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Kopp-Bigault, Céline, Michel Walter, and Anne Thevenot. "The social representations of suicide in France: An inter-regional study in Alsace and Brittany." International Journal of Social Psychiatry 62, no. 8 (November 4, 2016): 737–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764016675652.
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Background: Suicide is a major worldwide public health issue. Various studies showed that individual attitudes toward suicide change in a region with high suicide rate. Attitudes are one of the components of a global and complex system: social representations (SRs). Aims: In France, the Brittany region has an abnormally high death rate due to suicides. Our research focuses on the SRs of suicide in this region. The hypothesis underlying this project is that suicide SRs are different between an area with a high suicide rate and a region less affected by suicide. Method: A comparative study between the Brittany and Alsace regions, with the latter showing a statistically much lower suicide rate. The persons polled responded to a three-word free-association task around the question ‘For you, suicide is …?’ An analysis of word frequency and evocation rank was then carried out. Results: In confirmation of our hypothesis, SRs were different between Brittany and the control region. Conclusion: The study’s results open new avenues of research, specific to Brittany, in terms of the collective or individual effects of suicides, in terms of psycho-pathological conditions – essentially on depression, and in terms of training, on the stereotypes associated with suicide.
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LEMAUVIEL, SERVANE, and FRAN�OISE ROZ�. "Response of Three Plant Communities to Trampling in a Sand Dune System in Brittany (France)." Environmental Management 31, no. 2 (February 1, 2003): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00267-002-2813-5.
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Bonnefous, Yves C., Patrick Richon, Vincent Tarlay, Jean-Christophe Arnautou, Jean-Christophe Sabroux, and Florence Goutelard. "Subslab ventilation system: Installation and follow-up in a high-radon house in Brittany, France." Environment International 22 (January 1996): 1069–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(96)00220-6.
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Mohammed, Omar, Yassine Amirat, and Mohamed Benbouzid. "Economical Evaluation and Optimal Energy Management of a Stand-Alone Hybrid Energy System Handling in Genetic Algorithm Strategies." Electronics 7, no. 10 (October 4, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics7100233.
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Hybrid renewable energy systems are a promising technology for clean and sustainable development. In this paper, an intelligent algorithm, based on a genetic algorithm (GA), was developed and used to optimize the energy management and design of wind/PV/tidal/ storage battery model for a stand-alone hybrid system located in Brittany, France. This proposed optimization focuses on the economic analysis to reduce the total cost of hybrid system model. It suggests supplying the load demand under different climate condition during a 25-years interval, for different possible cases and solutions respecting many constraints. The proposed GA-based optimization approach achieved results clear highlight its practicality and applicability to any hybrid power system model, including optimal energy management, cost constraint, and high reliability.
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Chadwick, D. R., T. van der Weerden, J. Martinez, and B. F. Pain. "Nitrogen Transformations and Losses following Pig Slurry Applications to a Natural Soil Filter System (Solepur Process) in Brittany, France." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 69, no. 1 (January 1998): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1997.0227.
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Masson, Christine, Stephane Mazzotti, Philippe Vernant, and Erik Doerflinger. "Extracting small deformation beyond individual station precision from dense Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks in France and western Europe." Solid Earth 10, no. 6 (November 8, 2019): 1905–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1905-2019.
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Abstract. We use 2 decades of data from a dense geodetic network to extract regionally coherent velocities and deformation rates in France and neighboring western European countries. This analysis is combined with statistical tests on synthetic data to quantify the deformation detection thresholds and significance levels. By combining two distinct methods – Gaussian smoothing and k-means clustering – we extract horizontal deformations with a 95 % confidence level of ca. 0.1–0.2 mm yr−1 (ca. 0.5–1×10-9 yr−1) on spatial scales of 100–200 km or more. From these analyses, we show that the regionally average velocity and strain rate fields are statistically significant in most of our study area. The first-order deformation signal in France and neighboring western European countries is a belt of N–S to NE–SW shortening of ca. 0.2–0.4 mm yr−1 (1–2×10-9 yr−1) in central and eastern France. In addition to this large-scale signal, patterns of orogen-normal extension are observed in the Alps and the Pyrenees, but methodological biases, mainly related to GPS (Global Positioning System) solution combinations, limit the spatial resolution and preclude associations with specific geological structures. The patterns of deformation in western France show either tantalizing correlation (Brittany) or anticorrelation (Aquitaine Basin) with the seismicity. Overall, more detailed analyses are required to address the possible origin of these signals and the potential role of aseismic deformation.
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Planchon, O., H. Quénol, N. Dupont, and S. Corgne. "Application of the Hess-Brezowsky classification to the identification of weather patterns causing heavy winter rainfall in Brittany (France)." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 9, no. 4 (July 17, 2009): 1161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1161-2009.
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Abstract. An accurate knowledge of the weather patterns causing winter rainfall over the Scorff watershed in western Brittany (W. France) was developed prior to studies of the impact of the climate factor on land use management, and of the hydrological reponses to rain-producing weather patterns. These two studies are carried out in the context of the climate change. The identification of rainy air-circulation types was realized using the objective computational version of the 29-type Hess and Brezowsky Grosswetterlagen system of classifying European synoptic regimes, for the cold season (November-March) of the 1958–2005 period at the reference weather station of Lorient, and 13 other stations located in western and southern Brittany, including a more detailed study for the wet 2000–2001 cold season for three reference stations of the Scorff watershed (Lorient, Plouay and Plouray). The precipitation proportion (including the days with rainfall ≥20 mm) was calculated by major air-circulation type (GWT: see Appendix A) and by individual air-circulation subtype (GWL: see Appendix A) for the studied time-period. The most frequently occurrence of rainy days associated with westerly and southerly GWL confirmed well-known observations in western Europe and so justify the use of the Hess-Brezowsky classification in other areas outside Central Europe. The southern or south-western exposure of the watershed with a hilly inland area enhanced the heavy rainfall generated by the SW and S circulation types, and increased the difference between the rainfall amounts of coastal and inland stations during the wettest days.
