Academic literature on the topic 'Mention'

Purpose This paper aims to assess the effects of explicit partner brand mentions (as opposed to a mere partnership mention) in communications by brand allies on consumers’ purchase intention and willingness to pay for an innovation, as mediated by the perceived relational embeddedness of the allies and their respective perceived corporate credibility. In Study 1, the authors investigate the effects of (reciprocal) explicit brand mentions by both allies (as opposed to by a single ally) and further test whether explicit brand mentions moderate spillover effects from the ally. In Study 2, the authors investigate the effect of reciprocity of explicit brand mentions and whether this is moderated by a company’s experience. Design/methodology/approach The authors conduct two online experiments. Study 1 (N = 216) is a four-level between-subjects experiment (single communication by Partner A with explicit brand mention, single communication by Partner B with explicit brand mention, explicit brand mentions by both allies and mere partnership mention by both allies) where participants judge a social alliance related to a new tablet. Study 2 (N = 376) builds upon these findings in a 4 (explicit brand mentions by both allies; mere partnership mention by both allies; explicit brand mention by Partner A, mere partnership mention by Partner B; explicit brand mention by partner B, mere partnership mention by Partner A) × 2 (Partner A experience: established vs startup) between-subjects experimental design for a co-created battery. Findings Spillover effects from one ally to the other are stronger with explicit brand mentions than with a mere partnership mention. There is no added value of two allies communicating over one, provided that both partners explicitly mention their partner brand. However, when allies do communicate separately, it is crucial that an explicit brand mention is reciprocated. This effect is explained by an increase in the perceived relational embeddedness of the partners, which in turn positively influences their corporate credibility. This effect does not differ depending on a company’s experience. Originality/value This research is one of the first to study effects of how a brand alliance is communicated and extends previous studies on the effects of communication about brand and co-creation alliances by demonstrating that communications moderate spillover effects, that brand mention reciprocity is crucial, and by introducing the concept of perceived relational embeddedness.

Traditional learning-based coreference resolvers operate by training the mention-pair model for determining whether two mentions are coreferent or not. Though conceptually simple and easy to understand, the mention-pair model is linguistically rather unappealing and lags far behind the heuristic-based coreference models proposed in the pre-statistical NLP era in terms of sophistication. Two independent lines of recent research have attempted to improve the mention-pair model, one by acquiring the mention-ranking model to rank preceding mentions for a given anaphor, and the other by training the entity-mention model to determine whether a preceding cluster is coreferent with a given mention. We propose a cluster-ranking approach to coreference resolution, which combines the strengths of the mention-ranking model and the entity-mention model, and is therefore theoretically more appealing than both of these models. In addition, we seek to improve cluster rankers via two extensions: (1) lexicalization and (2) incorporating knowledge of anaphoricity by jointly modeling anaphoricity determination and coreference resolution. Experimental results on the ACE data sets demonstrate the superior performance of cluster rankers to competing approaches as well as the effectiveness of our two extensions.

The scientific literature is an important for source of knowledge about biological sys- tems and their constituent components. But the increase in the rate of new publications means that manual curation of the literature has become intractable. This has motivated the development and application of text mining methods to automatically extract the in- formation present in the scientific literature. Extracting information automatically from text is, however, an inherently noisy process and this uncertainty provides the rationale for the development of probabilistic methods for text mining. In this thesis, we concern ourselves with the task of identifying gene mentions in text and normalising these to unique Entrez gene identifiers, referred to as species-driven gene mention normalisation. We propose novel heuristics which improve the performance of species mention normalisation and reduce the number of ambiguous mentions found in the MEDLINE database. This directly impacts the performance down- stream components and we provide a novel probabilistic method for assigning a species to individual gene mentions. In order to avoid uncertainties and noise being propagated in text-mining approaches we develop a Bayesian network description of a text mining pipeline, which allows us to quantify uncertainties reliably and in an easily interpretable manner. Our results show the importance of incorporating as much information as possible into the text mining pipeline and the importance of viewing text mining as a noisy system.

