Journal articles: 'Mental rotations test'

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Monahan, John S., Maureen A. Harke, and Jonathon R. Shelley. "Computerizing the Mental Rotations Test: Are gender differences maintained?" Behavior Research Methods 40, no. 2 (May 2008): 422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/brm.40.2.422.

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Cooke-Simpson, Amanda, and Daniel Voyer. "Confidence and gender differences on the Mental Rotations Test." Learning and Individual Differences 17, no. 2 (April 2007): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.009.

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Titze, Corinna, Martin Heil, and Petra Jansen. "Gender Differences in the Mental Rotations Test (MRT) Are Not Due to Task Complexity." Journal of Individual Differences 29, no. 3 (January 2008): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.3.130.

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Gender differences are one of the main topics in mental rotation research. This paper focuses on the influence of the performance factor task complexity by using two versions of the Mental Rotations Test (MRT). Some 300 participants completed the test without time constraints, either in the regular version or with a complexity reducing template creating successive two-alternative forced-choice tasks. Results showed that the complexity manipulation did not affect the gender differences at all. These results were supported by a sufficient power to detect medium effects. Although performance factors seem to play a role in solving mental rotation problems, we conclude that the variation of task complexity as realized in the present study did not.

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Malinowski, Jon C. "Mental Rotation and Real-World Wayfinding." Perceptual and Motor Skills 92, no. 1 (February 2001): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.92.1.19.

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Sex differences in mental rotation skills are a robust finding in small-scale laboratory-based studies of spatial cognition. There is almost no evidence in the literature, however, relating these skills to performance on spatial tasks in large-scale, real-world activities such as navigating in a new city or in the woods. This study investigates the connections between mental rotation skills as measured by the Vandenburg-Kuse Mental Rotations test and the performance of college students ( n = 211) navigating a 6-km orienteering course. The results indicate that mental rotation skills are significantly correlated with wayfinding performance on an orienteering task. The findings also replicate sex differences in spatial ability as found in laboratory-scale studies. However, the findings complicate the discussion of mental rotation skills and sex because women often performed as well as men despite having lower mean test scores. This suggests that mental rotation ability may not be as necessary for some women's wayfinding as it is for men's navigation.

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Voyer, Daniel, and Randi A. Doyle. "Item type and gender differences on the Mental Rotations Test." Learning and Individual Differences 20, no. 5 (October 2010): 469–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2010.04.010.

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Voyer, Daniel, and Kristin A. Saunders. "Gender differences on the mental rotations test: a factor analysis." Acta Psychologica 117, no. 1 (September 2004): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.05.003.

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Talbot, Karyn F., and Richard H. Haude. "The Relation between Sign Language Skill and Spatial Visualization Ability: Mental Rotation of Three-Dimensional Objects." Perceptual and Motor Skills 77, no. 3_suppl (December 1993): 1387–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1993.77.3f.1387.

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The present study was designed to ascertain whether a relationship exists between the experience of an individual in American Sign Language (ASL) and performance on the Mental Rotations Test. 51 women were divided into three groups on the basis of self-reported ASL skill (years of experience). All subjects then completed the Mental Rotations Test, a paper-and-pencil test of spatial ability. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was also administered to examine possible apprehension about evaluation. Significant differences in scores on mental rotations were found, with 18 experienced signers scoring significantly higher than either mean of the two less experienced groups ( ns = 16 and 17). It appears that people experienced in ASL perform better on the Mental Rotations Test. No evidence for a difference in anxiety related to the amount of experience a person had in ASL was found.

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Morrison, Craig S., and Christina M. Frederick. "Relationship of Initial and Final Scores on a Qualitative Analysis of Movement Test." Perceptual and Motor Skills 87, no. 2 (October 1998): 651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.87.2.651.

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The present study examined the relationship of initial qualitative analysis of movement scores, disembedding scores, and mental rotation scores on terminal qualitative analysis of movement scores. The subjects were 19 female and 17 male undergraduate majors in physical education, 14 from Oklahoma State University and 22 from Southern Utah University, with a mean age of 23.0 ± 4.5 yr. The test and instructional unit on qualitative analysis of movement were developed by Morrison and Harrison in 1985. The Group Embedded Figures Test was used to discern disembedding scores and the Mental Rotations Test scores on mental rotation. The means and standard deviations for the pretest and posttest measures on the movement analysis test were 72.08 ± 7.06 and 78.30 ±4.21. Analysis indicated instruction improved scores on the qualitative analysis test. Also, initial movement test scores and those on disembedding were significant predictors of scores on the posttest qualitative analysis of movement but not of mental rotation test scores.

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Ginn, Sheryl R., and Stefanie J. Pickens. "Relationships between Spatial Activities and Scores on the Mental Rotation Test as a Function of Sex." Perceptual and Motor Skills 100, no. 3 (June 2005): 877–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.100.3.877-881.

