semantic analysis calls for rethinking the theoretical models for cognitive semantics, the methods of analysis we use, and the means of presenting those analyses. Currently this rethinking is still in its infancy.
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Shagdurova, Olga Yu. "Secondary meanings of directed motion verbs in Khakass." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 4 (2022): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/81/18.
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The paper analyzes the secondary meanings of the verbs of directed motion in the Khakass language, developed due to the original semantics reinterpretation. The semantic analysis has shown that secondary meanings expressing different movements were formed out of the primary meanings. The semantics development of these verbs greatly reflects the spatiotemporal representations of the Khakass people, which are the most important fragment of their world picture. It is in the cases of metaphorical displacement that this semantics is traceable. The analysis of the meanings relating to movement in space and time shows some tendency for secondary meanings relating to movement in space (including metaphorical) and time to develop. Some specificity is observed in the semantics of secondary meanings closely related to primary meanings that convey various movements in the physical sphere. However, the semantics of movement is transferred into the abstract sphere, where the associative transfer associated with spatial metaphor takes place. The primary meanings of all verbs analyzed generally contain the idea of approaching (moving away) something by moving a given object or subject from one place to another. The secondary values are closely related to the primary meanings conveying various kinds of movements in the physical sphere. The verbs of directed motion have proven to be productive in generating mental meanings and meanings related to the mental and emotional state, social relations, and behavior of a person.
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Brandt, Per Aage. "Mental spaces and cognitive semantics: A critical comment." Journal of Pragmatics 37, no. 10 (2005): 1578–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.10.019.
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Tulegenova, Dina. "DIACHRONY OF PHYTONYMIC SEMANTICS IN TURKIC LANGUAGES." Alatoo Academic Studies 2021, no. 4 (2021): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2021.214.25.
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In this article, the research of leading scientists of the world and Russia in the field of phytonymic semantics in general, and the names of the plant world in particular, is subjected to a comprehensive analysis. At the same time, the opinions of linguists regarding the cognitive and categorical foundations of phytonyms as such are being updated. Since these language units contain not only the mental characteristics of these peoples, but also at the same time most clearly reflect the typological forms of expressing concepts in different languages. From this point of view, first of all, the author emphasizes the general linguistic meanings of phytoonyms as important structural units.
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ДОЛИНСЬКИЙ, Є. В. "АНГЛОМОВНІ ТЕРМІНОЛОГІЧНІ ДІЄСЛОВА ПСИХІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ: ЛЕКСИКО-СЕМАНТИЧНИЙ ТА ПЕРЕКЛАДАЦЬКИЙ АСПЕКТИ". Current issues of linguistics and translation studies 28 (30 серпня 2023): 11–17. https://doi.org/10.31891/2415-7929-2023-28-2.
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A group of words with an emotional meaning stands out in the vocabulary of the English language. Analyzing the verbs of the English language, it is important to consider their semantic and functional properties and divide them into two broad groups: verbs that name physical activity and verbs that name mental activity. Such verbs have denotative semantic characteristics: laughter, sadness, anxiety, joy. External manifestations of feelings reflect certain verbs, for example: laugh, cry, smile, and frown. Such verbs are treated differently in the linguistic literature. Some qualify these lexemes as a separate subgroup of mental activity, others separate them into another group altogether and call them verbs for indicating emotions using facial expressions and voice. Such verbs as laugh and smile convey the semantics of satisfaction, which is manifested in the behavior, actions or facial expressions of a person. Verbs and verb expressions that are synonymous with the verb laugh can also have a negative meaning. It is necessary to consider some synonymous series of fear, i.e. negative vocabulary. As in the case of verbs that express pleasure, at least two groups can be distinguished: verbs of internal manifestation of fear, and verbs that describe fear. In each emotional meaning of the word, you can find some invariant semantic features: the strength of the emotion, duration, positivity or negativity of the feeling. Depending on the negative or positive meaning, the semantics of verbs can change, as the relationship to the object changes, and therefore the evaluation. It follows that verbs can be synonymous, but expresses different emotions. This can cause some difficulties in translation. Also, from the examples given, we can see that sometimes verbs that do not belong to the group of verbs of mental activity, under certain conditions, become their component. The semantics of the verb can change depending on the context and certain circumstances.