L'objet de l&amp;etude doctorale est contitue par le regime juridique des interest de capitaux en droit prive, a la lumiere, notamment, de deux decisions fondamentales de la cour de cassation des 9 fevrier et 12 avril 1988. Pour ces deux arrets, la haute cour rappelle q'une inperative distinction est a effectuer entre stipulation d'interet, qui peut n'etre qu'expresse, et stipulation de taux d'interet, necessairement ecrite. Par ailleurs, l'analyse de l'anatocisme, ou capitalisation des interets, est reconsideree : cette operation, prevue a l'article 1154 du code civil, designe la production d'interets pour des interets deja echus, et non la reintegration, au capital frugifere, d'interets deja echus, en vue de la secretion d'interets supplementaires. Il en resulte une analyse nouvelle de la garantie hypothecaire de la creance d'interets, et de la prescription extinctive, prevue a l'article 2277 du code civil,applicable a l7action en paiement de la dette d'interets, en cas de stipulation ou decision d'anatocisme<br>The purposes of this doctoral study consists in analysing the regulation of the interests yielded by capital, within civil ; and in the particular light of two fudamental decisions rendered by cassation court on the 9th of february and the 12th of april of 1988. By these two decisions, the highest jurisdiction reminds that a distinction is to be made necessarily between a stipulation of interest, which can be simply express, and a stipulation of interest rate, that must be written down. On another hand, analysis of the capitalisation of interests shall be considered over : this process, as prolided by in article 1154 of the civil code, refers to interest generated by the interests already fallen due, and not to a reintegation of these due interests to the capital in order to yield profit. Accordingly, a new analysis is needed of the mortgage security for the debt of interest, as well as of its extinguishment by prescriotion, prolided by in article 2277 of the civil code, applying to the lawsuit for payment of the debt of interest, in the case of a stipulation or a decision of capitalisation

Master of Science<br>Department of Computing and Information Sciences<br>Doina Caragea<br>With the rising trend in social networking, more people express their opinions on the web. As a consequence, there has been an increase in the number of blogs where people write reviews about the products they buy or services they experience. These reviews can be very helpful to other potential customers who want to know the pros and cons of a product, and also to manufacturers who want to get feedback from customers about their products. Sentiment analysis of online data (such as review blogs) is a rapidly growing field of research in Machine Learning, which can leverage online reviews and quickly extract the sentiment of a whole blog. The accuracy of a sentiment analyzer relies heavily on correctly identifying associations between a sentiment (opinion) word and the targeted mention (token or object) in blog sentences. In this work, we focus on the task of automatically identifying sentiment-mention associations, in other words, we identify the target mention that is associated with a sentiment word in a sentence. Support Vector Machines (SVM), a supervised machine learning algorithm, was used to learn classifiers for this task. Syntactic and semantic features extracted from sentences were used as input to the SVM algorithm. The dataset used in the work has reviews from car and camera domain. The work is divided into two phases. In the first phase, we learned domain specific classifiers for the car and camera domains, respectively. To further improve the predictions of the domain specific classifiers we investigated the use of transfer learning techniques in the second phase. More precisely, the goal was to use knowledge from a source domain to improve predictions for a target domain. We considered two transfer learning approaches: a feature level fusion approach and a classifier level fusion approach. Experimental results show that transfer learning can help to improve the predictions made using the domain specific classifier approach. While both the feature level and classifier level fusion approaches were shown to improve the prediction accuracy, the classifier level fusion approach gave better results.

Qu'est-ce qui decide du choix d'un substantif? pourquoi est-ce, par exemple, le nom chien qui se trouve choisi, alors que l'on aurait tout aussi bien pu prendre caniche ou animal? quoique cette question ne soit pas nouvelle, les reponses donnees restent rares et peu explicites. Notre travail se propose de combler, en partie, cette lacune en etudiant, du point de vue hierarchique, le choix du nom en discours a travers l'etude d'une sous-classe de noms bien definie et certains usages caracteristiques des determinants. Partant de previsions psycholinguistiques developpees ces dernieres annees a partir des travaux de e. Rosch, il soumet, a l'epreuve des faits discursifs, certains postulats psycholinguistiques de la semantique du prototype, l'objectif general etant de degager les facteurs responsables du niveau hierarchique du nom employe en discours. Ce travail apporte ainsi une premiere reponse a une question cruciale qui interesse aussi bien la semantique lexicale que la semantique discursive et la psycholinguistique textuelle<br>WHAT DECIDES OF THE CHOICE OF THE NAME IN DISCOURSE? WHY, FOR EXAMPLE, WHEN THE NOUNS POODLE OR ANIMAL CAN BE USED, THE NOUN DOG IS CHOOSED? THIS QUESTION IS NOT NEW, BUT THE ANSWERS ARE FEW AND NOT VERY EXPLICIT. E. ROSCH ET AL (1976) HAVE SHOWN THAT BASIC NOUNS ARE MOST NECESSARY IN LANGUAGE AND MORE USED THAT THE SUPERORDINATE AND SUBORDINATE WORDS. THE AIM OF THE PRESENT research IS TO EXAMINE THIS PSYCHOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW UE IN THE FIELD OF THE DISCOURSE AND TO ELUCIDATE, PARTLY, THE MECHANISM BY WHICH A NOUN IS CHOOSEN MORE LIKELY THAN A OTHER IN DISCOURSE