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Moal, J. F., J. Martinez, F. Guiziou, and C. M. Coste. "Ammonia volatilization following surface-applied pig and cattle slurry in France." Journal of Agricultural Science 125, no. 2 (October 1995): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084380.
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SUMMARYField experiments were carried out in Brittany (Western France) in 1993 to measure ammonia losses from surface-applied pig and cattle slurry. Experiments were conducted on grass, stubble (wheat and maize) and arable land using a wind tunnel system. Ammonia losses were followed during periods ranging from 20 to 96 h after slurry application. Rates of slurry applied varied from 40 to 200 m3/ha. In two experiments, losses from cattle slurry were respectively 75 and 54% of the ammoniacal nitrogen applied in the slurry. Ammonia emissions from pig slurry applied at a rate of 40 m3/ha, during spring and summer experiments, were higher on grass (45–63% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen applied) than on wheat stubble (37–45%). On average, 75% of the total loss in all experiments occurred within the first 15 h after spreading. Significant correlations were found between ammonia losses (kg N/ha) and mean soil temperature and slurry dry matter content (%) using simple linear regressions and stepwise procedures. The time of application was also found to influence the magnitude of ammonia loss: 83% of the total loss occurred within 6 h when the slurry was applied at midday compared with 42% when it was applied in the evening.
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Lanéelle, Damien, Gabriella Sauvet, Jérôme Guillaumat, Jean Eudes Trihan, and Guillaume Mahé. "Gender Differences in the Medical Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 2855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10132855.
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Background/Objectives: Peripheral arterial disease is a frequent and severe disease with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, female patients appear to be undertreated. Objectives: The primary goal was to compare the prescription of optimal medical treatment (OMT) of peripheral arterial disease between women and men in primary health care. Material and methods: An observational retrospective study was based on the data collected from general practitioners (GP) office in Brittany. Results: The study included 100 patients, aged 71 ± 10 years old, with 24% of women. Compared to men, women received the OMT less frequently (29.2% vs. 53.9%, p = 0.038), especially after 75 years old. Antiplatelet therapy was largely prescribed (100%), statins less frequently (70.8% women vs. 85.5% men), and prescription of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors was still not optimal in the two genders (41.7% women vs. 61.9% men). Active smoking is important for both women and men (33% and 30% respectively). Conclusion: Optimal medical treatment of peripheral artery disease is insufficiently prescribed, especially in women in this region of France.
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Baltzer, Agnès, Marine Reynaud, Axel Ehrhold, Jérôme Fournier, Céline Cordier, and Hélène Clouet. "Space-time evolution of a large field of pockmarks in the Bay of Concarneau (NW Brittany)." Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 188, no. 4 (2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017191.
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About a decade ago, a large field of pockmarks, covering an overall area of 36 km2 was discovered in water depths of < 30 m in the central part of the Bay of Concarneau (Southern Brittany, France). This field, composed of features from 5 m to 35 m in diameter and < 1 m in depth, is characterized by unusual high densities of pockmarks, up to 5840 per square kilometre. Geophysical data correlated with sedimentary samples acquired in 2005 and 2009 show that pockmarks and their immediate surroundings are associated with dense tubes benches cover, built by a filter-feeding amphipod: Haploops nirae, forming original benthic communities. Two complementary surveys were carried out in April 2011 (Pock and Ploops) and April 2014 (Pock and Tide), on the Oceanographic Vedette (O/V) Haliotis (Ifremer/Genavir), to map the limit of the pockmarks and Haploops fields with the maximum accuracy. The link between the presence of the Haploops nirae communities and the occurrence of pockmarks /gas was then established and the proposed hypothesis was that tidal cycles may provide a good candidate for a short-term (monthly) triggering mechanism of fluid expulsion (Baltzer A, Ehrhold A, Rigolet C, Souron A, Cordier C, Clouet H. 2014. Geophysical exploration of an active pockmark field in the Bay of Concarneau, southern Brittany, and implications for resident suspension feeders. Geo-Marine Letters, 34, 215–230). Due to the high-level precision (50 cm) of the positioning system (Magellan Aquarius Ixsea Hydrins) coupled with the RTK attitude system, these new bathymetric and imagery maps together with the sub-bottom Chirp profiles, allow us to compare the data sets from April 2011 and April 2014. The superimposition of the two data sets shows that the distribution of the pockmarks remains similar between these 2 dates (i.e. for 3 years), for the group of large, widely scattered pockmarks, which are deeply rooted in the Holocene palaeo-valley infills and for the group of pockmarks identified as the trawl-scour pockmarks, initiated by trawling action. Most of the pockmarks present very recent shapes without any infilling but sonar imagery reveals that some of them have been covered by a thin muddy layer, thereby reflecting, at least, a temporary cessation of expulsion or a different activity. Chirp profiles indicate some acoustic flares above the pockmarks, revealing gas/fluid expulsion. Different gas clues within the sedimentary column, such as acoustic turbidity, enhanced gas reflectors (EGR), chimneys pipes, occur at exactly the same places on the chirp seismic profiles from 2011 and 2014. Therefore, contrary to most examples described in the literature, this pockmarks field is still active.
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Daniel, Pierre, Patrick Josse, Philippe Dandin, Vincent Gouriou, Michel Marchand, and Claudine Tiercelin. "Forecasting the Erika Oil Spills." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2001, no. 1 (March 1, 2001): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2001-1-649.