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Тао, Е. "ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНО-ЧУВСТВЕННЫЙ КОМПОНЕНТ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ CЛОВ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА В ЯЗЫКОВОМ СОЗНАНИИ ОБУЧАЮЩИХСЯ БИЛИНГВОВ". Слово. Текст. Контекст, № 2(18) (1 жовтня 2024): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.69571/pbsspu.2024.18.2.002.
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Статья посвящена проблемам выявления эмоционально-чувственной составляющей семантики слов изучаемого языка в языковом сознании обучающихся билингвов – китайских студентов, изучающих русский язык в Китае. Предлагается психолингвистический подход к семантике слова как к достоянию индивида, языковому сознанию (ментальному лексикону) билингва как динамической, не разделенной на разные языки функциональной системе. Актуальность статьи заключается в разработке проблемы выявления способов формирования семантики в сознании индивидов и шире – внутреннего содержания языка и его знаков. В работе используется анализ результатов психолингвистического эксперимента, проведенного автором по методу семантического дифференциала, стимулами для которого выступают существительные, прилагательные, глаголы и наречия, актуальные для ядра языкового сознания русских. Автор приходит к выводам о формировании семантики знаков чужого языка в сознании обучающихся билингвов как образов, отличающихся эмоциональностью. Разные показатели интенсивности, зафиксированные по разным шкалам оценки слов, зависят не от части речи, а от семантики слов, частотности их употребления в учебных текстах, а также от культурных и фоновых знаний. The article deals with the problem of identifying the emotional and sensory components of a foreign language words semantics in the linguistic consciousness of educational bilinguals (bilingual mental lexicon) - Chinese students studying Russian in China. A psycholinguistic approach is proposed to the semantics of the word as the property of the individual, the linguistic consciousness of a bilingual as a dynamic functional system not divided into different languages. The relevance of the article lies in the development of the problem of identifying ways of forming semantics in the minds of individuals and, more broadly, the internal content of language and its signs. The work is based on the results of a psycholinguistic experiment conducted using the semantic differential method, the stimuli for which are nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs that are relevant to the core of the linguistic consciousness (the core of the mental lexicon) of Russians. The author comes to conclusions about the formation of the semantics of signs of a foreign language in the minds of educational bilinguals as images characterized by emotionality. Different intensity indicators recorded on different word rating scales depend not on the part of speech, but on the semantics of words, the frequency of their use in educational texts, cultural and background knowledge.
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Liu, Wei, Ming Xiang, and Nai Ding. "Adjective Scale Probe: Can Language Models Encode Formal Semantics Information?" Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 11 (2023): 13282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i11.26559.
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It is an open question what semantic representations transformer-based language models can encode and whether they have access to more abstract aspects of semantic meaning. Here, we propose a diagnostic dataset to investigate how well language models understand the degree semantics of adjectives. In the dataset, referred as the Adjective Scale Probe (ASP), we semi-automatically generate 8 tests of Natural Language Inference (NLI) questions to test 8 key capabilities of adjective interpretation. We apply the ASP dataset to evaluate the performance of 3 language models, i.e., BERT, DeBERTa, and T0. It is found that language models perform below the majority baseline for most tests of the ASP, even when the models have been fine-tuned to achieve high performance on the large-scale MNLI dataset. But after we fine-tune the pre-trained models on a subset of the ASP, DeBERTa can achieve high performance on the untrained adjectives and untrained tests, suggesting that DeBERTa may have captured degree semantic information of adjectives through pre-training but it needs specific training data to learn how to apply such information to the current tasks. In sum, the ASP provides an easy-to-use method to test fine-grained formal semantic properties of adjectives, and reveals language models' abilities to access formal semantic information.
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İslam qızı Əhmədova, Sevinc. "Semantics of concept understanding in linguistics." SCIENTIFIC WORK 81, no. 8 (2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/81/31-36.