Research, media interest, and political involvement around prisons and families have grown significantly in recent years, although there is scant evidence within the growing body of related literature of original work that documents the perceptions and experiences of families affected by a member’s imprisonment. This research attempts to redress this, taking a social constructionist perspective which uses unstructured interviews to gain a critical insight into why family members’, and in particular, children’s voices are often absent in this field. The research focuses predominantly on children’s experiences, expressed through their own words, or through the words of an adult. The findings complement and add value to the emerging literature in this relatively neglected area, suggesting that stigma, shame, guilt and frustration are commonplace for prisoners’ families. The findings also reveal that what is significant, but remains largely hidden in research to date, are the reasons why children often do not know what is happening when a parent is in prison. This thesis presents the results from interviews held with a sample of twenty-four families, including parents, children, prisoners, and practitioners. The interviews took place over a nineteen-month period, and involved, in many instances, a series of interviews with the same respondents. The phenomenon of ‘story telling’ where children are offered fictitious accounts to explain the absence of an imprisoned family member, thereby avoiding the necessity of mentioning ‘prison’ forms an important element of the thesis. Whilst these fictitious accounts were motivated by a desire to protect the children from the social harm and stigma commonly associated with prison, the children themselves often understood more than their parents realised or were prepared to realise. The research exposes parental anxieties and fears, evidenced in their narratives, and played out in their respectable, sometimes implausible, fictitious accounts they concocted for their children. What is uncovered is that, contrary to parental expectations, children can often deal with the imprisonment of a family member when they are presented with the facts, showing resilience, fortitude, and competence. 3 Additionally, the thesis shows how families struggle to navigate and make sense of the criminal justice system, frequently encountering hostility, incompetence, and a lack of empathy and understanding. Events such as the arrest of a family member or visiting a family member in prison can exacerbate the difficulties family members already face. By focusing the research around the experiences of children within these families, the thesis offers an original perspective and a valuable contribution to knowledge. The thesis demonstrates that it is prisoners’ families, and in particular the children in these families who are the real victims of prison.