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ABSTRACT On December 12, 1999, the Erika tanker broke in two sections at about 30 miles from the Brittany coast in the Bay of Biscay, France. The two parts of the wreck sank a few hours after the break. Some 15,000 tons of heavy fuel were released into the marine environment. It is the most serious discharge that has occurred in France since 1980 (Tanio, 6,000 tons). The nature of the incident, the kind and quantity of oil spilled, and the prevailing weather conditions posed considerable response problems. The spilled oil drifted for 2 weeks before reaching the coast. Three different models were implemented by CEntre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux (CEDRE) within a couple of hours of the Erika sinking. On December 14, it appeared that the forecast of the MOTHY model was closer to reality. The MOTHY model was developed by Météo-France (the French national weather service) to simulate the movement of pollutants in three dimensions. MOTHY is an integrated system that includes hydrodynamic coastal ocean modeling and real-time atmospheric forcing from a global model. Pollutants can be oil or floating objects. CEDRE contributes to the improvement and validation of the model using both experiments and interventions during actual pollution events. New developments, exercises, and training are jointly conducted. In the event of marine pollution, Météo-France sends meteorological forecasts and pollutant drift forecasts to CEDRE. This response system has been operational since February 1994. The MOTHY model was used routinely for several weeks after the ship broke up. The model predicted that the coastline was at risk and that the beaching of the main slick would occur after 2 weeks. Diffuse pollution reached the coastline 1 or 2 days before the main slicks, about 200 km west of the main beaching. Hindcast runs and backward integration of the model explained this unexpected arrival of oil. Some pollution was still arriving onshore several weeks after the initial release. This longer-term pollution came from the wrecks, but also of older pollution by the coastal detachment and deposit tides. Using the model in conjunction with remote sensing information allowed operators to develop and then execute a response strategy rather than react only to observed information.
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Wicke, D., P. Rouault, B. Krause Camilo, C. Pagotto, M. Dechesne, and E. Soyeux. "Nitrate reduction in reactive swales at low temperatures: full-size field system vs. technical scale." Water Supply 15, no. 3 (February 6, 2015): 642–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2015.008.
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Diffuse nitrate (NO3) contamination from intense agriculture adversely impacts freshwater ecosystems, and can also result in nitrate concentrations exceeding limits set in drinking water regulation, when receiving surface waters are used for drinking water production. Implementation of near-natural mitigation zones such as reactive swales or wetlands have been proven to be promising measures to reduce nitrate loads in agricultural drainage waters. However, the behavior of these systems at low temperatures and its dependence on system design has not been well known until now. In this study, the behavior of a full-scale (length: 45 m) reactive swale treating drainage water from an agricultural watershed in Brittany (France), with high nitrate concentrations in the receiving river, was monitored for one season (6 months). As flow in this full-size field system is usually restricted to winter and spring months (December–May), it usually operates at low water temperatures of 5–10 °C. Tracer tests revealed shorter than designed retention times due to high inflows and preferential flow in the swale. Results show a correlation between residence time and nitrate reduction with low removal (<10%) for short residence times (<0.1 day), increasing to >25% at residence times >10 h (0.4 day). Performance was compared to results of two technical-scale reactive swales (length: 8 m) operated for 1.5 years with two different residence times (0.4 and 2.5 days), situated at a test site of the German Federal Environmental Agency in Berlin (Germany). Similar nitrate reduction was observed for comparable temperature and residence time, showing that up-scaling is a suitable approach to transferring knowledge gathered from technical-scale experiments to field conditions. For the design of new mitigation systems, one recommendation is to investigate carefully the expected inflow volumes in advance to ensure a sufficient residence time for effective nitrate reduction at low temperatures.
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CARRASCO, N., I. LÓPEZ-FLORES, M. ALCARAZ, M. D. FURONES, F. C. J. BERTHE, and I. ARZUL. "Dynamics of the parasite Marteilia refringens (Paramyxea) in Mytilus galloprovincialis and zooplankton populations in Alfacs Bay (Catalonia, Spain)." Parasitology 134, no. 11 (July 11, 2007): 1541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182007003009.
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SUMMARYSince the first description of Marteilia refringens (Paramyxea) in flat oysters Ostrea edulis in 1968 in the Aber Wrach, Brittany (France), the life-cycle of this parasite has remained unknown. However, recent studies, conducted in the ‘claire’ system, have proposed the planktonic copepod Acartia grani as a potential intermediate host for the parasite. Nevertheless, experimental transmission of the parasite through the copepod has failed. Recent studies in this field have reported the presence of the parasite in zooplankton from the bays of the Delta de l'Ebre, a more complex and natural estuarine environment than that of the claire. As a result, 2 new Marteilia host species were proposed: the copepods Oithona sp. (Cyclopoida) and an indeterminate Harpaticoida. Consequently, the objective of the present work was to study the dynamics of Marteilia in the zooplankton community from one of the bays, Alfacs Bay, as well as the dynamics of the parasite in cultivated mussels during 1 complete year. Six different zooplankton taxa appeared to be parasitized by M. refringens, including copepods (3 Calanoida, Acartia discaudata, A. clausi and A. italica; 1 Cyclopoida, Oithona sp.; and 1 Harpacticoida, Euterpina acutifrons), and larval stages of decapod crustaceans (zoea larvae of Brachyura, probably Portumnus sp.). These taxa are thus proposed as new subjects for study, since they could be intermediate hosts in the infection process of mussels by Marteilia.
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Davenport, Nancy. "Paul Sérusier: Art and Theosophy." Religion and the Arts 11, no. 2 (2007): 172–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852907x199161.
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AbstractThe art of Paul Sérusier and that of his artist friends has been interpreted in this essay as having its roots in the Theosophical themes prevalent in an interdependent circle of authors and spiritualists in 18th and 19th century France. These mystical thinkers were less concerned with the writings and indomitable presence of the acknowledged leading light of Theosophy Helena Petrovna Blavatsky than with a more specifically French national yearning for its imagined Celtic and traditionally Roman Catholic roots, smothered, in their view, by secular and materialistic modern sensibilities. Theosophy, “the essence of all doctrines, the inmost truth of all religions” as defined by the doyenne of French Theosophy Maria, Countess of Caithness and Duchess of Medina-Pomar, led Sérusier to seek elemental truth for his art in a remote inland village in Brittany where he painted for many years, to a Benedictine monastery on the Danube where formerly Nazarene artist/monks had created a system of drawing and painting believed to be based on the original design of the universe, and to the widely read text Les Grands Initiés (1899) by the mystic writer, Edouard Schuré. Sérusier's broad-reaching search for the Theosophical roots of art was one aspect of the fin de siècle malaise that led the arts out of the world into dreams.
