Academic literature on the topic 'Mercantile system Brittany (France)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Mercantile system Brittany (France)"
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Kopp-Bigault, Céline, Michel Walter, and Anne Thevenot. "The social representations of suicide in France: An inter-regional study in Alsace and Brittany." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 62, no. 8 (November 4, 2016): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764016675652.
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Background: Suicide is a major worldwide public health issue. Various studies showed that individual attitudes toward suicide change in a region with high suicide rate. Attitudes are one of the components of a global and complex system: social representations (SRs). Aims: In France, the Brittany region has an abnormally high death rate due to suicides. Our research focuses on the SRs of suicide in this region. The hypothesis underlying this project is that suicide SRs are different between an area with a high suicide rate and a region less affected by suicide. Method: A comparative study between the Brittany and Alsace regions, with the latter showing a statistically much lower suicide rate. The persons polled responded to a three-word free-association task around the question ‘For you, suicide is …?’ An analysis of word frequency and evocation rank was then carried out. Results: In confirmation of our hypothesis, SRs were different between Brittany and the control region. Conclusion: The study’s results open new avenues of research, specific to Brittany, in terms of the collective or individual effects of suicides, in terms of psycho-pathological conditions – essentially on depression, and in terms of training, on the stereotypes associated with suicide.
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LEMAUVIEL, SERVANE, and FRAN�OISE ROZ�. "Response of Three Plant Communities to Trampling in a Sand Dune System in Brittany (France)." Environmental Management 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2813-5.
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Bonnefous, Yves C., Patrick Richon, Vincent Tarlay, Jean-Christophe Arnautou, Jean-Christophe Sabroux, and Florence Goutelard. "Subslab ventilation system: Installation and follow-up in a high-radon house in Brittany, France." Environment International 22 (January 1996): 1069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(96)00220-6.
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Mohammed, Omar, Yassine Amirat, and Mohamed Benbouzid. "Economical Evaluation and Optimal Energy Management of a Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System Handling in Genetic Algorithm Strategies." Electronics 7, no. 10 (October 4, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7100233.
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Hybrid renewable energy systems are a promising technology for clean and sustainable development. In this paper, an intelligent algorithm, based on a genetic algorithm (GA), was developed and used to optimize the energy management and design of wind/PV/tidal/ storage battery model for a stand-alone hybrid system located in Brittany, France. This proposed optimization focuses on the economic analysis to reduce the total cost of hybrid system model. It suggests supplying the load demand under different climate condition during a 25-years interval, for different possible cases and solutions respecting many constraints. The proposed GA-based optimization approach achieved results clear highlight its practicality and applicability to any hybrid power system model, including optimal energy management, cost constraint, and high reliability.
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Chadwick, D. R., T. van der Weerden, J. Martinez, and B. F. Pain. "Nitrogen Transformations and Losses following Pig Slurry Applications to a Natural Soil Filter System (Solepur Process) in Brittany, France." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 69, no. 1 (January 1998): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1997.0227.
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Masson, Christine, Stephane Mazzotti, Philippe Vernant, and Erik Doerflinger. "Extracting small deformation beyond individual station precision from dense Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks in France and western Europe." Solid Earth 10, no. 6 (November 8, 2019): 1905–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1905-2019.
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Abstract. We use 2 decades of data from a dense geodetic network to extract regionally coherent velocities and deformation rates in France and neighboring western European countries. This analysis is combined with statistical tests on synthetic data to quantify the deformation detection thresholds and significance levels. By combining two distinct methods – Gaussian smoothing and k-means clustering – we extract horizontal deformations with a 95 % confidence level of ca. 0.1–0.2 mm yr−1 (ca. 0.5–1×10-9 yr−1) on spatial scales of 100–200 km or more. From these analyses, we show that the regionally average velocity and strain rate fields are statistically significant in most of our study area. The first-order deformation signal in France and neighboring western European countries is a belt of N–S to NE–SW shortening of ca. 0.2–0.4 mm yr−1 (1–2×10-9 yr−1) in central and eastern France. In addition to this large-scale signal, patterns of orogen-normal extension are observed in the Alps and the Pyrenees, but methodological biases, mainly related to GPS (Global Positioning System) solution combinations, limit the spatial resolution and preclude associations with specific geological structures. The patterns of deformation in western France show either tantalizing correlation (Brittany) or anticorrelation (Aquitaine Basin) with the seismicity. Overall, more detailed analyses are required to address the possible origin of these signals and the potential role of aseismic deformation.
