Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Merací volant'
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Papp, Tomáš. "Konstrukční návrh měřicího volantu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231766.
Full textPicquout, Adrien. "Impacts géographiques de l'éruption de 2010 du volcan Merapi, Java, Indonésie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010581/document.
Full textOn October 26th 2010, the Merapi volcano, the most populated and active volcano on the Java Island in Indonesia, began erupting. During several months, the volcano's activity grew exponentially and scientists were expecting an exceptional eruption. Their predictions got confirmed as a blast ran through a distance of 8 km, partially destructed two villages (that got evacuated) and killed mbah Marijan, the « Volcano's keys guardian » and his entourage. As a consequence, the cultural balance of the region got disrupted for a while. In the following days, the volcano's activity kept increasing and mass evacuations were organized. The paroxysmal eruption of Merapi occurred in the night of November 4th to 5th 2010, while tens of thousands of villagers were running away from the volcano. Powerful pyroclastic flows ran down its flanks, killing and destroying everything on their way over a maximum distance of 17 km. During that night, over 250 people were killed and thousands were injured. The agricultural sector suffered from heavy losses as many crops and livestock were lost. The tourism industry in the region experienced a chain reaction of impacts generated by the closure of Yogyakarta airport. The thesis offers to make a transversal and systemic study of these impacts by analyzing how the government and people recovered from the eruption and how they are to face a future crisis caused by the Merapi
Selles, Adrien. "Multi-disciplinary study on the hydrogeological behaviour of the Eastern flank of the Merapi Volcano, Central Java, Indonesia." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066690.
Full textThe current knowledge on the hydrogeological behavior of the volcano-detritic edifices is still sparse and these lacks limit the attempting of water resource management. Since a decade, on the flanks of Merapi volcano, in Central Java, Indonesia, an increasing pressure is done on the water resource with the intensification of the irrigated agriculture practices, the growth of population and the water industrial uses. The lack of knowledge about the water cycle processes by the consumers triggers water use conflicts and the water sharing becomes a central issue. A most accurate understanding of the water cycle in its globality in this kind of context is hence a fundamental point that need to be improved.This work has been focused on the characterization of groundwater resource thought the identification of the extent, the geometry and hydrodynamic properties of the aquifers/aquitards multi-layered system at the experimental catchment scale on the Eastern flank of Merapi volcano. To cover all the processes involved into the groundwater circulation, a multi-disciplinary approach has been chosen.A new geological and geomorphological approach is performed to characterize the internal structure and the deposit architecture on this zone of the Eastern flank of the Merapi. Based on these results, a geological and geomorphological conceptual model has been built and insists on the channelized detritic formations connected from the upper parts to the low lands through the volcanic edifice and that create preferential groundwater path ways.The climate characterization with the estimation of the water balance terms and the description of main hydrological processes are described with the monitoring of two hydrological years (2011-2012 and 2012- 2013). The tropical climate of this region is characterized by seasonal monsoon (November to May) and dry season (June to October). The global water balance can be distributed as follow: 40% of rainfall are lost by evapotranspiration, 10% runs off and the remaining half infiltrates through the volcano-detritic edifice to recharge the multi-layered aquifers.The hydrogeological functioning of a complex volcano-detritic environment is explained through the implementation of hydrogeological, hydrochemical and geochemical monitoring on inventoried springs and wells. Two spring belts are described, the first one is characterized by depression spring along a topographic line while a normal fault is probably at the origin of the second one. The identification of a multi-layered aquifer systems has been done based on the determination of the spring water temperature as a relevant tracers of the recharge elevation and the groundwater circulations. The hydraulic properties of these aquifers have been investigated from the analysis of hydraulic tests. Results show a low permeable aquifer close to the surface with a local recharge while a second aquifer system with high permeability and regional recharge is located deeper. The tracer temperature shows a mixing effect between the first and the second aquifers in the springs at low elevation. This phenomenon is confirmed by the isotope analysis.The application of a coupled numerical model between flow circulation, first mass transfer and second heat transfer confirms the hydrogeological conceptual model of volcano-sedimentary edifice and allows to quantify the water resource
Setiawan, Ari. "Modeling of Gravity Changes on Merapi Volcano." Phd thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/362/17/cv.pdf.
Full textSolikhin, Akhmad. "Geology, tectonics and post-2001 eruptive activity interpreted from high-spatial resolution satellite imagery : the case study of Merapi and Seremu volcanoes, Indonesia." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22559/document.