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Bourras, D., H. Branger, G. Reverdin, L. Marié, R. Cambra, L. Baggio, C. Caudoux, et al. "A New Platform for the Determination of Air–Sea Fluxes (OCARINA): Overview and First Results." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 31, no. 5 (May 2014): 1043–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-13-00055.1.
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AbstractThe present paper describes a new type of floating platform that was specifically designed for estimating air–sea fluxes, investigating turbulence characteristics in the atmospheric surface boundary layer, and studying wind–wave interactions. With its design, it can be deployed in the open ocean or in shallow-water areas. The system is designed to be used from a research vessel. It can operate for ~10 h as a drifting wave rider and 3 h under power. Turbulence and meteorological instrument packages are placed at a low altitude (1–1.5 m). It was deployed for validation purposes during the Front de Marée, Variabilité (FROMVAR), 2011 experiment off the west coast of Brittany, France. Wind friction velocity and surface turbulent buoyancy flux were estimated using eddy covariance, spectral, bulk, and profile methods. The comparisons of the four methods show a reasonable agreement except for the spectral buoyancy flux. This suggests that the platform design is correct. Also, the wind measured at a fixed height above the sea shows spectral coherence with wave heights, such that wind and swell are in phase, with the largest wind values on top of swell crests. This result in qualitative agreement with current model predictions supports the capability of the Ocean Coupled to Atmosphere, Research at the Interface with a Novel Autonomous platform (OCARINA) to investigate wind–swell interactions.
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Bordeyne, F., A. Migné, M. Plus, and D. Davoult. "Modelling the annual primary production of an intertidal brown algal community based on in situ measurements." Marine Ecology Progress Series 656 (December 10, 2020): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13450.
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Intertidal communities dominated by canopy-forming brown algae (Phaeophyceae) usually prove to be highly productive systems, based on short-term measurements. However, long-term metabolism (primary production and respiration) is sensitive to several factors acting on different time scales (e.g. tidal cycle, seasonality), making its assessment challenging. Here, we used mathematical modelling to investigate the metabolism of a Fucus serratus-dominated community on daily and annual time scales. This widespread community, which is usually characteristic of the low mid-intertidal level of temperate rocky shores, is submerged for approximately 83% of the time at our study site (Brittany, France). The model incorporated a large spectrum of physiological (e.g. estimates of primary production versus irradiance parameters) and environmental (e.g. temperature, incident irradiance, depth of the water column) parameters measured in situ. The model simulation predicted that net community primary production (NCP) peaks at 8.0 gC m-2 d-1 in late spring, when environmental conditions are most favorable. In contrast, during fall and winter, respiration frequently overcomes primary production, making the system heterotrophic on a daily basis. For the year as a whole, simulation predicted that the community acts as an autotrophic system, with its annual gross primary production amounting to ca. 1301 gC m-2 and annual respiration to ca. 899 gC m-2. According to this simulation, the annual NCP of our intertidal F. serratus community therefore reached 402 gC m-2, which is comparable to subtidal communities dominated by canopy-forming brown algae. Although the F. serratus community lives mostly underwater, it was particularly autotrophic during aerial exposures.
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Døssing, Arne, Eduardo Lima Simoes da Silva, Guillaume Martelet, Thorkild Maack Rasmussen, Eric Gloaguen, Jacob Thejll Petersen, and Johannes Linde. "A High-Speed, Light-Weight Scalar Magnetometer Bird for km Scale UAV Magnetic Surveying: On Sensor Choice, Bird Design, and Quality of Output Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040649.
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Magnetic surveying is a widely used and cost-efficient remote sensing method for the detection of subsurface structures at all scales. Traditionally, magnetic surveying has been conducted as ground or airborne surveys, which are cheap and provide large-scale consistent data coverage, respectively. However, ground surveys are often incomplete and slow, whereas airborne surveys suffer from being inflexible, expensive and characterized by a reduced signal-to-noise ratio, due to increased sensor-to-source distance. With the rise of reliable and affordable survey-grade Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and the developments of light-weight magnetometers, the shortcomings of traditional magnetic surveying systems may be bypassed by a carefully designed UAV-borne magnetometer system. Here, we present a study on the development and testing of a light-weight scalar field UAV-integrated magnetometer bird system (the CMAGTRES-S100). The idea behind the CMAGTRES-S100 is the need for a high-speed and flexible system that is easily transported in the field without a car, deployable in most terrain and weather conditions, and provides high-quality scalar data in an operationally efficient manner and at ranges comparable to sub-regional scale helicopter-borne magnetic surveys. We discuss various steps in the development, including (i) choice of sensor based on sensor specifications and sensor stability tests, (ii) design considerations of the bird, (iii) operational efficiency and flexibility and (iv) output data quality. The current CMAGTRES-S100 system weighs ∼5.9 kg (including the UAV) and has an optimal surveying speed of 50 km/h. The system was tested along a complex coastal setting in Brittany, France, targeting mafic dykes and fault contacts with magnetite infill and magnetite nuggets (skarns). A 2.0 × 0.3 km area was mapped with a 10 m line-spacing by four sub-surveys (due to regulatory restrictions). The sub-surveys were completed in 3.5 h, including >2 h for remobilisation and the safety clearance of the area. A noise-level of ±0.02 nT was obtained and several of the key geological structures were mapped by the system.
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Bernard, Pascal, Romain Feron, Guy Plantier, Alexandre Nercessian, Julien Couteau, Anthony Sourice, Mathieu Feuilloy, et al. "Onland and Offshore Extrinsic Fabry–Pérot Optical Seismometer at the End of a Long Fiber." Seismological Research Letters 90, no. 6 (October 9, 2019): 2205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190049.