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Konsept məfhumu insanın mental dünyasına, yəni mədəniyyətə və tarixə yaxındır və bu səbəbdən spesifik xarakter daşıyır. Konseptlər xalqın düşüncəsində yaşayan kollektiv irsdir, onun mənəvi mədəniyyətidir. Məhz bu səbəbdən kollektiv şüur konstantların, yəni daimi, yaxud uzun müddət mövcud olan konseptlərin qoruyucusu kimi çıxış edir. Linqvokulturologiyada konsept anlayışı kifayət qədər geniş sahəni əhatə edir. Konseptin tərkib hissələrinə dil vahidlərinin bütün leksik və qrammatik mənalərı daxildir. Konseptin başlıca əlaməti onun mentallığı ilə əsaslandırılır. Hər bir mental xüsusiyyətə malik olan dəyərlər kimi, konseptlər də təxəyyül məhsuludur. Açar sözlər: konsept, semantika.konseptual, koqnitiv, interpretasiya Sevinj Islam Ahmadova Semantics of concept understanding in linguistics Abstract "The study of concepts is one of the most urgent problems of modern linguistics and has developed in various scientific directions. Studying the methods of conceptual organization of knowledge in the language is considered one of the main problems of that issue. It is for this reason that the collective consciousness acts as a protector of constants, i.e. permanent or long-standing concepts. In linguistic culture, the concept covers a fairly wide area. The components of the concept include all the lexical and grammatical meanings of the language units. The main feature of the concept is its mentality. Concepts, like values with every mental quality, are a product of the imagination. Keywords: concept, semantics, conceptual, coqnitive , interpretation
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Osmonova, Nargul. "SUPPLEMENTING MODERN KYRGYZ VOCABULARY AND THAIR SEMANTICS." Alatoo Academic Studies 22, no. 2 (2022): 174–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17015/aas.2022.222.22.
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The article discusses the issues of neologisms in the Kyrgyz language, and the prerequisites for their appearance, characteristics, role, and meaning. Everything that happens in society is reflected in the language. However, it is important to clarify whether the language changes are “instantaneous or significant”. Among the new words that appear in the language are the situation in society, changes in life on the Internet, the process, emerging videos, applications, medicine, religion, culture, and social situation. It was concluded that the task of the future is to divide these new words into sectors and epochs, to determine their load on the language, to reveal their meaning, and to divide them into groups according to features.
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Toporkov, P. "Relativism of Appraisal and States (Based on the Material of Predicatives in Russian)." Russian Studies in Philology, no. 2 (February 29, 2024): 64–74. https://doi.org/10.18384/2949-5008-2024-2-64-74.
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Aim. To reveal some parameters of semantic-grammatical relativism of evaluative and static predicates of the Russian language.Methodology. TThe main content of the study is the analysis of the functioning of Russian predicates in the context of ideas about relevance / irrelevance and temporal localization as the basic characteristics of state predicates. The main research methods are descriptive method, component analysis and contextual analysis.Results. The work discusses the issues of localization of mental and social states in constructions with the so-called. determinants of various types. The parameters of semantic-grammatical relativism of predicatives with property / quality semantics are considered separately. As a result of the analysis, the author identifies certain parameters of relativism in the semantics of state, assessment and quality in constructions of various types. In particular, the features of the implementation of evaluative and statistic semantics in constructions with determinants were identified.Research implications. The data obtained make it possible to clarify the characteristics of the class of predicates of the Russian language, as well as the semantic classes of “state” and “property / quality”. The results of the study make a certain contribution to the semantic typology of predicates and can be used when teaching a course on the modern Russian literary language, as well as when conducting special courses on functional grammar and cognitive syntax.
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BEYİTOĞLU, Yahya Kemal. "MENTAL VERBS IN ALI’S KISSA-I YUSUF." Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi 11, no. 3 (2021): 1521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.929316.