Full textRemote sensing has long been recognized as a tool for analysis at active and hazardous volcanoes because it can augment our understanding of the processes that underlie volcanic activity so as enable us to apply this understanding to volcanic risk reduction. This thesis presents a volcanological study using High-Spatial Resolution optical images (IKONOS, Pléiades, GeoEye, Quickbird and SPOT5 satellites), radar data (ALOS-PALSAR sensor) and thermal (ASTER satellite and MODIS hot spot) images. In association with DEMs and low-altitude aerial photographs, remote sensing techniques have been applied for tracing the evolution of activity at Semeru and Merapi, two of the most active and densely populated volcanoes in Java, Indonesia. This remotely sensing-based study has unraveled structures, geological features and erupted deposits of both volcanoes and has improved the existing hazard assessment after their most recent eruptions. The thesis also presents the first advance towards deciphering possible interactions between regional tectonic earthquakes and renewed stages of eruptive activity of Merapi and Semeru volcanoes based on the analysis of volcanic hotspots detected by the MODVOLC technique. The geological map of Semeru is updated, including additional data derived from the interpretation of the most recent satellite images, aerial photographs, DEM analysis and fieldwork. The post-2001 eruptive activity at Semeru, including the large PDC-forming eruption in 2002-2003 and uncommon lava flow eruptions in 2010-2014 are investigated. The fact that Semeru has produced several lava flows from the central summit vent between 2010 and 2014 may herald a profound change in eruption style for the first time since at least 1967. At the time of writing, a dome-fed coulée in the Jonggring-Seloko crater continues to grow and lava flows are extending to distances of >2 km down Semeru's SE-scar; their fronts may collapse and produce large-volume pyroclastic density currents (PDCs), perhaps exceeding the average (1967-2007) volume range of 3 to 6.5 million m3. Future dome-collapse PDCs may travel farther down the main SE scar and can spill over its lowermost rims towards the southwest and eastward radiating drainage network. The 26 October-23 November 2010 eruption was the Merapi’s largest event since 1872 (it attained VEI=4). The interpretation of HSR images shows that due to the explosive eruptions, the summit area lost about 10 x 106m3 and the SSE-trending Gendol Breach enlarged to reach 1.3 x 0.3 x 0.2 km in size. The new, enlarged and deep summit crater including the 2010 lava dome is extremely unstable having been weakened by the post-2010 explosive events. This instability is a result of the steep Gendol Breach below the mouth of the crater and the steep and unstable crater walls. The 2010 Merapi pyroclastic and lahar deposits have been identified by applying several classification methods to HSR optical images and dual-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. The results show the ability of remotely sensed data to capture the extent and impacts of pristine deposits shortly after emplacement and before any reworking, and highlight the purpose of using high-spatial resolution imagery and SAR data on persistently active volcanoes where access for field survey is often impossible. The 2010 tephra and PDC deposits covered ca. 26 km2 in two catchments of Gendol and Opak Rivers on Merapi’s south flank, i.e. 60-75% of the total PDC deposit area and a total bulk volume of 45 x 106m3. The tephra-fall deposit covered an area of ca. 1300 km2 with a volume range of 18-21 x 106m3. Volumes of these deposits were estimated using the areas determined from remote sensing data and deposit thickness measured in the field. (...)
Penginderaan jauh telah lama dikenal sebagai suatu alat untuk analisis di gunungapi aktif dan berbahaya karena dapat meningkatkan pemahaman kita tentang proses yang mendasari aktivitas gunung berapi sehingga memungkinkan kita untuk menerapkan pemahaman ini dalam pengurangan risiko erupsi gunungapi. Disertasi ini menyajikan studi vulkanologi menggunakan citra satelit optik resolusi tinggi (IKONOS, Pléiades, GeoEye, Quickbird dan SPOT5), data radar (ALOS-PALSAR sensor) dan citra termal (satelit ASTER dan hotspot MODIS). Dalam kaitannya dengan DEM dan foto udara, teknik penginderaan jauh telah diterapkan untuk melihat evolusi aktivitas di Semeru dan Merapi, dua gunung berapi yang paling aktif dengan kepadatan penduduk yang tinggi terletak di Pulau Jawa, Indonesia. Studi berbasis penginderaan jauh ini telah mengkaji struktur, fitur geologi dan material erupsi dari kedua gunungapi tersebut dan telah mempertajam penilaian bahaya yang ada setelah erupsi terkini. Disertasi ini juga menyajikan kemajuan awal dalam menafsirkan kemungkinan interaksi antara gempa tektonik regional dan aktivitas gunungapi Merapi dan Semeru berdasarkan analisis hotspot vulkanik yang terdeteksi oleh MODVOLC. Peta geologi Semeru telah diperbaharui dengan memasukkan data tambahan yang berasal dari interpretasi citra satelit terbaru, foto udara, analisis DEM dan data lapangan. Aktivitas erupsi pasca-2001 di Semeru, termasuk erupsi dengan aliran pirokastik (Pyroclastic Density Current/PDC) besar pada tahun 2002-2003 dan erupsi tidak biasa dengan aliran lava pada 2010-2014, telah dikaji. Fakta bahwa Semeru telah menghasilkan beberapa aliran lava dari kawah di puncak antara tahun 2010 dan 2014, mengindikasikan perubahan besar dalam gaya erupsi untuk pertama kalinya setidaknya sejak 1967. Pada saat penulisan disertasi ini, sebuah kubah lava (Coulée) di kawah Jonggring- Seloko terus tumbuj dan aliran lava yang memanjang hingga jarak >2 km arah tenggara Semeru; ujung lava kemungkinan dapat runtuh dan menghasilkan aliran piroklastik yang mungkin melebihi volume rata-rata (tahun 1967 hingga 2007) dalam kisaran 3-6.5 juta m3. Aliran piroklastik yang akan datang mungkin mengalir sepanjang gawir utama ke arah tenggara dan dapat menyebar melampaui lereng paling bawah ke arah barat daya dan ke arah timur menyebar ke jaringan drainase. Erupsi yang terjadi pada 26 Oktober-23 November 2010 adalah erupsi terbesar Merapi (mencapai VEI 4) sejak 1872. Interpretasi citra resolusi tinggi menunjukkan bahwa daerah puncak kehilangan batuannya sekitar 10 juta m3 akibat erupsi eksplosif. Erupsi juga memperbesar “Gendol Breach” dengan orientasi tenggara menjadi berukuran 1.3x0.3x0.2 km. Kawah puncak yang baru, diperbesar dan dalam, termasuk juga kubah lava tahun 2010 sangat tidak stabil dan telah diperlemah oleh beberapa erupsi eksplosif pasca-2010. Ketidakstabilan ini diakibatkan oleh curamnya Gendol Breach di bawah mulut kawah dan kondisi dinding kawah yang curam dan tidak stabil. Deposit piroklastik dan lahar diidentifikasi dengan menerapkan beberapa metode klasifikasi terhadap citra optik resolusi tinggi dan data dual-polarisasi Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Hasilnya menunjukkan kemampuan data penginderaan jauh untuk merekam jangkauan dan dampak dari deposit murni sesaat setelah pengendapan dan sebelum proses erosi, serta menyoroti tujuan penggunaan citra resolusi tinggi dan data SAR di gunungapi sangat aktif dengan akses untuk survei lapangan sering kali tidak memungkinkan. Endapan tephra dan PDC menutupi area sekitar 26 km2 di dua DAS, Kali Gendol dan Opak, di sisi selatan Merapi, atau 60-75% dari total luas endapan PDC, dan total volume 45 juta m3. Deposit tephra jatuh menutupi area seluas sekitar 1.300 km2 dengan volume 18-21 juta m3. Volume endapan vulkanik ini diestimasi menggunakan informasi luas yang ditentukan dari data penginderaan jauh dan ketebalan yang diukur di lapangan. (...)