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Previous results suggested that female college students' scores on the Mental Rotations Test might be related to their prior experience with spatial tasks. For example, women who played video games scored better on the test than their non-game-playing peers, whereas playing video games was not related to men's scores. The present study examined whether participation in different types of spatial activities would be related to women's performance on the Mental Rotations Test. 31 men and 59 women enrolled at a small, private church-affiliated university and majoring in art or music as well as students who participated in intercollegiate athletics completed the Mental Rotations Test. Women's scores on the Mental Rotations Test benefitted from experience with spatial activities; the more types of experience the women had, the better their scores. Thus women who were athletes, musicians, or artists scored better than those women who had no experience with these activities. The opposite results were found for the men. Efforts are currently underway to assess how length of experience and which types of experience are related to scores.

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Quinn, Paul C., and Lynn S. Liben. "A Sex Difference in Mental Rotation in Young Infants." Psychological Science 19, no. 11 (November 2008): 1067–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02201.x.

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Three- to 4-month-old female and male human infants were administered a two-dimensional mental-rotation task similar to those given to older children and adults. Infants were familiarized with the number 1 (or its mirror image) in seven different rotations between 0° and 360°, and then preference-tested with a novel rotation of the familiar stimulus paired with its mirror image. Male infants displayed a novelty preference for the mirror-image stimulus over the novel rotation of the familiar stimulus, whereas females divided attention between the two test stimuli. The results point toward an early emergence of a sex difference in mental rotation.

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MacIntyre, Tadhg, Aidan Moran, and Domhnall J. Jennings. "Is Controllability of Imagery Related to Canoe-Slalom Performance?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 3_suppl (June 2002): 1245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.3c.1245.

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This study investigated the relationship of controllability of mental imagery with canoe-slalom performance. Controllability of mental imagery was assessed by an objective test of mental rotation, the Mental Rotations Test. This test was administered to both elite ( n = 19) and intermediate ( n = 12) athletes. Predictive validity of the controllability test was supported by a significant correlation between test scores and race rank order for the elite canoeing group ( rs = 0.42, p<.05); however, it did not distinguish elite from intermediate groups ( t29 = 0.98, p>.05). Researchers should attempt to evaluate vividness of imagery, controllability of imagery, and accuracy of reference to understand more fully the nature of athletes' imagery.

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Ozer, Daniel J. "Personality, intelligence, and spatial visualization: Correlates of mental rotations test performance." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53, no. 1 (1987): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.53.1.129.

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Schmidt, Mirko, Fabienne Egger, Mario Kieliger, Benjamin Rubeli, and Julia Schüler. "Gymnasts and Orienteers Display Better Mental Rotation Performance Than Nonathletes." Journal of Individual Differences 37, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000180.

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Abstract. The aim of this study was to examine whether athletes differ from nonathletes regarding their mental rotation performance. Furthermore, it investigated whether athletes doing sports requiring distinguishable levels of mental rotation (orienteering, gymnastics, running), as well as varying with respect to having an egocentric (gymnastics) or an allocentric perspective (orienteering), differ from each other. Therefore, the Mental Rotations Test (MRT) was carried out with 20 orienteers, 20 gymnasts, 20 runners, and 20 nonathletes. The results indicate large differences in mental rotation performance, with those actively doing sports outperforming the nonathletes. Analyses for the specific groups showed that orienteers and gymnasts differed from the nonathletes, whereas endurance runners did not. Contrary to expectations, the mental rotation performance of gymnasts did not differ from that of orienteers. This study also revealed gender differences in favor of men. Implications regarding a differentiated view of the connection between specific sports and mental rotation performance are discussed.

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Moody, M. Suzanne. "Changes in Scores on the Mental Rotations Test during the Menstrual Cycle." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 3 (June 1997): 955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.3.955.

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The purpose of the study was to examine changes in performance on Vandenberg's Mental Rotations Test during the menstrual cycles of college women. Participants were 12 male and 34 female students recruited from undergraduate educational psychology and nursing classes at a large southeastern university. Each woman was tested once during the menstrual phase and once during the luteal phase of her menstrual cycle. Phases in which the testings occurred were counterbalanced. Men were also tested twice. For all participants, the two testing sessions were held exactly 14 days apart. Women who were contraceptive pill users did not perform significantly differently during either phase from women who were nonusers, and there was no interaction for pill use by phase. Therefore, users and nonusers were combined for a paired-sample t test which indicated that women scored significantly higher during the menstrual phase (Days 2–7) than during the luteal phase (Days 16–22 for 31 women and Days 24–26 for three women with longer cycles). The 12 men scored significantly higher than the 34 women during the initial testing; but not significantly higher than the 17 women who were in the menstrual phase during the first testing. Therefore, that the effect of the phase of menstrual cycle influences the sex difference in performance on the Mental Rotations Test was supported.

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CRUCIAN, GREGORY P., ANNA M. BARRETT, DAVID W. BURKS, ALONSO R. RIESTRA, HEIDI L. ROTH, RONALD L. SCHWARTZ, WILLIAM J. TRIGGS, et al. "Mental object rotation in Parkinson's disease." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9, no. 7 (November 2003): 1078–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617703970111.