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Planchon, O., H. Quénol, N. Dupont, and S. Corgne. "Application of the Hess-Brezowsky classification to the identification of weather patterns causing heavy winter rainfall in Brittany (France)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 4 (July 17, 2009): 1161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1161-2009.
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Abstract. An accurate knowledge of the weather patterns causing winter rainfall over the Scorff watershed in western Brittany (W. France) was developed prior to studies of the impact of the climate factor on land use management, and of the hydrological reponses to rain-producing weather patterns. These two studies are carried out in the context of the climate change. The identification of rainy air-circulation types was realized using the objective computational version of the 29-type Hess and Brezowsky Grosswetterlagen system of classifying European synoptic regimes, for the cold season (November-March) of the 1958–2005 period at the reference weather station of Lorient, and 13 other stations located in western and southern Brittany, including a more detailed study for the wet 2000–2001 cold season for three reference stations of the Scorff watershed (Lorient, Plouay and Plouray). The precipitation proportion (including the days with rainfall ≥20 mm) was calculated by major air-circulation type (GWT: see Appendix A) and by individual air-circulation subtype (GWL: see Appendix A) for the studied time-period. The most frequently occurrence of rainy days associated with westerly and southerly GWL confirmed well-known observations in western Europe and so justify the use of the Hess-Brezowsky classification in other areas outside Central Europe. The southern or south-western exposure of the watershed with a hilly inland area enhanced the heavy rainfall generated by the SW and S circulation types, and increased the difference between the rainfall amounts of coastal and inland stations during the wettest days.
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Moal, J. F., J. Martinez, F. Guiziou, and C. M. Coste. "Ammonia volatilization following surface-applied pig and cattle slurry in France." Journal of Agricultural Science 125, no. 2 (October 1995): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084380.
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SUMMARYField experiments were carried out in Brittany (Western France) in 1993 to measure ammonia losses from surface-applied pig and cattle slurry. Experiments were conducted on grass, stubble (wheat and maize) and arable land using a wind tunnel system. Ammonia losses were followed during periods ranging from 20 to 96 h after slurry application. Rates of slurry applied varied from 40 to 200 m3/ha. In two experiments, losses from cattle slurry were respectively 75 and 54% of the ammoniacal nitrogen applied in the slurry. Ammonia emissions from pig slurry applied at a rate of 40 m3/ha, during spring and summer experiments, were higher on grass (45–63% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen applied) than on wheat stubble (37–45%). On average, 75% of the total loss in all experiments occurred within the first 15 h after spreading. Significant correlations were found between ammonia losses (kg N/ha) and mean soil temperature and slurry dry matter content (%) using simple linear regressions and stepwise procedures. The time of application was also found to influence the magnitude of ammonia loss: 83% of the total loss occurred within 6 h when the slurry was applied at midday compared with 42% when it was applied in the evening.
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Lanéelle, Damien, Gabriella Sauvet, Jérôme Guillaumat, Jean Eudes Trihan, and Guillaume Mahé. "Gender Differences in the Medical Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 2855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132855.
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Background/Objectives: Peripheral arterial disease is a frequent and severe disease with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, female patients appear to be undertreated. Objectives: The primary goal was to compare the prescription of optimal medical treatment (OMT) of peripheral arterial disease between women and men in primary health care. Material and methods: An observational retrospective study was based on the data collected from general practitioners (GP) office in Brittany. Results: The study included 100 patients, aged 71 ± 10 years old, with 24% of women. Compared to men, women received the OMT less frequently (29.2% vs. 53.9%, p = 0.038), especially after 75 years old. Antiplatelet therapy was largely prescribed (100%), statins less frequently (70.8% women vs. 85.5% men), and prescription of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors was still not optimal in the two genders (41.7% women vs. 61.9% men). Active smoking is important for both women and men (33% and 30% respectively). Conclusion: Optimal medical treatment of peripheral artery disease is insufficiently prescribed, especially in women in this region of France.
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Baltzer, Agnès, Marine Reynaud, Axel Ehrhold, Jérôme Fournier, Céline Cordier, and Hélène Clouet. "Space-time evolution of a large field of pockmarks in the Bay of Concarneau (NW Brittany)." Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 188, no. 4 (2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017191.