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Verbs in the literature; It is generally handled according to their structures, performative meanings and frameworks. With the increasing vocabulary studies in recent years, there are also attempts to classify verbs in terms of semantics. However, it does not seem possible for now to talk about fully widespread classifications on this subject. On the other hand, mental verbs, which were studied in the field of cognitive linguistics in relation to psychology, and later became one of the subjects of interest to researchers working in the field of Turcology, have also started to take place among the studies of classifying verbs in terms of semantics. The word mental corresponds to concepts such as “rational, mental, spiritual” in Turkish, and mental verbs express the verbs that occur in the mind, and it is different from other verbs that have the meaning of physical movement. In this study, mental verbs in Ali's Kıssa-i Yûsuf, which is the first work in Turkish literature in which the story of Yusuf is processed, has been examined. Kıssa-i Yûsuf is a mixed language work that reflects the characteristics of Oghuz Turkish as well as some language features specific to Eastern Turkish. The mental verbs determined in the work were classified as sensation verbs, thought verbs, emotion and psychological situation verbs and communication verbs, considering the classifications made so far.
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Kabylov, T., and A. Usmanova. "Semantics of Imperative Statements in the Modern Kyrgyz Language." Bulletin of Science and Practice 8, no. 1 (2022): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/74/46.
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The cognitive features of imperative utterances in the modern Kyrgyz language have been investigated. As you know, the imperative has two different meanings: one means urgency, necessity and importance, and the other - attempts to influence the actions of other people. Imperative means something extremely important or necessary. It also means order. The analyzed imperative statements are considered in the mainstream of conceptual grammar, which allows you to highlight syntactic concepts, or mental images that stand behind linguistic signs and are reflected in the analyzed syntactic structures. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe imperative utterances in the Kyrgyz language, to reveal the mechanisms for changing the prototypical meaning of the verb lexicon in the structure of the imperative using theories such as the theory of functional styles, the theory of discourse, the theory of speech acts and the theory of grammar of constructions. The relevance of the article is due to the need to study the semantic features of the imperative statements of the modern Kyrgyz language. The purpose of this work is to show the features of imperatives, to carefully study the types and functions of imperatives in the Kyrgyz language. The data were analyzed using a comparative analysis to find out the differences and similarities of the imperatives of the Kyrgyz language with other languages. The study belongs to qualitative research, as it was conducted using the method of contrast analysis as a comparison of languages. The object of the research is the data imperatives were taken from the sources that were needed for the research.
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Vieira, R., A. F. Moreira, M. Wooldridge, and R. H. Bordini. "On the Formal Semantics of Speech-Act Based Communication in an Agent-Oriented Programming Language." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 29 (June 30, 2007): 221–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2221.
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Research on agent communication languages has typically taken the speech acts paradigm as its starting point. Despite their manifest attractions, speech-act models of communication have several serious disadvantages as a foundation for communication in artificial agent systems. In particular, it has proved to be extremely difficult to give a satisfactory semantics to speech-act based agent communication languages. In part, the problem is that speech-act semantics typically make reference to the "mental states" of agents (their beliefs, desires, and intentions), and there is in general no way to attribute such attitudes to arbitrary computational agents. In addition, agent programming languages have only had their semantics formalised for abstract, stand-alone versions, neglecting aspects such as communication primitives. With respect to communication, implemented agent programming languages have tended to be rather ad hoc. This paper addresses both of these problems, by giving semantics to speech-act based messages received by an AgentSpeak agent. AgentSpeak is a logic-based agent programming language which incorporates the main features of the PRS model of reactive planning systems. The paper builds upon a structural operational semantics to AgentSpeak that we developed in previous work. The main contributions of this paper are as follows: an extension of our earlier work on the theoretical foundations of AgentSpeak interpreters; a computationally grounded semantics for (the core) performatives used in speech-act based agent communication languages; and a well-defined extension of AgentSpeak that supports agent communication.
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Mirzababa, Aliyeva Rena. "Precedent Onyms in Religious Phraseological Units in the Spanish Language (On the Transition from the Phraseological Units with Precedent Onyms to the Precedent Phenomenon)." International Journal of English Linguistics 8, no. 3 (2018): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v8n3p186.