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Deficits in visual-spatial ability can be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), and there are several possible reasons for these deficits. Dysfunction in frontal–striatal and/or frontal–parietal systems, associated with dopamine deficiency, might disrupt cognitive processes either supporting (e.g., working memory) or subserving visual-spatial computations. The goal of this study was to assess visual–spatial orientation ability in individuals with PD using the Mental Rotations Test (MRT), along with other measures of cognitive function. Non-demented men with PD were significantly less accurate on this test than matched control men. In contrast, women with PD performed similarly to matched control women, but both groups of women did not perform much better than chance. Further, mental rotation accuracy in men correlated with their executive skills involving mental processing and psychomotor speed. In women with PD, however, mental rotation accuracy correlated negatively with verbal memory, indicating that higher mental rotation performance was associated with lower ability in verbal memory. These results indicate that PD is associated with visual–spatial orientation deficits in men. Women with PD and control women both performed poorly on the MRT, possibly reflecting a floor effect. Although men and women with PD appear to engage different cognitive processes in this task, the reason for the sex difference remains to be elucidated. (JINS, 2003, 9, 1078–1087.)

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Voyer, Daniel, Marguerite A. Rodgers, and Peter A. McCormick. "Timing conditions and the magnitude of gender differences on the Mental Rotations Test." Memory & Cognition 32, no. 1 (January 2004): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03195821.

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Glück, Judith, and Claudia Fabrizii. "Gender Differences in the Mental Rotations Test Are Partly Explained by Response Format." Journal of Individual Differences 31, no. 2 (January 2010): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000019.

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Gender differences in the Mental Rotations Test ( Vandenberg & Kuse, 1978 ) are larger than in virtually all other spatial tests and have been highly robust over decades. Several possible explanations for this phenomenon have been proposed. This research tests the hypothesis that the gender differences are partly due to the response format of the MRT (two out of four responses correct in each item). This format, in combination with the high time pressure of the MRT, may be particularly conducive to the performance of highly confident (i.e., frequently male) participants who use “quick-and-dirty” response strategies. In study of 288 students, a new MRT version was used in which a variable number of 0 to 4 alternatives per item were correct. Gender differences were significantly smaller than in the standard MRT. In particular, the performance of highly confident male participants was markedly lower than in the standard MRT.

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Masters, Mary S. "The gender difference on the Mental Rotations test is not due to performance factors." Memory & Cognition 26, no. 3 (May 1998): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03201154.

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Alexander, Gerianne M., and Milagros Evardone. "Blocks and bodies: Sex differences in a novel version of the Mental Rotations Test." Hormones and Behavior 53, no. 1 (January 2008): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.014.

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Geiser, Christian, Wolfgang Lehmann, and Michael Eid. "Separating "Rotators" From "Nonrotators" in the Mental Rotations Test: A Multigroup Latent Class Analysis." Multivariate Behavioral Research 41, no. 3 (September 2006): 261–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr4103_2.

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Voyer, Daniel, and Junjie Hou. "Type of items and the magnitude of gender differences on the Mental Rotations Test." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 60, no. 2 (2006): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cjep2006010.

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Peters, M., B. Laeng, K. Latham, M. Jackson, R. Zaiyouna, and C. Richardson. "A Redrawn Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotations Test - Different Versions and Factors That Affect Performance." Brain and Cognition 28, no. 1 (June 1995): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brcg.1995.1032.

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Riecke, Bernhard E., Henricus A. H. C. van Veen, and Heinrich H. Bülthoff. "Visual Homing Is Possible Without Landmarks: A Path Integration Study in Virtual Reality." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 11, no. 5 (October 2002): 443–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474602320935810.

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The literature often suggests that proprioceptive and especially vestibular cues are required for navigation and spatial orientation tasks involving rotations of the observer. To test this notion, we conducted a set of experiments in virtual environments in which only visual cues were provided. Participants had to execute turns, reproduce distances, or perform triangle completion tasks. Most experiments were performed in a simulated 3D field of blobs, thus restricting navigation strategies to path integration based on optic flow. For our experimental set-up (half-cylindrical 180 deg. projection screen), optic flow information alone proved to be sufficient for untrained participants to perform turns and reproduce distances with negligible systematic errors, irrespective of movement velocity. Path integration by optic flow was sufficient for homing by triangle completion, but homing distances were biased towards the mean response. Additional landmarks that were only temporarily available did not improve homing performance. However, navigation by stable, reliable landmarks led to almost perfect homing performance. Mental spatial ability test scores correlated positively with homing performance, especially for the more complex triangle completion tasks—suggesting that mental spatial abilities might be a determining factor for navigation performance. In summary, visual path integration without any vestibular or kinesthetic cues can be sufficient for elementary navigation tasks like rotations, translations, and triangle completion.

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Rogowska, Marianna, Adam Montgomery, and Luiz Dratcu. "Counting ECGs in acute psychiatry – The patients' price for junior doctors' rotations." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S100—S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.301.