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About a decade ago, a large field of pockmarks, covering an overall area of 36 km2 was discovered in water depths of < 30 m in the central part of the Bay of Concarneau (Southern Brittany, France). This field, composed of features from 5 m to 35 m in diameter and < 1 m in depth, is characterized by unusual high densities of pockmarks, up to 5840 per square kilometre. Geophysical data correlated with sedimentary samples acquired in 2005 and 2009 show that pockmarks and their immediate surroundings are associated with dense tubes benches cover, built by a filter-feeding amphipod: Haploops nirae, forming original benthic communities. Two complementary surveys were carried out in April 2011 (Pock and Ploops) and April 2014 (Pock and Tide), on the Oceanographic Vedette (O/V) Haliotis (Ifremer/Genavir), to map the limit of the pockmarks and Haploops fields with the maximum accuracy. The link between the presence of the Haploops nirae communities and the occurrence of pockmarks /gas was then established and the proposed hypothesis was that tidal cycles may provide a good candidate for a short-term (monthly) triggering mechanism of fluid expulsion (Baltzer A, Ehrhold A, Rigolet C, Souron A, Cordier C, Clouet H. 2014. Geophysical exploration of an active pockmark field in the Bay of Concarneau, southern Brittany, and implications for resident suspension feeders. Geo-Marine Letters, 34, 215–230). Due to the high-level precision (50 cm) of the positioning system (Magellan Aquarius Ixsea Hydrins) coupled with the RTK attitude system, these new bathymetric and imagery maps together with the sub-bottom Chirp profiles, allow us to compare the data sets from April 2011 and April 2014. The superimposition of the two data sets shows that the distribution of the pockmarks remains similar between these 2 dates (i.e. for 3 years), for the group of large, widely scattered pockmarks, which are deeply rooted in the Holocene palaeo-valley infills and for the group of pockmarks identified as the trawl-scour pockmarks, initiated by trawling action. Most of the pockmarks present very recent shapes without any infilling but sonar imagery reveals that some of them have been covered by a thin muddy layer, thereby reflecting, at least, a temporary cessation of expulsion or a different activity. Chirp profiles indicate some acoustic flares above the pockmarks, revealing gas/fluid expulsion. Different gas clues within the sedimentary column, such as acoustic turbidity, enhanced gas reflectors (EGR), chimneys pipes, occur at exactly the same places on the chirp seismic profiles from 2011 and 2014. Therefore, contrary to most examples described in the literature, this pockmarks field is still active.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mercantile system Brittany (France)"
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Mabo, Solenn. "Les citoyennes, les contre-révolutionnaires et les autres : participations, engagements et rapports de genre dans la Révolution française en Bretagne." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.bu.univ-rennes2.fr/system/files/theses/2019_theseMaboS.pdf.
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Centrée sur les rapports de genre dans le champ politique, cette thèse s’empare de la représentation figée de Bretonnes fanatiques et contre-révolutionnaires en analysant les voies de leur participation à la Révolution, qu’elles la soutiennent, la combattent ou s’y impliquent autrement. Des actions d’envergure aux interventions plus quotidiennes, leur engagement est confronté à celui des hommes pour observer comment se manifestent et se recomposent des pratiques et identités politiques sexuées. Après un prologue qui présente la place des femmes dans la société bretonne au XVIIIe siècle, la thèse s’organise autour de trois grands axes. Le premier montre comment elles participent à la séquence pré-révolutionnaire puis investissent les nouveaux espaces de la citoyenneté. Le second explore les marges de la participation politique en observant comment des femmes ordinaires sont impliquées plus ou moins volontairement dans la dynamique révolutionnaire. Le dernier axe présente les résistances à la Révolution, des luttes religieuses à la chouannerie, et examine comment se fabriquent des trajectoires féminines contre-révolutionnaires. L’ensemble repose sur l’exploitation d’archives très dispersées et engage une réflexion sur les mécanismes de la mise en lumière ou de l’occultation des femmes dans les événements et la documentation. En dégageant toute une gamme d’interventions féminines jusque-là ignorées ou peu visibles, cette thèse propose une autre histoire de la Révolution en Bretagne, qui entend nourrir la compréhension de l’ensemble du processus révolutionnaire et alimenter l’histoire des rapports de genre en situation de crise ou de conflitFocused on gender relations in the political field, this thesis revisits the traditional image of fanatical and counter-revolutionary Breton women by analysing the ways of their participation in the Revolution, whether they supported it, fought against it or got otherwise involved. From major actions to