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ABSTRACT We report here the design, performance, and in situ demonstration, on‐land and offshore, of an innovative high‐resolution low‐cost optical (laser) seismometer. The instrument was developed within the Laser Interferometry for Earth Strain project (French Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR] program), and first tested at the low‐noise underground laboratory Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit (LSBB, France). It is based on Fabry–Pérot optical interferometry between the extremity of a probing optical fiber and a reflecting mirror secured to the mobile mass of a passive 2 Hz geophone. The detection technique is based on the wavelength modulation of the laser diode (1310 nm), which allows the separation of the optical power into two signals in quadrature, thanks to an heterodyne technique. The relative displacement of the mobile mass is retrieved in real time by the phase unwrapping of these two signals. At LSBB, the fiber was 3 km long. It recorded many teleseismic earthquakes and a few regional ones, and resolves the low‐seismic noise of the Earth for periods up to 6 s, presenting an acceleration noise floor lower than 1 ng/Hz in the 0.3–5 Hz range. A three‐component version of this fiber‐based interferometric 2 Hz geophone has been recently constructed, shielded in a hyperbaric container, and installed offshore for test in Brittany (France) in April 2018, with an improved control system. Its record of the marine ambient noise matches those of a collocated commercial broadband seismometer for periods up to 50 s. This opens promising perspectives for large‐scale ocean bottom instrumentation with up to 50‐kilometer‐long optical lines; an installation is planned for 2020, off Guadeloupe, with a 5‐kilometer‐long fiber cable. It may also prove useful for installations in other challenging and exposed environments, such as deep hot boreholes, active volcanoes, unstable landslides, for real‐time monitoring in regions with high natural hazard, but also for seismic monitoring of geoindustries.
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Potofsky, Allan. "Paine’s Debt to Hume?" Journal of Early American History 6, no. 2-3 (November 16, 2016): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00603008.
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It has been famously argued that Tom Paine was not much of an economic thinker. Indeed, in his published work, we see relatively scarce systematic commentary on the subject. But, as befitting his origins in a mercantile family, Paine as a young man had prepared for a career as an excise officer. He later fully participated in a broader Enlightenment conversation about the new world of credit, trade, commercial and monetary policies, among other fiscal issues of early globalization. In particular, Paine formulated a systematic critique of public debt as a compelling way to discuss political sovereignty, the social contract, and the true wealth of nations – among other issues. In 1796, in France, Paine published a critique of wartime funding of the British economy with the publication of The Decline and Fall of the English System of Finance inspired by the title of Gibbon’s The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776). Paine’s denunciation of the economic self-mutilation caused by British wartime expansionism focused on a reform by the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, who partially privatized the public debt of Britain. The British pound sterling was henceforth sustained by mysterious private loans whose very terms were obscured from public opinion. This article argues that the pamphlet had many parallels to David Hume’s 1752 essay Of Public Debt which Hume revised after the Seven Years War with a radical critique of public debt. The Humean origins of many of Paine’s arguments are manifest in the corrupting nature of public debt tied to military expenditure. To Hume and Paine, gimmicky forms of state borrowing in times of war lead to the bankruptcy of expansionist absolutism and to the eventual “decline and fall” of belligerent empires.
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Aubert, A. H., C. Gascuel-Odoux, G. Gruau, N. Akkal, M. Faucheux, Y. Fauvel, C. Grimaldi, et al. "Solute transport dynamics in small, shallow groundwater-dominated agricultural catchments: insights from a high-frequency, multisolute 10 yr-long monitoring study." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 4 (April 11, 2013): 1379–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1379-2013.
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Abstract. High-frequency, long-term and multisolute measurements are required to assess the impact of human pressures on water quality due to (i) the high temporal and spatial variability of climate and human activity and (ii) the fact that chemical solutes combine short- and long-term dynamics. Such data series are scarce. This study, based on an original and unpublished time series from the Kervidy-Naizin headwater catchment (Brittany, France), aims to determine solute transfer processes and dynamics that characterise this strongly human-impacted catchment. The Kervidy-Naizin catchment is a temperate, intensive agricultural catchment, hydrologically controlled by shallow groundwater. Over 10 yr, five solutes (nitrate, sulphate, chloride, and dissolved organic and inorganic carbon) were monitored daily at the catchment outlet and roughly every four months in the shallow groundwater. The concentrations of all five solutes showed seasonal variations but the patterns of the variations differed from one solute to another. Nitrate and chloride exhibit rather smooth variations. In contrast, sulphate as well as organic and inorganic carbon is dominated by flood flushes. The observed nitrate and chloride patterns are typical of an intensive agricultural catchment hydrologically controlled by shallow groundwater. Nitrate and chloride originating mainly from organic fertilisers accumulated over several years in the shallow groundwater. They are seasonally exported when upland groundwater connects with the stream during the wet season. Conversely, sulphate as well as organic and inorganic carbon patterns are not specific to agricultural catchments. These solutes do not come from fertilisers and do not accumulate in soil or shallow groundwater; instead, they are biogeochemically produced in the catchment. The results allowed development of a generic classification system based on the specific temporal patterns and source locations of each solute. It also considers the stocking period and the dominant process that limits transport to the stream, i.e. the connectivity of the stocking compartment. This mechanistic classification can be applied to any chemical solute to help assess its origin, storage or production location and transfer mechanism in similar catchments.
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Brown, Michael. "The mechanism of melt extraction from lower continental crust of orogens." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 95, no. 1-2 (March 2004): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300000900.