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AimsOn 05/08/20, when a new cohort of doctors rotated onto an acute ward, (John Dickson Ward, Maudsley Hospital, London) a new handover tool on MS Teams was introduced, which replaced previously used MS Word document. The new handover tool can be accessed and edited by any of the users in the team. We hypothesised that the introduction of an interactive, live-updated tool would help improve physical health monitoring for patients, especially compliance with ECG taking. The aim of this project was to test this hypothesis.MethodAuthors have reviewed electronic documentation of patients admitted to and discharged from John Dickson Ward between 01/04/2020 and 24/12/2020. Evidence of whether an ECG was performed, was offered but declined by the patient, or was not offered were noted in the final audit. Patients were divided into 3 groups: (1) Patients admitted and discharged from 01/04/20 – 05/08/2020; (2) Patients admitted and discharged from 05/08/2020 – 24/12/20, and (3) Patients admitted before the intervention date, but discharged after the date (i.e., the period when new junior doctors had rotated onto the ward). Fifty patient records were identified in Group 1, fifty in Group 2, and 18 in Group 3.ResultSurprisingly, the percentage of patients who had a documented ECG did not improve after the intervention, with 37/50 (74%) of patients having an ECG in Group 1, and 37/50 (74%) of patients having an ECG in Group 2. However, an incidental finding was made that significantly fewer patients received ECGs during the changeover period (Group 3), with only 6/18 (33%) of patients receiving ECGs. The percentage of patients who were not offered ECGs also increased during the changeover period, with 2/50 (4%) in Group 1, and 3/18 (17%) in Group 3 not being offered.ConclusionThis incidental finding highlights the challenges associated with the junior doctor changeover period. Much time is needed for doctors to adjust to their new surroundings and methods of working, and this may result in basic elements of patient care being overlooked. We surmise that other elements, such as ensuring all patients having regular blood tests and physical examinations, may also be of a lower standard during this period. There is scope for future audits to address this, and for future quality improvement projects to implement changes ensuring medical care remains at a high standard during junior doctor changeover periods.

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Wiebe, Eric N. "Evaluation of Alternative Methods of Representing Three-Dimensional Objects on Computer Displays." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 38, no. 19 (October 1994): 1326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129403801917.

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Due to the increased use of 3D modeling software in the design and manufacture of products, careful evaluation needs to be made as to how the 3D model is represented on the computer display. The experiment's hypothesis is that both rate in which projections of a rotating object are presented and whether the object is rendered as a line drawing or shaded will effect the mental representation of the object. The experiment factorially crossed three levels of projection presentation rate with two levels of rendering (line drawing vs. shaded). All levels of both independent variables were between subjects. The subjects' score on a mental rotations test score was used as a covariant. The subjects each viewed 40 displays representing different rotating objects and identified the objects through a forced choice pair selection. RT and error rate were measured for each selection trial. Data on a total of 72 subjects was analyzed using the ANOVA procedure. The results of the experiment showed a significant main effect of the rate of presentation variable on RT. The results also showed a significant main effect of the rendering variable on error rate. No interaction was found between the two independent variables. The results indicate varying presentation rate can be an effective tool in allowing faster interpretations of an object. It is also recommended that the display technique be carefully matched to the complexity of the object being displayed and the capabilities of the computer being used to display it.

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Delisser, Peter J., and Darren Carwardine. "Student Perceptions of Sectional CT/MRI Use in Teaching Veterinary Anatomy and the Correlation with Visual Spatial Ability: A Student Survey and Mental Rotations Test." Journal of Veterinary Medical Education 45, no. 3 (August 2018): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jvme.1016-160r1.

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Quaiser-Pohl, Claudia, Petra Jansen, Jennifer Lehmann, and Brigitte M. Kudielka. "Is there a relationship between the performance in a chronometric mental-rotations test and salivary testosterone and estradiol levels in children aged 9-14 years?" Developmental Psychobiology 58, no. 1 (July 14, 2015): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.21333.

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Chrobak, Adrian, Szymon Jeziorko, Anna Tereszko, Weronika Janeczko, Aleksandra Arciszewska, Katarzyna Siuda-Krzywicka, Anna Starowicz-Filip, Marcin Siwek, and Dominika Dudek. "Mental rotation task in bipolar disorder." Psychiatria Polska 52, no. 5 (October 27, 2018): 807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/79835.

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Zaidi, Syed Muhammad Jawad, Muhammad Hamza, Raja Adnan Ahmed, Mishal Fatima, Hassan Nadeem, and Mehwish Kaneez. "Attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry and mental illnesses: a cross-sectional study from Pakistan." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S303—S304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.802.

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AimsThe increasing burden of mental disorders coupled with the social stigmatization in Pakistan is an immense barrier in combating the emerging mental health crisis. The low number of qualified psychiatrists and poor intake in post-graduate psychiatry training programs in the region further complicates the problem. Thus, our study aims to assess the attitudes of Pakistani medical students towards psychiatry. Furthermore, we also aim to evaluate how experience and different levels of exposure to psychiatry among students affect their attitudes towards psychiatry as a career choice.MethodThis cross-sectional study was conducted via an online survey made on Google Forms. A total of 831 medical students studying across various private and public medical institutions of Pakistan responded to the survey. The questionnaire comprised of demographical details (gender, age, institution, and academic year) exposure to psychiatry, duration of psychiatry rotation, and personal experience with mental illness. The attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry were evaluated using the English version of the 30-item Attitudes Towards Psychiatry (ATP-30) scale. Chi-square test and multiple regression with backward method were used to analyze the data.ResultThe Cronbach's alpha value of the ATP-30 scale was 0.830. The participants in our study had a mean score of 107.6 ± 12 on ATP-30. Overall, most participants had a positive attitude towards psychiatry. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant model pertaining to predictors of attitude toward psychiatry (F (df) = 11.28 (830), P < 0.001). However, the predictors included in the model accounted for only 5.8% of the variation in ATP-30 scores. According to it, those students had a more positive attitude toward psychiatry who identified as female, older and having any sort of exposure toward psychiatric specialty, direct involvement in psychiatric patient care, and reporting personal experience of mental illnesses.ConclusionOur study showed that medical students had a positive attitude towards psychiatry but female medical students, students with previous exposure to psychiatry, and students with longer psychiatry rotations tend to view psychiatry more positively. The generally positive trend towards psychiatry in Pakistan indicates the need to sustain improvements through proactive measures. We recommend longer placements for medical students in mental health settings for at least 4 weeks or longer. Medical schools should also promote research, discussions, and seminars on different psychiatric illnesses in order to enhance awareness among the students.