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The article deals with the matter of precedent onyms in religios phraseological units in the Spanish language. The task of the given article is to look through the samples on the given phenomenon.Religious phraseological units in the Spanish language are analyzed from lexical and componential points of view.The linguistic or the semantic aspect of cognitivism, i.e. the mental identity of a native speaker can be distinctly observed in the phraseological units of the Spanish language. So, the evaluation of religious phraseological units of the Spanish language from the prism of new analysis of cognitive semantics suggests that native speakers enjoy the privilege of transmitting information through certain word-codes and very often there is a certain parallelism, more precisely, commonness with cognate languages, particularly, with the languages of peoples of the same religion.The religious phraseological units have meanings different from their initial semantic capacity due to the semantic extension in the succeeding phrases, and these meanings are consistent with linguo-pragmatic condition of the media discourse in which a religious phraseological unit is practiced.In the Spanish political, economic and media discourse, the religious phraseological units such as El Festín de Baltasar have gained additional connotations through semantic reassessment, and it is possible to conclude that this connotation has not only situational and contextual essence but also has acquired wide and general usage rather than occasional.
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Antonova, Marina B. "The Cognitive Aspect of English Polysemantic Adjectives." NSU Vestnik. Series: Linguistics and Intercultural Communication 19, no. 1 (2021): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7935-2021-19-1-15-29.
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This paper presents an analysis of the deep language factors that predetermine polysemy of English adjectives denoting moral and mental qualities of human beings. In line with a well-established point of view in cognitive linguistics, this study treats the semantics of a word as a two-level phenomenon possessing the semantic (external) level and the conceptual (internal) level. Given polysemy belongs to the external level, this study aims to reveal the internal language factor allowing for umbrella adjectives to develop meanings of moral and mental qualities. This is the first research that has analyzed English adjectives from this perspective; it is proposed to unearth the deep language foundation of polysemy by modeling the conceptual foundation of polysemantic adjectives, which is undertaken via analysis of their etymological data. The choice of the adjectives encoding moral and mental qualities is substantiated by the following reasons: first, these words name the major human characteristics, whose recognition and verbalization can be traced back to the Pre-Old English period; second, they denote abstract qualities unperceivable by senses but estimated due to their indirect manifestation in individuals’ judgments, conduct and activity; third, since these adjectives convey evaluation of the quality, they reflect cultural axiological standards. The findings show that the semantics of the English adjectives in question is governed by a certain set of conceptual metaphors. The commonality of the adjectives’ conceptual basis seems to be the internal language factor that accounts for polysemy, i.e. an ability for an adjective to comprise meanings of mental and moral characteristics. In addition, the results demonstrate that the unearthed concepts form oppositions, namely, LIFE - DEATH, MOTION - STILLNESS, FRIEND - FOE. The opposed concepts are endowed with the positive or negative value that appears to determine the evaluative meaning of the adjectives. Besides, the research has shown that, while participating in the formation of adjectival semantics, the concepts can demonstrate ambiguous value, which enables a concept to underlie both the positive and negative evaluative meanings of an adjective; therefore, an adjective may comprise meanings of mental and moral characteristics that are opposite in their evaluation.
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Chertykova, Maria D. "MANIFESTATION OF "DIRECTION OF VIEW" MEANING IN THE SEMANTICS OF KHAKAS VERB КÖР- "LOOK, SEE"". Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, № 4 (2018): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/24107190_2018_4_4_144_154.
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The current paper aims at describing the semantic structure of the common Türkic verb кöр- «look, see» and identifying the relevant features in its semantics. Particularly, the meaning of «direction of view» is analyzed when the verb is joined by a noun in the accusative and directional cases, a subordinate clause describing specific situations as well as adverbs with the corresponding meaning. Being polysemantic, the verb, beside its direct meaning, is characterized by 8 indirect ones that are common for other Turkic languages; they are related to 3 spheres: social, emotional, and mental. In addition to those, 4 other lexical-semantic variants were found that preserve the seme of perceptiveness, although it is not dominant in them. All these findings demonstrate huge word-building, high structural and analytic potential of this verb in the Khakas language.
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BUCCAFURRI, FRANCESCO, and GIANLUCA CAMINITI. "Logic programming with social features." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 8, no. 5-6 (2008): 643–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068408003463.