La binarité sexuée est une vérité qui semblait, jusqu’à aujourd’hui incontestée et incontestable. Si bien que, mises à part les désignations genrées présentes dans le Code civil, ce dernier n’a pas jugé utile de préciser que les sexes qui devaient être inscrits sur les actes de l’état civil, devaient être exclusivement féminin ou masculin. Cependant, en pratique, l’appartenance exclusive à l’un des deux sexes consacrés n’est pas une règle universelle.C’est ainsi que les états d’intersexuation sont venus ternir le tableau, en affirmant que le sexe n’était pas une entité unique mais un bloc de différentes composantes, objectives et subjective, qui ne sont pas nécessairement concordantes entre elles. D’une part, l’intersexuation physique, se caractérisant par une variation du développement génital (V.D.G.) s’analyse comme une non concordance des composantes objectives du sexe, c'est-à-dire, toutes celles qui dépendent d’un déterminisme biologique. D’autre part, l’intersexuation psychique, autrement appelée transsexualisme, ou dysphorie de genre, ne sous-entend qu’une discordance entre les composantes objectives et la composante subjective, le sexe psychosocial. En d’autres termes, la personne est biologiquement d’un sexe déterminé, mais elle se sent appartenir à l’autre sexe.Ces deux états ont vocation à remettre en cause la place du sexe dans les actes de l’état civil à deux niveaux. D’un côté, les personnes dites « intersexes » vont nous faire nous interroger sur la véritable valeur de l’état civil si ce dernier ne prend pas en compte la variation dans ses énonciations. Seulement, cette interrogation semble être contrée par certaines pratiques médicales, qui, sous la contrainte à la fois des parents et de la société binaire, assignent des jeunes intersexes dans les jours qui suivent la naissance, alors même qu’aucune nécessité médicale ne vient justifier cet acte. De l’autre côté, les personnes transsexuelles remettent en cause les fondements de l’état des personnes et notamment le principe de l’immutabilité.De plus, les certitudes sur le sexe en Droit sont bouleversées par le développement des droits fondamentaux issus d’une interprétation toujours plus large de l’article 8 de la C.E.D.H. Ainsi, découle du droit au respect de la vie privée, le droit à l’épanouissement personnel, qui lui-même a rendu possible l’émergence des droits relatifs à l’identité, dont l’identité de genre. Ils se divisent en deux entités avec d’une part, le droit à la construction de l’identité de genre et d’autre, le droit à sa reconnaissance.Toutes ces considérations ont fait muter la mission de l’état civil, qui ne remplit plus uniquement une mission identifiante et de police civile au bénéfice de l’État et de l’intérêt général, mais qui devient le lieu privilégié des revendications identitaires, au bénéfice des individus. Dès lors, le genre devient admis en Droit, d’autant plus que la C.E.D.H. se positionne en faveur du développement de cette seconde mission.Au regard de ces éléments, nous pouvons affirmer qu’une réforme de la mention du sexe à l’état civil est opportune, ne serait-ce que pour éviter les probables condamnations de la Cour européenne. Cette réforme devrait assurer le respect dû à la vie privée des personnes en état d’intersexuation tant en limitant les situations stigmatisantes dont elles pourraient être victimes. Elle pourrait par ailleurs, prendre deux formes selon qu’elle se placerait en faveur d’un abandon ou de la mise en place d’une nouvelle mention. Dans la première hypothèse, une neutralisation du sexe serait envisagée et pourrait prendre deux formes. La première s’analyse en une neutralisation totale, c'est-à-dire, qu’aucune mention du sexe n’apparaitrait sur les actes de l’état civil. La seconde serait partielle dans la mesure où le sexe serait une mention cachée, ou rationnalisée, avec l’aide de nouvelles techniques d’identification, comme la biométrie<br>The sexed binarity is a truth which seemed, until now uncontested and undeniable. So that, put except for designations genrées present in the Civil code, this last considered to be useful to specify only the sexes which were to be registered on the acts of the civil status, were to be exclusively female or male. However, in practice, the exclusive membership of the one of the two devoted sexes is not a universal rule.Thus the states of intersexuation came to tarnish the table, by affirming that the sex was not a single entity but a block of various components, objective and subjective, which are not necessarily concordant between them. On the one hand, the physical intersexuation, being characterized by a variation of the genital development (V. G. D.) is analyzed like nonan agreement of the objective components of the sex, i.e., all those which depend on a biological determinism. In addition, the psychic intersexuation, otherwise called transsexualism, or dysphorie of kind, implies only one discordance between the objective components and the subjective component, the psychosocial sex. In other words, the person is biologically of a determined sex, but it feels to belong to the other sex.These two states have authority to call into question the place of the sex in the acts of the civil status on two levels. On a side, the people known as “intersexes” will make us wonder about the true value of the civil status if this last does not take into account the variation in its statings. This interrogation seems to be countered by certain practices medical, which, under the constraint at the same time of the parents and the binary company, assigns young people intersexes in the days which follow the birth, while at the same time any medical need does not come to justify this act. Other side, the people transsexuals call into question the bases of the state of the people and in particular the principle of immutability.Moreover, the certainty on the sex in Right are upset by the development of the basic rights resulting from an interpretation increasingly broader of article 8 of the C.E.D.H. Thus, rises from the right to the respect of the private life, the right to the personal blooming, which itself made possible the emergence of the rights relating to the identity, of which gender identity. They are divided into two entities with on the one hand, the right to construction of the gender identity and other, the right to its recognition.All these considerations made transfer the mission of the civil status, which does not fulfill only any more one identifying mission and of civil police for the benefit of the State and the general interest, but which becomes the privileged place of the identity claims, for the benefit of individuals. Consequently, the kind becomes allowed in Right, more especially as the C.E.D.H. positions in favour of the development of this second mission.Taking into consideration these element, we can affirm that a reform of the mention of the sex to the civil status is convenient, would be this only to avoid the probable judgments of the European Court. This reform should ensure the respect due to the private life of the people in a state of intersexuation so much by limiting the stigmatizing situations of which they could be victims. It could in addition, to take two forms according to whether it would be placed in favour of an abandonment or installation of a new mention. On the first assumption, a neutralization of the sex would be considered and could take two forms. The first is analyzed in a total neutralization, i.e., that no mention of the sex appears on the acts of the civil status. The second partial insofar as the sex would be a hidden mention, or would be rationalized, with the assistance of novel methods of identification, like biometrics

This thesis sets out to do mainly two things. On the one hand, I wish to provide an overview of scholarship on natural metalanguage. On the other, I want to tackle some of the most interesting problems that emerge from the recent literature on the subject. As far as my first goal is concerned, I discuss the origin of the term and the notion of 'metalanguage' in logic (Ch 1); I review and criticise the various theories of mention or quotation (Ch 2, 4, 5) because these are the main theoretical upshot, in the area of the study of natural languages, of the logicians' discussions of metalanguage. As for the second goal, I discuss the problems linked to the reference of quotational sequences (Ch 4); I devise a typology of metalinguistic utterances (Ch 6), based on a conception of semantics and pragmatics that is set out in Ch 3; I examine where a natural metalanguage "fits" with respect to the rest of the language and review a number of concerns regarding, notably, the infiniteness of the lexicon (Ch 7); I explore some of the issues raised by complex cases of alleged simultaneous use and mention (Ch 8).