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Stoimenova-Popova, M., I. Veleva, P. Chumpalova, L. Tumbev, A. Todorov, M. Valkova, and V. Valtchev. "Impairment of visual working memory among patients with paranoid schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s839. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1656.

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IntroductionSchizophrenia is associated with working memory (WM), executive dysfunction and access visual WM dysfunctions among patients with paranoid schizophrenia (PSz).Material and methodsWe examined 89 patients (41.35 ± 11.52 years old, 65 males, 24 females, 15 with basic, 52 with middle and 22 with high formal education) with PSz (65% with prevalence of positive and 31 of negative syndromes) by Benton visual retention test (BVRT, var.A and E).ResultsThe average number of correct performed items was 3.12 ± 1.1.83, the average errors, 13.04 ± 3.70 (6.51 ± 3.05 at left and 5.35 ± 2.30 at right visual field (VF)). Females had more corrects (P = 0.0256). Education is associated with less errors and more corrects. Patients with prevalence of negative syndromes showed more errors at left VF than those with positive, although the total number of errors and corrects were similar. Ageing was not directly associated with total number of corrects and errors. Twenty-three percent of our patients had addictions, 52% had omissions, 96% distortions (average 4.12 ± 2.31), 78% perseverations, 79% rotations, 83% misplacements and 61% size errors. Horizontal displacements were obtained from 42%.ConclusionsVisual WM dysfunction is frequent among patients with PSz. Female sex and high education are associated with better test performances. Negative syndromes are related with high number of errors at left VF, but not with total numbers of corrects and errors. We suggest horizontal displacement as specific error among patients with PSz.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Atkinson, Richard P. "Enhanced Afterimage Persistence in Waking and Hypnosis: High Hypnotizables Report More Enduring Afterimages." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 14, no. 1 (September 1994): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pyww-t9w6-yrcd-uj8h.

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This study investigated the moderating influences of hypnotic susceptibility level (high/low) and visuospatial skill level (high/low) on afterimage persistence in waking and hypnosis. All Ss were administered the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS:A; [1]), the Group Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C; [2]), and the Mental Rotations Test (MRT; [3]). In counterbalanced sessions of waking and hypnosis, 80 Ss (20 high/high, 20 high/low, 20 low/high, 20 low/low) were dark adapted for twenty minutes each, after which a brief flash of light was presented. Visuospatial skills, as measured by the MRT, did not significantly influence first afterimage intervals or afterimage durations. High hypnotizables reported significantly longer first afterimage intervals and afterimage durations in hypnosis than did low hypnotizables. High hypnotizables reported significantly longer first afterimage intervals, but not afterimage durations, in waking than did low hypnotizables. High hypnotizables reported significantly longer afterimage durations and first afterimage intervals in hypnosis than in waking. Low hypnotizables reported similar afterimage durations and first afterimage intervals in waking and hypnosis. Implications of these results for the ability of high hypnotizables to focus attention upon and maintain valid visual images are discussed.

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Noda, Mitsuru. "Imagery and Perceptual Basis of Matching Tasks in Young Children." Perceptual and Motor Skills 107, no. 2 (October 2008): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.107.2.419-438.

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Object identification in perceptual tests may include constituents of mental rotation. A matching-to-sample task was conducted with same or different objects to look for evidence of rotation. Elementary schoolchildren (6 to 8 years old) in Grades 1 to 4 ( N = 264) participated, using the inclined Flags Test and the Water Level Test to ensure that children can use kinematic imagery for the Flags Test even if they used static imagery for the Water Level Test. Performance on the inclined Flags Test varied by age group. Use of implicit mental rotation of the inclined object was inferred in recognition. Also, children at the pre-operational stage showed a rotational effect, i.e., they could transform the object by turning it, thereby confirming kinematic imagery is used from age 6. As a consequence, solving both rotation tasks may require not only recognition of object frames but also objects internal to the frame.

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Rohde, Melanie S., Alexandra L. Georgescu, Kai Vogeley, Rolf Fimmers, and Christine M. Falter-Wagner. "Absence of sex differences in mental rotation performance in autism spectrum disorder." Autism 22, no. 7 (August 4, 2017): 855–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361317714991.