Gouzillon, de Bélizal de Édouard. "Les corridors de lahars du Merapi (Java, Indonésie) : des espaces entre risque et ressource : contribution à la géographie des risques du volcan Merapi." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010743.
Full textLavigne, Franck. "Les lahars du volcan Merapi, Java central, Indonésie." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF20003.
Full textThe present work is a study of geomorphology and risks associated with lahars (volcanic debris flows or mudflows) at the merapi volcano area, central java (indonesia). The aims of the study are twofold: 1) to understand the triggering and flow processes; 2) to improve the surveillance and warning systems in lahar-prone areas. The first part of this dissertation describes the study area (the highly populated island of java and the merapi volcano) and presents the research topic (lahar, which is an intricate object of investigation) and methods, based on instrument sourced data and field data. The second part of the dissertation is a thematic presentation of the research results at mt merapi. Lahar triggering is complex. Triggering rainfall thresholds vary widely over space and time, and is mainly influenced by the synoptic origin of rainfall. This part also deals with the sedimentary budget and geomorphological changes within the boyong channel. The denudation rate at merapi is one of the highest in the world, due to the high frequency of lahars. Only 10% of the erosion takes place at less than 1000m in elevation, which indicates that the bulking factor of lahar is poor, due to a rapid reduction of sediment and great variations of sediment concentration during the flow. The main differentiating feature comes from the presence of transient and unsteady phases within the lahar, which often alternates with normal streamflow. The third part of this dissertation is dedicated to lahar hazard and risk zonation. Two methods are proposed: the first one is micro-zonation. The results are six detailed hazard-zone maps for flooding and lahar at the 1/10,000 scale in rural areas and 1/2,000 scale within yogyakarta city. The second method is based on a gis, which includes hazards, vulnerability assessment of property and qualitative appraisal of factors relating to peoples vulnerability
Budi, Santoso Agus. "The seismic activity associated with the large 2010 eruption of Merapi volcano, Java : source location, velocity variation, and forecasting." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU003/document.
Full textThe 2010 eruption of Merapi is the first large explosive eruption of the volcano that has been instrumentally observed. In this work, we study the eruption precursors and the pre-eruptive volcano behaviour by linking seismic features with other available observations. The main characteristics of the seismic activity during the 2010 crisis, including the chronology of seismicity, the spatio-temporal evolution of earthquake source positions and the seismic velocity changes, are presented. By performing absolute and relative locations, we obtain evidences of aseismic zones which are consistent with earlier studies and are interpreted as more ductile zones. Magma migration from the deep to the shallow part of the conduit through the upper aseismic zone is revealed by an upward shift of the hypocenters. We analyse the seismic energy quantified by RSAM calculated for several frequency bands. These functions display clear accelerations in the last few weeks before the eruption. This behaviour is used to perform hindsight eruption forecasting with the Material Failure Forecast method (FFM). The onset of the first eruption is estimated with a good precision. We propose an original method of event detection based on energy ratio. Using this method and waveform correlation, we identify 10 families of similar earthquakes. The seismic multiplets are located either below or above the upper aseismic zone and are composed of either volcano-tectonic or low-frequency events. Some of the clusters were active during several months before the eruptive crisis while a family that includes 119 repeating events appeared 20 hours before the eruption onset. Seismic velocity variations associated mainly with magmatic activity are estimated using the coda of both multiplets and noise cross correlation functions. These variations display strong temporal and spatial variability of their amplitude and sign. Although they cannot be described by a unique simple trend, these velocity variations can be considered as an eruption precursor. Using the preceding results together with other observations, we determine the specific features associated with the large explosive eruption of 2010. Furthermore, we propose a chronological scenario of the pre-eruptive activity of Merapi 2010 unrest
Kelfoun, Karim. "Processus de croissance et de déstabilisation des dômes de lave du volcan Merapi (Java centrale, Indonésie) : Modélisations numériques des dômes, dynamique des écoulements pyroclastiques associés et surveillance par stéréo-photogrammétrie." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF21132.
Full textRatdomopurbo, Antonius. "Étude sismologique du volcan Merapi et formation du dome de 1994." Grenoble 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10064.