The goal I have pursued in writing this dissertation has been to provide the most complete account that I could manage of the various aspects of language that can be labelled metalinguistic, both in the language-system and in discourse. On a rough characterisation, metalanguage is language about language. Since I understand language both as a ‘potential’ (the language-system) and as its actualisation (language as discourse), there are theoretically four situations that can be subsumed under the term ‘metalanguage’: 1. there are lexical items (units in the system) that denote aspects of the system (preposition, noun, conjugation, plural, etc.); 2. there are items that denote elements of discourse (words and phrases like the aforementioned, the latter, etc.). At the same time, there are 3. utterances about the system (e.g. ‘Boston’ is a noun), and 4. utterances about discourse (i.e. about other utterances or parts of utterances, e.g. The old cow said teddible instead of terrible). In both 3 and 4, we have words that reflexively mention linguistic sequences. Following Rey-Debove, I have chosen to call these ‘autonyms’.Note also that discourse about language can be combined with discourse about extralinguistic reality. An utterance about a situation in the world can secondarily say something, for example, about language use; such is the case in The U.S. advocates ‘military action’, as newspapermen call it now, where a comment about a euphemism is appended to a statement about ‘the world’.All in all, this amounts to a fairly large body of data that is varied in kind. My goal has been to bring some order to this variegated set, to highlight in what respects its elements are similar and dissimilar. Thus, I have sought to sort out a number of issues that had not, as far as I could judge, been treated satisfactorily on previous occasions, and to make my descriptions compatible with the theory that was gradually taking shape. In particular, I have underlined the strong connections between the system-level aspects of metalanguage and its discourse manifestations, and I have been led to suggest that the latter ‘leak into’ the system. Besides, I have tried to give a more thorough account of certain properties of metalinguistic discourse, notably the recursiveness of mention or quotation, and its referential diversity. When I felt that I had come to an adequate account of metalinguistic discourse, I have attempted to supply a typology of its various manifestations that would integrate most of the criteria brought up in previous attempts. In the final part of the dissertation, I have brought together what I regard as a series of genuine challenges to the best existing theories of metalinguistic discourse, and have attempted to frame what possible solutions could be.THINGS IN SENTENCES, INFINITE LEXICON? P-ÊÊ UNE CODA APRÈS RECA + CHAPTER 8***The very notion of metalanguage originated in formal logic in the first half of the 20th c. Soon, some of the concepts developed by logicians were taken over by philosophers of language (and subsequently by a few linguists). That was notably the case with the distinction between the use and the mention of a linguistic sequence; use designating the ordinary, transparent, employment of an expression to denote something outside language and mention its being chosen as a topic for discussion. When the subject came under the scrutiny of philosophers of language, the essentially prescriptive approach of the logician (the logician decreed which features his languages and metalanguages should possess), was turned into an attempt at describing actual linguistic mechanisms. It is in this tradition that I situate myself.Philosophers of language have turned out to be particularly interested in quotation (the mention of linguistic expressions), but I have thought it useful to introduce a term that covered not just quotation, but also mention-without-quote-marks, as well as hybrid cases like example 5. This term is reflexive metalinguistic demonstration, but for convenience’ sake I shall make do with metalinguistic demonstration.In Chapter 2, I have examined in detail the main theories of metalinguistic demonstration put forward in the course of the 20th c. namely the Name, Description, Demonstrative and Identity theories. In the process, I have been able to gradually identify the various properties of metalinguistic demonstrations that should be regarded as essential. And I have also formed a clearer idea of the body of data that a theory should be able to account for. In the end, I have been able to outline what I believe is a sound theory of metalinguistic demonstrations. This theory is chiefly informed by the proposals of François Recanati (2000, 2001), supplemented with insights of Paul Saka (1998), both of whom are indebted to the Demonstrative and Identity accounts.My reasons for using Recanati (2001) as the backbone of my own theory are the following. Recanati has successfully drawn the line between two types of meaning conveyed by metalinguistic demonstrations, namely ‘pictorial’ and ‘conventional linguistic’ meaning, something that had not been done with that clarity before. Besides, he has had the wisdom to give up the standard assumption that all metalinguistic demonstrations are referential, an assumption that inevitably led to theoretical dead ends. Moreover, drawing on the first two insights, Recanati has also separated out the syntactic and pragmatic aspects that were often confused in previous approaches.There is no doubt that the theory put forward by Recanati in 2001 is the most empirically adequate that can be found in the literature. Besides, it also accounts for an impressive range of key properties. Still, there are two interesting properties that received very little attention from Recanati, that is, referential diversity and recursiveness. Though Paul Saka has argued in favour of both in a 1998 paper, I believe his defence to have been somewhat clumsy. And therefore I have tried to offer more convincing evidence in favour of these properties.Let’s start with ReferenceAs Recanati has shown, not all metalinguistic demonstrations are referential expressions. But there is one aspect of reference that he says very little about: the sort or sorts of referents that a referential autonym can have. The theory implicitly suggests that autonyms can only refer to types. (Many writers have claimed more robustly and more explicitlythat there was only one sort of referents for autonyms, always either types or classes of tokens).I hold this view to be incorrect. As I’ve indicated in Chapter 4 of the thesis, I believe that several sorts of referents must be distinguished. Let us have a few examples:Run is a verbRun has three lettersShe said, “I ain’t EVER gonna tell ya”The first refers to a lexeme, since the predicate applies to runs, ran, running, as well.The second, only to a form (since not true of running or runs).Both could still be said to be abstract objects, and one might wish to call these ‘types’.The third, however, well and truly seems to refer to a token, the particular utterance produced by the woman behind she, witness the mimicry involved in the direct speech report.In my discussion of the next property, I offer a further argument in favour of referential diversity.2. Metalinguistic demonstrations can be iterated (repeated), a property usually described as recursiveness, and which has given rise to some controversies. Some demonstrativists, notably Cappelen & Lepore, because they hold the interior of a quotation to be semantically inert, have rejected the idea of recursiveness. I think, however, that their rejection comes from their failure to discern several types of recursiveness. In my dissertation, I have distinguished three; I shall only sketch two here.