everyday interventions, their commitment is compared with that of men to observe how gendered political practices and identities are manifested and recomposed. After an introduction presenting the place of women in Breton society in the eighteenth century, the study proceeds along three major axes. The first presents how they participated in the pre-revolutionary sequence and then invested the new spaces of citizenship. The second explores the margins of political participation by observing how ordinary women were more or less voluntarily involved in revolutionary dynamics. The third and last part focuses on the resistance to the Revolution, from religious struggles to Chouannerie, and shows how some counter-revolutionary feminine destinies were forged. The present work is based on the exploitation of very scattered archives and engages in a reflection on the mechanisms of the highlighting or the occultation of women in the events and the documentation. By revealing a whole range of previously ignored or inconspicuous feminine interventions, this thesis offers another history of the Revolution in Brittany, which can foster a better understanding of the whole revolutionary process and enrich the history of gender relations in crisis or conflict situations
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Djoudi, El Aziz. "Structuration multi-échelle des communautés d'Arthropodes en agro-écosystèmes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B056.
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Au cours de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’influence des conditions locales et paysagères sur la structuration des communautés d’arthropodes en agroécosystèmes, ceci grâce à un dispositif de suivi situé en Ille-et-Vilaine (Bretagne, France), et comprenant des parcelles conduites en agriculture biologique et conventionnelle spatialement appariées. Notre première étude a mis en évidence que l’hétérogénéité paysagère, parfois en interaction avec le système local de culture, conditionne la diversité et l’abondance des groupes trophiques, à la fois pour les arthropodes au sol comme pour ceux de la végétation. Dans un second temps, nous avons pu montrer l’importance du contexte paysager dans la structuration des assemblages d’arthropodes prédateurs, et émis l’hypothèse que les mécanismes déterminant la distribution des espèces diffèrent fortement entre araignées et carabiques. Enfin, il est apparu la nécessité de distinguer les individus résidents (émergeants) des individus mobiles (circulants) lorsque l’on s’intéresse au rôle différentiel des facteurs locaux vs. paysagers dans la structuration des communautés de carabiques. D’une façon générale, nos résultats montrent donc une influence importante et positive de l’agriculture biologique sur les populations, assemblages d’espèces et communautés d’arthropodes, que ce soit à des échelles locales et paysagères comme en interaction avec d’autres variables paysagères. Nous avons également montré la pertinence de l’utilisation de différents niveaux d’organisation et variables réponses associées pour évaluer finement la structure et le fonctionnement de communautés d’Arthropodes en agroécosystèmesIn this study, we got interested in quantifying how local and landscape metrics structure arthropod communities in agro-ecosystems. For that, we used a long-term monitoring design located in ‘Ille-Et-Vilaine’ (Brittany, France), composed by spatially pair-matched fields under organic vs. conventional farming systems. First, we found that landscape heterogeneity, also interacting with farming systems, drives the diversity and abundance of trophic groups for both ground- and vegetation-dwelling arthropods. In a second chapter, we showed the importance of landscape context in shaping assemblages of predatory arthropods, and suggested that mechanisms behind the distribution of individual species strongly differ between spiders and carabids. Lastly, we highlighted the importance of distinguishing between resident (emergent) and mobile (circulating) individuals when assessing the differential role of local vs. landscape factors in community assembly. Overall, our results show a strong and positive effect of organic farming on arthropod populations, assemblages and communities, both at local and landscape scales, as well as in interaction with other landscape metrics. We also highlighted the relevance of using different levels of biological organization, and related response variables, when assessing the structure and functioning of arthropod communities in agroecosystems
Books on the topic "Mercantile system Brittany (France)"
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Minard, Philippe. La Fortune du colbertisme: État et industrie dans la France des Lumières. [Paris]: Fayard, 1998.
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Ames, Glenn Joseph. Colbert, mercantilism, and the French quest for Asian trade. DeKalb, Ill: Northern Illinois University Press, 1996.
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Rothkrug, Lionel. Opposition to Louis XIV: The Political and Social Origins of the French Enlightenment. Princeton University Press, 2015.