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AbstractIn everyday life it happens that a person has to reason out what other people think and how they behave, in order to achieve his goals. In other words, an individual may be required to adapt his behavior by reasoning about the others' mental state. In this paper we focus on a knowledge-representation language derived from logic programming which both supports the representation of mental states of individual communities and provides each with the capability of reasoning about others' mental states and acting accordingly. The proposed semantics is shown to be translatable into stable model semantics of logic programs with aggregates.
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Meshkurova, A. O. "REPRODUCED FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION AS AN ELEMENT OF REALISTIC DEPICTION OF J. R. R. TOLKIEN’S FANTASTIC WORLD." Writings in Romance-Germanic Philology, no. 1(50) (October 13, 2023): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4604.2023.1(50).285560.
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The article is dedicated to the analysis of depicted foreign communication in the novel “The Lord of the Rings” by renowned writer J. R. R. Tolkien. It highlights that character speech is a key element that helps the author to create “lifelike” and compelling characters in Tolkien’s fantasy world. The role of characters’ speech in revealing their personalities, thoughts, emotions, and interactions with the surrounding environment is examined. Special attention is given to the use of Tolkien’s artificially created Elvish language, which adds unique color and depth to the fantasy world. This study reveals that the analyzed linguistic elements contribute to immersing the reader in the characters’ world and aid in understanding their mental characteristics. Tolkien’s Elvish language is one of the most developed constructed languages in the realm of fantasy literature, complete with its own grammar, vocabulary, and script. The semantics of the Elvish language is also intertwined with its cultural and historical context. By meticulously crafting the semantics, Tolkien not only conveys lexical meanings but also provides deeper insights into the Elven world. Overall, the semantic richness of Tolkien’s Elvish language serves as more than just an embellishment in the fantasy novel; it acts as a crucial element that enhances readers’ comprehension and emotional engagement. This scientific article contributes to the study of foreign language communication in literature and sheds light on important aspects of the novel “The Lord of the Rings” from a linguistic analysis perspective. The findings of this research hold significant potential for further scholarly investigations in the fields of philology and literary studies.
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Westbury, Chris. "Pay no attention to that man behind the curtain." New Questions for the Next Decade 11, no. 3 (2016): 350–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.3.02wes.
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There is a distinction in scientific explanation between the explanandum, statements describing the empirical phenomenon to be explained, and the explanans, statements describing the evidence that allow one to predict that phenomenon. To avoid tautology, these sets of statements must refer to distinct domains. A scientific explanation of semantics must be grounded in explanans that appeal to entities from non-semantic domains. I consider as examples eight candidate domains (including affect, lexical or sub-word co-occurrence, mental simulation, and associative learning) that could ground semantics. Following Wittgenstein (1954), I propose adjudicating between these different domains is difficult because of the reification of a word’s ‘meaning’ as an atomistic unit. If we abandon the idea of the meaning of a word as being an atomistic unit and instead think of word meaning as a set of dynamic and disparate embodied states unified by a shared label, many apparent problems associated with identifying a meaning’s ‘true’ explanans disappear. Semantics can be considered as sets of weighted constraints that are individually sufficient for specifying and labeling a subjectively-recognizable location in the high dimensional state space defined by our neural activity.
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Sadeeq, Shaaban Sulaiman. "Exploring the Power of Language in Persuasion and Communication through the Lens of Ella Minnow Pea and The Unbearable Lightness of Being." JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 8, no. 4 (2024): 194–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/lang.8.4.11.
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Cognitive structures embody mental concepts and direct our thinking about the world. In addition, semantic approaches reveal the conceptual structures involved in organizing the meaning of a word in light of the frames by which the meanings of words are understood. To understand the most prominent cognitive theories and semantic concepts, one must rely and refer to the cognitive model consisting of the frame theory which is a cognitive theory that seeks to embody the mental concepts derived from the linguistic structure. Frames are the mental structures underlie the lexical unit and draw its paths of meaning and define its embodied frame. They also translate the process of interaction between language and the human mind in creating new meanings and conceptual concepts. Among the scholars who developed this theory is the American linguistic Charles Fillmore (1929-2014) who had a strong presence in the field of behavioral psychology through his structural and lexical semantic researches. He was one of the founders of mental and cognitive linguistics along with George Lakoff and others. Fillmore insisted on the great importance of semantics and its value in explicating different morphological and syntactic phenomena.