“ ‘Boston’ ” is an autonym.Typographical recursiveness: hardly very interesting, since it is a mechanical operation that can be repeated at will.The next pair of examples throws a more interesting light on the matter:‘Boston’ is a six-letter word.In each utterance of the previous example, “ ‘Boston’ ” is used to refer to an orthographic formBoston enclosed in two pairs of quote marks refers to particular tokens of Boston in a single pair of quote marks, as are produced when uttering a token of the first sentence, ‘Boston’ is a six-letter word. In each utterance of that sentence, the subject, ‘Boston’, itself refers, this time to the name Boston. This means that we have a situation in which an autonym refers to another autonym which also refers: reference here is iterated.This is actually no problem for the assumption of the inertness of the interior of the quotation, because reference is directed outwards: the interior of the quotation itself (the token displayed) remains inert. Note that referential recursiveness is only possible when one has a meta-quotation that refers to a token that is itself a referential autonym. This confirms the need for the theory to accommodate reference to particular tokens.I have made further use of the theory of metalinguistic demonstrations in Chapter 6 of the thesis, which is devoted to sketching a typology of metalinguistic demonstrations. In this connection, I have tried to bring together different types of discriminating factors that had been used in previous classifications (syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, typographical, lexical). These did not seem to be compatible from the outset, but then I realised that they might perhaps all be integrated into a single typology if I adopted an interpreter’s perspective. I reflected that that perspective provided a criterion for determining which characteristics of metalinguistic demonstrations would count as relevant variables for a typology: only those that made a ‘difference for the interpreter’ (i.e. affected his/her interpretative processes) would be retained.I also took advanatge of the general theory for the interpretation of utterances that has been set out in some recent publications, notably by Bach and Recanati (and which I outline in Chapter 3 of the thesis), and eventually reached what I regard as a decent result. Moreover, I also made a couple of interesting discoveries. The first one is that quite a bit of the interpretation of an utterance takes place at a ‘pre-interpretative’ level, that is, befor a sentence has been clearly identified (disambiguated). In particular, there are significant pictorial aspects of metalinguistic demonstrations that enter into the disambiguation process rather than into interpretation proper. The second one is that there is an impressive number of aspects of meaning that are linked to the speaker’s intentions, and should theoretically require access to the wide context of an utterance to be processed, that can be accessed at very low (semantic) levels of interpretation.In the final part of this presentation, I wish to examine a couple of instances of hybridity that face the theory with a more serious challenge than example 5 on the first slide. That example was easily explained in terms of simultaneous use and mention (the standard account in the literature): the same sequence, military action, was used ordinarily and, secondarily, demonstrated as being a particular form of euphemism. Other hybrids, on the other hand, do not lend themselves to such an analysis in a straightforward way. The first example I wish to bring up raises an interesting problem in connection with the notion of grammaticality:Robbe-Grillet describes himself in his introduction as “volontiers professeur de moi-même”.This can be rewritten as a pair of sentences, one for use the other for mention. We get:Use :Robbe-Grillet describes himself in his introduction as volontiers professeur de moi-même.Mention :Robbe-Grillet uses the expression “volontiers professeur de moi-même”.Although the mention line raises no special issues, there are great doubts as to the grammaticality of the ordinary-use line: a language-shift occurs in the middle of the sentence, and is not signalled by any marker, unlike in the initial hybrid. Though Recanati’s framework allows for language-shifts, and could therefore be relied on to argue that the correct interpretation can be ascribed to the French words in the example, it does not state rules determining at which spot in an utterance such a shift is acceptable grammatically. In other words, it says nothing about the possibility of a grammar that would straddle English and French. Fortunately, the idea of such grammars is supported by the limited research that has been carried out about code-switching. So, there may be theoretical backing for the assumption that the use line may after all be grammatical (with respect to a hybrid grammar).Note that these remarks are valid, I believe, not just for the use line of the twofold paraphrase, but for the initial hybrid too. Indeed, it is not clear — though some would be ready to say so — that the presence of quote marks is enough to alter the grammaticality of an utterance.Note also that an example like the previous one is a reminder of an essential fact about the work of language scholars: they start out to describe and/or explain some empirical data they find significant. But as things get more complicated, they must continually make decisions as to what must be acknowledged as relevant data for their research. Every step of the way, there may be a temptation to dismiss data — in the present case, on grounds of ungrammaticality — because these data threaten the validity of the theory being devised. Here, thanks to an analogy with grammatical accounts of code-switching, a case can be made for the grammaticality of utterances like the one under consideration. It is these kinds of extensions that broaden the linguist’s horizons and make research worthwhile.The second example I wish to examine raises interesting issues concerning iconicity. Though I have said nothing about it so far, iconicity is perhaps the single most important notion in any discussion of metalinguistic demonstration. In a nutshell, the basic assumption about ‘how such a demonstration makes sense’ is that the tokens displayed in a mentioning utterance are iconically related to the target of the demonstration. Iconicity can initially be understood as a matter of formal resemblance (cf the first batch of examples on Slide 1). The following example shows that the notion must be made more flexble than that:Descartes said that man “is a thinking substance”.Use: Descartes said that man is a thinking substance.Mention: Descartes said “is a thinking substance”.It can be seen that the mention line of the paraphrase is truth-conditionally incorrect: Descartes did not produce a token of is a thinking substance, since he was writing in Latin, not English. What Descartes said was est res cogitans. This might be taken to imply that the relation between the English tokens displayed and the Latin target is not a matter of iconicity. I would, with several other writers, suggest another direction: There is iconicity in this example, but the concept must be understood to be flexible and adaptable to contextual constraints. I believe such a conception to be necessary if one wants to be able to account for metalinguistic demonstrations within a single explanatory framework. There are too many instances of quotations that are not supported by formal identity to maintain a rigid notion of iconicity. I have added a last example on the slideConclusionAlthough I originally aspired to a comprehensive survey of things metalinguistic, I cannot but concede that there are still multiple aspects of the reflexive use of language that need looking into. I believe, however, that I have been able to shed some light on some areas of the debate. For instance, I believe that my discussion of the recursiveness and referential diversity of autonyms goes one step further than previous discussions. In particular, I hope to have been able to show convincingly that, contrary to a widespread opinion, an autonym can refer to various object, notably individual tokens. When these results are added to an excellent theory like Recanati’s, one ends up with a powerful explanatory apparatus. Moreover, this apparatus has the added advantage that it can easily be integrated into the general theory for the interpretation of utterances which I have alluded to before.I have taken advantage of this compatibility to outline my interpreter’s typology of metalinguistic demonstrations. Whether that effort was entirely successful or not, I think it has incidentally provided an excellent testing ground for the general theory. If only in that respect, the attempt was worth a try, since it shed light on the importance of pre-interpretative processes and on the conventional encoding of aspects of meaning that are otherwise heavily dependent on speaker’s intentions.Finally, I believe that the work doen in Chapter 8 has brought to the fore a number of question that deserve to be investigated at greater length in future. There are still dark areas in the study of world/language hybrids, but there also more general questions, e.g. regarding grammaticality and iconicity that need looking into.<br>Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation langue et littérature<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This paper examines social protection policy processes in fragile and conflict-affected settings (FCAS). It explores what the policies of donor governments, aid agencies, and crisis-affected governments reveal about the politics of assistance during crises, and how aid agencies are navigating tensions between humanitarian and development approaches to social assistance. It finds that social protection policies are prone to conflict blindness. Commitments to state-building often ignore dilemmas inherent in supporting states that are parties to ongoing conflicts and the political rather than technical challenges involved. Government social protection policies in FCAS often make little mention of the fact that war or conflict are taking place.