Full textByrdina, Svetlana. "Anomalous Self-Potential variations related to activity of Merapi volcano (Central Java)." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GLOB0006.
Full textThe thesis is devoted to the analysis of the continuous Self-Potential (SP) monitoring date registered on Merapi volcano, with the purpose to identify related to volcanic activity SP signals. The comparison between SP and meteorolopical parameters shows that the most prominent features in the SP data are produced by rain water infiltration and air pressure. Special techniques of data processing were developed to reduce the meteorological influence on the SP. To identify the signals associated with volcanic activity, the SP time series were compared to broadband seismicity. A statistically stable relationship was found between anomalous SP signals and ultra-long-period (ULP) seismicity with dominant periods <100s. In contrast, the anomalies were not present in ground temperature data nor in SP data recorded 1km from the summit. The occurrence of SP anomalies associated with ULP-seismicity might be caused by the electro-kinetic effect of fluid flow in subsurface near the lava dome
Jousset, Philippe. "Microgravimetrie et gravimetrie en volcanologie : methodologie et application au volcan merapi, java, indonesie." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA077225.
Full textMartinez, Adeline. "Une construction « volcanique » de l’espace social : analyse anthropologique de la réinstallation post-catastrophe d’un village des hautes terres du volcan Merapi (Java, Indonésie)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0684.
Full textBased on a thirty month ethnographic survey, this thesis focuses on a resettlement process of a Merapi volcano upland village (central Java in Indonesia) following the eruption of 2010. Through diachronic and synchronic approach of this process, this thesis shows that beyond social changes, socio-spatial reconfigurations, economic and political issues raised by the implementation of the resettlement program by the Indonesian government, significant elements of the village social space have been maintained : permanence of residential proximity relations, maintenance of organization and social unity, maintenance of relationswith the former village territory and with the surrounding forest, similar ritual spatial anchorage. This continuity, several years after the resettlement, highlights the existence of specific modes of territoriality related to the volcano. These modes are part of a long ecological history, of the history of relations with the central power and the traditional regional power as well as of a specific relationship to the land in which the volcanic entity is completely integrated into the human social life. The analysis of this long-term resettlement process, using a multi-scale approach integrating the village's relations with the outside world, shows that the uncertainty, inherent in the regional volcanism, is socially structuring and, in addition, that it shapes a milieu of certainty. It is in this sense that one can speak, to evoke the Merapi volcano upland space, of a "volcanic" construction of the social space.Keywords: Post-disaster resettlement, Social Space, Volcano, Java, Indonesia
De, Belizal Edouard. "Les corridors de lahars du volcan Merapi (Java, Indonésie) : des espaces entre risque et ressource. Contribution à la géographie des risques au Merapi." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931862.
Full textChevalier, Laure. "Evolution des conditions d’écoulement du magma et du dégazage dans les conduits éruptifs des volcans andésitiques : apports de la modélisation numérique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU008/document.
Full textAt silicic volcanoes, such as Mount St Helens (United States), Montserrat (British West Indies), or Merapi (Indonesia), periods of relative quiescence, with lava flows and dome emplacement, alternate with explosive, sometimes very violent events. Forecasting the effusive/explosive transitions, which is essential for the safety of nearby populations, remains currently a real challenge. However, experimental as well as field observations provide evidence that magma gas content is a major clue for understanding explosivity. This thesis, based on numerical simulations, experimental samples analysis, as well as on the interpretation of ground deformation data recorded at Merapi volcano, aims at improving our understanding of gas loss evolution, and its impact on the eruptive regime.A major part of this work consisted in developing and improving 2D axisymmetric conduit flow models for integrating gas loss in transient conditions. We provide a time-dependent model for gas flow in the upper conduit, that accounts for gas loss both at the conduit walls and at its top, depending on conditions in the surrounding rock and dome. We also propose an adaptation of conduit flow models allowing for full coupling between magma and gas flow in 2D that should be used to further investigate flow conditions evolution during transient regimes. From time-dependent gas flow simulations in the case of an effusive dome emplacement, we identify controlling parameters for gas loss. Our results provide evidence that gas loss is extremely sensitive to the evolution of magma permeability and of pressure gradients around the conduit due to dome loading, whereas, contrary to the common idea, dome permeability has almost no influence. Along with dome growth, gas loss decreases at depth, thus causing an increase in the magma gas content. At the top of the conduit, this results in an increase in gas pressure by a few tens of MPa, thus increasing the likelihood of magma explosivity and hazard in the case of a rapid decompression due to dome collapse.Although magma permeability plays a major role for gas extraction, as revealed by our results, its evolution within the conduit is poorly constrained. Currently used permeability laws fail in reassembling the whole dataset of permeability measurements from natural and experimental silicic samples. In order to improve our understanding of permeability development in the conduit, we worked on linking permeability and flow conditions with geometrical parameters that characterise the connected bubble network, based on experimental samples analysis. We propose an expression for the percolation threshold, i.e. the very moment when magma becomes permeable, that succeeds in classifying a wide dataset of natural and experimental samples. We also develop a new permeability law that reassembles most of the existing observations, and implement it within our gas flow 2D model. Results show that depending on the number of bubbles within the magma and on their size distribution, gas loss and then magma flow conditions evolve from effusive to explosive conditions.Eventually, we evaluate the applicability of monitoring flow conditions from observed ground deformation by using simplified conduit flow models, coupled with elastic deformation in 3D, to interpret ground deformation recorded in the near field at Merapi a few days before the 2006 eruption. Although conduit flow models provide important clues for interpreting observed displacements, the sparsity of field observations together with the complexity of the volcano summit geology, rheology and processes happening in the conduit make it very complex to constrain flow conditions from observed deformation
Mei, Estuning Tyas Wulan. "Gestion des évacuations lors des crises volcaniques : étude de cas du volcan Merapi, Java, Indonésie." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01001681.