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Mental rotation is one of the most investigated cognitive functions showing consistent sex differences. The ‘Extreme Male Brain’ hypothesis attributes the cognitive profile of individuals with autism spectrum disorder to an extreme version of the male cognitive profile. Previous investigations focused almost exclusively on males with autism spectrum disorder with only limited implications for affected females. This study is the first testing a sample of 12 female adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder compared to 14 males with autism spectrum disorder, 12 typically developing females and 14 typically developing males employing a computerised version of the mental rotation test. Reaction time and accuracy served as dependent variables. Their linear relationship with degree of rotation allows separation of rotational aspects of the task, indicated by slopes of the psychometric function, and non-rotational aspects, indicated by intercepts of the psychometric function. While the typical and expected sex difference for rotational task aspects was corroborated in typically developing individuals, no comparable sex difference was found in autism spectrum disorder individuals. Autism spectrum disorder and typically developing individuals did not differ in mental rotation performance. This finding does not support the extreme male brain hypothesis of autism.

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Sanders, Geoff, and Tom Walsh. "Testing Predictions from the Hunter-Gatherer Hypothesis — 1: Sex Differences in the Motor Control of Hand and Arm." Evolutionary Psychology 5, no. 3 (July 1, 2007): 147470490700500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490700500313.

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Here, in the first of two reports that test predictions from the hunter-gatherer hypothesis, we focus on sex differences in motor control. Published evidence confounds the cognitive demands, the muscles used and the spatial location in which tasks are performed. To address these issues our participants used hand or arm movements to track a moving target within near space. Study 1 identified an optimal level of task difficulty for the differentiation of male and female performance and showed that women tracked better using their hands and men using their arms. Employing the optimal level of task difficulty, Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1 and, for men, demonstrated a significant correlation between arm tracking and performance on the nonmotor sex-dimorphic Mental Rotations task. This correlation suggests that the same or related events are responsible for the development of sex differences in motor and cognitive systems. The distal (hand) muscles are controlled by the primary motor cortex via two dorsolateral corticospinal tracts whereas the proximal (arm) muscles are controlled via two ventromedial corticospinal tracts. Our findings point to possible sex differences in these two neural pathways and they are compatible with an evolutionary origin as predicted by the hunter-gatherer hypothesis.

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Moè, Angelica, and Francesca Pazzaglia. "Beyond genetics in Mental Rotation Test performance." Learning and Individual Differences 20, no. 5 (October 2010): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2010.03.004.

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Bölcskei, Attila, András Zsolt Kovács, and Domen Kušar. "New Ideas in Scoring the Mental Rotation Test." YBL Journal of Built Environment 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2013): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jbe-2013-0004.

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Abstract Spatial ability development is of paramount importance in engineering training, especially for architects. The paper aims to compare results achieved by the world-wide Mental Rotation Test (MRT) at the University of Ljubljana and at the Ybl Faculty of SzIU in Budapest, with respect to total scores, improvement and hand preferences. The paper concludes that the mental rotation aspect of spatial intelligence can significantly be developed by Descriptive Geometry courses in both countries. Sophisticated statistical analysis, however, leads to new ideas in scoring MRT. The main goal of the paper is to present an alternative scoring system, which seems to be fairer and provides the expected statistical behavior of samples.

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Yüksel, Nazan Sezen, and Ali Bülbül. "Test Development Study on the Mental Rotation Ability." Anthropologist 20, no. 1-2 (April 2015): 128–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891732.

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Heinen, Thomas, and Damian Jeraj. "THE ATHLETES’ BODY SHAPES THE ATHLETES’ MIND – NEW PERSPECTIVES ON MENTAL ROTATION PERFORMANCE IN ATHLETES." Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century 7, no. 1 (December 15, 2013): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/ppc/13.07.23.

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Mentally rotating the image of an object is one fundamental cognitive ability in humans. Recent theoretical developments and empirical evidences highlight the potential role of the sensory-motor system, when analysing and understanding mental rotation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the role of specific sensory-motor experience on mental rotation performance in gymnasts. N = 40 male gymnasts with either clockwise or anticlockwise rotation preference in a forward twisting layout salto performed a psychometric mental rotation test with either rotation-preference congruent or rotation-preference incongruent stimuli. Results revealed that choice reaction times differed clearly as a function of Angular Rotation between the stimuli figures. Gymnasts who preferred a clockwise rotation preference showed faster choice reaction times when the rotation direction of the reference figure was clockwise, and vice versa. The results clearly support the notion, that mental rotation performance varies as a function of sensory-motor system characteristics between different people. It is concluded, that sensory-motor experience in a particular sport may facilitate cognitive processing of experience-congruent stimuli. This may be advantageous for situations in which people are engaged in observing sport performance (i.e., judges, coaches). This conclusion could furthermore contribute to the training of athletes from sports such as sky-diving, scuba-diving, and climbing, where losses of spatial orientation can be life-threatening. Key words: functional equivalence hypothesis, gymnastics, rotation preference, sensory-motor experience.

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Tan, Üner, Mukadder Okuyan, Tugba Bayraktar, and Ahmet Akgun. "Covariation of Sex Differences in Mental Rotation with Body Size." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 1 (February 2003): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.1.137.