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ABSTRACTMelt extraction is a process with a length scale that spans many orders of magnitude. Studies of residual migmatites and granulites suggest that melt has migrated from grain boundaries to networks of leucosome-filled structures to steeply inclined cylindrical or tabular granites inferred to have infilled ascent conduits. For example, in anatectic rocks from southern Brittany, France, during decompression-induced biotite-breakdown melting, melt is inferred to have been expressed from foliation-parallel structures analogous to compaction bands to dilation and shear bands, based on location of residual leucosome, and from this network of structures to ascent conduits, preserved as dykes of granite. The leucosome-filled deformation band network is elongated parallel to a sub-horizontal lineation, suggesting that mesoscale melt flow was focused primarily in the plane of the foliation along the lineation to developing dilatant transverse structures. The leucosome network connects with petrographic continuity to granite in dykes; however, the orientation of dykes discordant to fabric anisotropy suggests that their formation was controlled by stress, which indicates that the process is a fracture phenomenon. Blunt fracture tips and zigzag propagation paths indicate that the dykes represent ductile opening-mode fractures; these are postulated to have formed by coalescence of melt pockets. The structures record a transition from accumulation to draining; quantitative volume fluxes are calculated and presented for the generalised extraction process. The anatectic system may have converged to a critical state at some combination of melt fraction and melt distribution that enabled formation of ductile opening-mode fractures, but fractal distribution of inferred mesoscale melt-filled structures has not been demonstrated; this may reflect the inherent anisotropy and/or residual nature of the drained source. Melt extraction has been modelled as a self-organised critical phenomenon, but the mechanism of extraction is not described and the relationship between these models and the spatial and temporal granularity of lower continental crust is not addressed. Self-organised critical phenomena are driven systems involving ‘avalanches’ with a fractal frequency-size distribution; thus, the distribution of melt batch sizes might be expected to be fractal, but this has not yet been demonstrated in nature.
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Calais, Clemence, Gregoire Mercier, Arthur Meusy, Isabelle Quere, and Jean-Philippe Galanaud. "Pulmonary Embolism Home Treatment: What GP Want?" Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 4699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-122053.
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Introduction: In routine clinical practice, in most countries, patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) are hospitalized a few days for clinical surveillance and to start anticoagulant treatment. Clinical trials and guidelines suggest that patients with stable PE could safely be treated as outpatients. This shift in management may increase general practitioner (GP) role in PE early management. However, GP opinion and suggestion regarding PE home treatment has never been assessed. Methods: Phone survey conducted in France among a random sample of 360 GP working in 6 regions representative of national access to French healthcare system namely, Brittany, Centre, Ile de France (Paris), Languedoc-Roussillon, Nord Pas de Calais, Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur. Primary objective was to assess GP' acceptability to PE home treatment. Secondary objectives included GP' preferences in terms of PE outpatient pathway, their current exposure to and management of PE as well as their personal experience with PE initial outpatient management. Results: During two pre-specified campaigns of recruitment (March-June 2015 and June-August 2017), 564 GP were contacted in order to reach study expected sample size (participation rate: 64%, 180 GP recruited during in each campaign). Most GP (95%) stated that they manage suspicion of PE less than once every 6 months. Current PE patient pathway is presented in Figure 1. 21% of GP (n=76) have already managed at least one patient with acute PE in the outpatient setting and 87% of GP (n=312) were favorable to home treatment of stable PE. This latter rate was similar during the 2 campaigns of recruitment. GP practicing alone were less likely to accept outpatient management of PE than those who worked in collaboration with other physicians: OR=0.3 [0.1 - 0.9]. Main reasons for their refusal were perceived seriousness of disease (90% of cases) and bleeding risk (60%). Figure 2 summarizes GP' suggestions and agreement regarding PE outpatient pathway. As per GP', conditions for discharge from emergency room (ER) department should include a medical report immediately available at time of patient's discharge (100% of GP agreed with), absence of social and medical facility isolation of the patient (99% of GP agreed with) patient's (99% of GP agreed with) and GP's (74% of GP agreed with) consents and a phone call to GP (74% of GP agreed with) to communicate initial treatment (56% of GP agreed with) and to provide the phone number of the hospitalist on call (56% of GP agreed with). After patient's discharge, 86% (n=309) of GP felt that outpatient pathway should be collaborative with a thrombosis specialist and should include follow-up visits with a thrombosis specialist at one week (89%, n=290), 3-6 months (80%) and when anticoagulant treatment is stopped (97%). A similar proportion of GP wanted PE patients to be managed either exclusively by themselves (8%, n=27) or by a thrombosis specialist (7%, n=24). 61% (n=219) of GP felt that direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) should facilitate development of PE home treatment (16 did not, p<0.05) and that this should improve patient's quality of life. Conclusion: The vast majority of GP are favorable to stable PE home treatment if a formal outpatient pathway is established. DOAC are perceived as another key for the success of the development of PE home treatment. Disclosures Galanaud: BMS Pfizer: Consultancy; Servier: Consultancy; Sanofi: Consultancy; Aspen: Consultancy; Bayer: Research Funding.
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Daux, V., B. Minster, A. Cauquoin, O. Jossoud, M. Werner, and A. Landais. "Oxygen and Hydrogen isotopic composition of tap waters in France." Geological Society, London, Special Publications, January 6, 2021, SP507–2020–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp507-2020-207.
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AbstractThe isotopic composition of oxygen (δ18O), and hydrogen (δ2H) are widely used to locate the geographical origin of biological remains or manufactured products. In this paper, we analyze the distributions of δ18O and δ2H in tap waters sampled across France, and in precipitation interpolated with OIPC and modelled with the isotope-enabled ECHAM6-wiso model. Our aim is to provide isoscapes usable in archaeology and forensics and evaluate if modelled data could be surrogates for measured ones.The δ18O and δ2H in the 396 tap waters sampled vary spatially within a range of 10‰ and 77‰ respectively. Their consistent distributions follow rules summarized by the effects of altitude and distance from the coast. Their variations along the year are small. Therefore, the database provides a solid reference for δ18O and δ2H of the water supply system at the regional scale. The areas with the most uncommon oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions (Atlantic coast South of Brittany and the highest elevations in the Alps) are the most accurately traceable areas in provenancing studies.The isotopic compositions of modelled precipitation have the same spatial distributions but different absolute values from those of tap waters. Therefore, our results favour the use of statistical isoscapes rather than GCM-based isoscapes in provenancing studies.Supplementary material at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5256034
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Ruello, Marc, Camille Pelat, Céline Caserio-Schönemann, Anne Fouillet, Isabelle Bonmarin, Daniel Levy-Brühl, and Yann Le Strat. "A regional approach for the influenza surveillance in France." Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 9, no. 1 (May 2, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7671.