Full textBeauducel, François. "Structures et comportement mecanique du volcan merapi (java) : une approche methodologique du champ de deformations." Paris 7, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA077177.
Full textNadeau, Olivier. "The behaviour of base metals in arc-type magmatic-hydrothermal systems - insights from Merapi volcano, Indonesia." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104612.
Full textLes gîtes de types porphyriques et épithermaux sont génétiquement associés au volcanisme des zones de subduction et les roches volcaniques cogénétiques à ces gisements sont souvent encore présentes. Tous les modèles actuels de mise en place de ces gîtes définissent un réservoir magmatique peu profond, lequel est coiffé d'une cellule hydrothermale et de sa séquence complexe d'altération, ainsi que d'un stratovolcan. Certains auteurs discutent aussi de l'importance de batholites sous-jacents ayant généré le porphyre et ses fluides hydrothermaux. Quoiqu'il soit généralement accepté que ces gîtes se forment durant le déclin du volcanisme, étant donné la longévité des périodes proposées pour la formation de ceux-ci (de dizaines de milliers à plusieurs millions d'années) et l'existence indéniable de systèmes hydrothermaux associés, il est fort probable que la formation de ces gîtes soit initiée alors que le volcanisme est encore actif. Les volcans situés en zones de subduction représentent d'importants points d'observation des processus magmatiques-hydrothermaux actuels.La présente recherche porte sur l'environnement magmatique-hydrothermal qui existe sous le volcan Mérapi, situé en Indonésie. Des échantillons de liquides silicatés et sulfurés piégés à l'intérieur de cristaux durant leur croissance à différents moments et endroits dans le magma et avant d'être éjectés hors des réservoirs magmatiques lors d'éruptions volcaniques ont été prélevés et dosés. Des gaz fumerolliens de haute température et leurs sublimats émis au volcan Mérapi durant des phases de dégazage passif et d'éruption explosive ont été échantillonnés et analysés. Des résultats similaires pour les gaz d'autres volcans, ainsi que des analyses d'inclusions fluides de systèmes hydrothermaux de porphyres cuprifères ont été compilés à partir de la littérature. Les gaz volcaniques analysés sont les équivalents superficiels des fluides magmatiques-hydrothermaux qui génèrent les gisements métallifères.Dans le premier chapitre, il a été démontré que des magmas mafiques d'origine profonde et saturés en liquide sulfuré ont été injectés dans le réservoir magmatique peu profond de Mérapi, celui-ci contenant un magma plus évolué et plus oxydé. La décompression qu'a subie le magma mafique a provoqué l'exsolution d'une phase magmatique volatile (un fluide hydrothermal) qui a dissous le liquide sulfuré et ses métaux chalcophiles et sidérophiles (notamment le cuivre). La surpression générée par l'exsolution de ce fluide hydrothermal a provoqué l'éruption explosive du volcan Mérapi de mars à août 2006. Ceci est corroboré par l'observation que certains métaux, particulièrement le cuivre, étaient enrichis dans les gaz volcaniques émis après l'explosion par rapport aux niveaux mesurés durant la phase de dégazage passif, et par le fait que les rapports des métaux dans ces gaz post-explosion étaient soudainement semblables à ceux mesurés dans les inclusions sulfurées, alors qu'ils étaient bien différents durant les phases de dégazage passif du volcan. Dans le second chapitre, je démontre que le magma plus mafique et le magma plus felsique ne se sont pas bien mélangés, que les deux magmas ont évolué via l'assimilation de roches encaissantes et la cristallisation fractionnée, et que la phase magmatique volatile qui s'est séparée du magma mafique et qui a dissous le liquide sulfuré a transféré ses métaux au magma plus felsique. Dans le troisième et dernier chapitre, les inclusions fluides et les gaz volcaniques ont été utilisés en conjonction avec les connaissances acquises et décrites dans les deux premiers chapitres afin de proposer un modèle pour l'évolution du système porphyrique et d'établir les liens qui existent entre les mécanismes de formation des gîtes porphyriques et épithermaux acides, et ceux qui opèrent durant les cycles éruptifs des volcans. Un modèle pour la formation des porphyres cuprifères sous les stratovolcans actifs des zones de subduction est finalement proposé.
Budi, Wibowo Sandy. "Approches multiscalaires de l'érosion du volcan Merapi, Indonésie : contribution à la compréhension du déclenchement et de la dynamique des lahars." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H044/document.