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Moore, Chris, and Jane Davidge. "The development of mental terms: pragmatics or semantics?" Journal of Child Language 16, no. 3 (1989): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090001076x.
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ABSTRACTThe distinctions between the mental terms, know, think and sure was examined in an experiment with 60 children between three and six years of age. The children were required to find an object hidden in one of two places. Their only clues were two statements involving contrasting mental terms, with each statement referring to one of the possible hiding places. Results showed a significant improvement with age for the know-think and sure-think contrasts, with think treated as a less reliable index of location than both know and sure by four to five years of age. No change with age was found for know-sure contrast. It is concluded that by four to five years of age, children recognize the function of mental terms to express degrees of certainty, and that this understanding is probably not based on the factive properties of the terms.
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DANYLENKO, Liudmyla. "MEMORY FROM A LINGUISTIC AND SOCIO-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE." MOVOZNAVSTVO 334, no. 1 (2024): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33190/0027-2833-334-2024-1-003.
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The article explores the linguistic characteristics of the concept of memory as one of the key cultural concepts among other meaningful ones — person, life, language, word. The starting point was the position that memory is a psychological category that is verbalized in different ways by linguistic means, models synonymous series, mental image forms. It is noted that the word-concept memory correlates with the words consciousness, memory, imagination, mind, knowledge through the prism of individual and collective experience of the past, and acts as a tool for evaluating human existence. In a comparative aspect, the semantics of the Ukrainian verb to remember and the Czech zapomnět, as well as the related nouns nezabudka and pomněnka, are considered. Verbs, having at first glance a similar grammatical structure, are characterized by antonymic meanings in modern literary languages. The factors that led the original semantic feature of the root pomn- (memor- [пам’ят-]) — «to remember» — to develop to the opposite meaning in the Czech verb zapomnět «to forget / not to remember something» are analyzed. It was noted that under the influence of other Slavic languages, the parallel use in the XVI–XVII c. in the Ukrainian language, two words — «пам’ятати / помнити» — led to the fact that the word to remember displaced the word to remember from usage. The semantics of ʽmemory’ in the interpretation of figurative means — metaphors and phraseology, which show signs of high semantic stability, reproducibility in the language from memory, and thus have the status of collective memories. The evidence presented in the article shows that the conceptual field of memory is structured by concepts that are relevant both for the individual and for the whole human community in a particular time dimension and have a high axiological potential.
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Levy, Gabriel. "False But Significant: The Development of Falsity in Religious Cognition in Light of the Holism of the Mental." Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 24, no. 2 (2012): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006812x632865.
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Abstract I elaborate the idea first proposed by Hans Penner that religious language is patently false in a rereading of Donald Davidson’s essay, “What Metaphors Mean.” I explore a Davidsonian paradigm concerning the semantics of superhuman agents. Religious language is meaningful because it is patently false or trivially true. Patency entails a breakdown at the surface that runs counter to the normative meaning of words. Since no special form of cognition or semantics is necessary to account for religious language, following Nancy Frankenberry’s argument about how metaphor and religious language are used, I explore the possibility that false reasoning is a kind of costly signal. Finally I suggest that literacy alters this matrix because it focuses attention on the literal instantiation of sentences in the form of inscriptions, thus exaggerating the role of false reasoning in relation to religion.
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Rashidova, Sarvinoz. "THE TERM "CONCEPT" AS A BASIC CONCEPT OF COGNITIVE SEMANTICS." European International Journal of Pedagogics 4, no. 6 (2024): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijp-04-06-08.
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Today, there is much debate over the term cognitive linguistics, and there is no agreement on what exactly the term means. According to English linguists, cognitive linguistics is a branch of linguisticsIn cognitive semantics, the term "concept" refers to a mental representation of a category that encompasses a set of related objects, events, or ideas. Concepts are fundamental to human cognition and language understanding. Cognitive semantics emphasizes that the meaning of words and expressions is grounded in conceptual structures, which are shaped by our sensory-motor experiences and cultural context.