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Sex difference in mental rotation ability was reconsidered. The Vandenberg-Kuse figures were administered to 120 male and 76 female students from the Medical School of BlackSea Technical University in Trabzon, Turkey to assess the mental rotation ability. Students' height and weight were measured. As expected, men outperformed women on this test and had greater height and weight. Number correct on mental rotation test significantly correlated with height and weight for the total sample and for men, but only with weight for women. Using weight as covariate, the sex difference was no longer significant. The mean mental rotation score was significantly higher for heavy women than for light men. There was a positive correlation between weight and mental rotation test scores for heavy women, but height and weight were negatively correlated with mental rotation test scores for light men. These results suggest that there is no sex difference in mental rotation ability as measured.

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Tan, Üner, Mukadder Okuyan, Tugba Albayrak, and Ahmet Akgun. "Sex Differences in Verbal and Spatial Ability Reconsidered in Relation to Body Size Lung Volume, and Sex Hormones." Perceptual and Motor Skills 96, no. 3_suppl (June 2003): 1347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2003.96.3c.1347.

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Sex differences in verbal and nonverbal abilities were reconsidered in relation to bodily measures and sex hormones in Turkish university students. Perceptual-verbal ability was evaluated using As Test. To assess the nonverbal abilities, the mental rotation test and Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test were used. As expected, the 53 women performed better than men on the As Test; 79 men had a higher mean than the 53 women on the mental rotation task; there was no sex difference on Cattell's IQ Test. Cattell IQs correlated only with tidal volume of lungs. Scores on the As Test did not show significant correlations with body size and lung capacities. Mental rotation was significantly correlated with height, weight, and lung volume. With covariates of height, weight, and vital capacity, sex differences in mental rotation completely disappeared, but the difference on the As Test increased while Cattell IQ remained sex-neutral. With testosterone as covariate, the sex difference on the As test increased but on the mental rotation task disappeared; Cattell IQ was sex-neutral. With covariates of estradiol and progesterone, sex differences on the As test disappeared; mental rotation scores and Cattell IQ were not influenced. Under a combined covariation of height, weight, and testosterone, sex differences in mental rotation reversed, women scoring better than men; after adding estradiol or progesterone instead of testosterone to this model, sex differences on mental rotation completely disappeared, but verbal ability and Cattell IQ were not changed. These results suggest that Cattell's Culture Fair Intelligence Test is unique in resistance to sex differences; perceptual-verbal ability was the most sex-specific mental trait but with dependence on estradiol; mental rotation, on the contrary, was least sex-specific, depending on body size, lung volume, sex hormones, and their combined actions, which explains women's better performance.

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Qubeck, William J. "Mean Differences among Subcomponents of Vandenberg's Mental Rotation Test." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 1 (August 1997): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.1.323.

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The current investigation was designed to answer three questions: is the sex difference on Vandenberg's Mental Rotation Test present in all five subsections, what is the relation with performance, and what are the estimates of split-half reliability. Undergraduate students (55 men and 52 women) enrolled in introductory psychology courses were administered Vandenberg's test and were given 6 min. to complete the test. An over-all significant sex difference indicated men's mean performance was significantly higher than women's “total item score” and “total ratio item score,” but only for Section 4(D). This suggests that men were not significantly better at identifying all types of visual spatial items on all parts of Vandenberg's test and that the source of the sex difference may be due, at least in pan, to performance factors. Reliability measures for Vandenberg's test were established for the 6-min. completion time. Spearman-Brown reliability coefficient was calculated for the “item score,” “ratio item score,” and “attempted item” scores (.86, .85, and .93, respectively).

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Li, Chieh, Ronald L. Nuttall, and Wenbin Zhu. "Writing Chinese Characters and Success on Mental Rotation Test." Perceptual and Motor Skills 88, no. 3_suppl (June 1999): 1261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1999.88.3c.1261.

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Kaewprasert, S., and A. Jiamsanguanwong. "Training Performance Measurement with Schema and Mental Rotation Test." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 530 (July 15, 2019): 012059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/530/1/012059.

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Ariali, Sunita, and Bernd Zinn. "Adaptive Training of the Mental Rotation Ability in an Immersive Virtual Environment." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 16, no. 09 (May 4, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i09.18971.

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Virtual Reality (VR) opens new possibilities for the investigation and train-ing of Mental Rotational Ability (MRA), which is an important factor in the development of technical skills in several fields. Adaptive designs of MRA training environments realised by virtual technology could offer promising potentials and is investigated in this study. For the evaluation of effective-ness, the adaptive training environment is compared with the adequate ran-domised environment by assessing mental rotation ability in both conditions before and after training. As a dependent variable, the performance and its improvement in the virtual mental rotation test (VMRT), as well as the cog-nitive load, is measured. In addition, possible gender differences and their in-fluence on the training outcomes are determined. The study described here represents an innovative support option for MRA and provides an expandable empirical basis for VR-based adaptive trainings.

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Vuoksimaa, Eero, Richard J. Viken, Laura Hokkanen, Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson, Richard J. Rose, and Jaakko Kaprio. "Are There Sex Differences in the Genetic and Environmental Effects on Mental Rotation Ability?" Twin Research and Human Genetics 13, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.13.5.437.