Full textThe erosion of volcanic edifices is a series of geomorphological processes that occurs during, before or without eruption. This process also involves the term "lahar" which is characterized by dense mixtures of volcanic materials and water, rapidly flowing from a volcano with important spatio-temporal rheological changes. The erosion of volcanic edifices is still poorly understood, particularly because data collection in the field is difficult. However, lahars have caused at least 44,250 deaths from 1600 to 2010 of which 52%due to a single event in 1985 (Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia).This study proposes a multi-scalar approach to better understand the nature of the erosion of volcanic edifices, especially on lahar initiation process and dynamics. The eruption of the Merapi volcano(Indonesia) in 2010 was an opportunity to produce new data. The first part of this thesis focused on the lahar initiation process, was based on field data and laboratory experiments. The field work was intended to compare a volcanically disturbed watershed by the eruption of 2010 and an undisturbed watershed, by conducting in-situ observations and field instrumentation. In the laboratory, an experimental approach was performed using 8 different scenarios on a flume. The second part of the thesis related to the dynamics of two lahars in motion was conducted using coupling between video footage and seismic signal. Lahar deposits were also analyzed based on the chronology of the flows. Three years after the eruption of Merapi in 2010, the frequency of lahar occurrence decreased. However, juvenile ash fall deposits (volcanic ash) from another eruption of a nearby volcano (Kelud in East Java) in February 2014 resulted a significant increase of lahars occurrence. Lahars triggering process was also favored by a landslides occurring in the night of 6 to 7 December 2012, of which the deposit was connected to the thalweg. The dynamics of the two lahars were observed and filmed on 28 February and18 March 2014. Those lahars were divided into four phases: (1) hyperconcentrated flow, (2) the peak of debris flow, (3) lahar body, and (4) lahar tail. Video analysis and in-situ observation on active lahars allowed us to create detailed hydrographs indicating flow depth, velocity, discharge and the number of floated boulders. Lahar dynamics on different topography of the channel caused a very different seismic frequency. The formation of lahar deposits was correlated with the flow dynamics and required an in-situ observation for the validation of the interpretation
Erosi kerucut vulkanik merupakan hasil dari serangkaian proses geomorfologi yang terjadi baik selama,sebelum atau tanpa erupsi. Proses ini juga melibatkan "lahar" yang didefinisikan sebagai aliran cepat daridaerah puncak gunung menuju hilir dengan membawa material vulkanik yang bercampur dengan airdimana dinamika alirannya terus berubah secara spasial dan temporal. Erosi struktur vulkanik masihsedikit ditelaah, terutama karena sulitnya pengumpulan data di lapangan. Padahal, lahar telahmenyebabkan setidaknya 44.250 kematian dari tahun 1600 sampai 2010, dimana 52% -nya terkait denganbencana pada tahun 1985 di gunung Nevado del Ruiz (Kolombia).Penelitian ini mengusulkan pendekatan multi-skalar untuk lebih memahami karakteristik erosi kerucutvulkanik terutama yang terkait dengan pemicu dan dinamika aliran lahar. Letusan Gunung Merapi(Indonesia) pada tahun 2010 memberikan kesempatan untuk menghasilkan data lapangan baru. Bagianpertama dari disertasi ini, mengenai pemicu lahar, dilakukan berdasarkan data lapangan dan experimenlaboratorium. Kegiatan lapangan dimaksudkan untuk membandingkan DAS yang terdampak oleh letusan2010 dan DAS alami, melalui pengamatan in-situ dan instrumentasi lapangan. Di laboratorium,pendekatan eksperimental dilakukan dengan menggunakan 8 skenario yang berbeda pada flume. Bagiankedua dari disertasi ini berkaitan dengan dinamika aliran lahar aktif yang dipelajari dari perpaduanrekaman video dan sinyal seismik. Proses sedimentasi juga dianalisis dengan dipertimbangkan kronologialiran lahar.Tiga tahun setelah letusan Merapi pada tahun 2010, frekuensi kejadian lahar berkurang. Namun,sedimentasi abu vulkanik yang berasal dari gunung api lain (Kelud di Jawa Timur) telah mengakibatkanpeningkatan jumlah lahar yang signifikan sejak Februari 2014. Pembentukan lahar juga dipicu oleh tanahlongsor yang terjadi pada pada malam 6 menuju 7 Desember 2012 dimana materialnya terhubunglangsung ke thalweg. Dinamika dua aliran lahar diamati dan difilmkan pada tanggal 28 Februari dan 18Maret 2014. Lahar tersebut dibagi menjadi empat fase: (1) aliran hyperconcentrated, (2) puncak alirandebris, (3) tubuh lahar, (4) ekor lahar. Analisis video dan pengamatan in-situ pada lahar aktif sangatmembantu pembuatan hidrograf secara rinci terkait dengan kedalaman aliran, kecepatan, debit dan jumlahbatu yang terapung. Dinamika lahar pada topografi sungai yang berbeda menimbulkan frekuensi seismikyang sangat berbeda. Proses sedimentasi lahar sangat berkaitan dengan dinamika aliran lahar dandiperlukan pengamatan in-situ untuk memvalidasi interpretasi yang dibuat