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ObjectiveTo describe the results of the new organization of influenzasurveillance in France, based on a regional approach.IntroductionIn France, until winter 2014-2015, management and preventiveactions for the control of the flu epidemic were implemented whenthe national incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI) consultationsin general practice was over an epidemic threshold. The 2014-2015influenza epidemic had a major public health impact, particularly inthe elderly, and caused a severe overloading of the health care system,in particular emergency departments (ED) [1]. The epidemic alertemitted by the French National Public Health Agency at the nationallevel was too late for the hospitals to prepare themselves in manyregions.After a national feedback organized in April 2015 with allpartners involved in influenza surveillance and management, it wasrecommended to improve influenza surveillance in France following3 axes: 1) regionalize surveillance so that healthcare structures canadapt to the particular situation of their region; 2) use a pre-epidemicalert level for better anticipating the outbreak; 3) use multiple datasources and multiple outbreak detection methods to strengthen thedetermination of influenza alert level.MethodsA user-friendly web application was developed to provide commondata visualizations and statistical results of outbreak detectionmethods to all the epidemiologists involved in influenza surveillanceat the national level or in the 15 regional units of our agency [2].It relies on 3 data sources, aggregated on a weekly time step: 1) theproportion of ILI among all coded attendances in the ED participatingto the OSCOUR Network [3] ; 2) the proportion of ILI among allcoded visits made by emergency general practitioners (GPs) workingin the SOS Médecins associations [3]; 3) the incidence rate of ILIestimated from a sample of sentinel GPs [4].For each region each week, 3 statistical outbreak detection methodswere applied to the 3 data sources, generating 9 results that werecombined to obtain a weekly regional influenza alarm level. Basedon this alarm level and on other information (e.g.virological data),the epidemiologists then determined the epidemiological status ofeach region as either 1) epidemic-free, 2) in pre/post epidemic or 3)epidemic.The R software was used for programming algorithms and buildingthe web interface (package shiny).ResultsThe epidemiological status of influenza at the regional level wascommunicated through maps published in the weekly influenzareports of the Agency throughout the surveillance season [5].In week 2016-W03, Brittany was the first French region to declarethe influenza epidemic, with nine other regions in pre-epidemic alert.The epidemic then spread over the whole mainland territory. The peakof the epidemic was declared in week 11, the end in week 16.ConclusionsThis regional multi-source approach has been made possible bythe sharing of data visualizations and statistical results through a webapplication. This application helped detecting early the epidemicstart and allowed a reactive communication with the regionalhealth authorities in charge of the organization of health care, themanagement and the setting up of the appropriate preventivemeasures.
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Chaslerie, A. C., B. F. Fuchs, F. R. Grude, H. B. Bourgeois, C. V. Vigneau Victorri, and N. G. Garrec. "G-CSF spending: Cost Impact of an intervention conducted in a French area: Pays-de-la-Loire." European Journal of Public Health 29, Supplement_4 (November 1, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.078.
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Abstract Issue Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF), recommended by international oncology guidelines as a prophylaxis of febrile neutropenia are expensive drugs. Despite biosimilars marketing since 2008, G-CSF spending represents a major and growing expense for health insurance. Description of the problem Between 2010 and 2013 an unsustainable increase of G-CSF spending by 20% occurred in a French area: Pays-la-Loire. An intervention based on guidelines was carried out to the oncologists involved in ambulatory cancer care to reduce G-CSF spending by improving prescription and promoting biosimilars. Hospital oncologists have been the main target. A partnership between physicians and pharmacists of the Brittany - Pays-de-la-Loire Cancer Dedicated Observatory network and the Pays de la Loire Medical Department of Health insurance composed the operational team involved in the work. Interrupted time series analysis based on the French national health data system database were chosen to assess the impact of the intervention on G-CSF spending, their prescription and biosimilars use. Results Twelve professional meetings were performed to cancer medical teams from 7 community hospitals and 5 private hospitals of the Pays-de-la-Loire region. This intervention reduced G-CSF spending by 11% and improves G-CSF local use. Lessons This type of multi-stakeholder intervention carrying common to various health actor’s messages represents a promising tool to improve the quality of care and the control of health expenditure. These results and the possible cost saving showed have encouraged the heads of French health insurance to promote this action in 2019 in the whole France. Key messages In the current context of unsustainable increases in cancer cares related costs in France the rational use of G-CSF’s seemed to be one available resources. biosimilar promotion for ensure broad access to innovative cancer therapeutic for patients and finance cancer prevention campaigns.
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Forgeot, Cecile, Gilles Viudes, Guilhem Noel, Anne Fouillet, and Celine Caserio-Schonemann. "Use of the OSCOUR network data to describe low back pain attendances in French ED." Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 11, no. 1 (May 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v11i1.9807.