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Probably the most robust sex difference in cognitive abilities is that on average males outperform females in tests of mental rotation. Using twin data we tested whether there are sex differences in the magnitude of genetic and environmental effects on mental rotation test performance and whether the same or different genetic effects operate in females and males. The present study replicated the well-known male advantage in mental rotation ability. The relative proportion of variance explained by genetic effects did not differ between females and males, but interestingly, absolute additive genetic and unique environmental variances were greater in males reflecting significantly greater phenotypic variance in mental rotation test performance in males. Over half of the variance in mental rotation test performance was explained by genetic effects, which suggest that mental rotation ability is a good phenotype for studies finding genes underlying spatial abilities. Results indicate that females and males could be combined for such genetic studies, because the same genetic effects affected mental rotation test performance in females and males.

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Muto, Hiroyuki. "Correlational Evidence for the Role of Spatial Perspective-Taking Ability in the Mental Rotation of Human-Like Objects." Experimental Psychology 68, no. 1 (January 2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000505.

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Abstract. People can mentally rotate objects that resemble human bodies more efficiently than nonsense objects in the same/different judgment task. Previous studies proposed that this human-body advantage in mental rotation is mediated by one's projections of body axes onto a human-like object, implying that human-like objects elicit a strategy shift, from an object-based to an egocentric mental rotation. To test this idea, we investigated whether mental rotation performance involving a human-like object had a stronger association with spatial perspective-taking, which entails egocentric mental rotation, than a nonsense object. In the present study, female participants completed a chronometric mental rotation task with nonsense and human-like objects. Their spatial perspective-taking ability was then assessed using the Road Map Test and the Spatial Orientation Test. Mental rotation response times (RTs) were shorter for human-like than for nonsense objects, replicating previous research. More importantly, spatial perspective-taking had a stronger negative correlation with RTs for human-like than for nonsense objects. These findings suggest that human-like stimuli in the same/different mental rotation task induce a strategy shift toward efficient egocentric mental rotation.

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Moore, David S., and Scott P. Johnson. "Mental Rotation in Human Infants." Psychological Science 19, no. 11 (November 2008): 1063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02200.x.

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A sex difference on mental-rotation tasks has been demonstrated repeatedly, but not in children less than 4 years of age. To demonstrate mental rotation in human infants, we habituated 5-month-old infants to an object revolving through a 240° angle. In successive test trials, infants saw the habituation object or its mirror image revolving through a previously unseen 120° angle. Only the male infants appeared to recognize the familiar object from the new perspective, a feat requiring mental rotation. These data provide evidence for a sex difference in mental rotation of an object through three-dimensional space, consistently seen in adult populations.

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Amorim, Michel-Ange, Wilfried Lang, Gerald Lindinger, Dagmar Mayer, Lüder Deecke, and Alain Berthoz. "Modulation of Spatial Orientation Processing by Mental Imagery Instructions: A MEG Study of Representational Momentum." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 4 (July 2000): 569–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900562345.

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Under appropriate conditions, an observer's memory for the final position of an abruptly halted moving object is distorted in the direction of the represented motion. This phenomenon is called “representational momentum” (RM). We examined the effect of mental imagery instructions on the modulation of spatial orientation processing by testing for RM under conditions of picture versus body rotation perception and imagination. Behavioral data were gathered via classical reaction time and error measurements, whereas brain activity was recorded with the help of magnetoence-phalography (MEG). Due to the so-called inverse problem and to signal complexity, results were described at the signal level rather than with the source location modeling. Brain magnetic field strength and spatial distribution, as well as latency of P200m evoked fields were used as neurocognitive markers. A task was devised where a subject examined a rotating sea horizon as seen from a virtual boat in order to extrapolate either the picture motion or the body motion relative to the picture while the latter disappeared temporarily until a test-view was displayed as a final orientation candidate. Results suggest that perceptual interpretation and extrapolation of visual motion in the roll plane capitalize on the fronto-parietal cortical networks involving working memory processes. Extrapolation of the rotational dynamics of sea horizon revealed a RM effect simulating the role of gravity in rotational equilibrium. Modulation of the P200m component reflected spatial orientation processing and a non-voluntary detection of an incongruity between displayed and expected final orientations given the implied motion. Neuromagnetic properties of anticipatory (Contingent Magnetic Variation) and evoked (P200m) brain magnetic fields suggest, respectively, differential allocation of attentional resources by mental imagery instructions (picture vs. body tilt), and a communality of neural structures (in the right centro-parietal region) for the control of both RM and mental rotation processes. Finally, the RM of the body motion is less prone to forward shifts than that of picture motion evidencing an internalization of the implied mass of the virtual body of the observer.

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McWilliams, W., C. J. Hamilton, and S. J. Muncer. "On Mental Rotation in Three Dimensions." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 1 (August 1997): 297–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.1.297.

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Real three-dimensional models and three-dimensional images were used in a test of mental rotation. Although the 33 men performed better than the 33 women when presented three-dimensional images (14.4 and 11.2), this sex difference disappeared when real models were used (17.5 and 17.3).

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Birenbaum, Menucha, Anthony E. Kelly, and Michal Levi-Keren. "Stimulus features and sex differences in mental rotation test performance." Intelligence 19, no. 1 (July 1994): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-2896(94)90053-1.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Mental rotations test'

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