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Rothkrug, Lionel. Opposition to Louis XIV: The Political and Social Origins of French Enlightenment. Princeton University Press, 2015.
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Rothkrug, Lionel. Opposition to Louis XIV: The Political and Social Origins of French Enlightenment. Princeton University Press, 2016.
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Ames, Glenn. Colbert, Mercantilism, and the French Quest for Asian Trade. Northern Illinois University Press, 2016.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Mercantile system Brittany (France)"
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SECK, IBRAHIMA. "The French Discovery of Senegal: Premises for a Policy of Selective Assimilation." In Brokers of Change. British Academy, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197265208.003.0007.
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This chapter addresses French presence in Senegal, during the first colonisation, the so-called mercantile, and its future implications, notably at the beginning of the implementation of the French colonial system under Louis Faidherbe. For about two centuries before the appointment of the latter as governor in 1854, this country somewhat served as a lab of frenchness, a concept that goes beyond francophony to imply ‘a way of being and to think oneself as French’. However, with the previous integration of the country to the trans-Saharan world, it turned out to be some kind of synthesis of cultural features borrowed from both the Western and the Eastern civilizations and melted with the African cultural background. So it is not surprising that a country credited for being 95 percent Muslim celebrates all the Catholic holidays more so than France today.
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Whatmore, Richard. "Rights After the Revolutions." In Philosophy, Rights and Natural Law, 338–65. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474449229.003.0014.
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The period of the French Revolution was famous for erecting an entirely new system of government and social mores on the basis of a declaration of the rights of man and the citizen. Everything changed in France, over a remarkably short period of time, leading to an especially intense debate about what a society founded on equal rights for all ought to look like. This chapter examines two of the systems expounded, derived from the political philosophies of Thomas Paine and Emmanuel Sièyes. The chapter examines the shock with which opponents such as Edmund Burke and Edward Gibbon greeted rights-based politics, and what happened when the new worlds of peace and prosperity promised by Paine and Sièyes descended into chaos and poverty. Around the turn of the eighteenth century the chapter charts a turn away from France and towards Britain as a possible model state for rights compatible with order and with civil liberty; in this turn the history of Scotland, and the existence of brilliant Scottish philosophers played a prominent role, being proof that Britain was not an empire run for the benefit of a mercantile class based in London, but was rather a cosmopolitan empire whose peripheries benefitted as much as the metropole. Republican voices still dedicated to the kinds of transformative natural jurisprudence promised in the early years of the French Revolution, shouted from the sidelines that if Britain was now the model state for humanity, then all of the reform projects of the eighteenth century had altogether failed.
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Bonner, Thomas Neville. "Changing Student Populations in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Century." In Becoming a Physician. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062984.003.0016.
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By the turn of the twentieth century, the drive to make medicine more scientific and comprehensive and to limit its ranks to the well prepared had had a profound effect on student populations. Almost universally, students were now older, better educated, more schooled in science, less rowdy, and able to spend larger amounts of time and money in study than their counterparts in 1850 had been. Their ranks, now including a growing number of women, were also likely to include fewer representatives of working- and lower-middle-class families, especially in Britain and America, than a half-century before. Nations still differed, sometimes sharply, in their openness to students from different social classes. The relative openness of the German universities to the broad middle classes, as well as their inclusion of a small representation of “peasantry and artisans,” wrote Lord Bryce in 1885, was a sharp contrast with “the English failure to reach and serve all classes.” The burgeoning German enrollments, he noted, were owing to “a growing disposition on the part of mercantile men, and what may be called the lower professional class, to give their sons a university education.” More students by far from the farm and working classes of Germany, which accounted for nearly 14 percent of medical enrollment, he observed, were able to get an advanced education than were such students in England. A historic transformation in the social makeup of universities, according to historian Konrad Jarausch—from “traditional elite” to a “modern middle-class system”—was taking place in the latter nineteenth century. In France, rising standards in education, together with the abolition of the rank of officiers de santé—which for a century had opened medical training to the less affluent—were forcing medical education into a middle- class mold. In the United States, the steeply rising requirements in medicine, along with the closing of the least expensive schools, narrowed the social differences among medical students and brought sharp complaints from the less advantaged. The costs of medical education in some countries threatened to drive all but the most thriving of the middle classes from a chance to learn medicine.