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ObjectiveThe study describes the characteristics of attendances for low back pain (LBP) in the French emergency departments (ED) network Oscour®, in order to give an overview of this disease before launching a prevention campaign.IntroductionLBP is one of the leading contributors to disease burden worldwide [1]. In France, LBP is a frequent reason of general practice consultations. According to a study published in 2017 and based on 2014 data issued of the National Health Insurance Cross-Schemes Information System (Sniiram) [2], this pathology stands for 30% of thickness leave and 4 of 5 people will suffer of low back pain during their own life. Most often, LBP is a chronic pathology with acute episodes which most often require emergency care.In order to prevent chronicity, French health care insurance launched into a mainstream national prevention campaign during spring 2018. This campaign was also targeted for health professional to inform them of the best recommendations to provide to their patients. Then the French society of emergency medicine (SFMU) has been asked to relay this campaign to emergency departments (ED) where LBP is a frequent reason of attendance.Since 2004, the French syndromic surveillance system SurSaUD® [3] coordinated by the French Public Health Agency (Santé publique France) daily collects morbidity data from the emergency departments (ED) network Oscour®. Almost 92% of the French ED attendances were recorded by the system in 2017.The availability of this large ED dataset on the whole territory since several years gives the opportunity to describe LBP attendances before the potential fallout of the national prevention campaign.MethodsFor each ED attendance, the SurSaUD® system daily collects individual data containing demographic (age, gender, zip code), administrative (ED unit, date of attendance, transport…) and medical information (medical diagnosis (ICD10), chief complaint, severity, hospit.). These data are routinely analyzed to detect and follow-up various expected or unusual public health events all over the territory [3] and also constitute a large database to perform in-depth studies on specific public health issues.ED attendances with a medical diagnosis of LBP have been identified using at least one of the following ICD10 codes “M545”, “M5450”, “M5456”, “M5457”, “M5458”, “M5459”. Those data have been analyzed from 01/01/2014 to 31/12/2017 (504 ED) for the following age groups; less than 18 years old (yo), 18 to 34 yo, 35 to 49 yo, 50 to 64 yo, 65 to 84 yo and 85 yo and over, at national and regional levels. ED attendances have been also described by month, day of week and hour of day. Hospitalizations after discharge, stay duration in ED services, transport and associated diagnoses were also analyzed.ResultsFrom 2014 to 2017, 481,291 ED attendances for LBP were recorded corresponding to 1.12% of the total number of ED attendances with a coded diagnosis. 60% of annual ED attendances for LBP concern 18 to 50 years old adults. The proportion of LBP attendances among the all-cause activity remains stable between 2014 and 2017.At the regional level, LBP proportion among the all-cause activity is similar to the national value in metropolitan regions (0.8% in Brittany to 1.6% in Corsica) and is lower than the national value in overseas regions (0.4% in Mayotte to 0.8% in Guyane) except for Saint-Barthélémy (1.8%).At the national level, almost 10% of ED attendances for LBP are hospitalized after discharge. This proportion increases with age to reach 43% for the 85 years old and more. Proportion of hospitalization ranges between 5.6% (in Paris area) and 17.1% (in Brittany) in metropolitan regions and between 2.8% (Guyane) and 9.3% (Reunion island) in overseas regions.From 2014 to 2017, ED attendances for LBP remain stable by month. However, we observed a slight decrease along the week with more attendances on Monday (17.8% of LBP attendances) than the other days. The attendances are more frequent in the morning (between 6 and 12 AM).At the national level, mean stay duration for LBP attendances in ED is almost 5 hours whereas median stay duration is 2 hours and 45 minutes. Stay duration is longer for patient arrived during night hours (from midnight to 6 AM) and for those hospitalized after discharge. Stay duration is also increasing with age. At the regional level, mean stay duration varies from 3 to more than 6 hours.ConclusionsThe broad coverage of the French ED network on the whole territory since several years enables to give an overview of ED attendances for acute LBP and their characteristics.One strength of the system is its strong partnership between epidemiologists and the ED physicians. It enables to verify that the results of the study are consistent with their perception on the field.The results of this study will be used as reference to evaluate potential benefits of this campaign.Finally, this study is a good illustration of how the syndromic surveillance system in collaboration with ED physicians, can quickly provide valuable data to support political strategies.References[1] Maher et al, Non-specific low back pain Lancet 2017; 389: 736–47 Published Online October 10, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(16)30970-9[2] Assurance Maladie, Le patient adulte atteint de lombalgie commune; Livret d’information Octobre 2017 données SNIRAAM 2014, https://www.ameli.fr/sites/default/files/Documents/346618/document/lombalgie-professionnels-de-sante_assurance-maladie.pdf[3] Caserio-Schönemann C, Bousquet V, Fouillet A, Henry V, pour l’équipe projet SurSaUD®. Le système de surveillance syndromique SurSaUD®. Bull Epidémiol Hebd. 2014;(3-4):38-44.
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Le Goff, Delphine, Marie Barais, Gabriel Perraud, Jeremy Derriennic, Paul Aujoulat, Morgane Guillou-Landreat, and Jean Yves Le Reste. "Innovative cardiovascular primary prevention population-based strategies: a 2-year hybrid type 1 implementation randomised control trial (RCT) which evaluates behavioural change conducted by community champions compared with brief advice only from the SPICES project (scaling-up packages of interventions for cardiovascular disease prevention in selected sites in Europe and sub-Saharan Africa)." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (July 19, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11443-y.
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Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) caused 17.9 million deaths worldwide in 2016, being the world’s leading cause of death. Prevention of CVD in high-income countries is expensive and fails to reach the population at risk. In low-income countries, it is under-developed. The SPICES project implements a community-based program to improve CVD prevention in 3 European countries and 2 Sub-Saharan countries, based on using community champions to effect behavioural changes. In France, the project operates in “Pays Centre Ouest Bretagne” (COB) which is the Central West Brittany area, and a vulnerable, rural setting. The aim of this study is to assess this innovative prevention strategy versus brief advice. Methods A two-step RCT hybrid type 1 implementation study will first of all screen a population using the Non-Laboratory INTERHEART Score (NL-IHRS) and will involve health-care students at public events in the COB area until 1000 participants have been recruited. Second, a RCT will be carried out. The research team will contact each participant with an intermediate NL-IHRS in order to include them. Participants will be over 18 years of age and work or live in the COB area. Participants will be equally randomised in two groups. The intervention group will receive brief advice plus behavioural change guidance carried out by community champions. The control group will receive brief advice only. The main objective for the RCT is to assess a difference of at least 15% in the NL-IHRS between the two groups after 24 months. The primary outcome will be analysed with intention to treat. Secondary outcomes for the RCT will be assessed using validated questionnaires: the WHOQOL-BREF, the DASH Q questionnaire, the IPAQ-short; smoking level will be assessed according to the NL-IHRS scoring system; a modified self-declared alcohol consumption questionnaire has been developed and gauges will be used to assess BMI. The implementation strategy will use mixed methods: qualitative research methods and quantitative epidemiological studies. Discussion A difference in the mean NL-IHRS of 15% will provide an argument in favour of reorganising prevention policies. A substantial change would favour relocating primary prevention from healthcare professionals to lay people and the community. Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT03886064 - the study was recorded on ClinicalTrials.gov, the 22nd of March 2019.