La erosión de los edificios volcánicos es el resultado de una serie de procesos geomorfológicos que ocurre durante, antes o sin erupción. Este proceso también involucra el término "lahar", un flujo rápido de la cumbre de volcán hacia el rio que contiene una mezcla de materiales volcánicos y agua con cambio espacial y temporal. La erosión de los edificios volcánicos aún es poco estudiado debido a las dificultades para la obtención de los datos en el campo y además es peligroso. Mientras, los lahares han causado 44 250 muertos desde 1600 a 2010, en el cual de 52% ha sido causado por un evento único en 1985 (Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia). Esta investigación propone un acercamiento multiescalar para entender mejor las características de erosión de los edificios volcánicos, en particular el proceso de descenso y la dinámica de lahares. La erupción del volcán Merapi (Indonesia) en 2010 fue una oportunidad para generar nuevos datos. La primera parte de esta tesis enfocada al proceso de iniciación de descenso de lahares, que fue basada en la obtención de los datos de campo y experimentos en el laboratorio. El trabajo de campo fue realizado con el objetivo de comparar una cuenca hidrográfica afectada por la erupción de 2010 y una otra cuenca natural, a través de la observación in-situ y la instrumentación geofísica en el campo. En el laboratorio, el trabajo fue realizado con 8 escenarios diferentes usando un canal artificial. La segunda parte de esta tesis fue relacionada a la dinámica de movimiento de lahares que se realizó a través del acoplamiento de vídeos y señales sísmicas. Se analizó también el proceso de sedimentación basado en la cronología de los flujos de lahares. Tres años después de la erupción del Merapi en 2010, la frecuencia de ocurrencia de lahares se disminuye. Sin embargo, la sedimentación de ceniza volcánica de otra erupción de un volcán cercano (Kelud en Java Oriental) causó un aumento significativo de la ocurrencia de lahares desde febrero de 2014. La formación de lahares también se provocó por deslizamiento de tierra que se ocurrió en la noche de 6 a 7 de diciembre de 2012, en la que los materiales se juntaron directamente a la vaguada. La dinámica de dos flujos de lahares fue observada y grabada en video el 28 de febrero y 18 de marzo 2014. Estos dos lahares se dividieron en cuatro fases: (1) flujo hiperconcentrado, (2) el pico de flujo de escombros, (3) cuerpo de lahar, (4) cola de lahar. El análisis de video y la observación in-situ de lahares activos nos han ayudado a crear los hidrogramas en detalle que muestran la profundidad del flujo, la velocidad, la descarga y el número de rocas flotadas. La dinámica de lahares en diferentes topografías del canal causó una frecuencia sísmica muy diferente. El proceso de sedimentación de lahares se correlacionó con la dinámica de flujo y se requiere una observación in-situ para validar la interpretación
Bardintzeff, Jacques-Marie. "Les nuées ardentes : pétrogenèse et volcanologie." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112253.
Full textNuées ardentes are one of the most hazardous volcanic events. Three of these most recent volcanic events are studied. They were chosen in an active margin (Santiaguito, Guatemala), as well as in island arcs (St. Vincent Soufrière Volcano, West-Indies and Merapi, Java). Volcanic styles are different: St. Vincent Soufrière Volcano produces vertical nuées ardentes, Santiaguito low angle nuées ardentes, and Merapi collapse nuées ardentes. Their petrography and mineralogy are typical of andesitic trends. In addition, some nuées ardentes (St. Vincent) contain high pressure calk-alkaline paragenesis. Glasses are abundant in nuées deposits. Their chemical variations testify sometimes for magma-mixing. Two types of glass morphology can be distinguished (SEM) angular fragments are considered as old pulverized mesostases, and pumiceous glasses are considered as products of new magma. Grain sizes of nuée ardente deposits are specific and finer than collapse deposits. Five types of nuées ardentes are distinguished: 1. Collapse nuées ardentes: (1a) Merapi type, resulting of the explosion of a solid dame, and (1b) Arenal type resulting of the explosion of a dame with a liquid interior. 2. Explosion nuées ardentes: (2a) Santiaguito type: a small amount of new magma is produced and high explosiveness is essentially due to abundant volatiles in dacitic magmas, (2b) Pelée type, with law angle nuée related to a dome, and (2c) St. Vincent type with vertical nuée ardente ejected from an open crater. In the last type, large amounts·of basic new magma are produced. Several factors may play a role in the nuée ardente triggering tectonic control, cumulative and flotation processes of phenocrysts in magmatic chamber, breaking strength of the volcano-plug etc. Two of these factors play a more significant role high volatile contents (essentially water of deep or superficial origin), and magma-mixing. These two factors modify the thermodynamical conditions in the magmatic chamber and facilitate the magma vesiculations. Magma-mixing triggers (2b) and (2c) nuées types, and high fluid contents trigger (1a), (1b) and (2a) nuées types
Charbonnier, Sylvain. "The dynamics and hazards of small-volume pyroclastic flows : a case study of the 2006 eruption of Merapi volcano, Java, Indonesia." Thesis, Keele University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510699.
Full textPreece, Katie. "Transitions between effusive and explosive activity at Merapi volcano, Indonesia : a volcanological and petrological study of the 2006 and 2010 eruptions." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2014. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/49599/.
Full textBobbette, Adam. "Cultures of forecasting : volatile and vulnerable nature, knowledge, and the future of uncertainty." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/277306.
Full textNurnaning, Aisyah. "Combination of a pressure source and block movement for ground deformation analysis at Merapi volcano prior to the eruptions in 2006 and 2010." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235050.
Full textMattingly, Keith. "Approaching Psychosocial Adaptation to a Post-Crisis Environment through Case Studies of Javanese Disaster Survivors and Refugees in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-256912.
Full textKushnir, Alexandra Roma Larisa. "Permeability development and evolution in volcanic systems : insights from nature and laboratory experiments." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2006/document.