Demography studies the characteristics of populations. One such characteristic is well-being: this was the subject of the 2019 Wittgenstein Conference. Here, I discuss how objective well-being domains can be summarised to produce an overall well-being score, and how taking self-reported (subjective) well-being into account may help in this effort. But given that there is more than one type of subjective well-being score, we would want to know which one is “best”. We would also need to decide whose well-being counts, or counts more than that of others. Finally, I briefly mention the potential role of adaptation and social comparisons in the calculation of societal well-being.

Full information maximum likelihood (FIML) is an important approach to compensating for nonresponse in data analysis. Unfortunately, only a few software packages implement FIML and even fewer have the capability to compensate for missing not at random (MNAR) nonresponse. One of these packages is Statistical Innovations’ Latent GOLD; however, the user documentation for Latent GOLD provides no mention of this capability. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance for fitting MNAR FIML models for categorical data items using the Latent GOLD 5.0 software. By way of comparison, we also provide guidance on fitting FIML models for nonresponse missing at random (MAR) using the methods of Fuchs (1982) and Fay (1986), who incorporated item nonresponse indicators within a structural modeling framework. We compare both FIML for MAR and FIML for MNAR nonresponse models for independent and dependent variables. Also, we provide recommendations for future applications of FIML using Latent GOLD.