Full textThe transition from effusive to explosive behaviour at silicic volcanoes is, in part, governed by how efficiently gas overpressures are dissipated from the volcanic plumbing. Efficient gas release is associated with effusive eruptions while inadequate outgassing contributes to explosive processes. One approach to assessing the facility of gas escape is by considering how permeability develops and evolves in the magma column and surrounding edifice. Here, I appraise the role of post-emplacement changes to microstructure in edifice-forming basaltic andesites from Merapi (Indonesia). The permeability of these rocks is dominantly crack-controlled and while these features exert important controls on gas escape through the edifice, they do not represent the escape pathways available to gas within ascending magma. To avoid the influence of postemplacement microstructure, I investigate the development and evolution of permeable networks in magmas by deforming initially impermeable two-phase magmas in simple shear. This is done in a Paterson apparatus at viscosities and shear strain rates appropriate to upper conduits in stratovolcanoes. Permeability development is confirmed in situ and develops at moderate to high shear strain rates (> 4.5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹). At very high strain rates (> 5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹) the magma behaves in a brittle manner and gas egress is slow, facilitated by the interconnection of short, Mode I fractures. At moderate shear strain rates (< 5 × 10⁻⁴ s⁻¹), the magma displays both brittle and viscous behaviour and permeability develops at high strain; gas escape is rapid owing to long, well-developed, sample-length Mode I fractures. Mode I fractures are ideally oriented for outgassing of the central conduit and, critically, accommodate little deformation until they are rotated into the direction of shear, making them long-lived outgassing features that may favour volcanic effusion
Deegan, Frances M. "Processes of Magma-crust Interaction : Insights from Geochemistry and Experimental Petrology." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Berggrundsgeologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-132702.
Full textFelaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 707
Ratdomopurbo, Antonius. "Etude sismologique du volcan Merapi et formation du dome de 1994." Phd thesis, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00711136.
Full textYoung, Kirby D. "Deformation, lava dome evolution, and eruption cyclicity at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia." 2007. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-2196/index.html.
Full textYoung, Kriby D. "Deformation, lava dome evolution, and eruption cyclicity at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia." 2007. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-2196/index.html.
Full textJuhariah, Jujuk, and Jujuk Juhariah. "Effect of Merapi Volcano Eruption on Land Use Change and Agriculture." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93582253369902347974.
Full text國立東華大學
自然資源與環境學系
104
ABSTRACT JUJUK JUHARIAH. The Effect of Merapi Volcano Eruption on Land Use Change and Agriculture. Adviser: Prof. Zue-Er Chen There are four purposes of this research. To know the effect of Merapi Volcano eruption on land use change and agriculture. Identify the most suitable crops in for affected areas. To advise the Sleman government about more suitable land use, thus increasing the local potential. To help the farmers overcome negative effects of the eruption as soon as possible. This research conducted in Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia and only focused on three eruptions, 2001, 2006, and 2010. The methodologies to do this research are interview, questionnaire, observation, collect data from Sleman Regency Government, and study the satellite images from the United States Geological Survey. The researcher interviews seven government officers and uses 300 questionnaires to get the information from the farmers. The researcher observes the study site and distributes the questionnaire at the same time. Data from Sleman Regency government is about the farming product of Cangkringan and maps of Sleman Regency. This research use satellite images from Landsat 7 ETM+ starts from 2000-2011 in path 120 and row 65. The result shows that the eruption in 2001 and 2006 did not gives significant effect on land use change and agriculture in Cangkringan. The eruption in 2010 gives huge effect to the land use and agriculture in Cangkringan. Agriculture is the most suitable land use in Cangkringan. In addition, the suitable crops for the areas around Merapi Volcano are corn, peanut, spring onions, and onions that resistant to silica content in the fresh volcanic soil. To improve the local potential and improve the socio-economic level for people in Cangkringan, a combination of agriculture and tourism industry in Cangkringan can be use. Key words: Merapi Volcano, eruption, Cangkringan, agriculture, land use, socioeconomic
Innocenti, Sabrina. "Lavas and tephras of Merapi volcano,Java, Indonesia insights from textural analyses and geochemistry /." 2006. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-1695/index.html.
Full textSetiawan, Ari [Verfasser]. "Modeling of gravity changes on Merapi Volcano : observed between 1997 - 2000 / von Ari Setiawan." 2003. http://d-nb.info/968772501/34.
Full textVöge, Malte [Verfasser]. "Doppler radar monitoring of lava dome processes at Merapi Volcano, Indonesia / vorgelegt von Malte Vöge." 2007. http://d-nb.info/985022418/34.
Full textAnaRizkasari and 倪子綺. "An application of a depth-averaged model in terrain-fitted coordinate system for pyroclastic flows: a case study of Merapi Volcano eruption, 2010, Indonesia." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/c39tmd.
Full text國立成功大學
自然災害減災及管理國際碩士學位學程
105
In this thesis, a depth-averaged model in a terrain-fitted coordinate system is applied to simulate the pyroclastic flows during the eruption of Mt. Merapi in 2010. Through the numerical simulation we are able to obtain more precise flow information, such as the local flow fluxes, the distributions of flow depth and velocity as well as the deposits, for the goal of hazard mitigation or hazard management. In the numerical computation, the terrain-fitted coordinate system is based on the digital elevation model (DEM). Because of the fact that the real topography might consists of highly varying elevation, e.g. obstacles or cliffs, which is not applicable in the terrain-fitted coordinate, a compromised treatment is to smooth (filter) the topographic surface. However, the employment of the smooth basal surface might introduce deviation because of the lack of the sudden change of topography. In this study, we introduce the so-call “sub-topography” over the smoothed topographic surface, to mimic the real topography. In the simulations, we also introduce the “Upwelling” to mimic the exploded material, especially by the multiple eruptions, so that we may have a more reasonable spreading/supply of flow material. In addition, we also investigate the impacts of the key parameters on the flow behaviors, such as the friction coefficient, momentum correction factor and the amount of upwelling. Besides, the Voellmy rheology has also been taken into account. The results of these tests were compared to theoretical findings of rheological analysis presented in previous studies as well as historical records, and satellite images to figure out the representative values of the relevant parameters.