The world economy has been punctuated by uncertainty as a result of the 2008 subprime crisis, the European sovereign debt crisis, Brexit, and the 2016 US presidential elections, to mention but a few of the reasons. This study explores how the UK real exchange rate reacts to economic policy uncertainty (EPU) shocks using monthly data for the period 1998 to 2020. We contribute to the literature by identifying the long-run and short-run impacts of EPU using a cointegrated ARDL model, and by studying a country that has been through periods of both relatively low and high uncertainty. Results confirm that EPU has an important effect in the long run by depreciating the exchange rate. In addition to urging policymakers and regulators to concentrate on the sometimes difficult task of keeping policy uncertainty to a minimum as a way of sustaining exchange rate stability and thus promoting long-term economic growth, further evidence is provided on exchange rate fundamentals.

The need for a managed transition away from fossil fuel production raises the question of whether and how countries are addressing this need in their national communications to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A previous 2019 analysis of the first round of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and long-term, low-emissions development strategies (LT-LEDS) found that few countries discussed how they would address fossil fuel production as part of their climate mitigation activities. Here, we examine new and updated NDCs and LT-LEDS, finding a growing number of NDCs and LT-LEDS that address fossil fuel production as part of mitigation. For the first time, several countries incorporate policies and/ or pathways for a managed decline of fossil fuel production. In contrast, many others foresee continued or expanded fossil fuel production, with no mention of efforts to prepare for a transition. Opportunities remain for countries to make better use of NDCs and LT-LEDS to align fossil fuel production with the Paris Agreement, including by more comprehensively reflecting on the equity implications of their plans, as well as addressing how countries plan to diversify their economies, ensure a just transition for workers, and cooperate internationally on a managed wind-down of fossil fuel supply. As COP26 approaches, this window of opportunity is still open, but it is rapidly closing.

California’s Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF), signed into law in 2013, centers equity as a key to increased and improved services for three targeted student subgroups, including English Learners (ELs), low-income students, and foster youth. As a component of LCFF, districts develop Local Control and Accountability Plans (LCAPs) to specify their goals and strategies for using LCFF funds for equity and continuous improvement purposes. The California Model Five by Five Grid Placement Report (Spring 2017 Dashboard) included the Five by Five Placement Grid, a key function of which is to identify the needs of diverse ELs. The Dashboard and the LCAPs are two policy mechanisms with great promise in combining school finance and accountability reform to promote equity and coherent state-wide. In this report, Lavadenz and colleagues review the EL policy context and examine the connection between the two contemporary policy mechanisms in California, namely the Year 4 LCAP and the California Department of Education’s Accountability Model (Spring 2017 Dashboard). The authors use a sample of 26 California school districts with high numbers/percentages of ELs and conclude that California’s current accountability system diminishes the urgency to respond to educational needs of the English Learner subgroup and undermines the equity intent of the LCFF. Few promising practices and assets-based approaches were identified in the LCAPs, and there is minimal mention of metrics focused on EL outcomes. The authors provide recommendations at state, county office of education and district levels.

I am delighted to welcome you to the 13th edition of the Association of Anaesthetists’ Trainee Handbook. The main objective of the handbook is to offer trainees a comprehensive resource as you navigate your way through your career. A vast array of high-quality authors have been commissioned to write about their specialist field or area of knowledge. Whatever path you choose to take, I believe you will find useful sections within this handbook. Training within anaesthesia is constantly evolving. As I write this foreword, a new training curriculum is being implemented. To reflect the changes ahead, this handbook is not only fully interactive but also a live document. Thus, it will be updated at regular intervals to ensure information remains accurate and relevant. Although this handbook is designed for you to dip in and out of, I strongly encourage you to read the chapters about taking care of yourself. Training is a challenging time, but here at the Association of Anaesthetists we are dedicated to supporting our trainee members. I would like to personally thank all the authors who contributed to this handbook. A special mention of thanks to my fellow Trainee Committee members, Sally El-Ghazali and Rhys Clyburn, as well as the countless Association staff who have made this publication possible. I welcome any feedback you may have, therefore please feel free to contact the Trainee Committee via email trainees@anaesthetists.org or Twitter @Anaes_Trainees Finally, good luck in your career – I hope this handbook helps you along the way! Satinder Dalay Elected Member, Association of Anaesthetists Trainee Co